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Escudier O, Zhang Y, Whiting A, Chazot P. Evaluation of a Synthetic Retinoid, Ellorarxine, in the NSC-34 Cell Model of Motor Neuron Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9764. [PMID: 39337251 PMCID: PMC11431449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease worldwide and is characterized by progressive muscle atrophy. There are currently two approved treatments, but they only relieve symptoms briefly and do not cure the disease. The main hindrance to research is the complex cause of ALS, with its pathogenesis not yet fully elucidated. Retinoids (vitamin A derivatives) appear to be essential in neuronal cells and have been implicated in ALS pathogenesis. This study explores 4-[2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-yl)ethylnyl]benzoic acid (Ellorarxine, or DC645 or NVG0645), a leading synthetic retinoic acid, discussing its pharmacological mechanisms, neuroprotective properties, and relevance to ALS. The potential therapeutic effect of Ellorarxine was analyzed in vitro using the WT and SOD1G93A NSC-34 cell model of ALS at an administered concentration of 0.3-30 nM. Histological, functional, and biochemical analyses were performed. Elorarxine significantly increased MAP2 expression and neurite length, increased AMPA receptor GluA2 expression and raised intracellular Ca2+ baseline, increased level of excitability, and reduced Ca2+ spike during depolarization in neurites. Ellorarxine also displayed both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, these results suggest Ellorarxine shows relevance and promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Escudier
- Department of Biosciences, Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Yunxi Zhang
- Department of Biosciences, Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Paul Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Kouchmeshky A, Whiting A, McCaffery P. Neuroprotective effects of ellorarxine in neuronal models of degeneration. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1422294. [PMID: 39376539 PMCID: PMC11456694 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1422294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Retinoic acid (RA) was first recognised to be important for the central nervous system (CNS) in its developmental regulatory role and, given this action, it has been proposed in the adult CNS to regulate plasticity and promote regeneration. These types of roles have included support of neurogenesis, induction of neurite outgrowth, and protection from neuronal death. These functions are predominantly mediated by the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) transcription factor, and hence agonists for the RARs have been tested in a variety of models of neurodegeneration. This present study employs several in vitro models less explored for the action of RAR agonists to reverse neurodegeneration. Methods A series of assays are used in which neuronal cells are placed under the types of stress that have been linked to neurodegeneration, in particular amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and the neuroprotective influence of a new potent agonist for RAR, ellorarxine, is tested out. In these assays, neuronal cells were subjected to excitotoxic stress induced by glutamate, proteostasis disruption caused by epoxomicin, and oxidative stress leading to stress granule formation triggered by sodium arsenite. Results Ellorarxine effectively reversed neuronal death in excitotoxic and proteostasis disruption assays and mitigated stress granule formation induced by sodium arsenite. This study also highlights for the first time the novel observation of RAR modulation of stress granules, although it is unknown whether this change in stress granules will be neuroprotective or potentially regenerative. Furthermore, the distribution of RAR agonists following intraperitoneal injection was assessed in mice, revealing preferential accumulation in the central nervous system, particularly in the spinal cord, compared to the liver. Gene expression studies in the spinal cord demonstrated that ellorarxine induces transcriptional changes at a low dose (0.01 mg/kg). Discussion These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of RAR agonists, such as ellorarxine, for ALS and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Kouchmeshky
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter McCaffery
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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3
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Wenzhi Y, Xiangyi L, Dongsheng F. The prion-like effect and prion-like protein targeting strategy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34963. [PMID: 39170125 PMCID: PMC11336370 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), such as superoxide dismutase 1, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, and fused in sarcoma, exhibit a prion-like pattern. All these proteins have a low-complexity domain and seeding activity in cells. In this review, we summarize the studies on the prion-like effect of these proteins and list six prion-like protein targeting strategies that we believe have potential for ALS therapy, including antisense oligonucleotides, antibody-based technology, peptide, protein chaperone, autophagy enhancement, and heteromultivalent compounds. Considering the pathological complexity and heterogeneity of ALS, we believe that the final solution to ALS therapy is most likely to be an individualized cocktail therapy, including clearance of toxicity, blockage of pathological progress, and protection of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wenzhi
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Xiangyi
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Dongsheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
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4
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Liu Y, Wang P, Jin G, Shi P, Zhao Y, Guo J, Yin Y, Shao Q, Li P, Yang P. The novel function of bexarotene for neurological diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102021. [PMID: 37495118 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, is approved by FDA to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, it has also demonstrated promising therapeutic potential for neurological diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and particularly Alzheimer's disease(AD). In AD, bexarotene inhibits the production and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ), activates Liver X Receptor/RXR heterodimers to increase lipidated apolipoprotein E to remove Aβ, mitigates the negative impact of Aβ, regulates neuroinflammation, and ultimately improves cognitive function. For other neurological diseases, its mechanisms of action include inhibiting inflammatory responses, up-regulating microglial phagocytosis, and reducing misfolded protein aggregation, all of which aid in alleviating neurological damage. Here, we briefly discuss the characteristics, applications, and adverse effects of bexarotene, summarize its pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic results in various neurological diseases, and elaborate on the problems encountered in preclinical research, with the aim of providing help for the further application of bexarotene in central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Liu
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China; College of Third Clinical, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Guofang Jin
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peijie Shi
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang First People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- Xinxiang First People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiayi Guo
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaling Yin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianhang Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Pengfei Yang
- College of Pharamacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China.
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Retinoic Acid Prevents the Neuronal Damage Through the Regulation of Parvalbumin in an Ischemic Stroke Model. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:487-501. [PMID: 36245066 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a neurological disease that causes brain damage by increasing oxidative stress and ion imbalance. Retinoic acid is a major metabolite of vitamin A and regulates oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and cell death. Intracellular calcium is involved in neuronal growth and synaptic plasticity. Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding protein that is mainly expressed in brain. In this study, we investigated whether retinoic acid has neuroprotective effects by controlling intracellular calcium concentration and parvalbumin expression in ischemic brain damage. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to induce cerebral ischemia. Retinoic acid (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected into the abdominal cavity for four days before surgery and cerebral cortices were collected 24 h after MCAO for further studies. MCAO damage induced neurological deficits and histopathological changes and decreased parvalbumin expression. However, retinoic acid treatment alleviated these changes. In cultured neurons, glutamate (5 mM) exposure induced neuronal cell death, increased intracellular calcium concentration, and decreased parvalbumin expression. Retinoic acid treatment attenuated these changes against glutamate toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. It also regulates glutamate induced change in bcl-2 and bax expression. The mitigation effects of retinoic acid were greater under non-transfection conditions than under parvalbumin siRNA transfection conditions. Our findings showed that retinoic acid modulates intracellular calcium concentration and parvalbumin expression and prevents apoptosis in ischemic brain injury. In conclusion, retinoic acid contributes to the preservation of neurons from ischemic stroke by controlling parvalbumin expression and apoptosis-related proteins.
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Ackerman HD, Gerhard GS. Bile Acids Induce Neurite Outgrowth in Nsc-34 Cells via TGR5 and a Distinct Transcriptional Profile. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:174. [PMID: 37259326 PMCID: PMC9963315 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a neuroprotective role for bile acids in major neurodegenerative disorders. We studied major human bile acids as signaling molecules for their two cellular receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR or NR1H4) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or TGR5), as potential neurotrophic agents. Using quantitative image analysis, we found that 20 μM deoxycholic acid (DCA) could induce neurite outgrowth in NSC-34 cells that was comparable to the neurotrophic effects of the culture control 1 μM retinoic acid (RA), with lesser effects observed for chenodexoycholic acid (CDCA) at 20 μM, and similar though less robust neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. Using chemical agonists and antagonists of FXR, LXR, and TGR5, we found that TGR5 agonism was comparable to DCA stimulation and stronger than RA, and that neither FXR nor liver X receptor (LXR) inhibition could block bile acid-induced neurite growth. RNA sequencing identified a core set of genes whose expression was regulated by DCA, CDCA, and RA. Our data suggest that bile acid signaling through TGR5 may be a targetable pathway to stimulate neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Ackerman
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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7
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Vidal V, Puente A, García-Cerro S, García Unzueta MT, Rueda N, Riancho J, Martínez-Cué C. Bexarotene Impairs Cognition and Produces Hypothyroidism in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:613211. [PMID: 33935706 PMCID: PMC8082148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.613211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All individuals with Down syndrome (DS) eventually develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including neurodegeneration, increases in β-amyloid (Aβ) expression, and aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles, between the third and fourth decade of their lives. There is currently no effective treatment to prevent AD neuropathology and the associated cognitive degeneration in DS patients. Due to evidence that the accumulation of Aβ aggregates in the brain produces the neurodegenerative cascade characteristic of AD, many strategies which promote the clearance of Aβ peptides have been assessed as potential therapeutics for this disease. Bexarotene, a member of a subclass of retinoids that selectively activates retinoid receptors, modulates several pathways essential for cognitive performance and Aβ clearance. Consequently, bexarotene might be a good candidate to treat AD-associated neuropathology. However, the effects of bexarotene treatment in AD remain controversial. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate whether chronic bexarotene treatment administered to the most commonly used murine model of DS, the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse could reduce Aβ expression in their brains and improve their cognitive abilities. Chronic administration of bexarotene to aged TS mice and their CO littermates for 9 weeks diminished the reference, working, and spatial learning and memory of TS mice, and the spatial memory of CO mice in the Morris water maze. This treatment also produced marked hypoactivity in the plus maze, open field, and hole board tests in TS mice, and in the open field and hole board tests in CO mice. Administration of bexarotene reduced the expression of Aβ1-40, but not of Aβ1-42, in the hippocampi of TS mice. Finally, bexarotene increased Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in TS mice and reduced Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in CO mice, while animals of both karyotypes displayed reduced thyroxine levels after bexarotene administration. The bexarotene-induced hypothyroidism could be responsible for the hypoactivity of TS and CO mice and their diminished performance in the Morris water maze. Together, these results do not provide support for the use of bexarotene as a potential treatment of AD neuropathology in the DS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Vidal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alba Puente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Riancho
- Neurology Service, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Torrelavega, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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8
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Vasta R, D'Ovidio F, Logroscino G, Chiò A. The links between diabetes mellitus and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:1377-1387. [PMID: 33544228 PMCID: PMC7955983 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ALS etiology and prognostic factors are mostly unknown. Metabolic diseases and especially diabetes mellitus (DM) have been variously related to ALS. However, pieces of evidence have been variegated and often conflicting so far. This review aims to give an overview of recent contributions focusing on the relationship between DM and ALS. DM seems to reduce the risk of developing ALS if diagnosed at a younger age; conversely, when diagnosed at an older age, DM seems protective against ALS. Such a relationship was not confirmed in Asian countries where DM increases the risk of ALS independently of the age of onset. Interestingly, DM does not affect ALS prognosis, possibly weakening the potential causal relationship between the two diseases. However, since most studies are observational, it is difficult to state the exact nature of such a relationship and several hypotheses have been made. A recent study using Mendelian randomization suggested that DM is indeed protective against ALS in the European population. However, these analyses are not without limits and further evidence is needed. DM is usually the core of a larger metabolic syndrome. Thus, other metabolic changes such as dyslipidemia, body mass index, and cardiovascular diseases should be collectively considered. Finally, hypermetabolism usually found in ALS patients should be considered too since all these metabolic changes could be compensation (or the cause) of the higher energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Vasta
- ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio D'Ovidio
- ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Italy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- ALS Center, 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neurology 1, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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9
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Riancho J, Delgado-Alvarado M, Andreu MD, Paz-Fajardo L, Arozamena S, Gil-Bea FJ, López de Munaín A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cancer, autoimmunity and metabolic disorders: An unsolved tantalizing challenge. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:1269-1278. [PMID: 32497246 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) commonly referred to as motor neurone disease, is a neurodegenerative disease of unknown pathogenesis that progresses rapidly and has attracted an increased amount of scholarly interest in recent years. The current conception of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has transitioned into a more complex theory in which individual genetic risk, ageing and environmental factors interact, leading to disease onset in subjects in whom the sum of these factors reach a determined threshold. Based on this conceptualization, the environmental conditions, particularly those that are potentially modifiable, are becoming increasingly relevant. In this review, the current integrative model of the disease is discussed. In addition, we explore the role of cancer, autoimmunity and metabolic diseases as examples of novel, non-genetic and environmental factors. Together with the potential triggers or perpetuating pathogenic mechanisms along with new insights into potential lines of future research are provided. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Neurochemistry in Japan. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Torrelavega, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado-Alvarado
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Torrelavega, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), ISC III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Paz-Fajardo
- Service of Internal Medicina, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Sara Arozamena
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munaín
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Neurology Department, Donostia University Hospital, OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastián, Spain.,Neurosciences Department, Basque Country University, San Sebastián, Spain
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10
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Rosenbohm A, Nagel G, Peter RS, Brehme T, Koenig W, Dupuis L, Rothenbacher D, Ludolph AC. Association of Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Concentration With Risk for and Prognosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:600-607. [PMID: 29482216 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.5129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Importance Knowledge about the metabolic states of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may provide a therapeutic approach. Objective To investigate the association between the onset and prognosis of ALS and serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) concentration as a biomarker for insulin resistance and vitamin A metabolism. Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control design for risk factors of ALS; cohort design for prognostic factors within ALS cases. Between October 1, 2010, and June 30, 2014, a population-based case-control study with randomly selected controls was established based on the ALS Registry Swabia in southern Germany, with a target population of 8.4 million inhabitants. Response rates were 64.8% among the cases and 18.7% among the controls. The dates of analysis were April 2016 to May 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Serum samples were measured for RBP4. Information on covariates was assessed by an interview-based standardized questionnaire. Main outcomes and measures were adjusted odds ratios for risk of ALS associated with serum RBP4 concentration, as well as time to death associated with RBP4 concentration at baseline in ALS cases only. Conditional logistic regression was applied to calculate multivariable odds ratios for risk of ALS. Survival models were used in cases only to appraise their prognostic value. Results Data from 289 patients with ALS (mean [SD] age, 65.7 [10.5] years; 172 [59.5%] male) and 504 controls (mean [SD] age, 66.3 [9.8] years; 299 [59.3%] male) were included in the case-control study. Compared with controls, ALS cases were characterized by lower body mass index, less educational attainment, smoking, light occupational work intensity, and self-reported diabetes. The median serum RBP4 concentration was lower in ALS cases than in controls (54.0 vs 59.5 mg/L). In the multivariable model, increasing RBP4 concentration was associated with reduced odds for ALS (top vs bottom quartile odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.22-0.59; P for trend <.001), which persisted after further adjustment for renal function and for leptin and adiponectin. Among 279 ALS cases during a median follow-up of 14.5 months, 104 died (mean [SD] age, 68.9 [10.3] years; 56 [53.9%] male). In this ALS cohort, an inverse association was found between serum RBP4 concentration as a continuous measure and survival. Conclusions and Relevance RBP4 was inversely related to risk for and prognosis of ALS, suggesting that vitamin A metabolism or impaired insulin signaling could be involved. Further research, including a prospective design and other biological markers, is necessary to clarify the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Raphael S Peter
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Torben Brehme
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Récherche Médicale Unité 1118, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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11
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Zhang Z, Zhao G, Liu L, He J, Darwazeh R, Liu H, Chen H, Zhou C, Guo Z, Sun X. Bexarotene Exerts Protective Effects Through Modulation of the Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Transformation by Regulating PPARγ/FLAP/LTB 4 After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1161-1172. [PMID: 31010302 PMCID: PMC6767892 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719842161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an important role after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The changes in VSMCs following bexarotene treatment after SAH are unknown. In the present study, neurological impairment, decreased cerebral cortical blood flow and transformation of cerebral VSMCs from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype were observed after SAH. Bexarotene reduced neurological impairment, improved cerebral cortical blood flow, inhibited VSMC phenotypic transformation and suppressed the expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), which was partly reversed by GW9662, an inhibitor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Mechanistically, sh-PPARγ-mediated phenotypic transformation of VSMCs was partially suppressed by MK886, an antagonist of FLAP. Therefore, we conclude that bexarotene reduced neurological impairment, improved cerebral cortical blood flow and inhibited the VSMC phenotypic transformation after SAH, which was achieved by activating PPARγ-mediated inhibition of FLAP/LTB4 in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rami Darwazeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Riancho J, Gil-Bea FJ, Santurtun A, López de Munaín A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a complex syndrome that needs an integrated research approach. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:193-196. [PMID: 30530996 PMCID: PMC6301158 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, lacks an effective treatment. A small fraction of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases have a familial origin, related to mutations in causative genes, while the vast majority of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases are considered to be sporadic, resulting from the interaction between genes and environmental factors in predisposed individuals. During the past few years, dozens of drugs have been postulated as promising strategies for the disease after showing some beneficial effects in preclinical cellular and murine models. However, the translation into clinical practice has been largely unsuccessful and the compounds failed when were tested in clinical trials. This might be explained, at least partially, by the enormous complexity of the disease both from clinico-epidemiological and a pathogenic points of view. In this review, we will briefly comment on the complexity of the disease focusing on some recent findings, and we will suggest how amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research might be reoriented to foster the advance in the diagnostic and therapeutic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana-Idival, Torrelavega; CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gil-Bea
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Institute Carlos III), Madrid; Neurosciences Area, Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Santurtun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria-Idival, Santander, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munaín
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Institute Carlos III), Madrid; Neurosciences Area, Institute Biodonostia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Universidad País Vasco-Euskal Herria Unibertsitatea, San Sebastián, Spain
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13
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Bereman MS, Beri J, Enders JR, Nash T. Machine Learning Reveals Protein Signatures in CSF and Plasma Fluids of Clinical Value for ALS. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16334. [PMID: 30397248 PMCID: PMC6218542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We use shotgun proteomics to identify biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value in individuals diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Matched cerebrospinal and plasma fluids were subjected to abundant protein depletion and analyzed by nano-flow liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Label free quantitation was used to identify differential proteins between individuals with ALS (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 30) in both fluids. In CSF, 118 (p-value < 0.05) and 27 proteins (q-value < 0.05) were identified as significantly altered between ALS and controls. In plasma, 20 (p-value < 0.05) and 0 (q-value < 0.05) proteins were identified as significantly altered between ALS and controls. Proteins involved in complement activation, acute phase response and retinoid signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the CSF from ALS patients. Subsequently various machine learning methods were evaluated for disease classification using a repeated Monte Carlo cross-validation approach. A linear discriminant analysis model achieved a median area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 with an interquartile range of 0.88–1.0. Three proteins composed a prognostic model (p = 5e-4) that explained 49% of the variation in the ALS-FRS scores. Finally we investigated the specificity of two promising proteins from our discovery data set, chitinase-3 like 1 protein and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, using targeted proteomics in a separate set of CSF samples derived from individuals diagnosed with ALS (n = 11) and other neurological diseases (n = 15). These results demonstrate the potential of a panel of targeted proteins for objective measurements of clinical value in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Joshua Beri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Enders
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Tara Nash
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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14
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Riancho J, Gil-Bea FJ, Castanedo-Vazquez D, Sedano MJ, Zufiría M, de Eulate GFG, Poza JJ, Lopez de Munain A. Clinical evidences supporting the Src/c-Abl pathway as potential therapeutic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2018; 393:80-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Riancho J, Bosque-Varela P, Perez-Pereda S, Povedano M, de Munaín AL, Santurtun A. The increasing importance of environmental conditions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1361-1374. [PMID: 29713861 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons (MNs). Although a small percentage of ALS has a familial origin, the vast majority of cases are sporadic in which genetic factors and environment interact with each other leading to disease onset in genetically predisposed individuals. In the current model of the disease, each individual has a determined genetic load, some degree of cell degeneration related to age and several risky environmental exposures. In this scenario, MN degeneration would occur when the sum of these factors reach a certain threshold. To date, an extensive list of environmental factors has been associated to ALS, including different categories, such as exposure to heavy metals and other toxicants, cyanotoxins or infectious agents. In addition, in recent years, lifestyle and other demographic parameters are gaining relevance in the genesis of the disease. Among them, physical activity, nutrition, body mass index, cardiovascular risk factors, autoimmune diseases and cancer are some of the conditions which have been related to the disease. In this review, we will discuss the potential mechanisms of environmental conditions in motor neuron degeneration. Understanding the role of each one of these factors as well as their interactions appears as a crucial step in order to develop new preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana, Institute of Research Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Torrelavega, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Bosque-Varela
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Sara Perez-Pereda
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Mónica Povedano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Service of Neurology-Motor Neuron Unit, IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munaín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- ALS Multidisciplinary Unit, Hospital Donostia- Neuroscience Area, Donostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Santurtun
- Toxicology Unit, Physiology and Farmacology Department, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
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16
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Catani MV, Gasperi V, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. Essential Dietary Bioactive Lipids in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:37-60. [PMID: 28637354 PMCID: PMC5984567 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Under physiological conditions, neurons and glia are in a healthy, redox-balanced environment; when injury perturbs this equilibrium, a neuroinflammatory state is established by activated microglia that triggers pro-inflammatory responses and alters the oxidant/antioxidant balance, thus leading to neuronal loss and neurodegeneration. In neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyothrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis), the brain is in a constitutively self-sustaining cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress that prompts and amplifies brain damage. Recent Advances: Recently, an increasing amount of scientific data highlight the ability of specific nutrients to cross the blood-brain barrier, and to modulate inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Therefore, nutritional approaches may contribute to restore the lost equilibrium among factors accounting for neurodegeneration. CRITICAL ISSUES Herein, we critically examine how essential lipids (including fatty acids, liposoluble vitamins and phytosterols) might contribute to accelerate or prevent the onset and progression of such pathologies. In particular, we highlight that experimental and clinical findings, although promising, are still inadequate to draw definitive conclusions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS More research is warranted in order to establish the real impact of lipid intake on brain health, especially when redox balance and inflammatory responses have been already compromised. In the future, it would be hoped to gain a detailed knowledge of chemical modifications and dynamic properties of such nutrients, before planning to exploit them as potential therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 37-60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Castanedo-Vazquez D, Bosque-Varela P, Sainz-Pelayo A, Riancho J. Infectious agents and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: another piece of the puzzle of motor neuron degeneration. J Neurol 2018; 266:27-36. [PMID: 29845377 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons (MN). This fatal disease is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and lacks an effective treatment. ALS pathogenesis has not been elucidated yet. In a small proportion of ALS patients, the disease has a familial origin, related to mutations in specific genes, which directly result in MN degeneration. By contrast, the vast majority of cases are though to be sporadic, in which genes and environment interact leading to disease in genetically predisposed individuals. Lately, the role of the environment has gained relevance in this field and an extensive list of environmental conditions have been postulated to be involved in ALS. Among them, infectious agents, particularly viruses, have been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. These agents could act by interacting with some crucial pathways in MN degeneration, such as gene processing, oxidative stress or neuroinflammation. In this article, we will review the main studies about the involvement of microorganisms in ALS, subsequently discussing their potential pathogenic effect and integrating them as another piece in the puzzle of ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Bosque-Varela
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana-IDIVAL, Torrelavega, Spain. .,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Quinlan KA, Kajtaz E, Ciolino JD, Imhoff-Manuel RD, Tresch MC, Heckman CJ, Tysseling VM. Chronic electromyograms in treadmill running SOD1 mice reveal early changes in muscle activation. J Physiol 2017; 595:5387-5400. [PMID: 28543166 DOI: 10.1113/jp274170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The present study demonstrates that electromyograms (EMGs) obtained during locomotor activity in mice were effective for identification of early physiological markers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These measures could be used to evaluate therapeutic intervention strategies in animal models of ALS. Several parameters of locomotor activity were shifted early in the disease time course in SOD1G93A mice, especially when the treadmill was inclined, including intermuscular phase, burst skew and amplitude of the locomotor bursts. The results of the present study indicate that early compensatory changes may be taking place within the neural network controlling locomotor activity, including spinal interneurons. Locomotor EMGs could have potential use as a clinical diagnostic tool. ABSTRACT To improve our understanding of early disease mechanisms and to identify reliable biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, we measured electromyogram (EMG) activity in hind limb muscles of SOD1G93A mice. By contrast to clinical diagnostic measures using EMGs, which are performed on quiescent patients, we monitored activity during treadmill running aiming to detect presymptomatic changes in motor patterning. Chronic EMG electrodes were implanted into vastus lateralis, biceps femoris posterior, lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in mice from postnatal day 55 to 100 and the results obtained were assessed using linear mixed models. We evaluated differences in parameters related to EMG amplitude (peak and area) and timing (phase and skew, a measure of burst shape) when animals ran on level and inclined treadmills. There were significant changes in both the timing of activity and the amplitude of EMG bursts in SOD1G93A mice. Significant differences between wild-type and SOD1G93A mice were mainly observed when animals locomoted on inclined treadmills. All muscles had significant effects of mutation that were independent of age. These novel results indicate (i) locomotor EMG activity might be an early measure of disease onset; (ii) alterations in locomotor patterning may reflect changes in neuronal drive and compensation at the network level including altered activity of spinal interneurons; and (iii) the increased power output necessary on an inclined treadmill was important in revealing altered activity in SOD1G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Quinlan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elma Kajtaz
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jody D Ciolino
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca D Imhoff-Manuel
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew C Tresch
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,McCormick Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles J Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vicki M Tysseling
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Ackerman HD, Gerhard GS. Bile Acids in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:263. [PMID: 27920719 PMCID: PMC5118426 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, a structurally related group of molecules derived from cholesterol, have a long history as therapeutic agents in medicine, from treatment for primarily ocular diseases in ancient Chinese medicine to modern day use as approved drugs for certain liver diseases. Despite evidence supporting a neuroprotective role in a diverse spectrum of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, including several small pilot clinical trials, little is known about their molecular mechanisms or their physiological roles in the nervous system. We review the data reported for their use as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and their underlying molecular basis. While data from cellular and animal models and clinical trials support potential efficacy to treat a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, the relevant bile acids, their origin, and the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which they confer neuroprotection are not known delaying translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley D Ackerman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Apolloni S, Fabbrizio P, Amadio S, Volonté C. Actions of the antihistaminergic clemastine on presymptomatic SOD1-G93A mice ameliorate ALS disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:191. [PMID: 27549088 PMCID: PMC4994328 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease with a strong neuroinflammatory component sustained by activated microglia contributing to motoneuron death. However, how to successfully balance neuroprotective versus neurotoxic actions by the use of antinflammatory agents is still under scrutiny. We have recently shown that the antihistamine clemastine, an FDA-approved drug, can influence the M1/M2 switch occurring in SOD1-G93A ALS microglia. METHODS Here, we have chronically treated female SOD1-G93A mice with clemastine, evaluated disease progression and performed mice lumbar spinal cord analysis at symptomatic and end stage of the disease. Moreover, we have studied the mechanism of action of clemastine in primary adult spinal SOD1-G93A microglia cultures and in NSC-G93A motor neuron-like cells. RESULTS We found that a short treatment with clemastine (50 mg/kg) from asymptomatic (postnatal day 40) to symptomatic phase (postnatal day 120) significantly delayed disease onset and extended the survival of SOD1-G93A mice by about 10 %. Under these conditions, clemastine induced protection of motor neurons, modulation of inflammatory parameters, reduction of SOD1 protein levels and SQSTM1/p62 autophagic marker, when analysed immediately at the end of the treatment (postnatal day 120). A long treatment with clemastine (from asymptomatic until the end stage) instead failed to ameliorate ALS disease progression. At the end stage of the disease, we found that clemastine short treatment decreased microgliosis and SOD1 protein and increased LC3-II autophagic marker, while the long treatment produced opposite effects. Finally, in spinal microglia cultures from symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice clemastine activated inflammatory parameters, stimulated autophagic flux via the mTOR signalling pathway and decreased SOD1 levels. Modulation of autophagy was also demonstrated in NSC34 SOD1-G93A motor neuron-like cells. CONCLUSIONS By gaining insights into the ameliorating actions of an antihistaminergic compound in ALS disease, our findings might represent an exploitable therapeutic approach for familial forms of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Apolloni
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 65, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Amadio
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 65, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy. .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 65, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Riancho J. Retinoids and PPAR agonists: Promising partners in neurodegenerative diseases? Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:616-617. [PMID: 27470447 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Av Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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22
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Monahan Z, Shewmaker F, Pandey UB. Stress granules at the intersection of autophagy and ALS. Brain Res 2016; 1649:189-200. [PMID: 27181519 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal disease caused by loss of upper and lower motor neurons. The majority of ALS cases are classified as sporadic (80-90%), with the remaining considered familial based on patient history. The last decade has seen a surge in the identification of ALS-causing genes - including TARDBP (TDP-43), FUS, MATR3 (Matrin-3), C9ORF72 and several others - providing important insights into the molecular pathways involved in pathogenesis. Most of the protein products of ALS-linked genes fall into two functional categories: RNA-binding/homeostasis and protein-quality control (i.e. autophagy and proteasome). The RNA-binding proteins tend to be aggregation-prone with low-complexity domains similar to the prion-forming domains of yeast. Many also incorporate into stress granules (SGs), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that form in response to cellular stress. Mutant forms of TDP-43 and FUS perturb SG dynamics, lengthening their cytoplasmic persistence. Recent evidence suggests that SGs are regulated by the autophagy pathway, suggesting a unifying connection between many of the ALS-linked genes. Persistent SGs may give rise to intractable aggregates that disrupt neuronal homeostasis, thus failure to clear SGs by autophagic processes may promote ALS pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Monahan
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Frank Shewmaker
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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