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Nagashima T, Tsumoto S, Yazawa D, Omura M, Ochiai K, Yoshida K, Sugibayashi K, Machida Y, Suzuki R, Igarashi K, Makimura K, Hara Y, Michishita M. Disseminated granulomatous encephalitis caused by Schizophyllum commune in a dog with severe neurological signs. J Comp Pathol 2024; 213:73-77. [PMID: 39146622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A 10-year-old spayed mixed breed dog presented with severe neurological signs. Computed tomography revealed a cranial mediastinal mass, osteolysis of the right second rib and second thoracic vertebra, tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph node enlargement, pneumonia and pleural effusion. Magnetic resonance imaging detected lesions in the white matter of the right frontal lobe and left cerebral hemisphere with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images showing demarcated enhancement. On cut section, the surface of the right cerebral frontal lobe and left cerebral hemisphere corticomedullary junctions were indistinct and the white matter was discoloured. Microscopically, multicentric granulomatous inflammation was seen in the brain, cranial mediastinal mass, masses on the right second rib, tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes, heart, kidneys, lungs and oesophagus. Necrosis and hyaline fungal structures were frequently observed in the centre of the granulomas. These fungi had septae, Y-shaped branching and were 2-3 μm in width. Sequence analysis of DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples identified the fungi as Schizophyllum commune. Based on these findings, this case was diagnosed as disseminated S. commune infection. This is the first report of granulomatous encephalitis caused by S. commune in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Nagashima
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsumoto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yazawa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Miki Omura
- MycoLabo, Flatsseran 101, 6-6-54 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-0013, Japan; Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Karin Yoshida
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sugibayashi
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yukino Machida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan; Inokashira Street Animal Hospital, 1-38-5 Nishikubo, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-0013, Japan
| | - Koh Igarashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
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Naik B, Sasikumar J, Das SP. From Skin and Gut to the Brain: The Infectious Journey of the Human Commensal Fungus Malassezia and Its Neurological Consequences. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04270-w. [PMID: 38871941 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The human mycobiome encompasses diverse communities of fungal organisms residing within the body and has emerged as a critical player in shaping health and disease. While extensive research has focused on the skin and gut mycobiome, recent investigations have pointed toward the potential role of fungal organisms in neurological disorders. Among those fungal organisms, the presence of the commensal fungus Malassezia in the brain has created curiosity because of its commensal nature and primary association with the human skin and gut. This budding yeast is responsible for several diseases, such as Seborrheic dermatitis, Atopic dermatitis, Pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia folliculitis, dandruff, and others. However recent findings surprisingly show the presence of Malassezia DNA in the brain and have been linked to diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The exact role of Malassezia in these disorders is unknown, but its ability to infect human cells, travel through the bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier, and reside along with the lipid-rich neuronal cells are potential mechanisms responsible for pathogenesis. This also includes the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, gut-microbe interaction, and accumulation of metabolic changes in the brain environment. In this review, we discuss these key findings from studies linking Malassezia to neurological disorders, emphasizing the complex and multifaceted nature of these cases. Furthermore, we discuss potential mechanisms through which Malassezia might contribute to the development of neurological conditions. Future investigations will open up new avenues for our understanding of the fungal gut-brain axis and how it influences human behavior. Collaborative research efforts among microbiologists, neuroscientists, immunologists, and clinicians hold promise for unraveling the enigmatic connections between human commensal Malassezia and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sasikumar
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Shen H, Zhou H, Zhang F, Wang J, Wang R, Wang J. Case Report: Successful Treatment of Recurrent Candida Albicans Meningitis with Kimura's Disease Using Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion Combined with Fluconazole. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6905-6909. [PMID: 37915503 PMCID: PMC10617790 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s416040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans meningitis is a fungal infectious disease of the central nervous system that most often occurs in immunodeficient populations. Kimura's disease is an IgE-mediated inflammatory reactive disease that is a chronic immune disorder with predominantly lymph node, soft tissue, and salivary gland damage, the treatment of which is hormone-based. The combination of Kimura's disease with C. albicans meningitis is relatively uncommon. Herein, we report a case of C. albicans meningitis in combination with Kimura's disease. Case Presentation The case is a 26-year-old male with a medical history of Kimura, who presented with symptoms of dizziness, headache, and double vision. Lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed an increased white blood cell count. Further analysis through cerebrospinal fluid culture and metagenomic second-generation sequencing (mNGS) led to the final diagnosis of C. albicans meningitis. The patient was treated with fluconazole after the onset of C. albicans meningitis and had a good response. During the treatment, changes in the pathogen genome sequences were monitored dynamically using metagenomic next-generation sequencing. After 1 year, the patient had a recurrence of Candida meningitis. Treatment with fluconazole alone was ineffective, while antifungal treatment with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion was effective with no detectable renal injury. Conclusion Candida meningitis can occur in the context of Kimura disease. In patients with mild disease, the possibility of recurrence exists with fluconazole treatment alone, and the efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion combined with fluconazole is better than fluconazole alone in patients with a recurrence. No nephrotoxicity was observed during amphotericin B colloidal dispersion treatment. The mNGS allows dynamic monitoring of pathogen sequencing reads, and for Candida meningitis, there may be a mismatch between peak sequencing reads and disease during treatment, the basis for which is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Graduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Bigot J, Leroy J, Chouaki T, Cholley L, Bigé N, Tabone MD, Brissot E, Thorez S, Maizel J, Dupont H, Sendid B, Hennequin C, Guitard J. ß-D-Glucan Assay in the Cerebrospinal Fluid for the Diagnosis of Non-cryptococcal Fungal Infection of the Central Nervous System: A Retrospective Multicentric Analysis and a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:711-720. [PMID: 37132362 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Except for cryptococcosis, fungal infection of the central nervous system (FI-CNS) is a rare but severe complication. Clinical and radiological signs are non-specific, and the value of conventional mycological diagnosis is very low. This study aimed to assess the value of β1,3-D-glucan (BDG) detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of non-neonatal non-cryptococcosis patients. METHODS Cases associated with BDG assay in the CSF performed in 3 French University Hospitals over 5 years were included. Clinical, radiological, and mycological results were used to classify the episodes as proven/highly probable, probable, excluded, and unclassified FI-CNS. Sensitivity and specificity were compared to that calculated from an exhaustive review of the literature. RESULTS In total, 228 episodes consisting of 4, 7, 177, and 40 proven/highly probable, probable, excluded, and unclassified FI-CNS, respectively, were analysed. The sensitivity of BDG assay in CSF to diagnose proven/highly probable/probable FI-CNS ranged from 72.7% [95% confidence interval {CI}: 43.4%‒90.2%] to 100% [95% CI: 51%‒100%] in our study and was 82% in the literature. For the first time, specificity could be calculated over a large panel of pertinent controls and was found at 81.8% [95% CI: 75.3%‒86.8%]. Bacterial neurologic infections were associated with several false positive results. CONCLUSIONS Despite its sub-optimal performance, BDG assay in the CSF should be added to the diagnostic armamentarium for FI-CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Bigot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Jordan Leroy
- CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Univ. Lille, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis & Clinical Applications, Inserm U1285, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Taieb Chouaki
- Mycology Laboratory, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Laurence Cholley
- Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Radiologie Générale, Paris, France
| | - Naïke Bigé
- Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France
- Department of Intensive Care, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Tabone
- Département d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Eolia Brissot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U938, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thorez
- Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital St Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Julien Maizel
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hervé Dupont
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Surgical ICU, University Hospital of Amiens Picardy, Amiens, France
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Unité de recherche 7518 SSPC, CHU Amiens Picardie, Service d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation Polyvalente, Amiens, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Univ. Lille, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis & Clinical Applications, Inserm U1285, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Hennequin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Guitard
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
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Marzaman ANF, Roska TP, Sartini S, Utami RN, Sulistiawati S, Enggi CK, Manggau MA, Rahman L, Shastri VP, Permana AD. Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Approaches of Antimicrobial Agents for Selective Delivery in Various Administration Routes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050822. [PMID: 37237725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the increase of pathogenic bacteria with antibiotic-resistant characteristics has become a critical challenge in medical treatment. The misuse of conventional antibiotics to treat an infectious disease often results in increased resistance and a scarcity of effective antimicrobials to be used in the future against the organisms. Here, we discuss the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the need to combat it through the discovery of new synthetic or naturally occurring antibacterial compounds, as well as insights into the application of various drug delivery approaches delivered via various routes compared to conventional delivery systems. AMR-related infectious diseases are also discussed, as is the efficiency of various delivery systems. Future considerations in developing highly effective antimicrobial delivery devices to address antibiotic resistance are also presented here, especially on the smart delivery system of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tri Puspita Roska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rifka Nurul Utami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Latifah Rahman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Venkatram Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
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Samantaray S, Kumar D, Meena DS, Bohra GK, Akshatha R, Jain V, Tiwari S, Balamurugan T, Midha N, Garg MK. Invasive Cerebral Aspergillosis in Non-Neutropenic Patients: A Case Series from Western India. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101380. [PMID: 37031499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive cerebral aspergillosis (ICA) is a rare but fatal infection affecting neutropenic immunocompromised patients. Recently cases have been reported in non-neutropenic settings also. We hereby present a series of ICA cases in non-neutropenic patients diagnosed at our tertiary care centre in Western India between March to October 2021. METHODS All patients with clinico-radiological suspicion of CNS infections were analysed. Data regarding Clinico-radiological features, diagnosis, treatment and outcome were collected. After ruling out bacterial, viral and mycobacterial causes, appropriate samples were sent for KOH (potassium hydroxide) wet mount, fungal culture, histopathology and serum/CSF galactomannan. RESULTS A total of four patients were diagnosed with ICA with a mean age of 43.5 years. Three patients had significant comorbidities; Diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease and COVID-19 pneumonia treated with dexamethasone, respectively. One patient had no known predisposing factor. Radiologically, one patient presented with a frontal brain abscess and two patients had multiple subcortical hyperintensities. Three patients were diagnosed based on CSF galactomannan (Platelia™ Aspergillus antigen, Bio-Rad, France) with OD >1 and one patient had high serum galactomannan (OD >2). CSF culture grew Aspergillus species in two patients. All patients were treated with Voriconazole. One patient recovered, and the remaining three succumbed due to delayed presentation and extensive cerebral involvement. CONCLUSION Even in non-neutropenic patients, a high index of suspicion is warranted for cerebral aspergillosis. CSF galactomannan can be considered a reliable marker for diagnosing ICA in non-neutropenic settings. Early diagnosis allows timely antifungal therapy, which could be a key to improving the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Samantaray
- Department of General Medicine (Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of General Medicine (Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Durga Shankar Meena
- Department of General Medicine (Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gopal Krishana Bohra
- Department of General Medicine (Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - R Akshatha
- Department of General Medicine (Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vidhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarbesh Tiwari
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - T Balamurugan
- Department of Pathology and lab medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naresh Midha
- Department of General Medicine (Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Garg
- Department of General Medicine (Infectious diseases), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Wu C, Jiang ML, Jiang R, Pang T, Zhang CJ. The roles of fungus in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1077335. [PMID: 36776399 PMCID: PMC9910218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1077335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection or proliferation in our body is capable of initiation of strong inflammation and immune responses that result in different consequences, including infection-trigged organ injury and inflammation-related remote organ dysfunction. Fungi associated infectious diseases have been well recognized in the clinic. However, whether fungi play an important role in non-infectious central nervous system disease is still to be elucidated. Recently, a growing amount of evidence point to a non-negligible role of peripheral fungus in triggering unique inflammation, immune response, and exacerbation of a range of non-infectious CNS disorders, including Multiple sclerosis, Neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis et al. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in recognizing patterns and inflammatory signaling of fungi in different subsets of immune cells, with a specific focus on its function in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration diseases. In conclusion, the fungus is capable of triggering unique inflammation by multiple mechanisms in the progression of a body of CNS non-infectious diseases, suggesting it serves as a key factor and critical novel target for the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu Wu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
| | - Runqui Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Institute of Brain Sciences, Institute of Brain Disorder Translational Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Cun-Jin Zhang, ; Mei-Ling Jiang, ; Tao Pang,
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Corrêa-Moreira D, Castro R, da Costa GL, Lima-Neto RG, Oliveira MME. Cerebrospinal fluid: a target of some fungi and an overview. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220251. [PMID: 36946852 PMCID: PMC10027065 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening infection characterised by the inflammation of the leptomeningeal membranes. The estimated annual prevalence of 8.7 million cases globally and the disease is caused by many different viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Although several genera of fungi are capable of causing infections in the central nervous system (CNS), the most significant number of registered cases have, as causal agents, yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The relevance of cryptococcal meningitis has changed in the last decades, mainly due to the increase in the number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and medications that impair the immune responses. In this context, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has also emerged as a risk factor for invasive fungal infections (IFI), including fungal meningitis (FM), due to severe COVID-19 disease is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, reduced CD4-interferon-gamma expression, CD4 and CD8 T cells. The gold standard technique for fungal identification is isolating fungi in the culture of the biological material, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, this methodology has as its main disadvantage the slow or null growth of some fungal species in culture, which makes it difficult to finalise the diagnosis. In conclusions, this article, in the first place, point that it is necessary to accurately identify the etiological agent in order to assist in the choice of the therapeutic regimen for the patients, including the implementation of actions that promote the reduction of the incidence, lethality, and fungal morbidity, which includes what is healthy in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Castro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gisela Lara da Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Grasso EA, Pozzilli V, Tomassini V. Transverse myelitis in children and adults. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:101-117. [PMID: 37620065 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Transverse myelitis is a noncompressive myelopathy of inflammatory origin. The causes are broad, ranging from infective or toxic to immuno-mediated etiology. They can be manifestations of systemic diseases, such as sarcoidosis and systemic lupus erythematous, or phenotypes of neuroinflammation; in a portion of cases, the etiology remains unknown, leading to the designation idiopathic. The clinical presentation of transverse myelitis depends on the level of spinal cord damage and may include sensorimotor deficits and autonomic dysfunction. The age of onset of the disorder can impact the symptoms and outcomes of affected patients, with differences in manifestation and prognosis between children and adults. Spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination are the main diagnostic tools that can guide clinicians in the diagnostic process, even though the search for antibodies that target the structural components of the neural tissue (anti-aquaporin4 antibodies and anti-myelin-oligodendrocyte antibodies) helps in the distinction among the immune-mediated phenotypes. Management and outcomes depend on the underlying cause, with different probabilities of relapse according to the phenotypes. Hence, immunosuppression is often recommended for the immune-mediated diseases that may have a higher risk of recurrence. Age at onset has implications for the choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Agata Grasso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Pozzilli
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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Reyes EY, Shinohara ML. Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:50-74. [PMID: 35672656 PMCID: PMC9489659 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune-privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS-resident and CNS-infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS-resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS-infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Zhang F, Li Y, Shen H, Tao J, Wang J. Case Report: Cryptococcal eosinophilic meningitis in a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma. Front Neurol 2022; 13:898525. [PMID: 36158957 PMCID: PMC9489831 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.898525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common fungal meningitis in clinical practice. It primarily occurs in immunocompromised people and is typically associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In rare cases, it is associated with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Eosinophilic meningitis (EM) is characterized by increased eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is often caused by a parasitic infection of the central nervous system (CNS). EM caused by cryptococcal infection is rare; only four cases have been reported in the past 30 years. Here, we report a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with HL who presented with an atypical eosinophil-predominant CSF cytology response. The patient's eosinophil proportion reached 91%; a proportion this high has not been reported previously and may be associated with HL. After antifungal therapy and tumor chemotherapy, the proportion of eosinophils decreased significantly. This case shows that cryptococcal meningitis and HL may be simultaneously contributing to CSF eosinophilia. HL should be considered in patients with eosinophilic cryptococcal meningitis and multiple adenopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huijun Shen
- Graduate School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Hematology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Wang
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Forster J, Hoenigl M, Suerbaum S, Wagener J, Dichtl K. Serologic biomarkers in Candida and Aspergillus infections of the central nervous system: a comparison of galactomannan, mannan, and β-1,3-D-gucan testing from serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Mycoses 2022; 65:709-714. [PMID: 35506957 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of Aspergillus and Candida CNS infection, which are characterized by high mortality rates, is underestimated. This underdiagnosis presumably results from the limitations of available diagnostic tools and the need for invasive sampling. Little is known about the role of serologic biomarkers in the setting of CNS aspergillosis and candidiasis. PATIENTS, MATERIALS, METHODS Serum (19) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; 10) samples of 19 patients, whose CNS specimens yielded growth of Aspergillus or Candida, were analyzed for different biomarkers for fungal infection, i.e., galactomannan (GM), galactomannoprotein (GP), mannan, anti-mannan-antibodies, and β-1,3-D-glucan (BDG). Serum and CSF specimens of time-matched patients (two each for every case of fungal CNS infection) were included as controls. RESULTS GM, GP, and BDG seropositivity was found in one, two, and three of five cases of CNS aspergillosis. BDG and mannan / anti-mannan-antibody sensitivity in proven CNS candidiasis was 40 % and 20 %, respectively. Applying the serum cut off, sensitivity in CSF testing was 100 % for GM and BDG, and 50 % for mannans. While serum specificity for all assays ranged from 89 - 97 %, specificity for CSF BDG was only 70 %. No false positive GM results from CSF were obtained. CONCLUSION Sensitivity for diagnosing CNS aspergillosis and CNS candidiasis from serum is mediocre for all serological biomarkers. GM testing in CSF proved excellent performance. With a sensitivity of 100 % but a specificity of only 70 %, CSF BDG might be most useful when used in patients with a high pre-test probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Forster
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl Dichtl
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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