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Cheng X, Meng X, Chen R, Song Z, Li S, Wei S, Lv H, Zhang S, Tang H, Jiang Y, Zhang R. The molecular subtypes of autoimmune diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1348-1363. [PMID: 38596313 PMCID: PMC11001648 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by their complexity and a wide range of clinical differences. Despite patients presenting with similar symptoms and disease patterns, their reactions to treatments may vary. The current approach of personalized medicine, which relies on molecular data, is seen as an effective method to address the variability in these diseases. This review examined the pathologic classification of ADs, such as multiple sclerosis and lupus nephritis, over time. Acknowledging the limitations inherent in pathologic classification, the focus shifted to molecular classification to achieve a deeper insight into disease heterogeneity. The study outlined the established methods and findings from the molecular classification of ADs, categorizing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) into four subtypes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) into two, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) into three, and multiple sclerosis (MS) into a single subtype. It was observed that the high inflammation subtype of IBD, the RA inflammation subtype, and the MS "inflammation & EGF" subtype share similarities. These subtypes all display a consistent pattern of inflammation that is primarily driven by the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, with the effective drugs being those that target this signaling pathway. Additionally, by identifying markers that are uniquely associated with the various subtypes within the same disease, the study was able to describe the differences between subtypes in detail. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of personalized treatment plans for patients and establish a strong basis for tailored approaches to treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zerun Song
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyu Wei
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongchao Lv
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhao Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Tang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongshuai Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Zerillo L, Polvere I, Stilo R, Vito P, Rinaldi M, Zotti T, Costagliola C. Diverse effects of synthetic glucocorticoid species on cell viability and stress response of neuroblastoma cells. Neuroscience 2024; 554:1-10. [PMID: 39002754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapeutics in multiple pathological conditions. However, compelling evidence indicates that they might promote neurodegeneration by altering mitochondrial homeostatic processes. Although the effect of dexamethasone on cell survival and homeostasis has been widely investigated, the effect of other glucocorticoids needs to be explored in more detail. In this report, we have compared the neurotoxicity induced by dexamethasone, prednisolone, betamethasone, and hydrocortisone in cultured neuroblastoma cells, through the analysis of several parameters such as cell viability, ER stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial fusion and fission markers. Interestingly, we have found that synthetic glucocorticoids may impact neuronal viability by affecting different cellular responses, suggesting that their therapeutic use should be consciously decided after careful consideration of benefits and detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy; Genus Biotech, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | | | - Romania Stilo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy; Genus Biotech, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Michele Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy.
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
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3
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Li L, Wang Y. Identification of Potential Biomarkers for Patients with DWI-Negative Ischemic Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:68. [PMID: 38995420 PMCID: PMC11245437 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in adults, accounting for 80% of stroke cases. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) examination is the main test for acute ischemic stroke, but in recent years, several studies have shown that some patients show negative DWI examination after the onset of ischemic stroke with symptoms of significant neurological deficits. In this study, we investigated potential biomarkers related to immune metabolism in the peripheral blood of DWI-negative versus DWI-positive patients after ischemic stroke and explored their possible regulatory processes in ischemic stroke. The datasets related to ischemic stroke were downloaded from the GEO database, immune-related genes and metabolism-related genes were obtained from the ImmPort database and MSigDB database, respectively, and immune-related differential genes were obtained based on immune scores using the algorithm of the R software package "GSVA." Candidate genes were selected based on intersections, hub genes were screened using the algorithm in Cytoscape software, and finally, GeneMANIA analysis, GSEA enrichment analysis, subcellular localization, gene transcription factor and gene-drug interaction networks, and disease correlation analyses were performed for the hub genes. Five hub genes (GART, TYMS, PPAT, CTPS1, and PAICS) were obtained by PPI network analysis and software analysis. Among them, PPAT and PAICS may be the real hub genes with consistent and significantly differentiated results from the discovery and validation sets. The functions of these hub genes may be related to pathways such as nucleotide biosynthetic processes. The constructed hub gene ceRNA network showed that hsa-10a-5p is the key miRNA connecting PAICS and multiple lncRNAs in this study. Differential genes related to immunity and metabolism in DWI-negative and DWI-positive patients after IS were identified using bioinformatics analysis, and their pathways and related TF-RNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs were identified. These genes may be considered effective targets for the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 6500032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 6500032, China.
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4
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Lockett J, Inder WJ, Clifton VL. The Glucocorticoid Receptor: Isoforms, Functions, and Contribution to Glucocorticoid Sensitivity. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:593-624. [PMID: 38551091 PMCID: PMC11244253 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert pleiotropic effects on all tissues to regulate cellular and metabolic homeostasis. Synthetic forms are used therapeutically in a wide range of conditions for their anti-inflammatory benefits, at the cost of dose and duration-dependent side effects. Significant variability occurs between tissues, disease states, and individuals with regard to both the beneficial and deleterious effects. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is the site of action for these hormones and a vast body of work has been conducted understanding its function. Traditionally, it was thought that the anti-inflammatory benefits of glucocorticoids were mediated by transrepression of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, while the adverse metabolic effects resulted from direct transactivation. This canonical understanding of the GR function has been brought into question over the past 2 decades with advances in the resolution of scientific techniques, and the discovery of multiple isoforms of the receptor present in most tissues. Here we review the structure and function of the GR, the nature of the receptor isoforms, and the contribution of the receptor to glucocorticoid sensitivity, or resistance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lockett
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4101, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Health, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Warrick J Inder
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Health, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4101, Australia
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Rodríguez-Fernández A, Visos-Varela I, Zapata-Cachafeiro M, Pintos-Rodríguez S, García-Álvarez RM, Herdeiro TM, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Figueiras A, Salgado-Barreira Á. Outpatient glucocorticoid use and COVID-19 outcomes: a population-based study. Inflammopharmacology 2024:10.1007/s10787-024-01474-3. [PMID: 38698179 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Owing to controversy information surrounds effect of glucocorticoids on the evolution of COVID-19, we evaluate the effects of outpatient glucocorticoid use on the severity and progression of COVID-19 and risk of infection and analyse the effect of window of exposure and dose. METHODS We conducted a population-based case - control study, involving 4 substudies: (i) Hospitalisation; (ii) Mortality, using subjects hospitalised with a PCR + as cases and subjects without a PCR + as controls; (iii) Progression, including subjects with a PCR + (hospitalised versus non-hospitalised); and (iv) Susceptibility, with all subjects with a PCR + and subjects without a PCR + . Adjusted odds ratios (ORa) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS The outpatient glucocorticoid use was associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation (aOR 1.79; 95% CI 1.56-2.05), mortality (aOR 2.30; 95% CI 1.68-3.15), progression (aOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.43-2.00) and susceptibility (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19-1.41). Furthermore, the effects was observed to be greater at higher doses and the closer that drug use approached the outcome date, with an almost fourfold increase in mortality among users in the previous month (aOR 3.85; 95% CI 2.63-5.62). CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this real-world data study, outpatient glucocorticoid use should be considered in making decisions about intrahospital treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Rodríguez-Fernández
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene Visos-Varela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Maruxa Zapata-Cachafeiro
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain.
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Samuel Pintos-Rodríguez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Rosa M García-Álvarez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Teresa M Herdeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - María Piñeiro-Lamas
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángel Salgado-Barreira
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de San Francisco, S/N, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Zhang H, Yu M, Liang G, Li S, Zhao C, Jing K, Feng S. Prevalence and clinical markers of herpes simplex virus infection in oral lesions of bullous pemphigoid. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387503. [PMID: 38698862 PMCID: PMC11063318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The manifestations of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection are similar in oral mucosa, and the laboratory detection of HSV has some limitations, making it difficult to identify the HSV infection in oral lesions of BP. In addition, the treatments for BP and HSV infection have contradictory aspects. Thus, it is important to identify the HSV infection in BP patients in time. Objective To identify the prevalence and clinical markers of HSV infection in oral lesions of BP. Methods This prospective cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was conducted on 42 BP patients with oral lesions. A total of 32 BP patients without oral lesions and 41 healthy individuals were enrolled as control groups. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HSV. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with HSV infection were compared with those without infection. Results A total of 19 (45.2%) BP patients with oral lesions, none (0.0%) BP patients without oral lesions, and four (9.8%) healthy individuals were positive for HSV on oral mucosa. Among BP patients with oral lesions, the inconsistent activity between oral and skin lesions (p=0.001), absence of blister/blood blister in oral lesions (p=0.020), and pain for oral lesions (p=0.014) were more often seen in HSV-positive than HSV-negative BP patients; the dosage of glucocorticoid (p=0.023) and the accumulated glucocorticoid dosage in the last 2 weeks (2-week AGC dosage) (p=0.018) were higher in HSV-positive BP patients. Combining the above five variables as test variable, the AUC was 0.898 (p<0.001) with HSV infection as state variable in ROC analysis. The absence of blister/blood blister in oral lesions (p=0.030) and pain for oral lesions (p=0.038) were found to be independent predictors of HSV infection in multivariable analysis. A total of 14 (73.7%) HSV-positive BP patients were treated with 2-week famciclovir and the oral mucosa BPDAI scores significantly decreased (p<0.001). Conclusion HSV infection is common in BP oral lesions. The inconsistent activity between oral and skin lesions, absence of blister in oral lesions, pain for oral lesions, higher currently used glucocorticoid dosage, and higher 2-week AGC dosage in BP patients should alert physicians to HSV infection in oral lesions and treat them with 2-week famciclovir in time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Suying Feng
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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Bhaumik S, Lockett J, Cuffe J, Clifton VL. Glucocorticoids and Their Receptor Isoforms: Roles in Female Reproduction, Pregnancy, and Foetal Development. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1104. [PMID: 37626990 PMCID: PMC10452123 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and associated changes in circulating levels of glucocorticoids are integral to an organism's response to stressful stimuli. Glucocorticoids acting via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) play a role in fertility, reproduction, placental function, and foetal development. GRs are ubiquitously expressed throughout the female reproductive system and regulate normal reproductive function. Stress-induced glucocorticoids have been shown to inhibit reproduction and affect female gonadal function by suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis at each level. Furthermore, during pregnancy, a mother's exposure to prenatal stress or external glucocorticoids can result in long-lasting alterations to the foetal HPA and neuroendocrine function. Several GR isoforms generated via alternative splicing or translation initiation from the GR gene have been identified in the mammalian ovary and uterus. The GR isoforms identified include the splice variants, GRα and GRβ, and GRγ and GR-P. Glucocorticoids can exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects and both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in the ovary, in vitro. In the placenta, thirteen GR isoforms have been identified in humans, guinea pigs, sheep, rats, and mice, indicating they are conserved across species and may be important in mediating a differential response to stress. Distinctive responses to glucocorticoids, differential birth outcomes in pregnancy complications, and sex-based variations in the response to stress could all potentially be dependent on a particular GR expression pattern. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the structure and function of the GR in relation to female fertility and reproduction and discusses the changes in the GR and glucocorticoid signalling during pregnancy. To generate this overview, an extensive non-systematic literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with a focus on original research articles, meta-analyses, and previous review papers addressing the subject. This review integrates the current understanding of GR variants and their roles in glucocorticoid signalling, reproduction, placental function, and foetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Bhaumik
- Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia; (S.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Jack Lockett
- Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia; (S.B.); (J.L.)
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Metro South Health, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - James Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia;
| | - Vicki L. Clifton
- Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia; (S.B.); (J.L.)
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Pharmacological Treatments and Natural Biocompounds in Weight Management. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16020212. [PMID: 37139804 PMCID: PMC9962258 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity pandemic is one of society’s most urgent public health concerns. One-third of the global adult population may fall under obese or overweight by 2025, suggesting a rising demand for medical care and an exorbitant cost of healthcare expenditure in the coming years. Generally, the treatment strategy for obese patients is largely patient-centric and needs dietary, behavioral, pharmacological, and sometimes even surgical interventions. Given that obesity cases are rising in adults and children and lifestyle modifications have failed to produce the desired results, the need for medical therapy adjunct to lifestyle modifications is vital for better managing obesity. Most existing or past drugs for obesity treatment target satiety or monoamine pathways and induce a feeling of fullness in patients, while drugs such as orlistat are targeted against intestinal lipases. However, many medications targeted against neurotransmitters showed adverse events in patients, thus being withdrawn from the market. Alternatively, the combination of some drugs has been successfully tested in obesity management. However, the demand for novel, safer, and more efficacious pharmaceutical medicines for weight management does exist. The present review elucidates the current understanding of the available anti-obesity medicines of synthetic and natural origin, their main mechanisms of action, and the shortcomings associated with current weight management drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vivarelli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura e Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Emma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura e Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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10
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Wu F, Liu Z, Zhou L, Ye D, Zhu Y, Huang K, Weng Y, Xiong X, Zhan R, Shen J. Systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke: From the center to the periphery. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911661. [PMID: 36211352 PMCID: PMC9533176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death. It imposes a heavy economic burden on individuals, families and society. The mortality rate of ischemic stroke has decreased with the help of thrombolytic drug therapy and intravascular intervention. However, the nerve damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion is long-lasting and followed by multiple organ dysfunction. In this process, the immune responses manifested by systemic inflammatory responses play an important role. It begins with neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke. The large number of inflammatory cells released after activation of immune cells in the lesion area, along with the deactivated neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems, link the center with the periphery. With the activation of systemic immunity and the emergence of immunosuppression, peripheral organs become the second “battlefield” of the immune response after ischemic stroke and gradually become dysfunctional and lead to an adverse prognosis. The purpose of this review was to describe the systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke. We hope to provide new ideas for future research and clinical treatments to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongchi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
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11
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Herbert DR, Stoltzfus JDC, Rossi HL, Abraham D. Is Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection induced by glucocorticoids a result of both suppressed host immunity and altered parasite genetics? Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 251:111511. [PMID: 36007683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) nematode Strongyloides stercoralis (S.s.) causes human strongyloidiasis, a potentially life-threatening disease that currently affects over 600 million people globally. The uniquely pernicious aspect of S.s. infection, as compared to all other GI nematodes, is its autoinfective larval stage (L3a) that maintains a low-grade chronic infection, allowing undetectable persistence for decades. Infected individuals who are administered glucocorticoid therapy can develop a rapid and often lethal hyperinfection syndrome within days. Hyperinfection patients often present with dramatic increases in first- and second-stage larvae and L3a in their GI tract, with L3a widely disseminating throughout host organs leading to sepsis. How glucocorticoid administration drives hyperinfection remains a critical unanswered question; specifically, it is unknown whether these steroids promote hyperinfection through eliminating essential host protective mechanisms and/or through dysregulating parasite development. This current deficiency in understanding is largely due to the previous absence of a genetically defined mouse model that would support all S.s. life-cycle stages and the lack of successful approaches for S.s. genetic manipulation. However, there are currently new possibilities through the recent demonstration that immunodeficient NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice support sub-clinical infections that can be transformed to lethal hyperinfection syndrome following glucocorticoid administration. This is coupled with advances in transcriptomics, transgenesis, and gene inactivation strategies that now allow rigorous scientific inquiry into S.s. biology. We propose that combining in vivo manipulation of host immunity and deep immunoprofiling strategies with the latest advances in S.s. transcriptomics, piggyBac transposon-mediated transgene insertion, and CRISPR/Cas-9-mediated gene inactivation will facilitate new insights into the mechanisms that could be targeted to block lethality in humans with S.s. hyperinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 10104, USA.
| | - Jonathan D C Stoltzfus
- Department of Biology, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, 50 E. Frederick St., Millersville, PA 17551, USA.
| | - Heather L Rossi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 10104, USA.
| | - David Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Jackson TW, Henriquez AR, Snow SJ, Schladweiler MC, Fisher AA, Alewel DI, House JS, Kodavanti UP. Adrenal stress hormone regulation of hepatic homeostatic function after an acute ozone exposure in Wistar-Kyoto male rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:73-90. [PMID: 35737395 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation and pulmonary/hypothalamus gene expression changes are diminished in adrenalectomized (AD) rats. Acute ozone exposure induces metabolic alterations concomitant with increases in epinephrine and corticosterone. We hypothesized that adrenal hormones are responsible for observed hepatic ozone effects, and in AD rats, these changes would be diminished. 5-7 days after sham (SH) or AD surgeries, male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to air or 0.8-ppm ozone for 4-hrs. Serum samples were analyzed for metabolites and liver for transcriptional changes immediately post-exposure. Ozone increased circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty-acids, and leptin in SH but not AD rats. Ozone-induced inhibition of glucose-mediated insulin release was absent in AD rats. Unlike diminution of ozone-induced hypothalamus and lung mRNA expression changes, AD in air-exposed rats (AD-air/SH-air) caused differential hepatic expression of ∼1000 genes. Likewise, ozone in AD rats caused differential expression of ∼1000 genes (AD-ozone/AD-air). Ozone-induced hepatic changes in SH rats reflected enrichment for pathways involving metabolic processes, including acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, TCA cycle, and sirtuins. Upstream predictor analysis identified similarity to responses produced by glucocorticoids and pathways involving forskolin. These changes were absent in AD rats exposed to ozone. However, ozone caused unique changes in AD liver mRNA reflecting activation of synaptogenesis, neurovascular coupling, neuroinflammation, and insulin signaling with inhibition of senescence pathways. In these rats, upstream predictor analysis identified numerous microRNAs involved in glucocorticoid insufficiency. These data demonstrate the critical role of adrenal stress hormones in ozone-induced hepatic homeostasis and necessitate further research elucidating their role in propagating environmentally driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Jackson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Samantha J Snow
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Anna A Fisher
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Devin I Alewel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - John S House
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
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Yao T, Su W, Han S, Lu Y, Xu Y, Chen M, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment of Podocyte Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:816025. [PMID: 35281899 PMCID: PMC8914202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte is also called glomerular epithelial cell, which has been considered as the final gatekeeper of glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). As a major contributor to proteinuria, podocyte injury underlies a variety of glomerular diseases and becomes the challenge to patients and their families in general. At present, the therapeutic methods of podocyte injury mainly include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, steroid and immunosuppressive medications. Nevertheless, the higher cost and side effects seriously disturb patients with podocyte injury. Promisingly, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has received an increasing amount of attention from different countries in the treatment of podocyte injury by invigorating spleen and kidney, clearing heat and eliminating dampness, as well enriching qi and activating blood. Therefore, we searched articles published in peer-reviewed English-language journals through Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The protective effects of active ingredients, herbs, compound prescriptions, acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of podocyte injury were further summarized and analyzed. Meanwhile, we discussed feasible directions for future development, and analyzed existing deficiencies and shortcomings of TCM in the treatment of podocyte injury. In conclusion, this paper shows that TCM treatments can serve as promising auxiliary therapeutic methods for the treatment of podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Su
- Department of Nephrology, The People’s Hospital of Mengzi, Mengzi, China
| | - Shisheng Han
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wang,
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14
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Bove RM, Houtchens MK. Pregnancy Management in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022; 28:12-33. [DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Galati A, McElrath T, Bove R. Use of B-Cell–Depleting Therapy in Women of Childbearing Potential With Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Neurol Clin Pract 2022; 12:154-163. [PMID: 35733945 PMCID: PMC9208398 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review There is considerable heterogeneity in the use of B-cell depletion in women of childbearing age, likely driven at least in part by the discrepancy between the product labels and what is known about the physiology of IgG1, including breastmilk and placental transfer. Recent Findings We provide practical considerations on the use of this medication class in women of childbearing potential. We discuss prepregnancy planning including vaccinations, safety of B-cell depletion during pregnancy, and postpartum considerations including breastfeeding. Summary B-cell–depleting monoclonal antibodies have shown to be effective for prepregnancy and postpartum prevention of inflammatory activity in MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. B-cell–depleting therapies are large IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, which have minimal transfer across the placenta and into breastmilk. Consideration of risks and benefits of these therapies should be considered in counseling women planning pregnancy and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Galati
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology (A.G., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas McElrath
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology (A.G., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Riley Bove
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology (A.G., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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