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Kim SJ, Blesoff JR, Tussing-Humphrys L, Fitzgibbon ML, Peterson CE. The association between neighborhood conditions and weight loss among older adults living in a large urban city. J Behav Med 2023; 46:882-889. [PMID: 37000323 PMCID: PMC10544679 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-023-00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of neighborhood walkability and crime on weight loss, we examined data from older adults residing in Chicago who participated in a randomized controlled trial lifestyle intervention. Controlling for individual demographic characteristics and the intervention assignment, the neighborhood homicide rate was significantly associated with weight change. Participants who resided in neighborhoods above the 50th percentile of homicide rate actually gained weight between pre- and post-intervention. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the level of walkability and weight loss. Our findings suggest that the social environment related to neighborhood crime may play a more important role in weight loss than the built environment, such as walkability. Urban characteristics related to walkability, such as sidewalks, may increase physical activity, however, interventions aiming to increase physical activity to promote weight loss will benefit by addressing the neighborhood social environment that determines how people navigate space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage J Kim
- School of Public Health, Division of Health Policy & Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St. #781, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Jamine R Blesoff
- School of Public Health, Division of Health Policy & Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St. #781, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lisa Tussing-Humphrys
- College of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Marian L Fitzgibbon
- Pediatrics and Health Policy and Administration, Associate Director for Population Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, UI Cancer Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Caryn E Peterson
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Livesey G, Livesey H. Coronary Heart Disease and Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load: Dose-Response Meta-analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2019; 3:52-69. [PMID: 30899909 PMCID: PMC6410335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To clarify the role of dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) in progression from health to coronary heart disease (CHD) by determining disease-nutrient risk relation (RR) values needed for intake ranges within jurisdictions and across the globe. Methods We performed a literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE for prospective cohort studies that used truly valid dietary instruments in heathy adults published from January 1, 2000, to June 5, 2018. Relevant observations were extracted by 2 reviewers independently. We used dose-response meta-analysis accounting for nonindependence of results within studies. Bradford-Hill criteria were used to assess causality. Results Eligible studies had a mean follow-up of 11 years (range, 5-19 years), were conducted in North America, Europe, and East Asia, and yielded combined RRs of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.25-1.65) per 65 g/d GL (11 studies) and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.12-1.38) per 10 U GI (10 studies) (glucose scale). The CHD-carbohydrate RR on GI was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.23-2.25) per 98 g/d of carbohydrates per 10 units GI. The 65 g/d GL, 10 U GI, and 98 g/d carbohydrate values corresponded to oral intakes from the 10th to the 90th percentiles within sampled populations. Inconsistencies were minor (I2≤20%), as were small-study effects (P=.61 for GL and P=.26 for GI). Funnel plots were symmetric. Cubic spline dose-response meta-analysis yielded RRs as follows: across the global range for GL (55-290 g/d), 5.5 (95% CI, 3.1-9.8) (I2=0); for GI (47-82 U), 2.71 (95% CI, 1.47-4.40) (I2=0); and for the CHD-carbohydrate dependence on GI (50-80 U), 4.57 (95% CI, 1.86-11.4) (I2=16%). Bradford-Hill criteria indicated that these relations were probably causal. Conclusion Strong and probably causal CHD-GL and GI RRs exist within populations. The RRs were remarkably higher across global exposures. The results support the consideration of these markers of carbohydrate food quality in dietary guidelines for general populations. Trial Registration PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42013004504
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Key Words
- CHD, coronary heart disease
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Corr, correlation coefficients
- DRM, dose-response meta-analysis
- EQM, extreme-quantile meta-analysis
- GI, glycemic index
- GL, glycemic load
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LCL, lower confidence limit
- MI, myocardial infarction
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- RR, risk relation
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Livesey
- Correspondence: Address to Geoffrey Livesey, PhD, BSc, RNutr, FRSM, Independent Nutrition Logic Ltd, 21 Bellrope Ln, Wymondham, Norfolk NR180QX, UK
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Dietary patterns interact with chromosome 9p21 rs1333048 polymorphism on the risk of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy Tehrani adults. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:35-43. [PMID: 30600348 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene-dietary patterns may contribute to determining body composition and related biochemical indices. The aim of this study was to evaluate interactions between rs1333048 polymorphism and major dietary patterns on body fat percentage, general and central obesity, and related biochemical measurements. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 265 healthy Tehrani adults with mean age of 35 years (47.5% men, 52.5% women). Dietary patterns (DPs) were extracted by factor analysis. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used for body analysis and rs1333048 was genotyped by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS Three DPs were extracted: restricted refined grains DP, legumes DP and healthy DP. AA genotype compared to CC genotype had greater odds for general obesity before (OR 3.14; 95% CI 1.008-9.60, P = 0.045) and after (OR 3.11; 95% CI 1.008-9.60, P = 0.048) adjusting for potential confounders. Individuals with AA genotype were more likely to be centrally obese before (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.006-4.35, P = 0.048) and after (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.12-6.17, P = 0.026) controlling for potential confounders. Significant interactions were observed between Legumes DP and rs1333048 SNP on waist circumference (P = 0.047), body fat % (BFP) (P = 0.048), hs-Crp (P = 0.042), BMI (P = 0.073), WHtR (P = 0.063) and odds for general obesity (P = 0.051). Following this DP reduced all these items for individuals with CC genotype, whereas increased them for people who carry CA or AA genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that there are significant associations between AA genotype of rs1333048 SNP and general and central obesity, and significant interaction between alleles of this SNP and major dietary patterns on the odds of general obesity, BFP, waist circumference, BMI, WHtR and hs-Crp.
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Niswender KD, Fazio S, Gower BA, Silver HJ. Balanced high fat diet reduces cardiovascular risk in obese women although changes in adipose tissue, lipoproteins, and insulin resistance differ by race. Metabolism 2018; 82:125-134. [PMID: 29382504 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that consuming a balanced high fat diet (BHFD) wherein total saturated fat was reduced and total unsaturated fat increased by proportionately balancing the type of fat (1/3 saturated, 1/3 monounsaturated, 1/3 polyunsaturated) led to significant improvements in inflammatory burden, blood pressure, and vascular function in obese premenopausal European American (EA) and African American (AA) women. OBJECTIVE Here we compared changes in adipose tissue, lipoproteins, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk between EA and AA women. METHODS Dietary intakes, plasma fatty acids, lipids, apolipoproteins, lipoproteins, HOMA-IR and ASCVD risk was measured in 144 women who consumed BHFD for 16 weeks. Generalized linear modeling was performed while controlling for change in body weight. RESULTS EA women had greater reductions in visceral adipose tissue. Only EA women had significant reductions in fasting insulin levels (↓24.8%) and HOMA-IR (↓29%) scores. In EA women, the most significant improvements occurred in VLDL particle size (↑), apolipoprotein B levels (↑), serum TG (↓), number of plasma LDL particles (↓), and serum LDL-cholesterol (↓). In AA women, significant improvements occurred in HDL particle size (↑), number of large HDL particles (↑), and apolipoprotein AI levels (↑). Consequently, both groups had improved ASCVD risk scores (↓5.5%). CONCLUSIONS Consuming the balanced high fat diet led to significant reduction in cardiovascular risk factors in both groups. However, the pattern of response to BHFD differed with EA women responding more in components of the apolipoprotein B pathway versus AA women responding more in components of the apolipoprotein AI pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Niswender
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, United States; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, United States
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, United States
| | - Barbara A Gower
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, United States
| | - Heidi J Silver
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, United States; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, United States.
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Tussing-Humphreys L, Lamar M, Blumenthal JA, Babyak M, Fantuzzi G, Blumstein L, Schiffer L, Fitzgibbon ML. Building research in diet and cognition: The BRIDGE randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 59:87-97. [PMID: 28600159 PMCID: PMC7289155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been linked to cognitive impairment, cognitive decline and dementia. Given that 38.5% of U.S. adults 60years and older are obese and these numbers are rapidly increasing, strategies to decouple obesity from cognitive decline are needed. Innovative lifestyle strategies that may postpone the onset of subclinical symptoms or even arrest the transition to overt dementia in at-risk individuals are critically needed. Poor diet is central to the development of obesity and diet may affect cognition. Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Furthermore, weight loss through caloric restriction improves cognitive function. This paper describes the Building Research in Diet and CoGnition (BRIDGE) study, a randomized trial examining the effect of the MedDiet, with and without weight loss, on cognitive functioning in obese older adults. Obese (BMI≥30 and ≤50kg/m2) older adults (≥55years) (n=180) will be randomized in a 2:2:1 allocation scheme to: Typical Diet Control; MedDiet alone, without weight loss; or MedDiet lifestyle intervention to promote weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Both MedDiet intervention groups will meet for one individual session and 27 group sessions over an 8-month period. Individuals in the control group will not receive instruction on changing lifestyle habits. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 8 and 14months. The primary outcome is cognitive functioning; secondary outcomes will include changes in body weight, diet, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
- Department of Medicine, Division of Academic Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States; Cancer Center, Population Behavior and Health Outcome Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Department of Medicine and the Institute of Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; The Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James A Blumenthal
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Michael Babyak
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Giamila Fantuzzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Lara Blumstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Linda Schiffer
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Marian L Fitzgibbon
- Cancer Center, Population Behavior and Health Outcome Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Institute for Health Research and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Beckmann M, Joosen AM, Clarke MM, Mugridge O, Frost G, Engel B, Taillart K, Lloyd AJ, Draper J, Lodge JK. Changes in the human plasma and urinary metabolome associated with acute dietary exposure to sucrose and the identification of potential biomarkers of sucrose intake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:444-57. [PMID: 26372606 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The intake of sucrose is of public health concern but limited information is available on the metabolic effects of short-term exposure. Our aim was to use metabolomics to investigate the metabolic impact of acute sucrose exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a randomized, parallel, single-dose feeding study on healthy females (n = 90, aged 29.9 ± 4.7 years, BMI 23.3 ± 2.5 kg/m(2) ) consuming either 0, 50, or 100 g sucrose in 500 mL water. Blood and urine samples were taken before and 24 h post sucrose intake. Urine and plasma samples underwent detailed metabolite profiling analysis using established protocols. Flow-injection electrospray MS fingerprinting analysis showed that 3 h after intake was the most informative time point in urine and plasma and out of 120 explanatory signals, highlighted 16 major metabolite signals in urine and 25 metabolite signals in plasma that were discriminatory and correlated with sucrose intake over time. The main confirmed metabolites positively correlated with intake were sucrose, fructose, and erythronic acid, while those negatively correlating with intake included fatty acids and derivatives, acyl-carnitines, and ketone bodies. GC-TOF-MS profiling analysis confirmed the fingerprinting data. CONCLUSION Acute exposure to sucrose identified a number of metabolites correlated with sucrose intake and several compounds attributed to metabolic fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | | | | | | | - Gary Frost
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Barbara Engel
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kathleen Taillart
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Amanda J Lloyd
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - John Draper
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - John K Lodge
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK.,Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Sung KC, Sung E, Byrne CD, Kim YB, Ahn CW, Chung HK. Composition of dietary macronutrient intake is not associated with prevalence of coronary artery calcification in healthy Korean adults. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 66:36-43. [PMID: 25531976 DOI: 10.1159/000369563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is little information supporting the relationships between macronutrients and pre-clinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify whether dietary macronutrient content is related with CAC. METHODS 10,793 healthy Korean adults in a cohort were enrolled. Subjects were divided into CAC (CAC score >0) or non-CAC group (CAC score = 0). Intake of energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein and fat were obtained using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Macronutrient composition was expressed as the ratio of energy from each macronutrient to total energy. Subjects were classified into three groups according to tertiles of intake for each macronutrient. To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and CAC, multiple regression analysis was conducted according to tertile groups of each macronutrient. RESULTS The prevalence of CAC significantly differed among tertile groups of CHO and fat intake in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for CAC were not significantly different among tertile groups of each macronutrient intake after adjustment in men (CHO: OR = 0.965 [95% CI = 0.826-1.129]; protein: OR = 1.029 [95% CI = 0.881-1.201]; fat: OR = 1.015 [95% CI = 0.868-1.188]) and women (CHO: OR = 1.158 [95% CI = 0.550-2.438]; protein: OR = 1.261 [95% CI = 0.629-2.528]; fat: OR = 0.625 [95% CI = 0.286-1.365]). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CAC may not be associated with composition of dietary macronutrient intake in in healthy Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Chul Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Correlation between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Cardiac Disease Severity. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2014; 2014:631380. [PMID: 24701348 PMCID: PMC3950406 DOI: 10.1155/2014/631380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is one of the most common respiratory disorders in humans.
There is emerging evidence linking OSA to vascular disease, particularly hypertension. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that link OSA
to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation are not entirely understood.
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) with coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD).
Methods. A questionnaire survey based on Berlin questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was conducted among
406 patients to assess demographic data and the symptoms, such as excessive daytime sleepiness and snoring.
Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Berlin questionnaire were completed by all of the patients. Venous blood samples were
obtained for biochemical tests. Characteristics of coronary arteries were collected from angiographies' reports.
All patients were divided into two groups based on results from Berlin questionnaire: low risk patients for OSA and high risk patients for OSA.
Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 13. Results. Mean age of patients was
61.8 ± 10.5.
212 (52.2%) patients were categorized as high risk group for apnea. Also, excessive daytime sleepiness was reported in 186 patients (45.8%). The severity of coronary artery involvement, daytime sleepiness, and electrocardiogram abnormalities was significantly higher in high risk patients for OSA compared with low risk patients. High risk patients had higher level of FBS and LDL and lower level of HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Our study found a strong correlation between the number of stenotic vessels and OSA. Based on our findings, OSA can be a predisposing factor for cardiac diseases.
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Women's higher health risks in the obesogenic environment: a gender nutrition approach to metabolic dimorphism with predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine. EPMA J 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23311512 PMCID: PMC3560240 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Women's evolution for nurturing and fat accumulation, which historically yielded health and longevity advantages against scarcity, may now be counteracted by increasing risks in the obesogenic environment, recently shown by narrowing gender health gap. Women's differential metabolism/disease risks, i.e. in fat accumulation/distribution, exemplified during puberty/adolescence, suggest gender dimorphism with obesity outcomes. Women's higher body fat percentage than men, even with equal body mass index, may be a better risk predictor. Differential metabolic responses to weight-reduction diets, with women's lower abdominal fat loss, better response to high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate diets, higher risks with sedentariness vs. exercise benefits, and tendency toward delayed manifestation of central obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers until menopause-but accelerated thereafter-suggest a need for differing metabolic and chronological perspectives for prevention/intervention. These perspectives, including women's differential responses to lifestyle changes, strongly support further research with a gender nutrition emphasis within predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine.
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Wood RJ, Gregory SM, Sawyer J, Milch CM, Matthews TD, Headley SA. Preservation of Fat-Free Mass After Two Distinct Weight Loss Diets with and without Progressive Resistance Exercise. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 10:167-74. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2011.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Wood
- Department of Exercise Science & Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Sara M. Gregory
- Department of Exercise Science & Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Department of Exercise Science & Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Charles M. Milch
- Physician Assistant Department, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Tracey D. Matthews
- Department of Exercise Science & Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel A.E. Headley
- Department of Exercise Science & Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
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Dolan LC, Potter SM, Burdock GA. Evidence-based review on the effect of normal dietary consumption of fructose on blood lipids and body weight of overweight and obese individuals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 50:889-918. [PMID: 21108071 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.512990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although some investigators have hypothesized that ingestion of fructose from foods and beverages is responsible for the development of hyperlipidemia or obesity, a recent evidence-based review demonstrated that there was no relationship between the consumption of fructose in a normal dietary manner and the development of hyperlipidemia or increased weight in normal weight individuals. Because overweight and obese individuals may exhibit metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipedemia, and/or alterations in gut hormones involved in appetite regulation, the findings of fructose studies performed in normal weight subjects may not be particularly relevant for overweight or obese subjects. A systematic assessment of the strength and quality of the studies and their relevance for overweight or obese humans ingesting fructose in a normal dietary manner has not been performed. The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the existing database for a causal relationship between the ingestion of fructose in a normal, dietary manner and the development of hyperlipidemia or increased body weight in overweight or obese humans, using an evidence-based approach. The results of the analysis indicate that there is no evidence which shows that the consumption of fructose at normal levels of intake causes biologically relevant changes in triglycerides (TG) or body weight in overweight or obese individuals.
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Zimmermann MB, Aeberli I. Dietary determinants of subclinical inflammation, dyslipidemia and components of the metabolic syndrome in overweight children: a review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 32 Suppl 6:S11-8. [PMID: 19079275 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and summarize the dietary determinants of the metabolic syndrome, subclinical inflammation and dyslipidemia in overweight children. DESIGN Review of the current literature, focusing on pediatric studies. PARTICIPANTS Normal weight, overweight, or obese children and adolescents. RESULTS There is a growing literature on the metabolic effects of excess body fat during childhood. However, few pediatric studies have examined the dietary determinants of obesity-related metabolic disturbances. From the available data, it appears that dietary factors are not only important environmental determinants of adiposity, but also may affect components of the metabolic syndrome and modulate the actions of adipokines. Dietary total fat and saturated fat are associated with insulin resistance and high blood pressure, as well as obesity-related inflammation. In contrast to studies in adults, resistin and adiponectin do not appear to be closely linked to insulin resistance or dyslipidemia in childhood. However, circulating leptin and retinol-binding protein (RBP) 4 correlate well with obesity, central obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children. Intakes of antioxidant vitamins tend to be low in obese children and may be predictors of subclinical inflammation. Higher fructose intake from sweets and sweetened drinks in overweight children has been linked to decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size. CONCLUSIONS Dietary interventions aimed at reducing intakes of total fat, saturated fat and free fructose, whereas increasing antioxidant vitamin intake may be beneficial in overweight children. More research on the relationships between dietary factors and the metabolic changes of pediatric obesity may help to identify the dietary changes to reduce health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Zimmermann
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Grant WB. Commentary: Ecologic studies in identifying dietary risk factors for coronary heart disease and cancer. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:1209-11. [PMID: 18725360 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center (SUNARC), San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA.
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Aeberli I, Zimmermann MB, Molinari L, Lehmann R, l'Allemand D, Spinas GA, Berneis K. Fructose intake is a predictor of LDL particle size in overweight schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1174-8. [PMID: 17921399 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High amounts of dietary fructose may contribute to dyslipidemia in adults, but there are few data in children. Childhood adiposity is associated with smaller LDL particle size, but the dietary predictors of LDL size in overweight children have not been studied. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether LDL particle size is associated with dietary factors and specifically with fructose intake in normal-weight and overweight children. DESIGN In a cross-sectional study of normal-weight and overweight 6-14 y-old Swiss children (n = 74), dietary intakes were assessed by using two 24-h-recalls and a 1-d dietary record. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured, and plasma lipid profile and LDL particle size were determined. RESULTS Compared with the normal-weight group, overweight children had significantly higher plasma triacylglycerol concentrations, lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, and smaller LDL particle size (P < 0.05). LDL particle size was inversely correlated to BMI SD scores and WHR (P = 0.007). Although there were no significant differences in total fructose intake, the overweight children consumed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage of fructose from sweets and sweetened drinks than did the normal-weight children. After control for adiposity, the only dietary factor that was a significant predictor of LDL particle size was total fructose intake (P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS In school-age children, greater total and central adiposity are associated with smaller LDL particle size and lower HDL cholesterol. Overweight children consume more fructose from sweets and sweetened drinks than do normal-weight children, and higher fructose intake predicts smaller LDL particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Aeberli
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms associated with insulin resistance and known to precede the onset of type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity contribute significantly to the development of the metabolic syndrome. In fact, weight loss has a huge impact in decreasing the symptoms associated with the metabolic syndrome. Several studies have demonstrated that just by losing 7% to 10% of initial body weight is sufficient to have improvement in waist circumference, dyslipidemias (elevated triglycerides and low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol), trunk fat, and plasma glucose. This paper underlines the importance of weight loss and type of diet in reversing the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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16
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Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Khadada M, Al-Mousawi M, Talib H, Asfar SK, Behbahani AI, Al-Zaid NS. Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in obese diabetic subjects. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 302:249-56. [PMID: 17447017 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is closely linked to the incidence of type II diabetes. It is found that effective management of body weight and changes to nutritional habits especially with regard to the carbohydrate content and glycemic index of the diet have beneficial effects in obese subjects with glucose intolerance. Previously we have shown that ketogenic diet is quite effective in reducing body weight. Furthermore, it favorably alters the cardiac risk factors even in hyperlipidemic obese subjects. In this study the effect of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with high blood glucose level is compared to those with normal blood glucose level for a period of 56 weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 64 healthy obese subjects with body mass index (BMI) greater than 30, having high blood glucose level and those subjects with normal blood glucose level were selected in this study. The body weight, body mass index, blood glucose level, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, urea and creatinine were determined before and at 8, 16, 24, 48, and 56 weeks after the administration of the ketogenic diet. RESULTS The body weight, body mass index, the level of blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea showed a significant decrease from week 1 to week 56 (P < 0.0001), whereas the level of HDL-cholesterol increased significantly (P < 0.0001). Interestingly these changes were more significant in subjects with high blood glucose level as compared to those with normal blood glucose level. The changes in the level of creatinine were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This study shows the beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in obese diabetic subjects following its long-term administration. Furthermore, it demonstrates that in addition to its therapeutic value, low carbohydrate diet is safe to use for a longer period of time in obese diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M Dashti
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait.
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17
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Wood RJ, Fernandez ML, Sharman MJ, Silvestre R, Greene CM, Zern TL, Shrestha S, Judelson DA, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet with and without supplemental soluble fiber on plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other clinical markers of cardiovascular risk. Metabolism 2007; 56:58-67. [PMID: 17161227 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRDs) promote weight loss, reductions in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) levels, and increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels but may cause undesirable low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) responses in some people. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of adding soluble fiber to a CRD on plasma LDL-C and other traditionally measured markers of cardiovascular disease. Using a parallel-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 30 overweight and obese men (body mass index, 25-35 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to supplement a CRD with soluble fiber (Konjac-mannan, 3g/d) (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15). Plasma lipids, anthropometrics, body composition, blood pressure, and nutrient intake were evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks. Compliance was excellent as assessed by 7-day weighed dietary records and ketonuria. Both groups experienced decreases in (P < .01) body weight, percent body fat, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and plasma glucose levels. After 12 weeks, HDL-C and TAG improved significantly in the fiber (10% and -34%) and placebo (14%, -43%) groups. LDL-C decreased by 17.6% (P < .01) at week 6 and 14.1% (P < .01) at week 12 in the fiber group. Conversely, LDL-C reductions were significant in the placebo group only after 12 weeks (-6.0%, P < .05). We conclude that although clearly effective at lowering LDL-C, adding soluble fiber to a CRD during active and significant weight loss provides no additional benefits to the diet alone. Furthermore, a CRD led to clinically important positive alterations in cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wood
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA.
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Dashti HM, Al-Zaid NS, Mathew TC, Al-Mousawi M, Talib H, Asfar SK, Behbahani AI. Long term effects of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with high cholesterol level. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 286:1-9. [PMID: 16652223 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-9001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various studies have convincingly shown the beneficial effect of ketogenic diet (in which the daily consumption of carbohydrate is less than 20 grams, regardless of fat, protein and caloric intake) in reducing weight in obese subjects. However, its long term effect on obese subjects with high total cholesterol (as compared to obese subjects with normal cholesterol level is lacking. It is believed that ketogenic diet may have adverse effect on the lipid profile. Therefore, in this study the effect of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with high cholesterol level above 6 mmol/L is compared to those with normocholesterolemia for a period of 56 weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 66 healthy obese subjects with body mass index (BMI) greater than 30, having high cholesterol level (Group I; n = 35) and those subjects with normal cholesterol level (Group II; n = 31) were selected. The body weight, body mass index, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, urea, creatinine, glucose and triglycerides were determined before and after the administration of the ketogenic diet. Changes in these parameters were monitored at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 56 weeks of the treatment. RESULTS The body weight and body mass index of both groups decreased significantly (P < 0.0001). The level of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose level decreased significantly (P < 0.0001), whereas HDL cholesterol increased significantly (P < 0.0001) after the treatment in both groups. CONCLUSION This study shows the beneficial effects of ketogenic diet following its long term administration in obese subjects with a high level of total cholesterol. Moreover, this study demonstrates that low carbohydrate diet is safe to use for a longer period of time in obese subjects with a high total cholesterol level and those with normocholesterolemia.
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