1
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Barut Z, Aslan M, Çırçırlı B, Çeker T, Yılmaz Ç. Antiproliferative Effect of 7-Ketositosterol in Breast and Liver Cancer Cells: Possible Impact on Ceramide, Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases, and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:860. [PMID: 39065711 PMCID: PMC11279788 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to examine the effect of 7-Ketositosterol (7-KSS), on sphingomyelin/ceramide metabolites and apoptosis in human breast MCF-7 and human liver HepG2 cancer cells. Methods: Anti-proliferative effects of 7-KSS treatment were assessed at different concentrations and periods. Cell viability was assessed through MTT analysis, whereas the levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphingomyelins (SMs), and ceramides (CERs) were measured using LC-MS/MS. Phosphorylated 44/42 ERK1/2 and NF-κB p65 (Ser536) protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL staining and flow cytometric assessment of annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) labeling. Results: Treatment with 7-KSS significantly decreased cell survival and S1P, p-44/42 ERK1/2, and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels in cancer cells compared to controls. A substantial rise was detected in intracellular amounts of C16-C24 CERs and apoptosis in cancer cells incubated with 7-KSS. Conclusions: 7-KSS stimulated ceramide accumulation and apoptosis while decreasing cell proliferation via downregulating S1P, p-44/42 ERK1/2, and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Barut
- Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Antalya, Turkey;
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey; (T.Ç.); (Ç.Y.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey;
| | - Bürke Çırçırlı
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey;
| | - Tuğçe Çeker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey; (T.Ç.); (Ç.Y.)
| | - Çağatay Yılmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey; (T.Ç.); (Ç.Y.)
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Makran M, Garcia-Llatas G, Alegría A, Cilla A. Ethylcoprostanol modulates colorectal cancer cell proliferation and mitigates cytotoxicity of cholesterol metabolites in non-tumor colon cells. Food Funct 2023; 14:10829-10840. [PMID: 37982821 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01868g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Sterols can be metabolized by gut microbiota. The cholesterol metabolites have been proposed as promoters of colorectal cancer (CRC), while the effect of plant sterol metabolites is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of metabolites from cholesterol (coprostanol, cholestanol, coprostanone and cholestenone) and β-sitosterol (ethylcoprostanol) on human colon tumor (Caco-2) and non-tumor (CCD-18Co) cells at physiological concentrations (9-300 μM) and exposure time (24 h). Ethylcoprostanol reduced the tumor cell proliferation (MTT), showing in flow cytometry assays induction of apoptosis via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ceramide. Transcriptomic analysis (qPCR) showed activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway (BAX/BCL2 ratio and CASP9 increased), accompanied by downregulation of the p21 gene. Cholesterol metabolites, mainly the most hydrophobic, induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest in non-tumor cells through overproduction of ROS. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic (CASP8 increased) apoptosis pathways occurred. In turn, a reduction in the expression of the cyclin E1 gene confirmed the cell cycle arrest. In addition, ethylcoprostanol protected non-tumor cells from the most cytotoxic cholesterol metabolite (cholestenone). In conclusion, ethylcoprostanol is a promising candidate as a therapeutic adjuvant in CRC, while cholesterol metabolites could act as CRC promoters through their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussa Makran
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Leiherer A, Muendlein A, Saely CH, Geiger K, Brandtner EM, Heinzle C, Gaenger S, Mink S, Laaksonen R, Fraunberger P, Drexel H. Coronary Event Risk Test (CERT) as a Risk Predictor for the 10-Year Clinical Outcome of Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6151. [PMID: 37834795 PMCID: PMC10573503 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ceramides are a new kind of lipid biomarker and have already been demonstrated to be valuable risk predictors in coronary patients. Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are a population with a worse prognosis and higher mortality risk compared to coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. However, the value of ceramides for risk prediction in PAD patients is still vague, as addressed in the present study. (2)Methods: This observational study included 379 PAD patients. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 10 years of follow-up. A set of ceramides was measured by LC-MS/MS and combined according to the Coronary Event Risk Test (CERT) score, which categorizes patients into one of four risk groups (low risk, moderate risk, high risk, very high risk). (3) Results: Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that the overall survival of patients decreased with the increasing risk predicted by the four CERT categories, advancing from low risk to very high risk. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that each one-category increase resulted in a 35% rise in overall mortality risk (HR = 1.35 [1.16-1.58]). Multivariable adjustment, including, among others, age, LDL-cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and statin treatment before the baseline, did not abrogate this significant association (HR = 1.22 [1.04-1.43]). Moreover, we found that the beneficial effect of statin treatment is significantly stronger in patients with a higher risk, according to CERT. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that the ceramide-based risk score CERT is a strong predictor of the 10-year mortality risk in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein; (S.M.); (P.F.)
- Medical Central Laboratories, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Axel Muendlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein; (S.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Christoph H. Saely
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein; (S.M.); (P.F.)
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Kathrin Geiger
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
- Medical Central Laboratories, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Brandtner
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
| | - Christine Heinzle
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
- Medical Central Laboratories, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Stella Gaenger
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
| | - Sylvia Mink
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein; (S.M.); (P.F.)
- Medical Central Laboratories, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland;
- Zora Biosciences, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Peter Fraunberger
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein; (S.M.); (P.F.)
- Medical Central Laboratories, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; (A.M.); (K.G.); (E.-M.B.); (S.G.); (H.D.)
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein; (S.M.); (P.F.)
- Vorarlberger Landeskrankenhausbetriebsgesellschaft, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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4
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Yamashita S, Tsuruma T, Kinoshita M, Miyazawa T. Dietary Alkali-stable Neutral Lipids from Sake Lees Suppress the Formation of Colon Aberrant Crypt Foci in Mice. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:419-423. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamashita
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Tomoya Tsuruma
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Mikio Kinoshita
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University
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5
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Leiherer A, Mündlein A, Laaksonen R, Lääperi M, Jylhä A, Fraunberger P, Drexel H. Comparison of recent ceramide-based coronary risk prediction scores in cardiovascular disease patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 29:947-956. [PMID: 34417607 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cholesterol-based risk prediction is often insufficient in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. Ceramides are a new kind of biomarkers for CVD. The Coronary Event Risk Test (CERT) is a validated cardiovascular risk predictor that uses only circulating ceramide levels, determined by coupled liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, to allocate patients into one of four risk categories. This test has recently been modified (CERT2) by additionally including phosphatidylcholine levels. METHODS AND RESULTS In this observational cohort study, we have recruited 999 Austrian patients with CVD and followed them for up to 13 years. We found that CERT and CERT2 both predicted cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and overall mortality. CERT2 had the higher performance compared to CERT and also to the recent cardiovascular risk score of the ESC/EAS guidelines (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE)) for low-risk European countries. Combining CERT2 with the ESC/EAS-SCORE, predictive capacity was further increased leading to a hazard ratio of 3.58 (2.02-6.36; P < 0.001) for cardiovascular events, 11.60 (2.72-49.56; P = 0.001) for cardiovascular mortality, and 9.86 (4.23-22.99; P < 0.001) for overall mortality when patients with very high risk (category 4) were compared to those with low risk (category 1). The use of the combined score instead of the ESC/EAS-SCORE significantly improved the predictive power according to the integrated discrimination improvement index (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION We conclude that CERT and CERT2 are powerful predictors of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and overall mortality in CVD patients. Including phosphatidylcholine to a ceramide-based score increases the predictive performance and is best in combination with classical risk factors as used in the ESC/EAS-SCORE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria.,Medical Central Laboratories, Carinagasse 41, A-6807, Feldkirch, Austria.,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse 24 FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Axel Mündlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria.,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse 24 FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland.,Zora Biosciences Oy, Tietotie 2C, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mitja Lääperi
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Tietotie 2C, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Antti Jylhä
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Tietotie 2C, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Peter Fraunberger
- Medical Central Laboratories, Carinagasse 41, A-6807, Feldkirch, Austria.,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse 24 FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria.,Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse 24 FL-9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein.,Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Bregenz, Carl-Pedenz-Str. 2, A-6900 Bregenz, Austria.,Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Qeen Ln, PA 19129 Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Moosavi B, Liu S, Wang NN, Zhu XL, Yang GF. The anti-fungal β-sitosterol targets the yeast oxysterol-binding protein Osh4. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:704-711. [PMID: 31347760 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Sitosterol is a plant metabolite with a broad range of anti-fungal activity, however, this compound is not toxic against a few fungal species. The target of β-sitosterol and the nature of its selective toxicity are not yet clear. Using a yeast model system and taking advantage of molecular biology and computational approaches, we identify the target and explain why β-sitosterol is not toxic against some fungal pathogens. RESULTS β-Sitosterol (200 μg mL-1 ) is toxic against yeast cells expressing only Osh4 (an oxysterol-binding protein) and harbouring a upc2-1 mutation (which enables sterol uptake), but not against yeast strains expressing all seven Osh proteins and harbouring a upc2-1 mutation. Furthermore, β-sitosterol is not toxic against yeast strains without the upc2-1 mutation irrespective of the number of Osh proteins being expressed. The deletion of COQ1 (a gene known to be highly induced upon deletion of OSH4) enhances the toxicity of β-sitosterol in yeast cells expressing only Osh4 and harbouring the upc2-1 mutation. Molecular modelling suggests that β-sitosterol binds to Osh4 and the binding mode is similar to the binding of cholesterol to Osh4. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the concentrations of β-sitosterol, and Osh4, as well as its homologues within cells, are most likely the main determinants of β-sitosterol toxicity. Furthermore, some fungal species do not take up sterols, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, under aerobic conditions. Therefore, sterol uptake may also contribute to the β-sitosterol anti-fungal effect. These findings enable predicting the toxicity of β-sitosterol against plant fungal pathogens. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Moosavi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Álvarez-Sala A, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Cilla A, Barberá R, Garcia-Llatas G, Espín JC, González-Sarrías A. Physiological concentrations of phytosterols enhance the apoptotic effects of 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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8
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Alvarez-Sala A, Attanzio A, Tesoriere L, Garcia-Llatas G, Barberá R, Cilla A. Apoptotic effect of a phytosterol-ingredient and its main phytosterol (β-sitosterol) in human cancer cell lines. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:323-334. [PMID: 30192685 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1511689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions may effectively control cancer development, with phytosterols (PS) being a class of cancer chemopreventive dietary phytochemicals. The present study, for the first time, evaluates the antiproliferative effects of a PS-ingredient used for the enrichment of several foods and its main PS, β-sitosterol, at physiological serum levels, in the most prevalent cancer cells in women (breast (MCF-7), colon (HCT116) and cervical (HeLa)). In all three cell lines, these compounds induced significant cell viability reduction without a clear time- and dose-dependent response. Moreover, all treatments produced apoptotic cell death with the induction of DNA fragmentation through the appearance of a sub-G1 cell population. Thus, the use of PS as functional ingredients in the development of PS-enriched foods could exert a potential preventive effect against human breast, colon and cervical cancer, although further in vivo studies are required to confirm our preclinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alvarez-Sala
- a Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- b Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF) , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- b Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF) , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- a Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- a Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- a Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Modulation of Angiogenesis, Proliferative Response and Apoptosis by β-Sitosterol in Rat Model of Renal Carcinogenesis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2016; 32:142-152. [PMID: 28428688 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As expanded understanding of molecular tumor characteristics, which drive renal cancer growth and progression gives a promising future for renal carcinoma therapy. The objective of the present study was designed to examine the effect of β-sitosterol on a rat model of experimental renal carcinogenesis. Renal carcinogenesis was induced in rats treated with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 200 mg/kg bw single i.p., injection) and ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA; 9 mg Fe/kg bw i.p., twice a week for 16 weeks). β-sitosterol pretreatment (20 mg/kg bw in 0.1 % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) p.o., thrice a week for 24 weeks) was started 2 weeks before the exposure to carcinogens. Expression of angiogenesis marker (VEGF), proliferative markers (cyclin D1, PCNA) and apoptotic markers (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9) were analyzed to assess the anti-cancer potential of β-sitosterol in renal carcinogenesis model. mRNA and protein expression changes were determined by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, ELISA technique and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that oral administration of β-sitosterol pretreatment significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the expression of all the above mentioned markers and histological features which have been modified by renal carcinogen. It is concluded that, the protective effects of β-sitosterol against renal cancer is associated with the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of cellular proliferation.
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10
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11
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Phytosterols ameliorate clinical manifestations and inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:457-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Chien MH, Lee TS, Liang YC, Lee WS. β-Sitosterol inhibits cell cycle progression of rat aortic smooth muscle cells through increases of p21cip1 protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10064-10069. [PMID: 20731356 DOI: 10.1021/jf102741y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. β-Sitosterol, an important phytosterol found in plant food, is known to exert antiatherosclerosis activity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying β-sitosterol-induced antiproliferation of VSMCs were still not clear. This study demonstrated that β-sitosterol (1-20 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) without cytotoxic effect. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that β-sitosterol arrested cell cycle progression through down-regulation of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2 and up-regulation of p21cip1. In the β-sitosterol-treated RASMCs, the formation of the CDK2-p21cip1 complex was increased and the assayable CDK2 activity was decreased. Knockdown of the expression of p21cip1 gene prevented β-sitosterol-induced cell cycle arrest in RASMCs. In conclusion, β-sitosterol inhibited VSMC proliferation by increasing the levels of p21cip1 protein, which in turn inhibited the CDK2 activity, and finally interrupted the progress of the cell cycle.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Hypolipidemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sitosterols/adverse effects
- Sitosterols/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Abstract
Phytosterols are biofactors found enriched in plant foods such as seeds, grains, and legumes. Their dietary consumption is associated with numerous health benefits. Epidemiologic and experimental animal studies indicate that phytosterols are cancer chemopreventive agents particularly against cancers of the colon, breast, and prostate. Phytosterols impede oncogenesis and prevent cancer cell proliferation and survival. The molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial actions involve effects on signal transduction processes which regulate cell growth and apoptosis. Phytosterols increase sphingomyelin turnover, ceramide formation, and liver X receptor activation. In concert, these actions slow cell cycle progression, inhibit cell proliferation, and activate caspase cascades and apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Bradford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214-3000, USA.
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14
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Zhao Y, Chang SKC, Qu G, Li T, Cui H. Beta-sitosterol inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in SGC-7901 human stomach cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5211-5218. [PMID: 19456133 DOI: 10.1021/jf803878n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Beta-sitosterol is an important phytosterol found in plant food. It has been shown to have antiproliferative effects on cancers of the colon, breast, and prostate, but its effect on stomach cancer cells in vitro is unknown. Proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in SGC-7901 human stomach cancer cells were examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, clone formation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay, acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) double staining, 4',6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining, comet assay, and Western blotting. The results showed that beta-sitosterol suppresses the proliferation and induces the cell cytotoxicity of SGC-7901 stomach cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cells treated with different concentrations of beta-sitosterol also showed changes typical of apoptosis: morphological changes, DNA damage, increased expression of pro-caspase-3 and bax (p < 0.05), and activation of pro-caspase-3 and suppression of bcl-2 expression (p < 0.05). This study therefore revealed that beta-sitosterol significantly inhibits the growth and induces the apoptosis of SGC-7901 human stomach cancer cells in vitro. The decrease of the bcl-2/bax ratio and DNA damage may be the critical mechanisms of apoptosis induced by beta-sitosterol in SGC-7901 human stomach cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghuan Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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