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Dasilva G, Medina I. Lipidomic methodologies for biomarkers of chronic inflammation in nutritional research: ω-3 and ω-6 lipid mediators. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:90-109. [PMID: 30902758 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of hominins has been characterized by significant dietary changes, which include the introduction of meat eating, cooking, and the changes associated with plant and animal domestication. The Western pattern diet has been linked with the onset of chronic inflammation, and serious health problems including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. Diets enriched with ω-3 marine PUFAs have revealed additional improvements in health status associated to a reduction of proinflammatory ω-3 and ω-6 lipid mediators. Lipid mediators are produced from enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation of PUFAs. Interest in better understanding the occurrence of these metabolites has increased exponentially as a result of the growing evidence of their role on inflammatory processes, control of the immune system, cell signaling, onset of metabolic diseases, or even cancer. The scope of this review has been to highlight the recent findings on: a) the formation of lipid mediators and their role in different inflammatory and metabolic conditions, b) the direct use of lipid mediators as antiinflammatory drugs or the potential of new drugs as a new therapeutic option for the synthesis of antiinflammatory or resolving lipid mediators and c) the impact of nutritional interventions to modulate lipid mediators synthesis towards antiinflammatory conditions. In a second part, we have summarized methodological approaches (Lipidomics) for the accurate analysis of lipid mediators. Although several techniques have been used, most authors preferred the combination of SPE with LC-MS. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are herein addressed, as well as the main LC-MS difficulties and challenges for the establishment of new biomarkers and standardization of experimental designs, and finally to deepen the study of mechanisms involved on the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dasilva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
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2
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Djuric Z, Bassis CM, Plegue MA, Sen A, Turgeon DK, Herman K, Young VB, Brenner DE, Ruffin MT. Increases in Colonic Bacterial Diversity after ω-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Predict Decreased Colonic Prostaglandin E2 Concentrations in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2019; 149:1170-1179. [PMID: 31051496 PMCID: PMC6602899 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microbiome is an important determinant of inflammatory balance in the colon that may affect response to dietary agents. OBJECTIVE This is a secondary analysis of a clinical trial, the Fish Oil Study, to determine whether interindividual differences in colonic bacteria are associated with variability in the reduction of colonic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations after personalized supplementation with ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids. METHODS Forty-seven healthy adults (17 men, 30 women, ages 26-75 y) provided biopsy samples of colonic mucosa and luminal stool brushings before and after personalized ω-3 fatty acid supplementation that was based on blood fatty acid responses. Samples were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The data analyses focused on changes in bacterial community diversity. Linear regression was used to evaluate factors that predict a reduction in colonic PGE2. RESULTS At baseline, increased bacterial diversity, as measured by the Shannon and Inverse Simpson indexes in both biopsy and luminal brushing samples, was positively correlated with dietary fiber intakes and negatively correlated with fat intakes. Dietary supplementation with ω-3 fatty acids increased the Yue and Clayton community dis-similarity index between the microbiome in luminal brushings and colon biopsy samples post-supplementation (P = 0.015). In addition, there was a small group of individuals with relatively high Prevotella abundance who were resistant to the anti-inflammatory effects of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation. In linear regression analyses, increases in diversity of the bacteria in the luminal brushing samples, but not in the biopsy samples, were significant predictors of lower colonic PGE2 concentrations post-supplementation in models that included baseline PGE2, baseline body mass index, and changes in colonic eicosapentaenoic acid-to-arachidonic acid ratios. The changes in bacterial diversity contributed to 6-8% of the interindividual variance in change in colonic PGE2 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with ω-3 fatty acids had little effect on intestinal bacteria in healthy humans; however, an increase in diversity in the luminal brushings significantly predicted reductions in colonic PGE2. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01860352.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Departments of Family Medicine
- Nutritional Sciences
| | | | | | - Ananda Sen
- Departments of Family Medicine
- Biostatistics
| | | | | | | | - Dean E Brenner
- Internal Medicine
- Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mack T Ruffin
- Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Health, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
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3
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Narayan Bhilwade H, Tatewaki N, Konishi T, Nishida M, Eitsuka T, Yasui H, Inanami O, Handa O, Naito Y, Ikekawa N, Nishida H. The Adjuvant Effect of Squalene, an Active Ingredient of Functional Foods, on Doxorubicin-Treated Allograft Mice. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1153-1164. [PMID: 31179755 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1597900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many functional foods or physiologically active ingredients derived from plants and animals are actively being investigated for their role in chronic disease prevention. Squalene (SQ) is found as active ingredient in the functional foods predominantly present in olive oil and shark liver oil. It is known that during chemotherapy anticancer drugs induce inflammation. SQ has been thought to prevent and suppress inflammation; however, there is little direct evidence available. We examined the adjuvant effect of SQ on tumor-transplanted mice along with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). SQ significantly suppressed the DOX-induced increase in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration (P < 0.05) in plasma of tumor-bearing mice. SQ inhibited the numbers of writhing response (P < 0.05), formalin-induced pain and decreased COX-2 and substance P expression in the tumor tissue compared to control mice and also enhanced the antitumor efficacy of DOX in allograft mice. Thus, SQ reduces inflammation through modulation of PGE2 production indicating its potential as an adjuvant during chemotherapy in tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Narayan Bhilwade
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai , India.,Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Naoto Tatewaki
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , Niigata , Japan.,Nissei Institute of Health Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Konishi
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Miyako Nishida
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , Niigata , Japan.,Nissei Institute of Health Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , Niigata , Japan.,Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Osamu Inanami
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Osamu Handa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Nobuo Ikekawa
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , Niigata , Japan.,Niigata Bio Research Center , Niigata , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishida
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences , Niigata , Japan.,Nissei Institute of Health Sciences , Niigata , Japan
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4
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Araujo P, Belghit I, Aarsæther N, Espe M, Lucena E, Holen E. The Effect of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Production of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Metabolites by Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:E966. [PMID: 31035600 PMCID: PMC6567278 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the correlation between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites is well documented, little is known about the simultaneous effect of different PUFA on the production of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites. The present research examines the association between different omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) PUFA and the release of four cyclooxygenase and six lipoxygenase metabolites in cell medium by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The different combinations of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA were prepared according to a full 24 factorial design that enables studying not only the main effects but also the different interactions between fatty acids. In addition, interactions diagrams and principal component analysis were useful tools for interpreting higher order interactions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the combined effect of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA on the signaling of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes and resolvins by HUVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Araujo
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ikram Belghit
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Niels Aarsæther
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Eva Lucena
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Analysis and Catalysis Laboratory, Simon Bolivar University, Caracas 1080A, Venezuela.
| | - Elisabeth Holen
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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5
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Pazderka CW, Oliver B, Murray M, Rawling T. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Derived Lipid Mediators and their Application in Drug Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:1670-1689. [PMID: 30259807 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180927100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play crucial and often opposing regulatory roles in health and in pathological conditions. n-3 and n-6 PUFA undergo biotransformation to parallel series of lipid mediators that are potent modulators of many cellular processes. A wide range of biological actions have been attributed to lipid mediators derived from n-6 PUFA, and these mediators have served as lead compounds in the development of numerous clinically approved drugs, including latanoprost (Xalatan: Pfizer), which is listed on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. n-3 PUFA-derived mediators have received less attention, in part because early studies suggested that n-3 PUFA act simply as competitive substrates for biotransformation enzymes and decrease the formation of n-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators. However, more recent studies suggest that n-3 PUFA-derived mediators are biologically important in their own right. It is now emerging that many n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators have potent and diverse activities that are distinct from their n-6 counterparts. These findings provide new opportunities for drug discovery. Herein, we review the biosynthesis of n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators and highlight their biological actions that may be exploited for drug development. Lastly, we provide examples of medicinal chemistry research that has utilized n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators as novel lead compounds in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W Pazderka
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Brian Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
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6
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Dasilva G, Boller M, Medina I, Storch J. Relative levels of dietary EPA and DHA impact gastric oxidation and essential fatty acid uptake. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 55:68-75. [PMID: 29413491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous research showed that increasing the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in marine lipid supplements significantly reduces associated health benefits compared with balanced eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA):DHA supplementation Dasilva et al., 2015 [1]. It was therefore hypothesized that the EPA and DHA molecules might have differential resistance to oxidation during gastric digestion and that the oxidation level achieved could be inversely correlated with intestinal absorption and, hence, with the resultant health benefits. Accordingly, we tested this proposed mechanism of action by investigating the degree of oxidation in the stomach, and the levels of bioaccessible lipids, of varying molar proportions of DHA and EPA (2:1, 1:1 and 1:2) using the dynamic gastrointestinal tract model TIM-1. In addition, small intestine enterocyte absorption and metabolism were simulated by Caco-2 cell monolayers that were incubated with these same varying proportions of DHA and EPA, and comparing oxidized and nonoxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The results show an inverse correlation between lipid oxidation products in the stomach and the levels of bioaccessible lipids. The balanced 1:1 EPA:DHA diet resulted in lower oxidation of PUFAs during stomach digestion relative to the other ratios tested. Finally, cell-based studies showed significantly lower assimilation of oxidized EPA and DHA substrates compared to nonoxidized PUFAs, as well as significant differences between the net uptake of EPA and DHA. Overall, the present work suggests that the correct design of diets and/or supplements containing marine lipids can strongly influence the stability and bioaccessibility of PUFAs during gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent absorption. This could modulate their health benefits related with inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dasilva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology and Research Institute for Food Analysis (I.I.A.A.), University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain.
| | - Matthew Boller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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7
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Djuric Z, Turgeon DK, Sen A, Ren J, Herman K, Ramaswamy D, Zhao L, Ruffin MT, Normolle DP, Smith WL, Brenner DE. The Anti-inflammatory Effect of Personalized Omega-3 Fatty Acid Dosing for Reducing Prostaglandin E 2 in the Colonic Mucosa Is Attenuated in Obesity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:729-737. [PMID: 29133307 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This clinical trial developed a personalized dosing model for reducing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in colonic mucosa using ω-3 fatty acid supplementation. The model utilized serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, ω-3):arachidonic acid (AA, ω-6) ratios as biomarkers of colonic mucosal PGE2 concentration. Normal human volunteers were given low and high ω-3 fatty acid test doses for 2 weeks. This established a slope and intercept of the line for dose versus serum EPA:AA ratio in each individual. The slope and intercept was utilized to calculate a personalized target dose that was given for 12 weeks. This target dose was calculated on the basis of a model, initially derived from lean rodents, showing a log-linear relationship between serum EPA:AA ratios and colonic mucosal PGE2 reduction. Bayesian methods allowed addition of human data to the rodent model as the trial progressed. The dosing model aimed to achieve a serum EPA:AA ratio that is associated with a 50% reduction in colonic PGE2 Mean colonic mucosal PGE2 concentrations were 6.55 ng/mg protein (SD, 5.78) before any supplementation and 3.59 ng/mg protein (SD, 3.29) after 12 weeks of target dosing. In secondary analyses, the decreases in PGE2 were significantly attenuated in overweight and obese participants. This occurred despite a higher target dose for the obese versus normal weight participants, as generated by the pharmacodynamic predictive model. Large decreases also were observed in 12-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acids, and PGE3 increased substantially. Future biomarker-driven dosing models for cancer prevention therefore should consider energy balance as well as overall eicosanoid homeostasis in normal tissue. Cancer Prev Res; 10(12); 729-37. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - D Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ananda Sen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kirk Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Devon Ramaswamy
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mack T Ruffin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel P Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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8
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Djuric Z, Aslam MN, Simon BR, Sen A, Jiang Y, Ren J, Chan R, Soni T, Rajendiran TM, Smith WL, Brenner DE. Effects of fish oil supplementation on prostaglandins in normal and tumor colon tissue: modulation by the lipogenic phenotype of colon tumors. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:90-99. [PMID: 28486173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fish oils have potential for prevention of colon cancer, and yet the mechanisms of action in normal and tumor colon tissues are not well defined. Here we evaluated the impact of the colonic fatty acid milieu on the formation of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Distal tumors in rats were chemically induced to model inflammatory colonic carcinogenesis. After 21 weeks of feeding with either a fish oil diet containing an eicosapentaenoic acid/ω-6 fatty acid ratio of 0.4 or a Western fat diet, the relationships between colon fatty acids and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were evaluated. PGE2 is a key proinflammatory mediator in the colon tightly linked with the initiation and progression of colon cancer. The fish oil vs. the Western fat diet resulted in reduced total fatty acid concentrations in serum but not in colon. In the colon, the effects of the fish oil on fatty acids differed in normal and tumor tissue. There were distinct lipodomic patterns consistent with a lipogenic phenotype in tumors. In tumor tissue, the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and the mole percent of saturated fatty acids were significant predictors of inter-animal variability in colon PGE2 after accounting for diet. In normal tissues from either control rats or carcinogen-treated rats, only diet was a significant predictor of colon PGE2. These results show that the fatty acid milieu can modulate the efficacy of dietary fish oils for colon cancer prevention, and this could extend to other preventive agents that function by reducing inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | - Becky R Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ananda Sen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rena Chan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tanu Soni
- Department of Michigan Metabolomics Resource Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T M Rajendiran
- Department of Michigan Metabolomics Resource Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Dasilva G, Pazos M, García-Egido E, Gallardo JM, Ramos-Romero S, Torres JL, Romeu M, Nogués MR, Medina I. A lipidomic study on the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress targeted by marine ω-3 PUFA and polyphenols in high-fat high-sucrose diets. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 43:53-67. [PMID: 28260647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of polyphenols to ameliorate potential oxidative damage of ω-3 PUFAs when they are consumed together and then, to enhance their potentially individual effects on metabolic health is discussed through the modulation of fatty acids profiling and the production of lipid mediators. For that, the effects of the combined consumption of fish oils and grape seed procyanidins on the inflammatory response and redox unbalance triggered by high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diets were studied in an animal model of Wistar rats. A standard diet was used as control. Results suggested that fish oils produced a replacement of ω-6 by ω-3 PUFAs in membranes and tissues, and consequently they improved inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters: favored the activity of 12/15-lipoxygenases on ω-3 PUFAs, enhanced glutathione peroxidases activity, modulated proinflammatory lipid mediators synthesis through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways and down-regulated the synthesis de novo of ARA leaded by Δ5 desaturase. Although polyphenols exerted an antioxidative and antiinflammatory effect in the standard diet, they were less effective to reduce inflammation in the HFHS dietary model. Contrary to the effect observed in the standard diet, polyphenols up-regulated COX pathways toward ω-6 proinflammatory eicosanoids as PGE2 and 11-HETE and decreased the detoxification of ω-3 hydroperoxides in the HFHS diet. As a result, additive effects between fish oils and polyphenols were found in the standard diet in terms of reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. However, in the HFHS diets, fish oils seem to be the one responsible for the positive effects found in the combined group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dasilva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology and Research Institute for Food Analysis (I.I.A.A.), University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Pazos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Egido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - José M Gallardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sara Ramos-Romero
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lluís Torres
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Romeu
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Nogués
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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10
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Wang P, Sun M, Ren J, Djuric Z, Fisher GJ, Wang X, Li Y. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of effects of dietary fish oil on total fatty acid composition in mouse skin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42641. [PMID: 28195161 PMCID: PMC5307384 DOI: 10.1038/srep42641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering the fatty acid (FA) composition in the skin by dietary fish oil could provide therapeutic benefits. Although it has been shown that fish oil supplementation enhances EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) abundance in the skin, comprehensive skin FA profiling is needed. We established a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, which allows precise quantification of FA profile using small (<24 mm2 for mice and <12 mm2 for humans) skin specimens that can be readily obtained from live mice and humans. We determined mouse skin FA composition after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of consuming a control diet or a diet supplemented with fish oil. Fish oil markedly enhanced EPA and DHA in mouse skin within 2 weeks, and this increase plateaued after 4 weeks. The FA composition in mouse skin was different from that of serum, indicating that skin has homeostatic control of FA metabolism. Mice fed the control diet designed to simulate Western human diet displayed similar skin FA composition as that of humans. The present study presents a validated method for FA quantification that is needed to investigate the mechanisms of actions of dietary treatments in both mouse and human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of photomedicine, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary J Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of photomedicine, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Sidahmed E, Sen A, Ren J, Patel A, Turgeon DK, Ruffin MT, Brenner DE, Djuric Z. Colonic Saturated Fatty Acid Concentrations and Expression of COX-1, but not Diet, Predict Prostaglandin E2 in Normal Human Colon Tissue. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1192-201. [PMID: 27548026 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1213866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the colon is a pro-inflammatory mediator that is associated with increased risk of colon cancer. In this study, expression of genes in the PGE2 pathway were quantified in colon biopsies from a trial of a Mediterranean versus a Healthy Eating diet in 113 individuals at high risk for colon cancer. Colon biopsies were obtained before and after 6 months of intervention. Quantitative, real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA expression of prostaglandin H synthases (PTGS1 and 2), prostaglandin E synthases (PTGES1 and 3), prostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD), and PGE2 receptors (PTGER2, PTGER4). The most highly expressed genes were HPGD and PTGS1. In multivariate linear regression models of baseline data, both colon saturated fatty acid concentrations and PTGS1 expression were significant, positive predictors of colon PGE2 concentrations after controlling for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, gender, age, and smoking status. The effects of dietary intervention on gene expression were minimal with small increases in expression noted for PTGES3 in both arms and in PTGER4 in the Mediterranean arm. These results indicate that short-term dietary change had little effect on enzymes in the prostaglandin pathway in the colon and other factors, such as differences in fatty acid metabolism, might be more influential.
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Affiliation(s)
- ElKhansa Sidahmed
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,c Department of Nutrition , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ananda Sen
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,d Department of Biostatistics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Arsh Patel
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - D Kim Turgeon
- e Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Mack T Ruffin
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- e Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- a Department of Family Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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12
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Dasilva G, Pazos M, García-Egido E, Pérez-Jiménez J, Torres JL, Giralt M, Nogués MR, Medina I. Lipidomics to analyze the influence of diets with different EPA:DHA ratios in the progression of Metabolic Syndrome using SHROB rats as a model. Food Chem 2016; 205:196-203. [PMID: 27006231 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of specific proportions of ω-3 EPA and DHA, in the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers associated to the progression of Metabolic Syndrome was investigated. Potential inflammatory eicosanoids and docosanoids were discussed together to biomarkers of CVD, obesity, inflammation and oxidative stress in an animal model of metabolic disorders. Results evidenced a noteworthy health effect of 1:1 and 2:1 EPA:DHA proportions over 1:2 EPA:DHA based diets through a down-regulation in the production of strong pro-inflammatory ω-6 eicosanoids, a decrement of biomarkers of oxidative stress, and a modulation of fatty acid desaturase activities and plasma and membrane PUFAs towards greater anti-inflammatory profiles. Outcomes contribute to the general knowledge on the health benefits of marine lipids and their role on the progress of MetS, inflammation and oxidative stress. Results shed light on controversial protective mechanisms of EPA and DHA to better design dietary interventions aimed at reducing MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dasilva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology and Research Institute for Food Analysis (I.I.A.A.), University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Pazos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Egido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Jara Pérez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lluis Torres
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Giralt
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Nogués
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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13
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Vemu B, Selvasubramanian S, Pandiyan V. Emu oil offers protection in Crohn's disease model in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:55. [PMID: 26852336 PMCID: PMC4744428 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Emu oil is a product of animal origin used for the treatment of inflammation, burns etc. as a part of aboriginal medicine in Australia. Crohn’s disease is a common inflammatory manifestation in humans and other animal species relating to the ulceration and digestive disturbances in upper gastro-intestinal tract. Aloe vera is commonly used substance from plant sources for inflammation, wound healing and various other properties. Given the difference in the source of the substances all the while playing a similar therapeutic role in different parts of the world, the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of aloe vera and emu oil alone and in combination; in comparison to sulfasalazine (Allopathic drug) as an alternative for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Methods Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups with two sub-groups of six animals each. After pre-treating the animals with sulfasalazine, aloe vera, emu oil and their combination for five consecutive days, the animals were sub-cutaneously administered indomethacin on 4th and 5th day and each sub-group was sacrificed on day 6 and 9. After sacrifice, serum and intestine of these animals was collected. Intestine length from duodenum till caecum was measured for estimating relative organ weight and disease activity index. Part of intestine was preserved in formalin for histopathology while the rest was used for analysis of oxidative parameters and myeloperoxidase. Serum collected was used for measuring alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol. Results Assessment of the parameters in treatment groups indicated that the combination of aloe vera and emu oil resulted in better protection by suppressing the oxidative (P < 0.05) and histomorphological changes indicating a enhanced effect of these two agents which was found to be better than sulfasalazine. Conclusion The combination of emu oil and aloe vera exhibited enhanced effect resulting in significant protection from indomethacin induced ulceration. This might be due to the different mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects (Salicylic acid in aloe vera and n3, n6 fatty acids acting as pseudosubstrates to cyclooxygenase enzyme) of components of the animal and plant products tested.
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14
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Hong MY, Turner ND, Murphy ME, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR. In vivo regulation of colonic cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and P27Kip1 by dietary fish oil and butyrate in rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1076-83. [PMID: 26323483 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that dietary fish oil is protective against experimentally induced colon cancer, and the protective effect is enhanced by coadministration of pectin. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that fish oil with butyrate, a pectin fermentation product, protects against colon cancer initiation by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing differentiation and apoptosis through a p27(Kip1)-mediated mechanism. Rats were provided diets of corn or fish oil, with/without butyrate, and terminated 12, 24, or 48 hours after azoxymethane (AOM) injection. Proliferation (Ki-67), differentiation (Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin), apoptosis (TUNEL), and p27(Kip1) (cell-cycle mediator) were measured in the same cell within crypts in order to examine the coordination of cell cycle as a function of diet. DNA damage (N(7)-methylguanine) was determined by quantitative IHC analysis. Dietary fish oil decreased DNA damage by 19% (P = 0.001) and proliferation by 50% (P = 0.003) and increased differentiation by 56% (P = 0.039) compared with corn oil. When combined with butyrate, fish oil enhanced apoptosis 24 hours after AOM injection compared with a corn oil/butyrate diet (P = 0.039). There was an inverse relationship between crypt height and apoptosis in the fish oil/butyrate group (r = -0.53, P = 0.040). The corn oil/butyrate group showed a positive correlation between p27(Kip1) expression and proliferation (r = 0.61, P = 0.035). These results indicate the in vivo effect of butyrate on apoptosis and proliferation is dependent on dietary lipid source. These results demonstrate the presence of an early coordinated colonocyte response by which fish oil and butyrate protects against colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Hong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
| | - Nancy D Turner
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mary E Murphy
- Deptartment of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Deptartment of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joanne R Lupton
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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15
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Healthy effect of different proportions of marine ω-3 PUFAs EPA and DHA supplementation in Wistar rats: Lipidomic biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1385-92. [PMID: 26320676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intervention with ω-3 marine fatty acids may potentially modulate inflammation and oxidative stress markers related with CVD, metabolic syndrome and cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether different proportions of ω-3 EPA and DHA intake provoke a modulation of the production of lipid mediators and then, an influence on different indexes of inflammation and oxidative stress in a controlled dietary animal experiment using Wistar rats. For such scope, a lipidomic SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS approach previously developed was applied to determine lipid mediators profile in plasma samples. The effect of ω-3 fatty acids associated to different ratios EPA:DHA was compared with the effect exerted by ω-3 ALA supplementation from linseed oil and ω-6 LA from soybean oil. CRP showed a tendency to greater inflammatory status in all ω-3-fed animals. Interestingly, ratios 1:1 and 2:1 EPA:DHA evidenced a noteworthy healthy effect generating a less oxidative environment and modulating LOX and COX activities toward a decrease in the production of proinflammatory ARA eicosanoids and oxidative stress biomarkers from EPA and DHA. In addition, the ability of 1:1 and 2:1 fish oil diets to reduce lipid mediator levels was in concurrence with the protective effect exerted by decreasing inflammatory markers as ω-6/ω-3 ratio in plasma and membranes. It was also highlighted the effect of a higher DHA amount in the diet reducing the healthy benefits described in terms of inflammation and oxidative stress. Results support the antiinflammatory and antioxidative role of fish oils and, particularly, the effect of adequate proportions EPA:DHA.
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16
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Djuric Z, Turgeon DK, Ren J, Neilson A, Plegue M, Waters IG, Chan A, Askew LM, Ruffin MT, Sen A, Brenner DE. Effects of a Mediterranean Diet Intervention on Anti- and Pro-Inflammatory Eicosanoids, Epithelial Proliferation, and Nuclear Morphology in Biopsies of Normal Colon Tissue. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:721-9. [PMID: 25869112 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1029637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This randomized trial evaluated the effects of intervention with either a Healthy Eating or a Mediterranean diet on colon biomarkers in 120 healthy individuals at increased colon cancer risk. The hypothesis was that eicosanoids and markers of proliferation would be favorably affected by the Mediterranean diet. Colon epithelial biopsy tissues and blood samples were obtained at baseline and after 6 mo of intervention. Colonic eicosanoid concentrations were evaluated by HPLC-MS-MS, and measures of epithelial proliferation and nuclear morphology were evaluated by image analysis of biopsy sections. There was little change in proinflammatory eicosanoids and in plasma cytokine concentrations with either dietary intervention. There was, however, a 50% increase in colonic prostaglandin E3 (PGE3), which is formed from eicosapentanoic acid, in the Mediterranean arm. Unlike PGE2, PGE3, was not significantly affected by regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at baseline, and normal weight subjects had significantly higher colon PGE3 than overweight or obese subjects. Increased proliferation in the colon at baseline, by Ki67 labeling, was associated with morphological features that defined smaller nuclei in the epithelial cells, lower colon leukotriene concentrations and higher plasma cytokine concentrations. Dietary intervention had little effect on measures of epithelial proliferation or of nuclear morphology. The increase in PGE3 with a Mediterranean diet indicates that in normal colon, diet might affect protective pathways to a greater extent than proinflammatory and proliferative pathways. Hence, biomarkers from cancer models might not be relevant in a true prevention setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- a Department of Family Medicine and Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
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17
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Yang P, Jiang Y, Fischer SM. Prostaglandin E3 metabolism and cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 348:1-11. [PMID: 24657656 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of n-3 fatty acids, especially those derived from fish, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid) (DHA), has been studied for centuries. While there is a growing body of evidence that EPA and DHA may influence cancer initiation and development through targeting multiple events of tumor development, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these activities are still not fully understood. A number of studies have suggested that the anticancer activities of EPA and DHA are associated with their effects on eicosanoid metabolism by which they inhibit prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. In contrast to DHA, EPA can function as a substrate for cyclooxygenases (COXs) to synthesize unique 3-series prostaglandin compounds, especially PGE3. With advance technology in mass spectrometry, there is renewed interest in studying the role of PGE3 in EPA elicited anti-proliferative activity in various cancers, with some promising results. Here, we summarize the regulation of PGE3 synthesis in cancer cells and its role in EPA elicited anticancer activity. The development of PGE3 and its metabolites as potential biomarkers for future clinical evaluation of EPA and fish oil in cancer care is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Yang
- Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Susan M Fischer
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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18
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Sen A, Ren J, Ruffin MT, Turgeon DK, Brenner DE, Sidahmed E, Rapai ME, Cornellier ML, Djuric Z. Relationships between serum and colon concentrations of carotenoids and fatty acids in randomized dietary intervention trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:558-65. [PMID: 23592741 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of preventive diets on colonic nutrient concentrations. This study randomized 120 persons at increased risk of colon cancer to a Mediterranean versus a Healthy Eating diet for six months. The former targeted increases in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, monounsaturated, and n3 fats. The Healthy Eating diet was based on Healthy People 2010 recommendations. At baseline, dietary fat and carotenoid intakes were poorly associated (Spearman ρ < 0.4) with serum and colon concentrations. Strong associations were observed between serum and colon measurements of β-cryptoxanthin (ρ = 0.58; P < 0.001), α-carotene (ρ = 0.48; P < 0.001), and β-carotene (ρ = 0.45; P < 0.001). After six months, the Healthy Eating intervention increased serum lutein, β-, and α-carotene significantly (P < 0.05). In the Mediterranean arm, the significant increases were in serum lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, monounsaturated, and n3 fats. A significant group-by-time interaction (P = 0.03) was obtained for monounsaturated fats. Colonic increases in carotenoids and n3 fats were significant only in Healthy Eating arm, whereas the group-by-time interaction was significant for β-carotene (P = 0.02) and α-carotene (P = 0.03). Changes in colon concentrations were not significantly associated with reported dietary changes. Changes in colon and serum concentrations were strongly associated for β-cryptoxanthin (ρ = 0.56; P < 0.001) and α-carotene (ρ = 0.40; P < 0.001). The associations between colonic and serum concentrations suggest the potential use of using serum concentration as a target in dietary interventions aimed at reducing colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Sen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1018 Fuller St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
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