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Tarasova E, Bogacheva P, Chernyshev K, Balezina O. Quantal size increase induced by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol requires activation of CGRP receptors in mouse motor synapses. Synapse 2024; 78:e22281. [PMID: 37694983 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In mouse motor synapses, the exogenous application of the endocannabinoid (EC) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) increases acetylcholine (ACh) quantal size due to the activation of CB1 receptors and the stimulation of ACh vesicular uptake. In the present study, microelectrode recordings of miniature endplate potentials (MEPP) revealed that this effect of 2-AG is independent of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling but involves the activation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors along with CB1 receptors. Potentiation of MEPP amplitude in the presence of 2-AG was prevented by blockers of CGRP receptors and ryanodine receptors (RyR) and by inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) and Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Therefore, we suggest a hypothetical chain of events, which starts from the activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors, involves PLC, RyR, and CaMKII, and results in CGRP release with the subsequent activation of presynaptic CGRP receptors. Activation of CGRP receptors is probably a part of a complex molecular cascade leading to the 2-AG-induced increase in ACh quantal size and MEPP amplitude. We propose that the same chain of events may also take place if 2-AG is endogenously produced in mouse motor synapses, because the increase in MEPP amplitude that follows after prolonged tetanic muscle contractions (30 Hz, 2 min) was prevented by the blocking of CB1 receptors. This work may help to unveil the previously unknown aspects of the functional interaction between ECs and peptide modulators aimed at the regulation of quantal size and synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Tarasova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Bogacheva
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Chernyshev
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Balezina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Desai S, Borg B, Cuttler C, Crombie KM, Rabinak CA, Hill MN, Marusak HA. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Exercise on the Endocannabinoid System. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:388-408. [PMID: 34870469 PMCID: PMC9418357 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis, including the regulation of metabolism and stress responses. Chronic stress may blunt eCB signaling, and disruptions in eCB signaling have been linked to stress-related psychiatric disorders and physical health conditions, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diabetes, and obesity. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological behavioral interventions (e.g., exercise) that target the eCB system may be promising therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases. In this study, we perform a systematic review and the first meta-analysis to examine the impact of exercise on circulating eCB concentrations. Materials and Methods: We performed a review of the MEDLINE (PubMed) database for original articles examining the impact of exercise on eCBs in humans and animal models. A total of 262 articles were screened for initial inclusion. Results: Thirty-three articles (reporting on 57 samples) were included in the systematic review and 10 were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of samples that measured anandamide (AEA) showed a significant increase in AEA concentrations following acute exercise (74.4%), whereas effects on 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were inconsistent. The meta-analysis, however, revealed a consistent increase in both AEA and 2-AG following acute exercise across modalities (e.g., running, cycling), species (e.g., humans, mice), and in those with and without pre-existing health conditions (e.g., PTSD, depression). There was substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of the effect across studies, which may relate to exercise intensity, physical fitness, timing of measurement, and/or fasted state. Effects of chronic exercise were inconsistent. Conclusions: Potential interpretations and implications of exercise-induced mobilization of eCBs are discussed, including refilling of energy stores and mediating analgesic and mood elevating effects of exercise. We also offer recommendations for future work and discuss therapeutic implications for exercise in the prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Desai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Breanna Borg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie Cuttler
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin M. Crombie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Christine A. Rabinak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew N. Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hilary A. Marusak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Park Y, Watkins BA. Dietary PUFAs and Exercise Dynamic Actions on Endocannabinoids in Brain: Consequences for Neural Plasticity and Neuroinflammation. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1989-2001. [PMID: 35675221 PMCID: PMC9526838 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain and peripheral nervous system provide oversight to muscle physiology and metabolism. Muscle is the largest organ in the body and critical for glucose sensitivity, prevention of diabetes, and control of obesity. The central nervous system produces endocannabinoids (eCBs) that play a role in brain neurobiology, such as inflammation and pain. Interestingly, studies in humans and rodents show that a moderate duration of exercise increases eCBs in the brain and blood and influences cannabinoid receptors. Cannabinoid actions in the nervous system have advanced our understanding of pain, well-being, and disease. Nutrition is an important aspect of brain and eCB physiology because eCBs are biosynthesized from PUFAs. The primary eCB metabolites are derived from arachidonic acid, a 20:4n-6 (ω-6) PUFA, and the n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs, EPA and DHA. The eCBs bind to cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 to exert a wide range of activities, such as stimulating appetite, influencing energy metabolism, supporting the immune system, and facilitating neuroplasticity. A diet containing different essential n-6 and n-3 PUFAs will dominate the formation of specific eCBs, and subsequently their actions as ligands for CB1 and CB2. The eCBs also function as substrates for cyclooxygenase enzymes, including potential substrates for the oxylipins (OxLs), which can be proinflammatory. Together, the eCBs and OxLs act as modulators of neuroinflammation. Thus, dietary PUFAs have implications for exercise responses via synthesis of eCBs and their effects on neuroinflammation. Neurotrophins also participate in interactions between diet and the eCBs, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF supports neuroplasticity in cooperation with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review will describe the role of PUFAs in eCB biosynthesis, discuss the ECS and OxLs in neuroinflammation, highlight the evidence for exercise effects on eCBs, and describe eCB and BDNF actions on neuroplasticity.
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Balezina OP, Tarasova EO, Gaydukov AE. Noncanonical Activity of Endocannabinoids and Their Receptors in Central and Peripheral Synapses. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:818-832. [PMID: 34284706 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921070038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on new aspects of endocannabinoid functions and mechanisms of activity in central and peripheral synapses, different from the general viewpoint that endocannabinoids are retrograde signaling molecules, which inhibit neurotransmitter release by activating specific presynaptic endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Biased agonism of the endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids as well as ability of the CB-receptors to couple not only with classical Gi-proteins, but also with Gs- and Gq-proteins and, moreover, with β-arrestins (thereby triggering additional signaling pathways in synapses) are described here in detail. Examples of noncanonical tonic activity of endocannabinoids and their receptors and their role in synaptic function are also presented. The role of endocannabinoids in short-term and long-term potentiation of neurotransmitter release in central synapses and their facilitating effect on quantal size and other parameters of acetylcholine release in mammalian neuromuscular junctions are highlighted in this review. In conclusion, it is stated that the endocannabinoid system has a wider range of various multidirectional modulating effects (both potentiating and inhibiting) on neurotransmitter release than initially recognized. Re-evaluation of the functions of endocannabinoid system with consideration of its noncanonical features will lead to better understanding of its role in the normal and pathological functioning of the nervous system and other systems of the body, which has an enormous practical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Balezina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Armeli F, Bonucci A, Maggi E, Pinto A, Businaro R. Mediterranean Diet and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Neglected Role of Nutrition in the Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060790. [PMID: 34073983 PMCID: PMC8225112 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal depletion. The broad-spectrum neuroprotective activity of the Mediterranean diet is widely documented, but it is not yet known whether its nutritional and caloric balance can induce a modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In recent decades, many studies have shown how endocannabinoid tone enhancement may be a promising new therapeutic strategy to counteract the main hallmarks of neurodegeneration. From a phylogenetic point of view, the human co-evolution between the endocannabinoid system and dietary habits could play a key role in the pro-homeostatic activity of the Mediterranean lifestyle: this adaptive balance among our ancestors has been compromised by the modern Western diet, resulting in a “clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome”. This review aims to evaluate the evidence accumulated in the literature on the neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of the Mediterranean diet related to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system, suggesting new prospects for research and clinical interventions against neurodegenerative diseases in light of a nutraceutical paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armeli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Tarasova EO, Khotkina NA, Gaydukov AE, Balezina OP. Spontaneous Acetylcholine Release Potentiation Induced by 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and Anandamide in Mouse Motor Synapses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392521010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Endocannabinoids and aging-Inflammation, neuroplasticity, mood and pain. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:129-172. [PMID: 33706946 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes in hormones, slowing of metabolism, diminished physiological processes, chronic inflammation and high exposure to oxidative stress factors, generally described as the biological cost of living. Lifestyle interventions of diet and exercise can improve the quality of life during aging and lower diet-related chronic disease. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has important effects on systemic metabolism and physiological systems, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Exercise can reduce the loss of muscle mass and improve strength, and increase the levels of endocannabinoids (eCB) in brain and blood. Although the ECS exerts controls on multiple systems throughout life it affords benefits to natural aging. The eCB are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the primary ones are produced from arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFA) and others from the n-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The eCB ligands bind to their receptors, CB1 and CB2, with effects on appetite stimulation, metabolism, immune functions, and brain physiology and neuroplasticity. Dietary families of PUFA are a primary factor that can influence the types and levels of eCB and as a consequence, the downstream actions when the ligands bind to their receptors. Furthermore, the association of eCB with the synthesis of oxylipins (OxL) is a connection between the physiological actions of eCB and the lipid derived immunological OxL mediators of inflammation. OxL are ubiquitous and influence neuroinflammation and inflammatory processes. The emerging actions of eCB on neuroplasticity, well-being and pain are important to aging. Herein, we present information about the ECS and its components, how exercise and diet affects specific eCB, their role in neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, pain, mood, and relationship to OxL. Poor nutrition status and low nutrient intakes observed with many elderly are reasons to examine the role of dietary PUFA actions on the ECS to improve health.
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Gaydukov AE, Dzhalagoniya IZ, Tarasova EO, Balezina OP. The Participation of Endocannabinoid Receptors in the Regulation of Spontaneous Synaptic Activity at Neuromuscular Junctions of Mice. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747819060059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Peritore AF, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Cuzzocrea S. Therapeutic Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide and Its New Formulations in Synergy with Different Antioxidant Molecules Present in Diets. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2175. [PMID: 31514292 PMCID: PMC6769461 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a complete nutritional approach seems increasingly promising to combat chronic inflammation. The choice of healthy sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, associated with regular physical activity and avoidance of smoking is essential to fight the war against chronic diseases. At the base of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant action of the diets, there are numerous molecules, among which some of a lipidic nature very active in the inflammatory pathway. One class of molecules found in diets with anti-inflammatory actions are ALIAmides. Among all, one is particularly known for its ability to counteract the inflammatory cascade, the Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). PEA is a molecular that is present in nature, in numerous foods, and is endogenously produced by our body, which acts as a balancer of inflammatory processes, also known as endocannabionoid-like. PEA is often used in the treatment of both acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies, either alone or in association with other molecules with properties, such as antioxidants or analgesics. This review aims to illustrate an overview of the different diets that are involved in the process of opposition to the inflammatory cascade, focusing on capacity of PEA and new formulations in synergy with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Belitardo de Oliveira A, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Peres MFP. Weight loss and improved mood after aerobic exercise training are linked to lower plasma anandamide in healthy people. Physiol Behav 2018; 201:191-197. [PMID: 30578894 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide, a major endocannabinoid, participates in energy metabolism homeostasis and neurobehavioral processes. In a secondary analysis of an open-label, randomized controlled trial, we investigated the long-term effect of aerobic exercise on resting plasma anandamide, and explored its relationship with changes in body weight, cardiorespiratory fitness, and mood status in healthy, physically inactive individuals. Participants recruited between March 2013 to August 2015 at the UNIFESP's Neurology/Psychobiology Department were randomly allocated into a 12-weeks supervised moderate exercise program, or into waitlist, control condition. Thirty-four participants (age = 38 ± 11.5, BMI = 26.6 ± 3.6) were intention to treat-analysed (Exercise: n = 17; Control: n = 17). After intervention, there were significant decreases in plasma anandamide (p < .01), anger, anxiety, and body weight (all p < .05), whereas cardiorespiratory fitness increased (p < .05) in the exercise group. There were no significant changes in any variable for the control group. In the whole cohort, adjusted R2 of multiple linear regressions showed that 12.2% of change body weight was explained by changes in anandamide (β = 0.391, p = .033), while 27% of change in mood disturbance (β = 0.546, p = .003), and 13.1% of change in anger (β = 0.404, p = .03) was explained by changes in anandamide. Our data suggest that the weight loss and mood improvement through regular moderate exercise may involve changes in anandamide metabolism/signaling. Trials registration: #NCT01972607.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arão Belitardo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departament of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 669, Pedro de Toledo, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departament of Sports Science, 6627, Pres. Antônio Carlos Av, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Serio Tufik
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departament of Psychobiology, 862, Botucatu, CEP 04032-030 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Fernando Prieto Peres
- Albert Einstein Israeli Hospital, Brain Institute, 627/701, Avenida Albert Einstein, CEP 05652-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Medical School, Psychiatry Institute, 785, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos: CEP 05403-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bolbecker AR, Apthorp D, Martin AS, Tahayori B, Moravec L, Gomez KL, O’Donnell BF, Newman SD, Hetrick WP. Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:54-61. [PMID: 29983392 PMCID: PMC7185833 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A prominent effect of acute cannabis use is impaired motor coordination and driving performance. However, few studies have evaluated balance in chronic cannabis users, even though density of the CB1 receptor, which mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis, is extremely high in brain regions critically involved in this fundamental behavior. The present study measured postural sway in regular cannabis users and used rambling and trembling analysis to quantify the integrity of central and peripheral nervous system contributions to the sway signal. METHODS Postural sway was measured in 42 regular cannabis users (CB group) and 36 non-cannabis users (N-CB group) by asking participants to stand as still as possible on a force platform in the presence and absence of motor and sensory challenges. Center of pressure (COP) path length was measured, and the COP signal was decomposed into rambling and trembling components. Exploratory correlational analyses were conducted between sway variables, cannabis use history, and neurocognitive function. RESULTS The CB group had significantly increased path length and increased trembling in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Exploratory correlational analyses suggested that AP rambling was significantly inversely associated with visuo-motor processing speed. DISCUSSION Regular cannabis use is associated with increased postural sway, and this appears to be predominantly due to the trembling component, which is believed to reflect the peripheral nervous system's contribution to the sway signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States,School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Corresponding author at: Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. Tenth St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States. (A.R. Bolbecker)
| | - Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Behdad Tahayori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Leah Moravec
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Karen L. Gomez
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharlene D. Newman
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Nahon KJ, Kantae V, den Haan R, Hanssen MJW, Harms AC, van der Stelt M, Hankemeier T, Jazet IM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. Gene Expression of Endocannabinoid System Components in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue of South Asians and White Caucasians with Overweight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1332-1337. [PMID: 30070030 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate whether markers of endocannabinoid signaling differed between men with overweight of South Asian and white Caucasian descent. METHODS We included South Asian (n = 10) and white Caucasian (n = 10) men with overweight and prediabetes aged 35 to 50 years. Plasma samples were analyzed for endocannabinoids, their congeners, and lipids. In white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle biopsies, mRNA expression of genes involved in the endocannabinoid system (ECS) was assessed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Fasting lipid oxidation and glucose oxidation were determined with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Compared to white Caucasians, South Asians had higher levels of plasma 2-linoleoyl glycerol (P < 0.01) and N-linoleoylethanolamine (P < 0.05). Interestingly, in skeletal muscle of South Asians, expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 was 10-fold lower (P < 0.001) and that of the endocannabinoid degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase 2 (FAAH2) was 5-fold lower (P < 0.001) compared to white Caucasians. Expression of genes involved in the ECS in WAT were not different between the two ethnicities. After pooling of both ethnicities, plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) positively correlated with plasma triglycerides (R = 0.77, P < 0.001) and lipid oxidation (R = 0.55, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS South Asian men with overweight have higher plasma 2-linoleoyl glycerol and N-linoleoylethanolamine levels and lower expression of CB receptors and the endocannabinoid degradation enzyme FAAH2 in skeletal muscle compared to white Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Nahon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Roy den Haan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J W Hanssen
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Peripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic disease. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:592-604. [PMID: 29331500 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified in metabolic disease. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is abundantly expressed in the brain but also expressed in the periphery. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is more abundant in the periphery, including the immune cells. In obesity, global antagonism of overexpressed CB1 reduces bodyweight but leads to centrally mediated adverse psychological outcomes. Emerging research in isolated cultured cells or tissues has demonstrated that targeting the endocannabinoid system in the periphery alleviates the pathologies associated with metabolic disease. Further, peripheral specific cannabinoid ligands can reverse aspects of the metabolic phenotype. This Keynote review will focus on current research on the functionality of peripheral modulation of the ECS for the treatment of obesity.
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Circulating Endocannabinoids: From Whence Do They Come and Where are They Going? Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:155-172. [PMID: 28653665 PMCID: PMC5719092 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to summarize studies in which concentrations of circulating endocannabinoids in humans have been examined in relationship to physiological measurements and pathological status. The roles of endocannabinoids in the regulation of energy intake and storage have been well studied and the data obtained consistently support the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling is associated with increased consumption and storage of energy. Physical exercise mobilizes endocannabinoids, which could contribute to refilling of energy stores and also to the analgesic and mood-elevating effects of exercise. Circulating concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol are very significantly circadian and dysregulated when sleep is disrupted. Other conditions under which circulating endocannabinoids are altered include inflammation and pain. A second important role for endocannabinoid signaling is to restore homeostasis following stress. Circulating endocannabinoids are stress-responsive and there is evidence that their concentrations are altered in disorders associated with excessive stress, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Although determination of circulating endocannabinoids can provide important information about the state of endocannabinoid signaling and thus allow for hypotheses to be defined and tested, the large number of physiological factors that contribute to their circulating concentrations makes it difficult to use them in isolation as a biomarker for a specific disorder.
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15
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Marzuca-Nassr GN, Murata GM, Martins AR, Vitzel KF, Crisma AR, Torres RP, Mancini-Filho J, Kang JX, Curi R. Balanced Diet-Fed Fat-1 Transgenic Mice Exhibit Lower Hindlimb Suspension-Induced Soleus Muscle Atrophy. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101100. [PMID: 28984836 PMCID: PMC5691716 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of two-week hindlimb suspension (HS) on skeletal muscle atrophy were investigated in balanced diet-fed Fat-1 transgenic and C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Body composition and gastrocnemius fatty acid composition were measured. Skeletal muscle force, cross-sectional area (CSA), and signaling pathways associated with protein synthesis (protein kinase B, Akt; ribosomal protein S6, S6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, 4EBP1; glycogen synthase kinase3-beta, GSK3-beta; and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2, ERK 1/2) and protein degradation (atrophy gene-1/muscle atrophy F-box, atrogin-1/MAFbx and muscle RING finger 1, MuRF1) were evaluated in the soleus muscle. HS decreased soleus muscle wet and dry weights (by 43% and 26%, respectively), muscle isotonic and tetanic force (by 29% and 18%, respectively), CSA of the soleus muscle (by 36%), and soleus muscle fibers (by 45%). Fat-1 transgenic mice had a decrease in the ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratio as compared with C57BL/6 wild-type mice (56%, p < 0.001). Fat-1 mice had lower soleus muscle dry mass loss (by 10%) and preserved absolute isotonic force (by 17%) and CSA of the soleus muscle (by 28%) after HS as compared with C57BL/6 wild-type mice. p-GSK3B/GSK3B ratio was increased (by 70%) and MuRF-1 content decreased (by 50%) in the soleus muscle of Fat-1 mice after HS. Balanced diet-fed Fat-1 mice are able to preserve in part the soleus muscle mass, absolute isotonic force and CSA of the soleus muscle in a disuse condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gilson Masahiro Murata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Roque Martins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kaio Fernando Vitzel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Amanda Rabello Crisma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rosângela Pavan Torres
- Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Mancini-Filho
- Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jing Xuan Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Shapses SA, Pop LC, Wang Y. Obesity is a concern for bone health with aging. Nutr Res 2017; 39:1-13. [PMID: 28385284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a complex relationship between adiposity and osteoporosis in overweight/obese individuals, with local interactions and endocrine regulation by adipose tissue on bone metabolism and fracture risk in elderly populations. This review was conducted to summarize existing evidence to test the hypothesis that obesity is a risk factor for bone health in aging individuals. Mechanisms by which obesity adversely affects bone health are believed to be multiple, such as an alteration of bone-regulating hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress, the endocannabinoid system, that affect bone cell metabolism are discussed. In addition, evidence on the effect of fat mass and distribution on bone mass and quality is reviewed together with findings relating energy and fat intake with bone health. In summary, studies indicate that the positive effects of body weight on bone mineral density cannot counteract the detrimental effects of obesity on bone quality. However, the exact mechanism underlying bone deterioration in the obese is not clear yet and further research is required to elucidate the effect of adipose depots on bone and fracture risk in the obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
| | - L Claudia Pop
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
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Deval C, Capel F, Laillet B, Polge C, Béchet D, Taillandier D, Attaix D, Combaret L. Docosahexaenoic acid-supplementation prior to fasting prevents muscle atrophy in mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:587-603. [PMID: 27239420 PMCID: PMC4864105 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle wasting prevails in numerous diseases (e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, COPD,…) and increases healthcare costs. A major clinical issue is to devise new strategies preventing muscle wasting. We hypothesized that 8-week docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation prior to fasting may preserve muscle mass in vivo. METHODS Six-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed a DHA-enriched or a control diet for 8 weeks and then fasted for 48 h. RESULTS Feeding mice a DHA-enriched diet prior to fasting elevated muscle glycogen contents, reduced muscle wasting, blocked the 55% decrease in Akt phosphorylation, and reduced by 30-40% the activation of AMPK, ubiquitination, or autophagy. The DHA-enriched diet fully abolished the fasting induced-messenger RNA (mRNA) over-expression of the endocannabinoid receptor-1. Finally, DHA prevented or modulated the fasting-dependent increase in muscle mRNA levels for Rab18, PLD1, and perilipins, which determine the formation and fate of lipid droplets, in parallel with muscle sparing. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that 8-week DHA supplementation increased energy stores that can be efficiently mobilized, and thus preserved muscle mass in response to fasting through the regulation of Akt- and AMPK-dependent signalling pathways for reducing proteolysis activation. Whether a nutritional strategy aiming at increasing energy status may shorten recovery periods in clinical settings remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Deval
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Frédéric Capel
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Brigitte Laillet
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Cécile Polge
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Daniel Béchet
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Daniel Taillandier
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Didier Attaix
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, CRNHF-63000 Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne Unité de Nutrition Humaine BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
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18
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Oláh T, Bodnár D, Tóth A, Vincze J, Fodor J, Reischl B, Kovács A, Ruzsnavszky O, Dienes B, Szentesi P, Friedrich O, Csernoch L. Cannabinoid signalling inhibits sarcoplasmic Ca 2+ release and regulates excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2016; 594:7381-7398. [PMID: 27641745 DOI: 10.1113/jp272449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Marijuana was found to cause muscle weakness, although the exact regulatory role of its receptors (CB1 cannabinoid receptor; CB1R) in the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) of mammalian skeletal muscle remains unknown. We found that CB1R activation or its knockout did not affect muscle force directly, whereas its activation decreased the Ca2+ -sensitivity of the contractile apparatus and made the muscle fibres more prone to fatigue. We demonstrate that CB1Rs are not connected to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway either in myotubes or in adult muscle fibres. By contrast, CB1Rs constitutively inhibit sarcoplasmic Ca2+ release and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase during ECC in a Gi/o protein-mediated way in adult skeletal muscle fibres but not in myotubes. These results help with our understanding of the physiological effects and pathological consequences of CB1R activation in skeletal muscle and may be useful in the development of new cannabinoid drugs. ABSTRACT Marijuana was found to cause muscle weakness, although it is unknown whether it affects the muscles directly or modulates only the motor control of the central nervous system. Although the presence of CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R), which are responsible for the psychoactive effects of the drug in the brain, have recently been demonstrated in skeletal muscle, it is unclear how CB1R-mediated signalling affects the contraction and Ca²⁺ homeostasis of mammalian skeletal muscle. In the present study, we demonstrate that in vitro CB1R activation increased muscle fatigability and decreased the Ca2+ -sensitivity of the contractile apparatus, whereas it did not alter the amplitude of single twitch contractions. In myotubes, CB1R agonists neither evoked, nor influenced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 )-mediated Ca2+ transients, nor did they alter excitation-contraction coupling. By contrast, in isolated muscle fibres of wild-type mice, although CB1R agonists did not evoke IP3 -mediated Ca2+ transients too, they significantly reduced the amplitude of the depolarization-evoked transients in a pertussis-toxin sensitive manner, indicating a Gi/o protein-dependent mechanism. Concurrently, on skeletal muscle fibres isolated from CB1R-knockout animals, depolarization-evoked Ca2+ transients, as well qas Ca2+ release flux via ryanodine receptors (RyRs), and the total amount of released Ca2+ was significantly greater than that from wild-type mice. Our results show that CB1R-mediated signalling exerts both a constitutive and an agonist-mediated inhibition on the Ca2+ transients via RyR, regulates the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and enhances muscle fatigability, which might decrease exercise performance, thus playing a role in myopathies, and therefore should be considered during the development of new cannabinoid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Bodnár
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Vincze
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Reischl
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrienn Kovács
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Olga Ruzsnavszky
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Szentesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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19
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Marzuca-Nassr GN, Vitzel KF, De Sousa LG, Murata GM, Crisma AR, Rodrigues Junior CF, Abreu P, Torres RP, Mancini-Filho J, Hirabara SM, Newsholme P, Curi R. Effects of high EPA and high DHA fish oils on changes in signaling associated with protein metabolism induced by hindlimb suspension in rats. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12958. [PMID: 27650250 PMCID: PMC5037913 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of either eicosapentaenoic (EPA)- or docosahexaenoic (DHA)-rich fish oils on hindlimb suspension (HS)-induced muscle disuse atrophy were compared. Daily oral supplementations (0.3 mL/100 g b.w.) with mineral oil (MO) or high EPA or high DHA fish oils were performed in adult rats. After 2 weeks, the animals were subjected to HS for further 2 weeks. The treatments were maintained alongside HS At the end of 4 weeks, we evaluated: body weight gain, muscle mass and fat depots, composition of fatty acids, cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the soleus muscle and soleus muscle fibers, activities of cathepsin L and 26S proteasome, and content of carbonylated proteins in the soleus muscle. Signaling pathway activities associated with protein synthesis (Akt, p70S6K, S6, 4EBP1, and GSK3-beta) and protein degradation (atrogin-1/MAFbx, and MuRF1) were evaluated. HS decreased muscle mass, CSA of soleus muscle and soleus muscle fibers, and altered signaling associated with protein synthesis (decreased) and protein degradation (increased). The treatment with either fish oil decreased the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids and changed protein synthesis-associated signaling. EPA-rich fish oil attenuated the changes induced by HS on 26S proteasome activity, CSA of soleus muscle fibers, and levels of p-Akt, total p70S6K, p-p70S6K/total p70S6K, p-4EBP1, p-GSK3-beta, p-ERK2, and total ERK 1/2 proteins. DHA-rich fish oil attenuated the changes induced by HS on p-4EBP1 and total ERK1 levels. The effects of EPA-rich fish oil on protein synthesis signaling were more pronounced. Both EPA- and DHA-rich fish oils did not impact skeletal muscle mass loss induced by non-inflammatory HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaio Fernando Vitzel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Health Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
| | - Luís Gustavo De Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson M Murata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rabello Crisma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Phablo Abreu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Pavan Torres
- Department of Lipids Laboratory, Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mancini-Filho
- Department of Lipids Laboratory, Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro M Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sport, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dietary DHA reduces downstream endocannabinoid and inflammatory gene expression and epididymal fat mass while improving aspects of glucose use in muscle in C57BL/6J mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26219414 PMCID: PMC4722239 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Endocannabinoid system (ECS) overactivation is associated with increased adiposity and likely contributes to type 2 diabetes risk. Elevated tissue cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and circulating endocannabinoids (ECs) derived from the n-6 polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) occur in obese and diabetic patients. Here we investigate whether the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet can reduce ECS overactivation (that is, action of ligands, receptors and enzymes of EC synthesis and degradation) to influence glycemic control. This study targets the ECS tonal regulation of circulating glucose uptake by skeletal muscle as its primary end point. Design: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a semipurified diet containing DHA or the control lipid. Serum, skeletal muscle, epididymal fat pads and liver were collected after 62 and 118 days of feeding. Metabolites, genes and gene products associated with the ECS, glucose uptake and metabolism and inflammatory status were measured. Results: Dietary DHA enrichment reduced epididymal fat pad mass and increased ECS-related genes, whereas it reduced downstream ECS activation markers, indicating that ECS activation was diminished. The mRNA of glucose-related genes and proteins elevated in mice fed the DHA diet with increases in DHA-derived and reductions in AA-derived EC and EC-like compounds. In addition, DHA feeding reduced plasma levels of various inflammatory cytokines, 5-lipoxygenase-dependent inflammatory mediators and the vasoconstrictive 20-HETE. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that DHA feeding altered ECS gene expression to reduce CB1 activation and reduce fat accretion. Furthermore, the DHA diet led to higher expression of genes associated with glucose use by muscle in mice, and reduced those associated with systemic inflammatory status.
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Mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 15:1294-1304. [PMID: 25261342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). Fifty-eight men and women (mean age = 21 years) completed 3 sessions. During the first session, participants were familiarized with the temporal summation of heat pain and pressure pain protocols. In the exercise sessions, following double-blind administration of either an opioid antagonist (50 mg naltrexone) or placebo, participants rated the intensity of heat pulses and indicated their pressure pain thresholds and pressure pain ratings before and after 3 minutes of submaximal isometric exercise. Blood was drawn before and after exercise. Results indicated that circulating concentrations of 2 endocannabinoids, N-arachidonylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, as well as related lipids oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine, and 2-oleoylglycerol, increased significantly (P < .05) following exercise. Pressure pain thresholds increased significantly (P < .05), whereas pressure pain ratings decreased significantly (P < .05) following exercise. Also, temporal summation ratings were significantly lower (P < .05) following exercise. These changes in pain responses did not differ between the placebo and naltrexone conditions (P > .05). A significant association was found between EIH and docosahexaenoylethanolamine. These results suggest involvement of a nonopioid mechanism in EIH following isometric exercise. PERSPECTIVE Currently, the mechanisms responsible for EIH are unknown. This study provides support for a potential endocannabinoid mechanism of EIH following isometric exercise.
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Watkins BA, Kim J. The endocannabinoid system: directing eating behavior and macronutrient metabolism. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1506. [PMID: 25610411 PMCID: PMC4285050 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, the brain has been the primary focus for research on eating behavior. More recently, the discovery of the endocannabinoids (EC) and the endocannabinoid system (ECS), as well as the characterization of its actions on appetite and metabolism, has provided greater insight on the brain and food intake. The purpose of this review is to explain the actions of EC in the brain and other organs as well as their precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are converted to these endogenous ligands. The binding of the EC to the cannabinoid receptors in the brain stimulates food intake, and the ECS participates in systemic macronutrient metabolism where the gastrointestinal system, liver, muscle, and adipose are involved. The EC are biosynthesized from two distinct families of dietary PUFA, namely the n-6 and n-3. Based on their biochemistry, these PUFA are well known to exert considerable physiological and health-promoting actions. However, little is known about how these different families of PUFA compete as precursor ligands of cannabinoid receptors to stimulate appetite or perhaps down-regulate the ECS to amend food intake and prevent or control obesity. The goal of this review is to assess the current available research on ECS and food intake, suggest research that may improve the complications associated with obesity and diabetes by dietary PUFA intervention, and further reveal mechanisms to elucidate the relationships between substrate for EC synthesis, ligand actions on receptors, and the physiological consequences of the ECS. Dietary PUFA are lifestyle factors that could potentially curb eating behavior, which may translate to changes in macronutrient metabolism, systemically and in muscle, benefiting health overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Engeli S, Lehmann AC, Kaminski J, Haas V, Janke J, Zoerner AA, Luft FC, Tsikas D, Jordan J. Influence of dietary fat intake on the endocannabinoid system in lean and obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:E70-6. [PMID: 24616451 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocannabinoid system (ECS) activation promotes obesity-associated metabolic disease. Increased dietary fat intake increases blood endocannabinoids and alters adipose and skeletal muscle ECS gene expression in human. METHODS Two weeks isocaloric low- (LFD) and high-fat diets (HFD) in obese (n = 12) and normal-weight (n = 17) subjects in a randomized cross-over study were compared. Blood endocannabinoids were measured in the fasting condition and after food intake using mass spectrometry. Adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression was determined using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Baseline fasting plasma endocannabinoids were similar with both diets. Anandamide decreased similarly with high- or low-fat test meals in both groups. Baseline arachidonoylglycerol plasma concentrations were similar between groups and diets, and unresponsive to eating. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, DAGL-α mRNA was upregulated and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) mRNAs were down-regulated in obese subjects, but the diets had no influence. In contrast, the HFD produced pronounced reductions in skeletal muscle CB1-R and MAGL mRNA expression, whereas obesity did not affect muscular gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Weight-neutral changes in dietary fat intake cannot explain excessive endocannabinoid availability in human obesity. Obesity and dietary fat intake affect ECS gene expression in a tissue-specific manner.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acids/blood
- Blood Glucose
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cross-Over Studies
- Diet, High-Fat
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Down-Regulation
- Endocannabinoids/blood
- Fasting
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoprotein Lipase/genetics
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
- Thinness/metabolism
- Triglycerides/blood
- Up-Regulation
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeli
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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24
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Kim J, Carlson ME, Watkins BA. Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide improves glucose uptake and alters endocannabinoid system gene expression in proliferating and differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. Front Physiol 2014; 5:100. [PMID: 24711795 PMCID: PMC3968752 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major storage site for glycogen and a focus for understanding insulin resistance and type-2-diabetes. New evidence indicates that overactivation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system (ECS) in skeletal muscle diminishes insulin sensitivity. Specific n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are precursors for the biosynthesis of ligands that bind to and activate the cannabinoid receptors. The function of the ECS and action of PUFA in skeletal muscle glucose uptake was investigated in proliferating and differentiated C2C12 myoblasts treated with either 25 μM of arachidonate (AA) or docosahexaenoate (DHA), 25 μM of EC [anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA)], 1 μM of CB1 antagonist NESS0327, and CB2 inverse agonist AM630. Compared to the BSA vehicle control cell cultures in both proliferating and differentiated myoblasts those treated with DHEA, the EC derived from the n-3 PUFA DHA, had higher 24 h glucose uptake, while AEA and 2-AG, the EC derived from the n-6 PUFA AA, had lower basal glucose uptake. Adenylyl cyclase mRNA was higher in myoblasts treated with DHA in both proliferating and differentiated states while those treated with AEA or 2-AG were lower compared to the control cell cultures. Western blot and qPCR analysis showed higher expression of the cannabinoid receptors in differentiated myoblasts treated with DHA while the opposite was observed with AA. These findings indicate a compensatory effect of DHA and DHEA compared to AA-derived ligands on the ECS and associated ECS gene expression and higher glucose uptake in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Morgan E Carlson
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Bruce A Watkins
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
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25
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McPartland JM, Guy GW, Di Marzo V. Care and feeding of the endocannabinoid system: a systematic review of potential clinical interventions that upregulate the endocannabinoid system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89566. [PMID: 24622769 PMCID: PMC3951193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The “classic” endocannabinoid (eCB) system includes the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, the eCB ligands anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and their metabolic enzymes. An emerging literature documents the “eCB deficiency syndrome” as an etiology in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, psychological disorders, and other conditions. We performed a systematic review of clinical interventions that enhance the eCB system—ways to upregulate cannabinoid receptors, increase ligand synthesis, or inhibit ligand degradation. Methodology/Principal Findings We searched PubMed for clinical trials, observational studies, and preclinical research. Data synthesis was qualitative. Exclusion criteria limited the results to 184 in vitro studies, 102 in vivo animal studies, and 36 human studies. Evidence indicates that several classes of pharmaceuticals upregulate the eCB system, including analgesics (acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, glucocorticoids), antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants. Clinical interventions characterized as “complementary and alternative medicine” also upregulate the eCB system: massage and manipulation, acupuncture, dietary supplements, and herbal medicines. Lifestyle modification (diet, weight control, exercise, and the use of psychoactive substances—alcohol, tobacco, coffee, cannabis) also modulate the eCB system. Conclusions/Significance Few clinical trials have assessed interventions that upregulate the eCB system. Many preclinical studies point to other potential approaches; human trials are needed to explore these promising interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. McPartland
- GW Pharmaceuticals, Porton Down Science Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Geoffrey W. Guy
- GW Pharmaceuticals, Porton Down Science Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomoleculare, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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