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Bloomer BF, Larson ER, Tullar RL, Herms EN, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Wisner KM. Alterations in self-reported sensory gating and interoception in individuals frequently using cannabis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38563523 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2332602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis use is associated with altered processing of external (exteroceptive) and internal (interoceptive) sensory stimuli. However, little research exists on whether subjective experiences of these processes are altered in people who frequently use cannabis. Altered exteroception may influence externally oriented attention, whereas interoceptive differences have implications for intoxication, craving, and withdrawal states.Objectives: The goal of the current study was to investigate subjective experiences of exteroceptive sensory gating and interoception in people frequently using cannabis. We hypothesized subjective impairments in sensory gating and elevations in affect-related interoceptive awareness; furthermore, such deviations would relate to cannabis use patterns.Methods: This cross-sectional study of community adults 18-40 years old included 72 individuals (50% female) who used cannabis at least twice a week (not intoxicated during study) and 78 individuals who did not use cannabis (60% female). Participants completed the Sensory Gating Inventory and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2 surveys. People using cannabis completed surveys on cannabis use patterns. Analyses tested group differences and associations with cannabis use.Results: People using cannabis reported impaired sensory gating (d = 0.37-0.44; all p values < 0.05) and elevations of interoceptive awareness related to detection and affect (d = 0.21-0.61; all p values < 0.05). Problematic cannabis use was associated with increased sensory gating impairments (r = 0.37, p < .05). Interoceptive awareness was unrelated to cannabis use variables.Conclusion: These findings extend literature on subjective experiences of sensory processing in people using cannabis. Findings may inform inclusion of external attentional tendencies and internal bodily awareness in assessments of risk and novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess F Bloomer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eric R Larson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rachel L Tullar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emma N Herms
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Krista M Wisner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Wolny J, Moussa-Tooks AB, Bailey AJ, MacDonald Iii AW, Mervis JE, Hetrick WP. Measurement invariance of the Revised-Green Paranoid Thought Scale across Black and White Americans. Schizophr Res 2024; 266:227-233. [PMID: 38428120 PMCID: PMC10961092 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Given the culturally diverse landscape of mental healthcare and research, ensuring that our psychological constructs are measured equivalently across diverse populations is critical. One construct for which there is significant potential for inequitable assessment is paranoia, a prominent feature in psychotic disorders that can also be driven by culture and racial marginalization. This study examined measurement invariance-an analytic technique to rigorously investigate whether a given construct is being measured similarly across groups-of the Revised-Green Paranoid Thought Scale (R-GPTS; Freeman et al., 2021) across Black and White Americans in the general population. Racial group differences in self-reported paranoia were also examined. The analytic sample consisted of 480 non-Hispanic White and 459 non-Hispanic Black Americans. Analyses demonstrated full invariance (i.e., configural, metric, and scalar invariance) of the R-GPTS across groups, indicating that the R-GPTS appropriately captures self-reported paranoia between Black and White Americans. Accordingly, it is reasonable to compare group endorsement: Black participants endorsed significantly higher scores on both the ideas of reference and ideas of persecution subscales of the R-GPTS (Mean ± SD = 10.91 ± 7.12 versus 8.21 ± 7.17 and Mean ± SD = 10.18 ± 10.03 versus 6.35 ± 8.35, for these subscales respectively). Generalized linear modeling revealed that race remained a large and statistically significant predictor of R-GPTS total score (β = -0.38756, p < 0.001) after controlling for relevant demographic factors (e.g., sex, age). This study addresses a critical gap within the existing literature as it establishes that elevations in paranoia exhibited by Black Americans in the R-GPTS reflect actual differences between groups rather than measurement artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolny
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America.
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, IN, United States of America
| | - Allen J Bailey
- Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, McClean Hospital, Belmont, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Angus W MacDonald Iii
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Joshua E Mervis
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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Sepe-Forrest L, Bailey AJ, Quinn PD, Carver FW, Hetrick WP, O’Donnell BF. Alcohol consumption's effects on working memory: Examining familial confounding. Psychol Addict Behav 2024; 38:153-159. [PMID: 37326533 PMCID: PMC10721736 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to provide a more rigorous test of the causal hypothesis that chronic alcohol use impairs working memory performance. METHOD We measured linear associations between a latent factor representing alcohol consumption and accuracy across four working memory tasks before and after accounting for familial confounding using a cotwin control design. Specifically, this study examined accuracy through a latent working memory score, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox List Sorting, NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence, Penn Word Memory, and 2-back tasks. The study included data from 158 dizygotic and 278 monozygotic twins (Mage = 29 ± 3 years). RESULTS In our initial sample-wide analysis, we did not detect any statistically significant associations between alcohol use and working memory accuracy. However, our cotwin control analyses showed that twins with greater levels of alcohol use exhibited worse scores on the latent working memory composite measure (B = -.25, CI [-.43, -.08], p < .01), Picture Sequence (B = -.31, CI [-.55, -.08], p < .01), and List Sorting (B = -.28, CI [-.51, -.06 ], p = .01) tasks than did their cotwins. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with a potentially causal relationship between alcohol use and working memory performance that can be detected only after accounting for confounding familial factors. This highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms that may underlie negative associations between alcohol use and cognitive performance, as well as the potential factors that influence both alcohol behaviors and cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Sepe-Forrest
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
| | - Allen J. Bailey
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Patrick D. Quinn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
- School of Public Health, Indiana University
| | | | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
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Lundin NB, Brown JW, Johns BT, Jones MN, Purcell JR, Hetrick WP, O’Donnell BF, Todd PM. Neural evidence of switch processes during semantic and phonetic foraging in human memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312462120. [PMID: 37824523 PMCID: PMC10589708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312462120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans may retrieve words from memory by exploring and exploiting in "semantic space" similar to how nonhuman animals forage for resources in physical space. This has been studied using the verbal fluency test (VFT), in which participants generate words belonging to a semantic or phonetic category in a limited time. People produce bursts of related items during VFT, referred to as "clustering" and "switching." The strategic foraging model posits that cognitive search behavior is guided by a monitoring process which detects relevant declines in performance and then triggers the searcher to seek a new patch or cluster in memory after the current patch has been depleted. An alternative body of research proposes that this behavior can be explained by an undirected rather than strategic search process, such as random walks with or without random jumps to new parts of semantic space. This study contributes to this theoretical debate by testing for neural evidence of strategically timed switches during memory search. Thirty participants performed category and letter VFT during functional MRI. Responses were classified as cluster or switch events based on computational metrics of similarity and participant evaluations. Results showed greater hippocampal and posterior cerebellar activation during switching than clustering, even while controlling for interresponse times and linguistic distance. Furthermore, these regions exhibited ramping activity which increased during within-patch search leading up to switches. Findings support the strategic foraging model, clarifying how neural switch processes may guide memory search in a manner akin to foraging in patchy spatial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B. Lundin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Joshua W. Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | - Brendan T. Johns
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QCH3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Michael N. Jones
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | - John R. Purcell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Peter M. Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
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Larson ER, Moussa-Tooks AB, Tullar RL, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Wisner KM. Sex differences in neuroendocrine, sympathetic nervous system, and affect responses to acute stress in cannabis users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1805-1821. [PMID: 37367968 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in the USA and is often reportedly used for stress reduction. Indeed, cannabinoids modulate signaling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. However, the role of biological sex in this interaction between cannabis use and stress is poorly understood, despite sex differences in neurobiological stress responsivity, endocannabinoid signaling, and clinical correlates of cannabis use. OBJECTIVE The study aims to examine the role of biological sex in multisystem stress responsivity in cannabis users. METHODS Frequent cannabis users (> 3 times/week, n = 48, 52% male) and non-users (n = 41, 49% male) participated in an acute psychosocial stress paradigm. Saliva was collected at eight timepoints and analyzed for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (cortisol) and sympathetic (alpha-amylase) indices of stress responsivity, and basal estradiol. Subjective ratings of negative affect, including distress, were collected at three timepoints. RESULTS Cannabis users showed blunted pre-to-post-stress cortisol reactivity. Female cannabis users demonstrated greater blunted cortisol reactivity than their male counterparts. Sex moderated the effect of cannabis use on alpha-amylase responsivity over time, wherein female cannabis users showed flattened alpha-amylase responses across the stressor compared to male cannabis users and both non-user groups. Qualitatively, female cannabis users demonstrated the greatest pre-to-post-stress change in subjective distress. Differences in stress responding were not explained by estradiol or distress intolerance. CONCLUSIONS Biological sex impacts multisystem stress responding in cannabis users. Paradoxically, female cannabis users showed the least physiological, but greatest subjective, responses to the stressor. Further research into sex differences in the effects of cannabis use is warranted to better understand mechanisms and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Larson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel L Tullar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Krista M Wisner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Purcell JR, Brown JW, Tullar RL, Bloomer BF, Kim DJ, Moussa-Tooks AB, Dolan-Bennett K, Bangert BM, Wisner KM, Lundin NB, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Insular and Striatal Correlates of Uncertain Risky Reward Pursuit in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:726-737. [PMID: 36869757 PMCID: PMC10154703 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Risk-taking in specific contexts can be beneficial, leading to rewarding outcomes. Schizophrenia is associated with disadvantageous decision-making, as subjects pursue uncertain risky rewards less than controls. However, it is unclear whether this behavior is associated with more risk sensitivity or less reward incentivization. Matching on demographics and intelligence quotient (IQ), we determined whether risk-taking was more associated with brain activation in regions affiliated with risk evaluation or reward processing. STUDY DESIGN Subjects (30 schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, 30 controls) completed a modified, fMRI Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Brain activation was modeled during decisions to pursue risky rewards and parametrically modeled according to risk level. STUDY RESULTS The schizophrenia group exhibited less risky-reward pursuit despite previous adverse outcomes (Average Explosions; F(1,59) = 4.06, P = .048) but the comparable point at which risk-taking was volitionally discontinued (Adjusted Pumps; F(1,59) = 2.65, P = .11). Less activation was found in schizophrenia via whole brain and region of interest (ROI) analyses in the right (F(1,59) = 14.91, P < 0.001) and left (F(1,59) = 16.34, P < 0.001) nucleus accumbens (NAcc) during decisions to pursue rewards relative to riskiness. Risk-taking correlated with IQ in schizophrenia, but not controls. Path analyses of average ROI activation revealed less statistically determined influence of anterior insula upon dorsal anterior cingulate bilaterally (left: χ2 = 12.73, P < .001; right: χ2 = 9.54, P = .002) during risky reward pursuit in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS NAcc activation in schizophrenia varied less according to the relative riskiness of uncertain rewards compared to controls, suggesting aberrations in reward processing. The lack of activation differences in other regions suggests similar risk evaluation. Less insular influence on the anterior cingulate may relate to attenuated salience attribution or inability for risk-related brain region collaboration to sufficiently perceive situational risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Purcell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua W Brown
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rachel L Tullar
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Bess F Bloomer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine Dolan-Bennett
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Washington University, St. Louise, MO, USA
| | - Brianna M Bangert
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krista M Wisner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nancy B Lundin
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Wolny J, Moussa-Tooks AB, Bailey AJ, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Race and self-reported paranoia: Increased item endorsement on subscales of the SPQ. Schizophr Res 2023; 253:30-39. [PMID: 34895794 PMCID: PMC9177896 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a dearth of research examining how individual-level and systemic racism may lead to elevated diagnostic and symptom rates of paranoia in Black Americans. The present study employed item response theory methods to investigate item- and subscale-level functioning in the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) in 388 Black and 450 White participants across the schizophrenia-spectrum (i.e., non-psychiatric controls, individuals with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizotypal personality disorder). It was predicted that (1) Black participants would score significantly higher than Whites on the Suspiciousness and Paranoid Ideation subscale of the SPQ, while controlling for total SPQ severity and relevant demographics and (2) Black participants would endorse these subscale items at a lower latent severity level (i.e., total SPQ score) compared to Whites. Generalized linear modeling showed that Black participants endorsed higher scores on subscales sampling paranoia (e.g., Suspiciousness and Paranoid Ideation), while White participants endorsed higher rates within disorganized/positive symptomatology subscales (e.g., Odd or Eccentric Behavior). IRT analyses showed that Black individuals also endorse items within the Suspiciousness and Paranoid Ideation subscale at lower latent severity levels, leading to inflated subscale scores when compared to their White counterparts. Results indicate prominent race effects on self-reported paranoia as assessed by the SPQ. This study provides foundational data to parse what could be normative endorsements of paranoia versus indicators of clinical risk in Black Americans. Implications and recommendations for paranoia research and assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolny
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Allen J Bailey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
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Sepe-Forrest L, Kim DJ, Quinn PD, Bolbecker AR, Wisner KM, Hetrick WP, O'Donnell BF. Evidence of familial confounding of the association between cannabis use and cerebellar-cortical functional connectivity using a twin study. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103237. [PMID: 36451348 PMCID: PMC9668648 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar-cortical resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) has been reported to be altered in cannabis users. However, this association may be due to genetic and environmental confounding rather than a causal relationship between cannabis use and changes in rsFC. In this co-twin control study, linear mixed models were used to assess relationships between the number of lifetime cannabis uses (NLCU) and age of cannabis onset (ACO) with cerebellar-cortical rsFC. The rsFC with seven functional networks was evaluated in 147 monozygotic and 82 dizygotic twin pairs. Importantly, the use of genetically informed models in this twin sample facilitated examining whether shared genetic or environmental effects underlie crude associations between cannabis measures and connectivity. Individual-level phenotypic analyses (i.e., accounting for twin-pair non-independence) showed that individuals in the full sample with earlier ACO and higher NLCU had lower cerebellar rsFC within the VA, DA, and FP networks. Yet, there were no significant differences in cerebellar-cortical rsFC between monozygotic twins who were discordant for cannabis measures. These findings suggest shared genetic or environmental confounds contribute to associations between cannabis use and altered cerebellar-cortical rsFC, rather than unique causal impacts of cannabis use on cerebellar-cortical rsFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Sepe-Forrest
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Corresponding author-at: Indiana University Bloomington, Department of Psychology, Room A208A, United States.
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Patrick D. Quinn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Krista M. Wisner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Lundin NB, Burroughs LP, Kieffaber PD, Morales JJ, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Temporal and Spectral Properties of the Auditory Mismatch Negativity and P3a Responses in Schizophrenia. Clin EEG Neurosci 2022:15500594221089367. [PMID: 35341344 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221089367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) indexes relatively automatic detection of changes in sensory stimuli and is typically attenuated in individuals with schizophrenia. However, contributions of different frequencies of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity to the MMN and the later P3a attentional orienting response in schizophrenia are poorly understood and were the focus of the present study. Participants with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (n = 85) and non-psychiatric control participants (n = 74) completed a passive auditory oddball task containing 10% 50 ms "deviant" tones and 90% 100 ms "standard" tones. EEG data were analyzed using spatial principal component analysis (PCA) applied to wavelet-based time-frequency analysis and MMN and P3a ERPs. The schizophrenia group compared to the control group had smaller MMN amplitudes and lower deviant-minus-standard theta but not alpha event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) after accounting for participant age and sex. Larger MMN and P3a amplitudes but not latencies were correlated with greater theta and alpha time-frequency activity. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that control participants showed robust relationships between larger MMN amplitudes and greater deviant-minus-standard theta inter-trial coherence (ITC) and between larger P3a amplitudes and greater deviant-minus-standard theta ERSP, whereas these dynamic neural processes were less tightly coupled in participants with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Study results help clarify frequency-based contributions of time-domain (ie, ERP) responses and indicate a potential disturbance in the neural dynamics of detecting change in sensory stimuli in schizophrenia. Overall, findings add to the growing body of evidence that psychotic illness is associated with widespread neural dysfunction in the theta frequency band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Lundin
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leah P Burroughs
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,12250Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul D Kieffaber
- Department of Psychological Sciences, 8604College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Jaime J Morales
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,12250Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, 1772Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,12250Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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10
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Purcell JR, Herms EN, Morales J, Hetrick WP, Wisner KM, Brown JW. A review of risky decision-making in psychosis-spectrum disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 91:102112. [PMID: 34990988 PMCID: PMC8754677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of risky decision-making has a prominent place in clinical science, with sundry behavioral tasks aimed at empirically quantifying the psychological construct of risk-taking. However, use of differing behavioral tasks has resulted in lack of agreement on risky decision-making within psychosis-spectrum disorders, as findings fail to converge upon the typical, binary conceptualization of increased risk-seeking or risk-aversion. The current review synthesizes the behavioral, risky decision-making literature to elucidate how specific task parameters may contribute to differences in task performance, and their associations with psychosis symptomatology and cognitive functioning. A paring of the literature suggests that: 1) Explicit risk-taking may be characterized by risk imperception, evidenced by less discrimination between choices of varying degrees of risk, potentially secondary to cognitive deficits. 2) Ambiguous risk-taking findings are inconclusive with few published studies. 3) Uncertain risk-taking findings, consistently interpreted as more risk-averse, have not parsed risk attitudes from confounding processes that may impact decision-making (e.g. risk imperception, reward processing, motivation). Thus, overgeneralized interpretations of task-specific risk-seeking/aversion should be curtailed, as they may fail to appropriately characterize decision-making phenomena. Future research in psychosis-spectrum disorders would benefit from empirically isolating contributions of specific processes during risky decision-making, including the newly hypothesized risk imperception.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Purcell
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Indiana University, Program in Neuroscience, USA.
| | - Emma N Herms
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA
| | - Jaime Morales
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Indiana University, Program in Neuroscience, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Indiana University, Program in Neuroscience, USA
| | - Krista M Wisner
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Indiana University, Program in Neuroscience, USA
| | - Joshua W Brown
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Indiana University, Program in Neuroscience, USA
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11
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Bailey AJ, Bolbecker AR, Viken RJ, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Bifactor Structure of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Across the Schizotypy Spectrum. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:513-537. [PMID: 32039649 PMCID: PMC7415588 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2020_34_466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread use in schizophrenia-spectrum research, uncertainty remains around an empirically supported and theoretically meaningful factor structure of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Current identified structures are limited by reliance on exclusively nonclinical samples. The current study compared factor structures of the SPQ in a sample of 335 nonpsychiatric individuals, 292 schizotypy-spectrum individuals (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizotypal personality disorder), and the combined group (N = 627). Unidimensional, correlated, and hierarchical models were assessed in addition to a bifactor model, wherein subscales load simultaneously onto a general factor and a specific factor. The best-fitting model across samples was a two-specific factor bifactor model, consistent with the nine symptom dimensions of schizotypy as primarily a direct manifestation of a unitary construct. Such findings, for the first time demonstrated in a clinical sample, have broad implications for transdiagnostic approaches, including reifying schizotypy as a construct underlying diverse manifestations of phenomenology across a wide range of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B. Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Allen J. Bailey
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard J. Viken
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington
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12
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Martin AMS, Kim DJ, Newman SD, Cheng H, Hetrick WP, Mackie K, O’Donnell BF. Altered cerebellar-cortical resting-state functional connectivity in cannabis users. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:823-832. [PMID: 34034553 PMCID: PMC8813046 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211019291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use has been associated with abnormalities in cerebellar mediated motor and non-motor (i.e. cognition and personality) phenomena. Since the cerebellum is a region with high cannabinoid type 1 receptor density, these impairments may reflect alterations of signaling between the cerebellum and other brain regions. AIMS We hypothesized that cerebellar-cortical resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) would be altered in cannabis users, relative to their non-using peers. It was also hypothesized that differences in rsFC would be associated with cannabis use features, such as age of initiation and lifetime use. METHODS Cerebellar-cortical and subcortical rsFCs were computed between 28 cerebellar lobules, defined by a spatially unbiased atlas template of the cerebellum, and individual voxels in the cerebral regions, in 41 regular cannabis users (20 female) and healthy non-using peers (N = 31; 18 female). We also investigated associations between rsFC and cannabis use features (e.g. lifetime cannabis use and age of initiation). RESULTS Cannabis users demonstrated hyperconnectivity between the anterior cerebellar regions (i.e. lobule I-IV) with the posterior cingulate cortex, and hypoconnectivity between the rest of the cerebellum (i.e. Crus I and II, lobule VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb, IX, and X) and the cortex. No associations were observed between features of cannabis use and rsFC. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use was associated with altered patterns of rsFC from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex which may have a downstream impact on behavior and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Schnakenberg Martin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Psychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Hu Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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O'Donnell BF, Skosnik PD, Hetrick WP, Fridberg DJ. Decision Making and Impulsivity in Young Adult Cannabis Users. Front Psychol 2021; 12:679904. [PMID: 34276500 PMCID: PMC8280309 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Chronic cannabis users show impairments on laboratory measures of decision making which reflect risk factors for initiation and continued use of cannabis. However, the differential sensitivity of these tasks to cannabis use has not been established. Moreover, studies to date have often lacked assessment of psychiatric histories and use of other illicit substances, both of which may influence decision making outcomes. The current study aimed to address these limitations by (1) including multiple types of decision making tasks, (2) implementing the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task, a measure of decision making under uncertainty, for the first time in cannabis users, (3) including young adult cannabis users with no other psychiatric disorders, and (4) conducting urinalysis to exclude users of other illicit drugs. Methods: Thirty-three current cannabis users without comorbid psychiatric disorders and 35 cannabis non-users completed behavioral measures of decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task), reward discounting (Delay Discounting Task), choice-outcome learning (the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task) and a questionnaire assessment of impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale). Results: Relative to non-users, cannabis users demonstrated greater preference for immediate vs. delayed rewards on the Delay Discounting Task, made fewer advantageous decisions on the Iowa Gambling Task, and endorsed greater impulsivity on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale scales. Cannabis users and non-users showed comparable performance on the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task. Frequency of past-month cannabis use and total years of use did not predict decision making or impulsivity. Conclusions: Young adult cannabis users demonstrated higher discounting rates and impairments in learning cost-benefit contingencies, while reversal learning was unaffected. Self-reported impulsivity was elevated as well. None of these measures correlated with current or lifetime estimates of cannabis use, arguing against a dose-relationship. Interventions that target improvement in affected components of decision making may be helpful in reducing cannabis use and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Patrick D Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Daniel J Fridberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Lundin NB, Kim DJ, Tullar RL, Moussa-Tooks AB, Kent JS, Newman SD, Purcell JR, Bolbecker AR, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Cerebellar Activation Deficits in Schizophrenia During an Eyeblink Conditioning Task. Schizophr Bull Open 2021; 2:sgab040. [PMID: 34541537 PMCID: PMC8443466 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive dysmetria theory of psychotic disorders posits that cerebellar circuit abnormalities give rise to difficulties coordinating motor and cognitive functions. However, brain activation during cerebellar-mediated tasks is understudied in schizophrenia. Accordingly, this study examined whether individuals with schizophrenia have diminished neural activation compared to controls in key regions of the delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) cerebellar circuit (eg, lobule VI) and cerebellar regions associated with cognition (eg, Crus I). Participants with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 43) underwent dEBC during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Images were normalized using the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Template (SUIT) of the cerebellum and brainstem. Activation contrasts of interest were "early" and "late" stages of paired tone and air puff trials minus unpaired trials. Preliminary whole brain analyses were conducted, followed by cerebellar-specific SUIT and region of interest (ROI) analyses of lobule VI and Crus I. Correlation analyses were conducted between cerebellar activation, neuropsychological test scores, and psychotic symptom scores. In controls, the largest clusters of cerebellar activation peaked in lobule VI during early dEBC and Crus I during late dEBC. The schizophrenia group showed robust cortical activation to unpaired trials but no significant conditioning-related cerebellar activation. Crus I ROI activation during late dEBC was greater in the control than schizophrenia group. Greater Crus I activation correlated with higher working memory scores in the full sample and lower positive psychotic symptom severity in schizophrenia. Findings indicate functional cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenia which relate to psychotic symptoms, lending direct support to the cognitive dysmetria framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Lundin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rachel L Tullar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - John R Purcell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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15
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Abstract
The Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI) is a 36-item measure used to assess an individual's subjective ability to modulate, filter, over-include, discriminate, attend to, and tolerate sensory stimuli. Due to its theoretical and empirical link with sensory processing deficits, this measure has been used extensively in studies of psychosis and other psychopathology. The current work fills a need within the field for a briefer measure of sensory gating aberrations that maintains the original measure's utility. For this purpose, large samples (total n = 1552) were recruited from 2 independent sites for item reduction/selection and brief measure validation, respectively. These samples reflected subgroups of individuals with a psychosis-spectrum disorder, at high risk for a psychosis-spectrum disorder, nonpsychiatric controls, and nonpsychosis psychiatric controls. Factor analyses and item-response models were used to create the SGI-Brief (SGI-B; 10 Likert-rated items), a unidimensional self-report measure that retains the original SGI's transdiagnostic (ie, present across disorders) utility and content breadth. Findings show that the SGI-B has excellent psychometric properties (alpha = 0.92) and demonstrates external validity through strong associations with measures of psychotic symptomatology, theoretically linked measures of personality (eg, perceptual dysregulation), and modest associations with laboratory-based sensory processing tasks in the auditory and visual domains on par with the original version. Accordingly, the SGI-B will be a valuable tool for dimensional and transdiagnostic examination of sensory gating abnormalities within clinical science research, while reducing administrator and participant burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J Bailey
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Samuel D Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; tel: 812-855-2620, fax: 812-855-4691, e-mail:
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16
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Hetrick WP, Green JT. Differential effects of two early life stress paradigms on cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100242. [PMID: 33344698 PMCID: PMC7739029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress paradigms have become prominent in the animal literature to model atypical development. Currently, two models have prevailed within the literature: (1) limited bedding or nesting and (2) maternal separation or deprivation. Both models have produced aberrations spanning behavior and neural circuitry. Surprisingly, these two models have yet to be directly compared. The current study utilized delay eyeblink conditioning, an associative learning task with a well-defined cerebellar circuit, to compare the behavioral effects of standard limited bedding (postnatal day 2–9, n = 15) and maternal separation (60 min per day during postnatal day 2–14, n = 13) early life stress paradigms. Animals in all groups exhibited robust learning curves. Surprisingly, facilitated conditioning was observed in the maternal separation group. Rats that underwent limited bedding did not differ from the control or maternal separation groups on any conditioning measures. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of early life stress paradigms and the claims made about their mechanisms, which if better clarified can be properly leveraged to increase translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P Hetrick
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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17
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Kent JS, Kim DJ, Newman SD, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Investigating cerebellar neural function in schizophrenia using delay eyeblink conditioning: A pilot fMRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 304:111133. [PMID: 32805441 PMCID: PMC9680991 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is accruing evidence of cerebellar abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia as measured by performance on a variety of tasks believed to be dependent on cerebellar integrity, including delay eyeblink conditioning. There is also evidence of cerebellar dysfunction on a neural level in schizophrenia from both task-based and resting state neuroimaging studies, however few studies have examined cerebellar neural function while the cerebellum is directly recruited in individuals with schizophrenia. In the current pilot study, we examined neural activity during an explicitly cerebellar task in individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and non-psychiatric controls. Participants underwent delay eyeblink conditioning during fMRI. Results indicated eyeblink conditioning impairment in patients as evidenced by a group by time interaction for conditioned responses. A significant cluster of cerebellar activation was present in controls but not patients during the first half of conditioning; there were no significant differences in activation between groups. An ROI analysis focused on the cerebellum in patients revealed two significant clusters that were inversely associated with negative symptom severity. These results are broadly consistent with the theory of cognitive dysmetria, wherein cerebellar abnormalities are theorized to contribute to motor as well as cognitive and affective disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2450 Riverside Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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18
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Abstract
Recent clinical and neurobehavioral evidence suggests cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ). We used the prism adaptation motor task (PAT) to probe specific cerebellar circuits in the disorder. PAT requires cerebellum-dependent motor adaptation, perceptual remapping, and strategic control. A failure to engage in early corrective processes may indicate impairment within either the cerebellum or regions contributing to strategic components, such as the parietal lobe, while an inability to develop and retain a visuomotor shift with time strongly suggests cerebellar impairment. Thirty-one individuals with SZ and 31 individuals without a history of psychological disorders completed PAT. Subjects reached to a target before, during, and following prism exposure, while their movements were recorded using motion-sensing technology. The SZ group performed worse on conditions consisting of adaptation, post-adaptation, aftereffects, and reorientation, thereby demonstrating a failure to adapt to the same degree as healthy controls. SZ performance remained impaired even with visual feedback and did not differ from controls at baseline, suggesting the observed deficit is specific to adaptation. Results indicate that sensorimotor adaptation is impaired in SZ and implicate disturbances in cerebellar circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Bartolomeo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Yong-Wook Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hannah J Block
- Department of Kinesiology and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Alan F Breier
- Department of Psychiatry and Prevention and the Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brian O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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19
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Lundin NB, Todd PM, Jones MN, Avery JE, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Semantic Search in Psychosis: Modeling Local Exploitation and Global Exploration. Schizophr Bull Open 2020; 1:sgaa011. [PMID: 32803160 PMCID: PMC7418865 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in category verbal fluency task (VFT) performance have been widely documented in psychosis. These deficits may be due to disturbed “cognitive foraging” in semantic space, in terms of altered salience of cues that influence individuals to search locally within a subcategory of semantically related responses (“clustering”) or globally between subcategories (“switching”). To test this, we conducted a study in which individuals with schizophrenia (n = 21), schizotypal personality traits (n = 25), and healthy controls (n = 40) performed VFT with “animals” as the category. Distributional semantic model Word2Vec computed cosine-based similarities between words according to their statistical usage in a large text corpus. We then applied a validated foraging-based search model to these similarity values to obtain salience indices of frequency-based global search cues and similarity-based local cues. Analyses examined whether diagnosis predicted VFT performance, search strategies, cue salience, and the time taken to switch between vs search within clusters. Compared to control and schizotypal groups, individuals with schizophrenia produced fewer words, switched less, and exhibited higher global cue salience, indicating a selection of more common words when switching to new clusters. Global cue salience negatively associated with vocabulary ability in controls and processing speed in schizophrenia. Lastly, individuals with schizophrenia took a similar amount of time to switch to new clusters compared to control and schizotypal groups but took longer to transition between words within clusters. Findings of altered local exploitation and global exploration through semantic memory provide preliminary evidence of aberrant cognitive foraging in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Lundin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Peter M Todd
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Michael N Jones
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Johnathan E Avery
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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20
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Burroughs LP, Rejimon AC, Cheng H, Hetrick WP. Cerebellar tDCS consistency and metabolite changes: A recommendation to decrease barriers to replicability. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1521-1523. [PMID: 32791315 PMCID: PMC7722073 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Leah P Burroughs
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Abinand C Rejimon
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Hu Cheng
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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21
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Leonhardt BL, Vohs JL, Bartolomeo LA, Visco A, Hetrick WP, Bolbecker AR, Breier A, Lysaker PH, O'Donnell BF. Relationship of Metacognition and Insight to Neural Synchronization and Cognitive Function in Early Phase Psychosis. Clin EEG Neurosci 2020; 51:259-266. [PMID: 31241355 DOI: 10.1177/1550059419857971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Metacognition is the process of thinking about one's own mental states. It involves a range of faculties that allow an individual to integrate information and form understanding of self and others, and use this understanding to respond to life challenges. Clinical insight is the awareness of one's mental illness, its consequences, and the need for treatment. Persons with psychotic disorders show impaired metacognition and insight, but the neurobiological bases for these impairments are not well characterized. We hypothesized that metacognition and insight may depend on capacity of neural circuits to synchronize at gamma frequencies, as well as the integrity of underlying cognitive processes. In order to test these hypotheses, 17 adults with early phase psychosis were evaluated. Metacognition was assessed with the Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated, and insight was assessed with the Scale of Unawareness of Illness-Abbreviated. The auditory steady state response (ASSR) to gamma range stimulation (40 Hz) was used as an index of neural synchronization. Cognitive function was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. Increases in ASSR power were associated with poorer metacognition and insight. Higher cognitive performance was associated with higher levels of metacognitive function and insight. These findings suggest that altered neural synchronization and constituent cognitive processes affect both metacognition and insight in early phase psychosis and may offer targets for both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Leonhardt
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jenifer L Vohs
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lisa A Bartolomeo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Visco
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul H Lysaker
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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22
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Nguyen AT, Hetrick WP, O'Donnell BF, Brenner CA. Abnormal beta and gamma frequency neural oscillations mediate auditory sensory gating deficit in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 124:13-21. [PMID: 32109667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory gating is a process in which the brain's response to irrelevant and repetitive stimuli is inhibited. The sensory gating deficit in schizophrenia (SZ) is typically measured by the ratio or difference score of the P50 event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes in response to a paired click paradigm. While the P50 gating effect has usually been measured in relation to the peak amplitude of the S1 and S2 P50 ERPs, there is increasing evidence that inhibitory processes may be reflected by evoked or induced oscillatory activity during the inter-click interval in the beta (20-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz) frequency bands. We therefore examined the relationship between frequency specific activity in the inter-click interval with gating effects in the time and frequency domains. METHOD Paired-auditory stimuli were presented to 131 participants with schizophrenia and 196 healthy controls (HC). P50 ERP amplitudes to S1 and S2as well as averaged- and single-trial beta (20-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz) frequency power during the inter-click interval were measured from the CZ electrode site. RESULTS In the time domain, P50 gating deficits were apparent in both ratio and difference scores. This effect was mainly due to smaller S1 amplitudes in the patient group. SZ patients exhibited less evoked beta and gamma power, particularly at the 0-100 ms time point, in response to S1. Early (0-100 ms) evoked beta and gamma responses were critical in determining the S1 amplitude and extent of P50 gating across the delay interval for both HC and SZ. CONCLUSION Our findings support a disruption in initial sensory registration in those with SZ, and do not support an active mechanism throughout the delay interval. The degree of response to S1 and early beta and gamma frequency oscillations in the delay interval provides information about the mechanisms supporting auditory sensory gating, and may provide a framework for studying the mechanisms that support sensory inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Nguyen
- Loma Linda University, Department of Psychology, 11130 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Larue D. Carter Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46220, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Larue D. Carter Hospital, 2601 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46220, USA
| | - Colleen A Brenner
- Loma Linda University, Department of Psychology, 11130 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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23
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Larson ER, Gimeno AF, Leishman E, Bartolomeo LA, Bradshaw HB, Green JT, O'Donnell BF, Mackie K, Hetrick WP. Long-Term Aberrations To Cerebellar Endocannabinoids Induced By Early-Life Stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7236. [PMID: 32350298 PMCID: PMC7190863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to the role of the endocannabinoid system in long-term stress-induced neural remodeling with studies on stress-induced endocannabinoid dysregulation focusing on cerebral changes that are temporally proximal to stressors. Little is known about temporally distal and sex-specific effects, especially in cerebellum, which is vulnerable to early developmental stress and is dense with cannabinoid receptors. Following limited bedding at postnatal days 2-9, adult (postnatal day 70) cerebellar and hippocampal endocannabinoids, related lipids, and mRNA were assessed, and behavioral performance evaluated. Regional and sex-specific effects were present at baseline and following early-life stress. Limited bedding impaired peripherally-measured basal corticosterone in adult males only. In the CNS, early-life stress (1) decreased 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and arachidonic acid in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus in males only; (2) decreased 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in females only in cerebellar Crus I; and (3) increased dorsal hippocampus prostaglandins in males only. Cerebellar interpositus transcriptomics revealed substantial sex effects, with minimal stress effects. Stress did impair novel object recognition in both sexes and social preference in females. Accordingly, the cerebellar endocannabinoid system exhibits robust sex-specific differences, malleable through early-life stress, suggesting the role of endocannabinoids and stress to sexual differentiation of the brain and cerebellar-related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eric R Larson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alex F Gimeno
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emma Leishman
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lisa A Bartolomeo
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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24
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Kim D, Moussa‐Tooks AB, Bolbecker AR, Apthorp D, Newman SD, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Cerebellar-cortical dysconnectivity in resting-state associated with sensorimotor tasks in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3119-3132. [PMID: 32250008 PMCID: PMC7336143 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of cerebellar function have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since the cerebellum has afferent and efferent projections to diverse brain regions, abnormalities in cerebellar lobules could affect functional connectivity with multiple functional systems in the brain. Prior studies, however, have not examined the relationship of individual cerebellar lobules with motor and nonmotor resting‐state functional networks. We evaluated these relationships using resting‐state fMRI in 30 patients with a schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder and 37 healthy comparison participants. For connectivity analyses, the cerebellum was parcellated into 18 lobular and vermal regions, and functional connectivity of each lobule to 10 major functional networks in the cerebrum was evaluated. The relationship between functional connectivity measures and behavioral performance on sensorimotor tasks (i.e., finger‐tapping and postural sway) was also examined. We found cerebellar–cortical hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia, which was predominantly associated with Crus I, Crus II, lobule IX, and lobule X. Specifically, abnormal cerebellar connectivity was found to the cerebral ventral attention, motor, and auditory networks. This cerebellar–cortical connectivity in the resting‐state was differentially associated with sensorimotor task‐based behavioral measures in schizophrenia and healthy comparison participants—that is, dissociation with motor network and association with nonmotor network in schizophrenia. These findings suggest that functional association between individual cerebellar lobules and the ventral attentional, motor, and auditory networks is particularly affected in schizophrenia. They are also consistent with dysconnectivity models of schizophrenia suggesting cerebellar contributions to a broad range of sensorimotor and cognitive operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae‐Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Alexandra B. Moussa‐Tooks
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNew South WalesAustralia
- Research School of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Computer ScienceAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Sharlene D. Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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25
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Lundin NB, Hochheiser J, Minor KS, Hetrick WP, Lysaker PH. Piecing together fragments: Linguistic cohesion mediates the relationship between executive function and metacognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:54-60. [PMID: 31784337 PMCID: PMC8106973 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Speech disturbances are prevalent in psychosis. These may arise in part from executive function impairment, as research suggests that inhibition and monitoring are associated with production of cohesive discourse. However, it is not yet understood how linguistic and executive function impairments in psychosis interact with disrupted metacognition, or deficits in the ability to integrate information to form a complex sense of oneself and others and use that synthesis to respond to psychosocial challenges. Whereas discourse studies have historically employed manual hand-coding techniques, automated computational tools can characterize deep semantic structures that may be closely linked with metacognition. In the present study, we examined whether higher executive functioning promotes metacognition by way of altering linguistic cohesion. Ninety-four individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders provided illness narratives and completed an executive function task battery (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System). We assessed the narratives for linguistic cohesion (Coh-Metrix 3.0) and metacognitive capacity (Metacognition Assessment Scale - Abbreviated). Selected linguistic indices measured the frequency of connections between causal and intentional content (deep cohesion), word and theme overlap (referential cohesion), and unique word usage (lexical diversity). In path analyses using bootstrapped confidence intervals, we found that deep cohesion and lexical diversity independently mediated the relationship between executive functioning and metacognitive capacity. Findings suggest that executive control abilities support integration of mental experiences by way of increasing causal, goal-driven speech and word expression in individuals with schizophrenia. Metacognitive-based therapeutic interventions for psychosis may promote insight and recovery in part by scaffolding use of language that links ideas together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Lundin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - Jesse Hochheiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Kyle S Minor
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - Paul H Lysaker
- Department of Psychiatry, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Indiana University School of Medicine, department of Psychiatry Indianapolis IN.
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26
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Raymond DR, Paneto A, Yoder KK, O'Donnell BF, Brown JW, Hetrick WP, Newman SD. Does Chronic Cannabis Use Impact Risky Decision-Making: An Examination of fMRI Activation and Effective Connectivity? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:599256. [PMID: 33329150 PMCID: PMC7728610 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in use of cannabis and its shifting legal status in the United States, cannabis use has become an important research focus. While studies of other drug populations have shown marked increases in risky decision-making, the literature on cannabis users is not as clear. The current study examined the performance of 17 cannabis users and 14 non-users on the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) using behavioral, fMRI and effective connectivity methods. Significant attenuation was found in a functional pathway projecting from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in cannabis users compared to non-using controls as well as decreases in risk-taking behaviors. These findings suggest that cannabis users may process and evaluate risks and rewards differently than non-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raymond
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Adrian Paneto
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Karmen K Yoder
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Joshua W Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychology, Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
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27
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Bartolomeo LA, Wright AM, Ma RE, Hummer TA, Francis MM, Visco AC, Mehdiyoun NF, Bolbecker AR, Hetrick WP, Dydak U, Barnard J, O'Donnell BF, Breier A. Relationship of auditory electrophysiological responses to magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites in Early Phase Psychosis. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 145:15-22. [PMID: 31129143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both auditory evoked responses and metabolites measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) are altered in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, but the relationship between electrophysiological and metabolic changes are not well characterized. We examined the relation of MRS metabolites to cognitive and electrophysiological measures in individuals during the early phase of psychosis (EPP) and in healthy control subjects. The mismatch negativity (MMN) of the auditory event-related potential to duration deviant tones and the auditory steady response (ASSR) to 40 Hz stimulation were assessed. MRS was used to quantify glutamate+glutamine (Glx), N-Acetylasparate (NAA), creatine (Cre), myo-inositol (Ins) and choline (Cho) at a voxel placed medially in the frontal cortex. MMN amplitude and ASSR power did not differ between groups. The MRS metabolites Glx, Cre and Cho were elevated in the psychosis group. Partial least squares analysis in the patient group indicated that elevated levels of MRS metabolites were associated with reduced MMN amplitude and increased 40 Hz ASSR power. There were no correlations between the neurobiological measures and clinical measures. These data suggest that elevated neurometabolites early in psychosis are accompanied by altered auditory neurotransmission, possibly indicative of a neuroinflammatory or excitotoxic disturbance which disrupts a wide range of metabolic processes in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Bartolomeo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Wright
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Ruoyun E Ma
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Tom A Hummer
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Prevention and the Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Michael M Francis
- Department of Psychiatry, Prevention and the Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Andrew C Visco
- Department of Psychiatry, Prevention and the Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Nicole F Mehdiyoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Prevention and the Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - John Barnard
- Section of Biostatistics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America.
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Prevention and the Recovery Center for Early Psychosis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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28
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Abstract
Motor abnormalities are among the most robust findings in schizophrenia, and increasing evidence suggests they are a core feature of the disorder. Postural sway during balance tasks is a highly sensitive probe of sensorimotor systems including the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortices. Postural sway deficits are present in schizophrenia as well as groups at high risk for psychosis, suggesting altered postural control may be sensitive to the pathophysiological processes associated with risk and expression of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This study examined postural sway performance in schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). Individuals with SPD have attenuated psychotic symptoms and share genetic risk with schizophrenia but are usually free from antipsychotic medication and other illness confounds, making SPD useful for assessing candidate biomarkers. We measured postural sway using force plates in 27 individuals with SPD, 27 carefully matched controls, and 27 matched patients with schizophrenia. It was predicted that postural sway in the SPD group would fall intermediate to schizophrenia and controls. In all conditions (eyes open and closed, with feet together or apart), the SPD group swayed significantly more than the controls, as measured by path length and sway area. Moreover, the magnitude of the sway deficit was comparable in the SPD and schizophrenia groups. These findings suggest that postural sway measures may represent a sensorimotor biomarker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 61 2 6773 4316, fax: 61 2 6773 3820, e-mail:
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University Medical Centre, Bloomington, IN,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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29
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Kim DJ, Bartolomeo LA, Purcell JR, Bolbecker AR, Newman SD, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Impaired Effective Connectivity During a Cerebellar-Mediated Sensorimotor Synchronization Task in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:531-541. [PMID: 29800417 PMCID: PMC6483568 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prominent conceptual models characterize schizophrenia as a dysconnectivity syndrome, with recent research focusing on the contributions of the cerebellum in this framework. The present study examined the role of the cerebellum and its effective connectivity to the cerebrum during sensorimotor synchronization in schizophrenia. Specifically, the role of the cerebellum in temporally coordinating cerebral motor activity was examined through path analysis. Thirty-one individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 40 healthy controls completed a finger-tapping fMRI task including tone-paced synchronization and self-paced continuation tapping at a 500 ms intertap interval (ITI). Behavioral data revealed shorter and more variable ITIs during self-paced continuation, greater clock (vs motor) variance, and greater force of tapping in the schizophrenia group. In a whole-brain analysis, groups showed robust activation of the cerebellum during self-paced continuation but not during tone-paced synchronization. However, effective connectivity analysis revealed decreased connectivity in individuals with schizophrenia between the cerebellum and primary motor cortex but increased connectivity between cerebellum and thalamus during self-paced continuation compared with healthy controls. These findings in schizophrenia indicate diminished temporal coordination of cerebral motor activity by cerebellum during the continuation tapping portion of sensorimotor synchronization. Taken together with the behavioral finding of greater temporal variability in schizophrenia, these effective connectivity results are consistent with structural and temporal models of dysconnectivity in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | - John R Purcell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Imaging Research Facility, Indiana University College of Arts and Sciences, Bloomington, IN
| | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405; tel: 812-855-2620, fax: 812-855-4691, e-mail:
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Kim DJ, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Glynn L, Sporns O, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Childhood poverty and the organization of structural brain connectome. Neuroimage 2019; 184:409-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Kim D, Schnakenberg Martin AM, Shin Y, Jo HJ, Cheng H, Newman SD, Sporns O, Hetrick WP, Calkins E, O'Donnell BF. Cover Image. Hum Brain Mapp 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Schnakenberg Martin AM, Bartolomeo L, Howell J, Hetrick WP, Bolbecker AR, Breier A, Kidd G, O'Donnell BF. Auditory feature perception and auditory hallucinatory experiences in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:653-661. [PMID: 28936548 PMCID: PMC7126185 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SZ) is associated with deficits in auditory perception as well as auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). However, the relationship between auditory feature perception and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), one of the most commonly occurring symptoms in psychosis, has not been well characterized. This study evaluated perception of a broad range of auditory features in SZ and determined whether current AVHs relate to auditory feature perception. Auditory perception, including frequency, intensity, duration, pulse-train and temporal order discrimination, as well as an embedded tone task, was assessed in both AVH (n = 20) and non-AVH (n = 24) SZ individuals and in healthy controls (n = 29) with the Test of Basic Auditory Capabilities (TBAC). The Hamilton Program for Schizophrenia Voices Questionnaire (HPSVQ) was used to assess the experience of auditory hallucinations in patients with SZ. Findings suggest that compared to controls, the SZ group had greater deficits on an array of auditory features, with non-AVH SZ individuals showing the most severe degree of abnormality. IQ and measures of cognitive processing were positively associated with performance on the TBAC for all SZ individuals, but not with the HPSVQ scores. These findings indicate that persons with SZ demonstrate impaired auditory perception for a broad range of features. It does not appear that impaired auditory perception is associated with recent auditory verbal hallucinations, but instead associated with the degree of intellectual impairment in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Schnakenberg Martin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA.
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Lisa Bartolomeo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Josselyn Howell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alan Breier
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gary Kidd
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Kim DJ, Schnakenberg Martin AM, Shin YW, Jo HJ, Cheng H, Newman SD, Sporns O, Hetrick WP, Calkins E, O'Donnell BF. Aberrant structural-functional coupling in adult cannabis users. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:252-261. [PMID: 30203892 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular studies indicate that endocannabinoid type-1 retrograde signaling plays a major role in synaptic plasticity. Disruption of these processes by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could produce alterations either in structural and functional brain connectivity or in their association in cannabis (CB) users. Graph theoretic structural and functional networks were generated with diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional imaging in 37 current CB users and 31 healthy non-users. The primary outcome measures were coupling between structural and functional connectivity, global network characteristics, association between the coupling and network properties, and measures of rich-club organization. Structural-functional (SC-FC) coupling was globally preserved showing a positive association in current CB users. However, the users had disrupted associations between SC-FC coupling and network topological characteristics, most perturbed for shorter connections implying region-specific disruption by CB use. Rich-club analysis revealed impaired SC-FC coupling in the hippocampus and caudate of users. This study provides evidence of the abnormal SC-FC association in CB users. The effect was predominant in shorter connections of the brain network, suggesting that the impact of CB use or predispositional factors may be most apparent in local interconnections. Notably, the hippocampus and caudate specifically showed aberrant structural and functional coupling. These structures have high CB1 receptor density and may also be associated with changes in learning and habit formation that occur with chronic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Yong-Wook Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulsan University School of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hang Joon Jo
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hu Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Imaging Research Facility, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Imaging Research Facility, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Eli Calkins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Bolbecker AR, Apthorp D, Martin AS, Tahayori B, Moravec L, Gomez KL, O’Donnell BF, Newman SD, Hetrick WP. Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:54-61. [PMID: 29983392 PMCID: PMC7185833 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A prominent effect of acute cannabis use is impaired motor coordination and driving performance. However, few studies have evaluated balance in chronic cannabis users, even though density of the CB1 receptor, which mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis, is extremely high in brain regions critically involved in this fundamental behavior. The present study measured postural sway in regular cannabis users and used rambling and trembling analysis to quantify the integrity of central and peripheral nervous system contributions to the sway signal. METHODS Postural sway was measured in 42 regular cannabis users (CB group) and 36 non-cannabis users (N-CB group) by asking participants to stand as still as possible on a force platform in the presence and absence of motor and sensory challenges. Center of pressure (COP) path length was measured, and the COP signal was decomposed into rambling and trembling components. Exploratory correlational analyses were conducted between sway variables, cannabis use history, and neurocognitive function. RESULTS The CB group had significantly increased path length and increased trembling in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Exploratory correlational analyses suggested that AP rambling was significantly inversely associated with visuo-motor processing speed. DISCUSSION Regular cannabis use is associated with increased postural sway, and this appears to be predominantly due to the trembling component, which is believed to reflect the peripheral nervous system's contribution to the sway signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States,School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Corresponding author at: Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. Tenth St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States. (A.R. Bolbecker)
| | - Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Behdad Tahayori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Leah Moravec
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Karen L. Gomez
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharlene D. Newman
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Kim DJ, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Sporns O, O'Donnell BF, Buss C, Hetrick WP. Prenatal Maternal Cortisol Has Sex-Specific Associations with Child Brain Network Properties. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5230-5241. [PMID: 27664961 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated maternal cortisol concentrations have the potential to alter fetal development in a sex-specific manner. Female brains are known to show adaptive behavioral and anatomical flexibility in response to early-life exposure to cortisol, but it is not known how these sex-specific effects manifest at the whole-brain structural networks. A prospective longitudinal study of 49 mother child dyads was conducted with serial assessments of maternal cortisol levels from 15 to 37 gestational weeks. We modeled the structural network of typically developing children (aged 6-9 years) and examined its global connectome properties, rich-club organization, and modular architecture. Network segregation was susceptible only for girls to variations in exposure to maternal cortisol during pregnancy. Girls generated more connections than boys to maintain topologically capable and efficient neural circuits, and this increase in neural cost was associated with higher levels of internalizing problems. Maternal cortisol concentrations at 31 gestational weeks gestation were most strongly associated with altered neural connectivity in girls, suggesting a sensitive period for the maternal cortisol-offspring brain associations. Our data suggest that girls exhibit an adaptive response by increasing the neural network connectivity necessary for maintaining homeostasis and efficient brain function across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Charité Centrum für Human-und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Lundin NB, Bartolomeo LA, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Reduced electroencephalogram responses to standard and target auditory stimuli in bipolar disorder and the impact of psychotic features: Analysis of event-related potentials, spectral power, and inter-trial coherence. Bipolar Disord 2018; 20:49-59. [PMID: 29024302 PMCID: PMC5807206 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with reductions in the P3b event-related potential (ERP) response to target auditory stimuli, which suggests deficits in context updating. Previous studies have typically examined these responses in the temporal domain, which may not capture alterations in specific frequencies of phase-locked or induced electrophysiological activity. Therefore, the present study examined early and late ERPs in temporal and frequency domains in a bipolar sample with and without current psychotic features. METHODS The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during an auditory oddball task. Seventy-five BD patients and 98 healthy controls (HCs) discriminated between standard and target tones. N1 ERPs to standards and P3b ERPs to targets were analyzed in the temporal domain. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and inter-trial coherence (ITC) were analyzed in the frequency domain. RESULTS The early N1 response to standard tones was not significantly different between the total HC and BD samples irrespective of psychotic features. However, N1 amplitude was reduced in BD patients with psychotic features (BDP) compared to HCs and BD patients without psychotic features. P3b was reduced in BD patients versus HCs, with the BDP sample having the most reduced amplitude. In the time-frequency analysis, delta and theta ERSP and ITC were reduced across the time window for both standard and target stimuli in BD patients compared to HCs, but did not differ in the psychotic features analysis. CONCLUSIONS The results provide neural evidence that BD is associated with disrupted sensory, attentional, and cognitive processing of auditory stimuli, which may be worsened with the presence of psychotic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B. Lundin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Forster SE, Zirnheld P, Shekhar A, Steinhauer SR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Event-related potentials reflect impaired temporal interval learning following haloperidol administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2545-2562. [PMID: 28601965 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signals carried by the mesencephalic dopamine system and conveyed to anterior cingulate cortex are critically implicated in probabilistic reward learning and performance monitoring. A common evaluative mechanism purportedly subserves both functions, giving rise to homologous medial frontal negativities in feedback- and response-locked event-related brain potentials (the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the error-related negativity (ERN), respectively), reflecting dopamine-dependent prediction error signals to unexpectedly negative events. Consistent with this model, the dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, attenuates the ERN, but effects on FRN have not yet been evaluated. METHODS ERN and FRN were recorded during a temporal interval learning task (TILT) following randomized, double-blind administration of haloperidol (3 mg; n = 18), diphenhydramine (an active control for haloperidol; 25 mg; n = 20), or placebo (n = 21) to healthy controls. Centroparietal positivities, the Pe and feedback-locked P300, were also measured and correlations between ERP measures and behavioral indices of learning, overall accuracy, and post-error compensatory behavior were evaluated. We hypothesized that haloperidol would reduce ERN and FRN, but that ERN would uniquely track automatic, error-related performance adjustments, while FRN would be associated with learning and overall accuracy. RESULTS As predicted, ERN was reduced by haloperidol and in those exhibiting less adaptive post-error performance; however, these effects were limited to ERNs following fast timing errors. In contrast, the FRN was not affected by drug condition, although increased FRN amplitude was associated with improved accuracy. Significant drug effects on centroparietal positivities were also absent. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a functional and neurobiological dissociation between the ERN and FRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Forster
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, VISN 4 MIRECC, University Drive C, Building 30, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Patrick Zirnheld
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stuart R Steinhauer
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, VISN 4 MIRECC, University Drive C, Building 30, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Cheng H, Newman SD, Kent JS, Bolbecker A, Klaunig MJ, O'Donnell BF, Puce A, Hetrick WP. White matter abnormalities of microstructure and physiological noise in schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:868-77. [PMID: 25560665 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
White matter abnormalities in schizophrenia have been revealed by many imaging techniques and analysis methods. One of the findings by diffusion tensor imaging is a decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA), which is an indicator of white matter integrity. On the other hand, elevation of metabolic rate in white matter was observed from positron emission tomography (PET) studies. In this report, we aim to compare the two structural and functional effects on the same subjects. Our comparison is based on the hypothesis that signal fluctuation in white matter is associated with white matter functional activity. We examined the variance of the signal in resting state fMRI and found significant differences between individuals with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls specifically in white matter tissue. Controls showed higher temporal signal-to-noise ratios clustered in regions including temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes, cerebellum, corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and other major white matter tracts. These regions with higher temporal signal-to-noise ratio agree well with those showing higher metabolic activity reported by studies using PET. The results suggest that individuals with schizophrenia tend to have higher functional activity in white matter in certain brain regions relative to healthy controls. Despite some overlaps, the distinct regions for physiological noise are different from those for FA derived from diffusion tensor imaging, and therefore provide a unique angle to explore potential mechanisms to white matter abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amanda Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Mallory J Klaunig
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Aina Puce
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Vohs JL, Leonhardt BL, Francis MM, Westfall D, Howell J, Bolbecker AR, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Lysaker PH. A Preliminary Study of the Association Among Metacognition and Resting State EEG in Schizophrenia. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Metacognition refers to a spectrum of activities that range from the consideration of discrete mental experiences, such as a specific thought or emotion, to the synthesis of discrete perceptions into integrated representations of the self and others as unique agents in the world. Metacognitive deficits have been observed in schizophrenia and linked with a number of behavioral correlates and outcomes. Less is known however about the neural systems associated with such processes. Establishing the link between brain activity and metacognition therefore is an essential next step. Resting state electroencephalography (EEG) provides one possible avenue for investigating this link. EEG studies in schizophrenia suggest that the gamma frequency range may have functional significance and be related to the disturbed information processing often observed in the disorder. In the present investigation, we assessed metacognition among 20 individuals with prolonged schizophrenia using the Metacognition Assessment Scale Abbreviated, who also participated in resting state EEG recording. We hypothesized that gamma activity would be associated with those domains of metacognition that require the most integration to perform, Decentration and Mastery. We then examined the association among gamma power and each metacognitive domain. Additional exploratory analyses were conducted across a spectrum of EEG activity. We found that increased gamma activity at rest was linked with decreased decentration. This suggests that hyperactivity in the gamma range may index disrupted processing and integration, and ultimately the metacognitive processes needed to form complex ideas about oneself and others and to see the world from multiple perspectives. This link provides additional evidence of how the biological roots of schizophrenia may culminate in a disrupted life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer L. Vohs
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bethany L. Leonhardt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael M. Francis
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel Westfall
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Josselyn Howell
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Indiana University Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, IU Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Paul H. Lysaker
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Roudebush VA Medical Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bolbecker AR, Petersen IT, Kent JS, Howell JM, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. New Insights into the Nature of Cerebellar-Dependent Eyeblink Conditioning Deficits in Schizophrenia: A Hierarchical Linear Modeling Approach. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26834653 PMCID: PMC4725217 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia has mounted over the past several decades, emerging from neuroimaging, neuropathological, and behavioral studies. Consistent with these findings, cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) deficits have been identified in schizophrenia. While repeated-measures analysis of variance is traditionally used to analyze dEBC data, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) more reliably describes change over time by accounting for the dependence in repeated-measures data. This analysis approach is well suited to dEBC data analysis because it has less restrictive assumptions and allows unequal variances. The current study examined dEBC measured with electromyography in a single-cue tone paradigm in an age-matched sample of schizophrenia participants and healthy controls (N = 56 per group) using HLM. Subjects participated in 90 trials (10 blocks) of dEBC, during which a 400 ms tone co-terminated with a 50 ms air puff delivered to the left eye. Each block also contained 1 tone-alone trial. The resulting block averages of dEBC data were fitted to a three-parameter logistic model in HLM, revealing significant differences between schizophrenia and control groups on asymptote and inflection point, but not slope. These findings suggest that while the learning rate is not significantly different compared to controls, associative learning begins to level off later and a lower ultimate level of associative learning is achieved in schizophrenia. Given the large sample size in the present study, HLM may provide a more nuanced and definitive analysis of differences between schizophrenia and controls on dEBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Isaac T Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Josselyn M Howell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
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Cheng H, Newman S, Goñi J, Kent JS, Howell J, Bolbecker A, Puce A, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Nodal centrality of functional network in the differentiation of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:345-52. [PMID: 26299706 PMCID: PMC4591247 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A disturbance in the integration of information during mental processing has been implicated in schizophrenia, possibly due to faulty communication within and between brain regions. Graph theoretic measures allow quantification of functional brain networks. Functional networks are derived from correlations between time courses of brain regions. Group differences between SZ and control groups have been reported for functional network properties, but the potential of such measures to classify individual cases has been little explored. We tested whether the network measure of betweenness centrality could classify persons with schizophrenia and normal controls. Functional networks were constructed for 19 schizophrenic patients and 29 non-psychiatric controls based on resting state functional MRI scans. The betweenness centrality of each node, or fraction of shortest-paths that pass through it, was calculated in order to characterize the centrality of the different regions. The nodes with high betweenness centrality agreed well with hub nodes reported in previous studies of structural and functional networks. Using a linear support vector machine algorithm, the schizophrenia group was differentiated from non-psychiatric controls using the ten nodes with the highest betweenness centrality. The classification accuracy was around 80%, and stable against connectivity thresholding. Better performance was achieved when using the ranks as feature space as opposed to the actual values of betweenness centrality. Overall, our findings suggest that changes in functional hubs are associated with schizophrenia, reflecting a variation of the underlying functional network and neuronal communications. In addition, a specific network property, betweenness centrality, can classify persons with SZ with a high level of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Imaging Research Facility, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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42
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Kim DJ, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Sporns O, O'Donnell BF, Buss C, Hetrick WP. Children's intellectual ability is associated with structural network integrity. Neuroimage 2015; 124:550-556. [PMID: 26385010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent structural and functional neuroimaging studies of adults suggest that efficient patterns of brain connectivity are fundamental to human intelligence. Specifically, whole brain networks with an efficient small-world organization, along with specific brain regions (i.e., Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory, P-FIT) appear related to intellectual ability. However, these relationships have not been studied in children using structural network measures. This cross-sectional study examined the relation between non-verbal intellectual ability and structural network organization in 99 typically developing healthy preadolescent children. We showed a strong positive association between the network's global efficiency and intelligence, in which a subtest for visuo-spatial motor processing (Block Design, BD) was prominent in both global brain structure and local regions included within P-FIT as well as temporal regions involved with pattern and form processing. BD was also associated with rich club organization, which encompassed frontal, occipital, temporal, hippocampal, and neostriatal regions. This suggests that children's visual construction ability is significantly related to how efficiently children's brains are globally and locally integrated. Our findings indicate that visual construction and reasoning may make general demands on globally integrated processing by the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Charité Centrum für Human-und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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43
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Abstract
There is accruing evidence of cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenia. The theory of cognitive dysmetria considers cerebellar dysfunction a key component of schizophrenia. Delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC), a cerebellar-dependent translational probe, is a behavioral index of cerebellar integrity. The circuitry underlying EBC has been well characterized by non-human animal research, revealing the cerebellum as the essential circuitry for the associative learning instantiated by this task. However, there have been persistent inconsistencies in EBC findings in schizophrenia. This article thoroughly reviews published studies investigating EBC in schizophrenia, with an emphasis on possible effects of antipsychotic medication and stimulus and analysis parameters on reports of EBC performance in schizophrenia. Results indicate a consistent finding of impaired EBC performance in schizophrenia, as measured by decreased rates of conditioning, and that medication or study design confounds do not account for this impairment. Results are discussed within the context of theoretical and neurochemical models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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44
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Dominelli RM, Boggs JM, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Brenner CA. Affect modulated startle in schizophrenia: subjective experience matters. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:44-50. [PMID: 25107317 PMCID: PMC4253872 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Data suggests that emotion reactivity as measured by the affect-modulated startle paradigm in those with schizophrenia (SZ) may be similar to healthy controls (HC). However, normative classification of the stimuli may not accurately reflect emotional experience, especially for those with SZ. To examine this possibility, the present study measured the affect-modulated startle response with images classified according to both normative and subjective ratings. Seventeen HC and 17 SZ completed an image viewing task during which startle probes were presented, followed by subjective valence and arousal ratings. Both groups exhibited inhibited startle responses to positive images, intermediate startle amplitudes to neutral images, and potentiated startle amplitudes to negative images. SZ rated the positive images as less positive than HC. When images were reclassified based on subjective valence ratings, both groups' startle magnitudes increased in response to subjectively rated positive images and decreased to subjectively rated neutral images. The number of trials classified into each valence condition suggested a tendency for SZ to classify neutral images as negative more often than HC. Overall, these findings suggest that affective stimuli modulate the startle response in HC and SZ in similar ways, but subjective emotional experience may differ in those with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle M. Dominelli
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer M. Boggs
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, 10065 East Harvard Avenue Suite 300, Denver, Colorado, 80231, USA
| | - Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101East10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101East10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101East10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Colleen A. Brenner
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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45
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Skosnik PD, Krishnan GP, D'Souza DC, Hetrick WP, O'Donnell BF. Disrupted gamma-band neural oscillations during coherent motion perception in heavy cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3087-99. [PMID: 24990428 PMCID: PMC4229582 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous work in animals and humans has shown that exogenous cannabinoids disrupt time-locked, evoked gamma oscillations (30-80 Hz). However, no studies to date have examined the effect of cannabis on non-time-locked, induced gamma oscillations during more complex Gestalt perception. The current study therefore utilized electroencephalography (EEG) to examine gamma oscillations during coherent motion perception in heavy cannabis users and controls. Chronic cannabis users (n = 24; 12 h abstinence before study; positive 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol urine levels) and cannabis-naive controls (n = 23) were evaluated. Stimuli consisted of random dot kinetograms (RDKs) that subjects passively viewed during three different conditions: coherent motion, incoherent motion, and static. Time × frequency analysis on EEG data was performed using Fourier-based mean trial power (MTP). Transient event-related potentials (ERPs) to stimulus onset (visual N100 and P200 components) were also evaluated. The results showed that the coherent motion condition produced a robust increase in neural activity in the gamma range (induced power from 40 to 59 Hz) as compared with the incoherent motion and static conditions. As predicted, the cannabis group showed significant reductions in induced gamma power in the coherent condition relative to healthy controls. No differences were observed between the groups in the N100 or P200 components, indicating intact primary sensory processing. Finally, cannabis users showed a trend toward increased scores on the Chapman Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) that was positively correlated with total years of active cannabis use. These data suggest that cannabis use may interfere with the generation of induced gamma-band neural oscillations that could in part mediate the perceptual-altering effects of exogenous cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA, Tel: +1 812 320 2521, Fax: +1 203 937 4860, E-mail:
| | - Giri P Krishnan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Deepak C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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46
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Cheng H, Skosnik PD, Pruce BJ, Brumbaugh MS, Vollmer JM, Fridberg DJ, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Newman SD. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals distinct brain activity in heavy cannabis users - a multi-voxel pattern analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:1030-40. [PMID: 25237118 PMCID: PMC4427512 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114550354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cannabis use can cause cognitive, perceptual and personality alterations, which are believed to be associated with regional brain changes and possible changes in connectivity between functional regions. This study aims to identify the changes from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. A two-level multi-voxel pattern analysis was proposed to classify male cannabis users from normal controls. The first level analysis works on a voxel basis and identifies clusters for the input of a second level analysis, which works on the functional connectivity between these regions. We found distinct clusters for male cannabis users in the middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum and some other regions. Based on the functional connectivity of these clusters, a high overall accuracy rate of 84-88% in classification accuracy was achieved. High correlations were also found between the overall classification accuracy and Barrett Barrett Impulsiveness Scale factor scores of attention and motor. Our result suggests regional differences in the brains of male cannabis users that span from the cerebellum to the prefrontal cortex, which are associated with differences in functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - PD Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, The Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - BJ Pruce
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - MS Brumbaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, The Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - JM Vollmer
- Department of Psychiatry, The Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - DJ Fridberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - BF O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - WP Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - SD Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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47
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Kim DJ, Kent JS, Bolbecker AR, Sporns O, Cheng H, Newman SD, Puce A, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Disrupted modular architecture of cerebellum in schizophrenia: a graph theoretic analysis. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1216-26. [PMID: 24782561 PMCID: PMC4193723 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of schizophrenia have revealed cognitive and memory deficits that are accompanied by disruptions of neuronal connectivity in cortical and subcortical brain regions. More recently, alterations of topological organization of structural networks in schizophrenia are also being identified using graph theoretical analysis. However, the role of the cerebellum in this network structure remains largely unknown. In this study, global network measures obtained from diffusion tensor imaging were computed in the cerebella of 25 patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy volunteers. While cerebellar global network characteristics were slightly altered in schizophrenia patients compared with healthy controls, the patients showed a retained small-world network organization. The modular architecture, however, was changed mainly in crus II. Furthermore, schizophrenia patients had reduced correlations between modularity and microstructural integrity, as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) in lobules I-IV and X. Finally, FA alterations were significantly correlated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale symptom scores in schizophrenia patients. Taken together, our data suggest that schizophrenia patients have altered network architecture in the cerebellum with reduced local microstructural connectivity and that cerebellar structural abnormalities are associated symptoms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Jerillyn S. Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Hu Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN;,Imaging Research Facility, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Sharlene D. Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN;,Imaging Research Facility, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Aina Puce
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN;,Imaging Research Facility, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - William P. Hetrick
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, US; tel: 812-855-2620, fax: 812-856-4544, e-mail:
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48
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Kim DJ, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Sporns O, O'Donnell BF, Buss C, Hetrick WP. Longer gestation is associated with more efficient brain networks in preadolescent children. Neuroimage 2014; 100:619-27. [PMID: 24983711 PMCID: PMC4138264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental benefits of increased gestation have not been fully characterized in terms of network organization. Since brain function can be understood as an integrated network of neural information from distributed brain regions, investigation of the effects of gestational length on network properties is a critical goal of human developmental neuroscience. Using diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography, we investigated the effects of gestational length on the small-world attributes and rich club organization of 147 preadolescent children, whose gestational length ranged from 29 to 42 weeks. Higher network efficiency was positively associated with longer gestation. The longer gestation was correlated with increased local efficiency in the posterior medial cortex, including the precuneus, cuneus, and superior parietal regions. Rich club organization was also observed indicating the existence of highly interconnected structural hubs formed in preadolescent children. Connectivity among rich club members and from rich club regions was positively associated with the length of gestation, indicating the higher level of topological benefits of structural connectivity from longer gestation in the predominant regions of brain networks. The findings provide evidence that longer gestation is associated with improved topological organization of the preadolescent brain, characterized by the increased communication capacity of the brain network and enhanced directional strength of brain connectivity with central hub regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Charité Centrum für Human-und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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49
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Bolbecker AR, Kent JS, Petersen IT, Klaunig MJ, Forsyth JK, Howell JM, Westfall DR, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Impaired cerebellar-dependent eyeblink conditioning in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1001-10. [PMID: 23962891 PMCID: PMC4133656 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with reports of cerebellar structural, functional, and neurochemical anomalies in schizophrenia, robust cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) deficits have been observed in the disorder. Impaired dEBC is also present in schizotypal personality disorder, an intermediate phenotype of schizophrenia. The present work sought to determine whether dEBC deficits exist in nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. A single-cue tone dEBC paradigm consisting of 10 blocks with 10 trials each (9 paired and 1 unpaired trials) was used to examine the functional integrity of cerebellar circuitry in schizophrenia participants, individuals with a first-degree relative diagnosed with schizophrenia, and healthy controls with no first-degree relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia. The conditioned stimulus (a 400ms tone) coterminated with the unconditioned stimulus (a 50ms air puff to the left eye) on paired trials. One relative and 2 healthy controls were removed from further analysis due to declining conditioned response rates, leaving 18 schizophrenia participants, 17 first-degree relatives, and 16 healthy controls. Electromyographic data were subsequently analyzed using growth curve models in hierarchical linear regression. Acquisition of dEBC conditioned responses was significantly impaired in schizophrenia and first-degree relative groups compared with controls. This finding that cerebellar-mediated associative learning deficits are present in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia provides evidence that dEBC abnormalities in schizophrenia may not be due to medication or course of illness effects. Instead, the present results are consistent with models of schizophrenia positing cerebellar-cortical circuit abnormalities and suggest that cerebellar abnormalities represent a risk marker for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerillyn S. Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Isaac T. Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William P. Hetrick
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, US; tel: 812-855-2620, fax: 812-856-4544, e-mail:
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50
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Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Hetrick WP, Aramaki M, Bolbecker A, Boyer L, Ystad S, Kronland-Martinet R, Richieri R, Faget C, Faugere M, El-Kaim A, Cermolacce M, Lancon C, Vion-Dury J. Do schizophrenia patients with low P50-suppression report more perceptual anomalies with the sensory gating inventory? Schizophr Res 2014; 157:157-62. [PMID: 24893905 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P50 amplitude changes in dual click conditioning-testing procedure might be a neurophysiological marker of deficient sensory gating in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between abnormalities in the neurophysiological and phenomenological dimensions of sensory gating in schizophrenia remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine if patients with low P50-suppression (below 50%) report more perceptual anomalies. METHODS Three groups were compared: twenty-nine schizophrenia patients with high P50-suppression (above 50% amplitude suppression), twenty-three schizophrenia patients with low P50-suppression (below 50%) and twenty-six healthy subjects. The Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI), a four-factor self-report questionnaire, was used to measure perceptual anomalies related to sensory gating. A comparison of demographic and clinical data was also carried out. RESULTS Patients with low P50-suppression presented: i) significantly higher scores on the SGI (for the overall SGI score and for each of the 4 factors) and ii) significantly larger P50 amplitude at the second click, than both patients with high P50-suppression and healthy subjects. There were no group differences in the most of demographic and clinical data. DISCUSSION The finding offers support for conceptual models wherein abnormal neurophysiologic responses to repetitive stimuli give rise to clinically relevant perceptions of being inundated and overwhelmed by external sensory stimuli. Further studies are needed to explore the contributions of clinical symptoms, medication and neuropsychological functions to the relationship between P50-suppression and the SGI, and the role of sensory "gating in" versus "gating out".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mitsuko Aramaki
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, LMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ., Centrale Marseille, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Amanda Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, Université de la Méditerranée, EA 3279, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Sølvi Ystad
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, LMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ., Centrale Marseille, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Richard Kronland-Martinet
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, LMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ., Centrale Marseille, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Raphaëlle Richieri
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, Université de la Méditerranée, EA 3279, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Catherine Faget
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, Université de la Méditerranée, EA 3279, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Mélanie Faugere
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Alexandre El-Kaim
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Michel Cermolacce
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Lancon
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, Université de la Méditerranée, EA 3279, Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Jean Vion-Dury
- Pôle de Psychiatrie "Solaris", Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Unité de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie, Pôle de Psychiatrie Universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, 270 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR CNRS 7291, 31 Aix-Marseille Université, Site St Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
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