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Capoccia D, Leonetti F, Natali A, Tricò D, Perrini S, Sbraccia P, Guglielmi V. Remission of type 2 diabetes: position statement of the Italian society of diabetes (SID). Acta Diabetol 2024:10.1007/s00592-024-02317-x. [PMID: 38942960 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The primary cause of the pandemic scale of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the excessive and/or abnormal accumulation of adiposity resulting from a chronic positive energy balance. Any form of weight loss dramatically affects the natural history of T2D, favoring prevention, treatment, and even remission in the case of significant weight loss. However, weight regain, which is often accompanied by the recurrence or worsening of obesity complications such as T2D, is an inevitable biological phenomenon that is an integral part of the pathophysiology of obesity. This can occur not only after weight loss, but also during obesity treatment if it is not effective enough to counteract the physiological responses aimed at restoring adiposity to its pre-weight-loss equilibrium state. Over the past few years, many controlled and randomized studies have suggested a superior efficacy of bariatric surgery compared to conventional therapy in terms of weight loss, glycemic control, and rates of T2D remission. Recently, the therapeutic armamentarium in the field of diabetology has been enriched with new antihyperglycemic drugs with considerable efficacy in reducing body weight, which could play a pathogenetic role in the remission of T2D, not through the classical incretin effect, but by improving adipose tissue functions. All these concepts are discussed in this position statement, which aims to deepen the pathogenetic links between obesity and T2D, shift the paradigm from a "simple" interaction between insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, and evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic interventions to improve T2D management and induce diabetes remission whenever still possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Capoccia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine - Obesity Center, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine - Obesity Center, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Dawson MA, Hennigar SR, Shankaran M, Kelley AM, Anderson BJ, Nyangau E, Field TJ, Evans WJ, Hellerstein MK, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM, Berryman CE. Replacement of dietary carbohydrate with protein increases fat mass and reduces hepatic triglyceride synthesis and content in female obese Zucker rats. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15885. [PMID: 38036455 PMCID: PMC10689297 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated both energy restriction (ER) and higher protein (HP), lower carbohydrate (LC) diets downregulate hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Little is known about the independent and combined impact of ER and HP/LC diets on tissue-specific lipid kinetics in leptin receptor-deficient, obese rodents. This study investigated the effects of ER and dietary macronutrient content on body composition; hepatic, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral AT (VAT) lipid metabolic flux (2 H2 O-labeling); and blood and liver measures of cardiometabolic health in six-week-old female obese Zucker rats (Leprfa+/fa+ ). Animals were randomized to a 10-week feeding intervention: ad libitum (AL)-HC/LP (76% carbohydrate/15% protein), AL-HP/LC (35% protein/56% carbohydrate), ER-HC/LP, or ER-HP/LC. ER groups consumed 60% of the feed consumed by AL. AL gained more fat mass than ER (P-energy = 0.012) and HP/LC gained more fat mass than HC/LP (P-diet = 0.025). Hepatic triglyceride (TG) concentrations (P-interaction = 0.0091) and absolute hepatic TG synthesis (P-interaction = 0.012) were lower in ER-HP/LC versus ER-HC/LP. ER had increased hepatic, SAT, and VAT de novo cholesterol fractional synthesis, absolute hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and serum cholesterol (P-energy≤0.0035). A HP/LC diet, independent of energy intake, led to greater gains in fat mass. A HP/LC diet, in the context of ER, led to reductions in absolute hepatic TG synthesis and TG content. However, ER worsened cholesterol metabolism. Increased adipose tissue TG retention with the HP/LC diet may reflect improved lipid storage capacity and be beneficial in this genetic model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alan Dawson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stephen R. Hennigar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alyssa M. Kelley
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Bradley J. Anderson
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
| | - Edna Nyangau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tyler J. Field
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and ToxicologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - James P. McClung
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Claire E. Berryman
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative PhysiologyFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
- Military Nutrition DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationBelcampMarylandUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
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Ivimey-Cook ER, Murray DS, de Coriolis JC, Edden N, Immler S, Maklakov AA. Fasting increases investment in soma upon refeeding at the cost of gamete quality in zebrafish. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221556. [PMID: 37040805 PMCID: PMC10089719 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting increases lifespan in invertebrates, improves biomarkers of health in vertebrates and is increasingly proposed as a promising route to improve human health. Nevertheless, little is known about how fasted animals use resources upon refeeding, and how such decisions affect putative trade-offs between somatic growth and repair, reproduction and gamete quality. Such fasting-induced trade-offs are based on strong theoretical foundations and have been recently discovered in invertebrates, but the data on vertebrates are lacking. Here, we report that fasted female zebrafish, Danio rerio, increase investment in soma upon refeeding, but it comes at a cost of egg quality. Specifically, an increase in fin regrowth was accompanied by a reduction in 24 h post-fertilization offspring survival. Refed males showed a reduction in sperm velocity and impaired 24 h post-fertilization offspring survival. These findings underscore the necessity of considering the impact on reproduction when assessing evolutionary and biomedical implications of lifespan-extending treatments in females and males and call for careful evaluation of the effects of intermittent fasting on fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Ivimey-Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David S Murray
- Collaborative Centre for Sustainable Use of the Seas (CCSUS), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | | | - Nathan Edden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simone Immler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alexei A Maklakov
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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Altashina MV, Ivannikova EV, Troshina EA. Intermittent fasting: endocrine aspects: A review. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 94:1182-1187. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.10.201906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of overweight and obese people makes the search for new effective ways to reduce body weight extremely urgent. Recently, intermittent fasting has received a lot of attention, as a dietary protocol, presumably effective in reducing body weight. Despite the large number of studies, the effects of intermittent fasting on the human body are controversial, since studies differ in dietary options, design, and often have a small sample size. In this review of the literature, the authors cite the results of studies of the effectiveness of intermittent fasting in patients with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and high risks of developing cardiovascular diseases.
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Feige-Diller J, Herrera-Rivero M, Witten A, Stoll M, Kaiser S, Richter SH, Sachser N. The Impact of Varying Food Availability on Gene Expression in the Liver: Testing the Match-Mismatch Hypothesis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:910762. [PMID: 35859757 PMCID: PMC9289739 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.910762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During early phases of life, such as prenatal or early postnatal development and adolescence, an organism's phenotype can be shaped by the environmental conditions it experiences. According to the Match-Mismatch hypothesis (MMH), changes to this environment during later life stages can result in a mismatch between the individual's adaptations and the prevailing environmental conditions. Thus, negative consequences in welfare and health can occur. We aimed to test the MMH in the context of food availability, assuming adolescence as a sensitive period of adaptation. Methods We have previously reported a study of the physiological and behavioral effects of match and mismatch conditions of high (ad libitum) and low (90% of ad libitum intake) food availability from adolescence to early adulthood in female C57BL/6J mice (n = 62). Here, we performed RNA-sequencing of the livers of a subset of these animals (n = 16) to test the effects of match and mismatch feeding conditions on the liver transcriptome. Results In general, we found no effect of the match-mismatch situations. Contrarily, the amount of food available during early adulthood (low vs. high) drove the differences we observed in final body weight and gene expression in the liver, regardless of the amount of food available to the animals during adolescence. Many of the differentially expressed genes and the corresponding biological processes found to be overrepresented overlapped, implicating common changes in various domains. These included metabolism, homeostasis, cellular responses to diverse stimuli, transport of bile acids and other molecules, cell differentiation, major urinary proteins, and immunity and inflammation. Conclusions Our previous and present observations found no support for the MMH in the context of low vs high food availability from adolescence to early adulthood in female C57BL/6J mice. However, even small differences of approximately 10% in food availability during early adulthood resulted in physiological and molecular changes with potential beneficial implications for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Feige-Diller
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- DFG RTG EvoPAD, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- Janina Feige-Diller
| | - Marisol Herrera-Rivero
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marisol Herrera-Rivero ;
| | - Anika Witten
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Core Facility Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Stoll
- DFG RTG EvoPAD, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sylvia Kaiser
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - S. Helene Richter
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- DFG RTG EvoPAD, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert Sachser
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- DFG RTG EvoPAD, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
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Chiplunker AJ, Chen L, Levin MS, Warner BW, Davidson NO, Rubin DC. Increased Adiposity and Reduced Lean Body Mass in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:3271-3279. [PMID: 31907775 PMCID: PMC7924810 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-06032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the metabolic consequences of short bowel syndrome (SBS) and its effects on body composition in adults. We hypothesized that body composition of SBS patients is altered compared to a normal age-, race-, and sex-matched population, regardless of parenteral nutrition (PN) dependence. AIM To compare the body composition of adult patients with SBS to age-, sex-, and race-matched healthy controls. METHODS Twenty patients with SBS underwent body composition analysis using the GE Lunar iDXA scanner. Patients were age-, sex-, and race-matched to controls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004). Mean differences in body mass index, fat-free mass, fat mass, percent body fat, visceral adipose tissue mass and volume, and bone mineral density were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 software. RESULTS Fifty-five percent of subjects had a history of PN use, and 30% were current PN users. Mean percent body fat for SBS patients was 35.1% compared to 30.9% for healthy controls (p = 0.043). Fat-free mass was reduced in SBS (p = 0.007). Patients with reduced bone mass had a trend toward significantly more years of PN exposure compared to those with normal bone mass (p = 0.094), and a trend toward older age (p = 0.075). CONCLUSIONS SBS is associated with increased percent body fat and reduced fat-free mass, suggesting that improved dietary and therapeutic interventions are needed to restore normal metabolic indices and avoid risk of metabolic syndrome in SBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeti J. Chiplunker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Marc S. Levin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine.,VA St. Louis Health Care System, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Brad W. Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine.,Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Deborah C. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine.,Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
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Feige-Diller J, Palme R, Kaiser S, Sachser N, Richter SH. The impact of varying food availability on health and welfare in mice: Testing the Match-Mismatch hypothesis. Physiol Behav 2020; 228:113193. [PMID: 33011232 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During early phases of life, an organism's phenotype can be shaped by the environmental conditions which it experiences. If the conditions change subsequently, the mismatch between the environment in early and later life could have negative effects on the individual's health and welfare. The aim of this study was to systematically test the predictions of this Match-Mismatch hypothesis in laboratory mice. Therefore, female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to matching or mismatching combinations of low and high food availability in adolescence and early adulthood. A comprehensive analysis of various physiological and behavioral parameters was conducted. No indication of a mismatch effect was found, which might be attributed to the specific ecology of mice. Alternatively, food availability might cause a shaping of the phenotype only during the prenatal or early postnatal development. However, various effects of low vs high food availability were found regarding the individuals' physiology and, to a small extent, their behavior. Low food availability caused higher concentrations of fecal corticosterone metabolites, as well as higher liver and lower spleen weights, suggesting an adaptation of the metabolism to this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Feige-Diller
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany; DFG RTG EvoPAD, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1a, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sylvia Kaiser
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sachser
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany; DFG RTG EvoPAD, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1a, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - S Helene Richter
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany; DFG RTG EvoPAD, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1a, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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8
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Neuhouser ML, Wertheim BC, Perrigue MM, Hingle M, Tinker LF, Shikany JM, Johnson KC, Waring ME, Seguin-Fowler RA, Vitolins MZ, Schnall E, Snetselaar L, Thomson C. Associations of Number of Daily Eating Occasions with Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa126. [PMID: 32832844 PMCID: PMC7431012 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 23 million Americans have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eating habits such as breakfast consumption, time-restricted eating, and limiting daily eating occasions have been explored as behaviors for reducing T2D risk, but prior evidence is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to examine associations between number of daily eating occasions and T2D risk in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial (WHI-DM) and whether associations vary by BMI, age, or race/ethnicity. METHODS Participants were postmenopausal women in the WHI-DM who comprised a 4.6% subsample completing 24-h dietary recalls (24HRs) at years 3 and 6 as part of trial adherence activities (n = 2159). Numbers of eating occasions per day were obtained from the year 3 24HRs, and participants were grouped into approximate tertiles as 1-3 (n = 795), 4 (n = 713), and ≥5 (n = 651) daily eating occasions as the exposure. Incident diabetes was self-reported on semiannual questionnaires as the outcome. RESULTS Approximately 15% (15.4%, n = 332) of the WHI-DM 24HR cohort reported incident diabetes at follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression tested associations of eating occasions with T2D adjusted for neighborhood socioeconomic status, BMI, waist circumference, race/ethnicity, family history of T2D, recreational physical activity, Healthy Eating Index-2005, 24HR energy intake, and WHI-DM arm. Compared with women reporting 1-3 meals/d, those consuming 4 meals/d had a T2D HR = 1.38 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.84) without further increases in risk for ≥5 meals/d. In stratified analyses, associations for 4 meals/d compared with 1-3 meals/d were stronger in women with BMI <30.0 kg/m2 (HR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.39) and women aged ≥60 (HR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.33). CONCLUSIONS Four meals per day compared with 1-3 meals/d was associated with increased risk of T2D in postmenopausal women, but no dose-response effect was observed for additional eating occasions. Further studies are needed to understand eating occasions in relation to T2D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Martine M Perrigue
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Melanie Hingle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karen C Johnson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Molly E Waring
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Mara Z Vitolins
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eliezer Schnall
- Psychology Department, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cynthia Thomson
- Canyon Ranch Center for Prevention & Health Promotion, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Qi J, Zhang X, Li Y, Xu S, Wang M, Chen H, Tang N, Wang S, Wang B, Chen D, Zhou B, Li Z. The suppression effects of feeding and mechanisms in CRF system of animals. Gene 2020; 733:144363. [PMID: 31935510 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CRF system is comprised of 4 homologous lineages, 2 main receptors (CRF-R1 and CRF-R2), and a binding protein CRF-BP. The homologous lineages are corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), urotensin I (UI)/sauvagine (SVG)/urocortin 1 (UCN1), urocortin 2 (UCN2), and urocortin 3 (UCN3), and UI, SVG, UCN1 are orthologous genes. CRF system genes are widely distributed in the brain and gastrointestinal tract, which may relate to feeding regulation. According the research progress about CRF system on mammals and non-mammals, this paper summarized the discovery, structure, tissue distribution, appetite regulation and mechanism of CRF system in animals, which can provide the reference for further research and production of feeding regulation and growth in mammals and fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Qi
- Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 156# Gaozhuang Bridge Community, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoqi Xu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 156# Gaozhuang Bridge Community, Yibin, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Bao MH, Chen LB, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Zhao ZJ. Exposure to hot temperatures during lactation stunted offspring growth and decreased the future reproductive performance of female offspring. J Exp Biol 2020:jeb.223560. [PMID: 34005557 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the important aspects of climate change, exposure to high temperatures (heat waves) is rapidly emerging as an important issue, in particular for female mammals during lactation. High temperatures adversely impact ability to dissipate heat, which has negative effects on reproductive output. The cumulative effects on growth of F1 offspring after weaning and future reproductive performance of offspring remain uncertain. In this study, the F1 mice that weaned from mothers lactating at 21°C and 32.5°C were housed at 21°C from day 19 till 56 of age; during which food intake and body mass were measured. The F1 adult females that had been weaned at the two temperatures were bred and then both exposed to 32.5°C during lactation. Energy intake, milk output and litter size and mass were determined. The F1 adults weaned at 32.5°C consumed less food and had lower body mass than their counterparts weaned at 21°C. Several visceral organs or reproductive tissues were significantly lower in mass in F1 weaned at 32.5°C than at 21°C. The exposure to 32.5°C significantly decreased energy intake, milk output and litter mass in F1 adult females during lactation. The F1 adult females weaned at 32.5°C produced less milk and raised lighter pups than those previously weaned at 21°C. The data suggest that transient exposure to hot temperature during lactation has long-lasting impacts on the offspring, including stunted growth and decreases in future reproductive performance when adult. This indicates that the offspring of females previously experiencing hot temperatures have a significant fitness disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Huan Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Li-Bing Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei Chen Xi Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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11
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Qi J, Tian Z, Tang N, Chen D, Li Z. Progress in understanding the roles of Urocortin3 (UCN3) in the control of appetite from studies using animal models. Peptides 2019; 121:170124. [PMID: 31415798 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin3 (UCN3), the newest member of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) family polypeptides, is an anorexic factor discovered in 2001, which has a strong inhibitory effect on animal appetite regulation. UCN3 is widely distributed in various tissues of animals and has many biological functions. Based on the research progress of UCN3 on mammals and non-mammals, this paper summarized the discovery, tissue distribution, appetite regulation and mechanism of UCN3 in animals, in order to provide a reference for feeding regulation and growth in mammals and fish in further research and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 5# Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinwen Qi
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengzhi Tian
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Refeeding abolishes beneficial effects of severe calorie restriction from birth on adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis of adult rats. Nutrition 2019; 66:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ishaq A, Dufour D, Cameron K, von Zglinicki T, Saretzki G. Metabolic memory of dietary restriction ameliorates DNA damage and adipocyte size in mouse visceral adipose tissue. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:228-236. [PMID: 30312736 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is thought to exert its beneficial effects on healthspan at least partially by a senolytic and senostatic action, i.e. by reducing frequencies of cells with markers of DNA damage and senescence in multiple tissues. Due to its importance in metabolic and inflammation regulation, fat is a prime tissue for health span determination as well as a prime target for DR. We aimed to determine here whether the beneficial effects of DR would be retained over a subsequent period of ad libitum (AL) feeding. Male mice were kept under either 40% DR or AL feeding regimes from 3 to 12 months of age and then either switched back to the opposite feeding regimen or kept in the same state for another 3 months. Visceral adipose tissue from 4 to 5 mice per group for all conditions was analysed for markers of senescence (adipocyte size, γH2A.X, p16, p21) and inflammation (e.g. IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β) using immuno-staining or qPCR. Macrophages were detected by immunohistochemistry. We found that both 9 and 12 months DR (long term) as well as 3 month (short term, mid-life onset) DR reduced the number of cells harbouring DNA damage and adipocyte size (area and perimeter) in visceral adipocytes with similar efficiency. Importantly, beneficial health markers induced by DR such as small adipocyte size and low DNA damage were maintained for at least 3 month after termination of DR, demonstrating that the previously identified 'metabolic memory' of the DR state in male mice extends to senescence markers in visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ishaq
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Campus of Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Damien Dufour
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Campus of Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kerry Cameron
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Campus of Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Campus of Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- The Ageing Biology Centre, Newcastle Institute for Ageing, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Campus of Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Woodie LN, Luo Y, Wayne MJ, Graff EC, Ahmed B, O'Neill AM, Greene MW. Restricted feeding for 9h in the active period partially abrogates the detrimental metabolic effects of a Western diet with liquid sugar consumption in mice. Metabolism 2018; 82:1-13. [PMID: 29253490 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major public health concern that can result from diets high in fat and sugar, including sugar sweetened beverages. A proposed treatment for dietary-induced obesity is time-restricted feeding (TRF), which restricts consumption of food to specific times of the 24-hour cycle. Although TRF shows great promise to prevent obesity and the development of chronic disease, the effects of TRF to reverse metabolic changes and the development of NAFLD in animal models of a Western diet with sugary water consumption is not known. OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to evaluate the role of TRF in the treatment of obesity and NAFLD through examination of changes in metabolic and histopathologic parameters. METHODS To better understand the role of TRF in the treatment of obesity and NAFLD, we investigated the metabolic phenotype and NAFLD parameters in a mouse model of NAFLD in which obesity and liver steatosis are induced by a Western Diet (WD): a high-fat diet of lard, milkfat and Crisco with sugary drinking water. Mice were subjected to a short-term (4-weeks) and long-term (10-weeks) TRF in which food was restricted to 9h at night. RESULTS Prior to TRF treatment, the WD mice had increased body mass, and exhibited less activity, and higher average daytime energy expenditure (EE) than chow fed mice. Approximately 4- and 10-weeks following TFR treatment, WD-TRF had moderate but not statistically significant weight loss compared to WD-ad libitum (WD-AL) mice. There was a modest but significant reduction in the inguinal adipose tissue weight in both WD-TRF groups compared to the WD-AL groups; however, there was no difference in epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue mass or adipocyte size distribution. In contrast, the diet-induced increase in normalized liver tissue weight, hepatic triglyceride, and NAFLD score was partially abrogated in the 4-week WD-TRF mice, while systemic insulin resistance was partially abrogated and glucose intolerance was completely abrogated in the 10-week WD-TRF mice. Importantly, WD-induced metabolic dysfunction (substrate utilization, energy expenditure, and activity) was partially abrogated by 4- and 10-week TRF. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that TRF aids in reducing the detrimental metabolic effects of consuming a WD with sugary drinking water but does not ameliorate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Woodie
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Yuwen Luo
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Michael J Wayne
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Bulbul Ahmed
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Ann Marie O'Neill
- Department of Biology, Auburn University Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117, USA.
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Abstract
Body weight regain often causes failure of obesity therapies while the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that immune cells, especially CD4+ T cells, mediate the ‘memory’ of previous obese status. In a weight gain-loss-regain model, we found that C57BL/6J mice with an obesity history showed a much faster rate of body weight regain. This obesity memory could last for at least 2 months after previously obese mice were kept at the same body weight as non-obese mice. Surprisingly, such obesity memory was abrogated by dexamethasone treatment, whereas immunodeficient Rag1−/− and H2A−/− mice failed to establish such memory. Rag1−/− mice repossessed the obesity memory when immune cells or CD4+ T cells isolated from previously obese mice were transferred. Furthermore, depletion of CD4+ T cells led to obesity memory ablation. Taken together, we conclude that CD4+ T cells mediate obesity memory and promote weight regain.
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Potential Benefits and Harms of Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Amongst Obese, Overweight and Normal Weight Subjects-A Narrative Review of Human and Animal Evidence. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:bs7010004. [PMID: 28106818 PMCID: PMC5371748 DOI: 10.3390/bs7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent energy restriction (IER) has become popular as a means of weight control amongst people who are overweight and obese, and is also undertaken by normal weight people hoping spells of marked energy restriction will optimise their health. This review summarises randomised comparisons of intermittent and isoenergetic continuous energy restriction for weight loss to manage overweight and obesity. It also summarises the potential beneficial or adverse effects of IER on body composition, adipose stores and metabolic effects from human studies, including studies amongst normal weight subjects and relevant animal experimentation. Six small short term (<6 month) studies amongst overweight or obese individuals indicate that intermittent energy restriction is equal to continuous restriction for weight loss, with one study reporting greater reductions in body fat, and two studies reporting greater reductions in HOMA insulin resistance in response to IER, with no obvious evidence of harm. Studies amongst normal weight subjects and different animal models highlight the potential beneficial and adverse effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on ectopic and visceral fat stores, adipocyte size, insulin resistance, and metabolic flexibility. The longer term benefits or harms of IER amongst people who are overweight or obese, and particularly amongst normal weight subjects, is not known and is a priority for further investigation.
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Tang HN, Tang CY, Man XF, Tan SW, Guo Y, Tang J, Zhou CL, Zhou HD. Plasticity of adipose tissue in response to fasting and refeeding in male mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28070205 PMCID: PMC5217231 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasting is the most widely prescribed and self-imposed strategy for treating excessive weight gain and obesity, and has been shown to exert a number of beneficial effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the exact role of fasting and subsequent refeeding on fat distribution in mice. Methods C57/BL6 mice fasted for 24 to 72 h and were then subjected to refeeding for 72 h. At 24, 48 and 72 h of fasting, and 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of refeeding, the mice were sacrificed, and serum and various adipose tissues were collected. Serum biochemical parameters, adipose tissue masses and histomorphological analysis of different depots were detected. MRNA was isolated from various adipose tissues, and the expressions of thermogenesis, visceral signature and lipid metabolism-related genes were examined. The phenotypes of adipose tissues between juvenile and adult mice subjected to fasting and refeeding were also compared. Results Fasting preferentially consumed mesenteric fat mass and decreased the cell size of mesenteric depots; however, refeeding recovered the mass and morphology of inguinal adipose tissues preferentially compared with visceral depots. Thermogenesis-related gene expression in the inguinal WAT and interscapular BAT were suppressed. Mitochondrial biogenesis was affected by fasting in a depot-specific manner. Furthermore, a short period of fasting led to an increase in visceral signature genes (Wt1, Tcf21) in subcutaneous adipose tissue, while the expression of these genes decreased sharply as the fasting time increased. Additionally, lipogenesis-related markers were enhanced to a greater extent greater in subcutaneous depots compared with those in visceral adipose tissues by refeeding. Although similar phenotypic changes in adipose tissue were observed between juvenile mice and adult mice subjected to fasting and refeeding, the alterations appeared earlier and more sensitively in juvenile mice. Conclusions Fasting preferentially consumes lipids in visceral adipose tissues, whereas refeeding recovers lipids predominantly in subcutaneous adipose tissues, which indicated the significance of plasticity of adipose organs for fat distribution when subject to food deprivation or refeeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0159-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Neng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Chen-Yi Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Xiao-Fei Man
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Shu-Wen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Ci-La Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
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Giles ED, Hagman J, Pan Z, MacLean PS, Higgins JA. Weight restoration on a high carbohydrate refeeding diet promotes rapid weight regain and hepatic lipid accumulation in female anorexic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:18. [PMID: 26937246 PMCID: PMC4773993 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is currently no standard clinical refeeding diet for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). To provide the most efficacious AN clinical care, it is necessary to define the metabolic effects of current refeeding diets. Methods An activity-based model of anorexia nervosa (AN) was used in female rats. AN was induced over 7d by timed access to low fat (LF) diet with free access to a running wheel. Plasma hormones/metabolites and body composition were assessed at baseline, AN diagnosis (day 0), and following 28d of refeeding on LF diet. Energy balance and expenditure were measured via continuous indirect calorimetry on days −3 to +3. Results AN induction caused stress as indicated by higher levels of corticosterone versus controls (p < 0.0001). The rate of weight gain during refeeding was higher in AN rats than controls (p = 0.0188), despite lower overall energy intake (p < 0.0001). This was possible due to lower total energy expenditure (TEE) at the time of AN diagnosis which remained significantly lower during the entire refeeding period, driven by markedly lower resting energy expenditure (REE). AN rats exhibited lower lipid accumulation in visceral adipose tissues (VAT) but much higher liver accumulation (62 % higher in AN than control; p < 0.05) while maintaining the same total body weight as controls. It is possible that liver lipid accumulation was caused by overfeeding of carbohydrate suggesting that a lower carbohydrate, higher fat diet may be beneficial during AN treatment. To test whether such a diet would be accepted clinically, we conducted a study in adolescent female AN patients which showed equivalent palatability and acceptability for LF and moderate fat diets. In addition, this diet was feasible to provide clinically during inpatient treatment in this population. Conclusion Refeeding a LF diet to restore body weight in female AN rats caused depressed TEE and REE which facilitated rapid regain. However, this weight gain was metabolically unhealthy as it resulted in elevated lipid accumulation in the liver. It is necessary to investigate the use of other diets, such as lower carbohydrate, moderate fat diets, in pre-clinical models to develop the optimal clinical refeeding diets for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Giles
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jennifer Hagman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Biostatistics Core, Children's Hospital Colorado Research Institute, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA ; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
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Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Reyna-Garfias H, Arciniega-Martínez IM, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Abarca-Rojano E, Cruz-Hernández TR, Drago-Serrano ME. Intermittent fasting favored the resolution of Salmonella typhimurium infection in middle-aged BALB/c mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:13. [PMID: 26798034 PMCID: PMC5005893 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) reportedly increases resistance and intestinal IgA response to Salmonella typhimurium infection in mature mice. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aging on the aforementioned improved immune response found with IF. Middle-aged male BALB/c mice were submitted to IF or ad libitum (AL) feeding for 40 weeks and then orally infected with S. typhimurium. Thereafter, infected animals were all fed AL (to maximize their viability) until sacrifice on day 7 or 14 post-infection. We evaluated body weight, bacterial load (in feces, Peyer's patches, spleen and liver), total and specific intestinal IgA, lamina propria IgA+ plasma cells, plasma corticosterone, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of α-chain, J-chain, and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in liver and intestinal mucosa. In comparison with the infected AL counterpart, the infected IF group (long-term IF followed by post-infection AL feeding) generally had lower intestinal and systemic bacterial loads as well as higher total IgA on both post-infection days. Both infected groups showed no differences in corticosterone levels, body weight, or food and caloric intake. The increase in intestinal IgA was associated with enhanced pIgR mRNA expression in the intestine (day 7) and liver. Thus, to maintain body weight and caloric intake, IF elicited metabolic signals that possibly induced the increased hepatic and intestinal pIgR mRNA expression found. The increase in IgA probably resulted from intestinal IgA transcytosis via pIgR. This IgA response along with phagocyte-induced killing of bacteria in systemic organs (not measured) may explain the resolution of the S. typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Teresita Rocío Cruz-Hernández
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Department of Biological Systems, Autonomous Metropolitan University Xochimilco Campus, Calzada del Hueso No 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, CP 04960, México, D.F., México.
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20
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Stout MB, Steyn FJ, Jurczak MJ, Camporez JPG, Zhu Y, Hawse JR, Jurk D, Palmer AK, Xu M, Pirtskhalava T, Evans GL, de Souza Santos R, Frank AP, White TA, Monroe DG, Singh RJ, Casaclang-Verzosa G, Miller JD, Clegg DJ, LeBrasseur NK, von Zglinicki T, Shulman GI, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL. 17α-Estradiol Alleviates Age-related Metabolic and Inflammatory Dysfunction in Male Mice Without Inducing Feminization. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 72:3-15. [PMID: 26809497 PMCID: PMC5155656 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with visceral adiposity, metabolic disorders, and chronic low-grade inflammation. 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), a naturally occurring enantiomer of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), extends life span in male mice through unresolved mechanisms. We tested whether 17α-E2 could alleviate age-related metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. 17α-E2 reduced body mass, visceral adiposity, and ectopic lipid deposition without decreasing lean mass. These declines were associated with reductions in energy intake due to the activation of hypothalamic anorexigenic pathways and direct effects of 17α-E2 on nutrient-sensing pathways in visceral adipose tissue. 17α-E2 did not alter energy expenditure or excretion. Fasting glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin were also reduced by 17α-E2, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps revealed improvements in peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose production. Inflammatory mediators in visceral adipose tissue and the circulation were reduced by 17α-E2. 17α-E2 increased AMPKα and reduced mTOR complex 1 activity in visceral adipose tissue but not in liver or quadriceps muscle, which is in contrast to the generalized systemic effects of caloric restriction. These beneficial phenotypic changes occurred in the absence of feminization or cardiac dysfunction, two commonly observed deleterious effects of exogenous estrogen administration. Thus, 17α-E2 holds potential as a novel therapeutic for alleviating age-related metabolic dysfunction through tissue-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Stout
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Center for Clinical Research and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Diana Jurk
- Institutes for Cell & Molecular Biosciences and Ageing, Newcastle University
| | - Allyson K Palmer
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ming Xu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tamar Pirtskhalava
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Glenda L Evans
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Roberta de Souza Santos
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, California
| | - Aaron P Frank
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, California
| | - Thomas A White
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David G Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jordan D Miller
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, California
| | | | | | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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