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Zhang L, Shi Y, Liang B, Li X. An overview of the cholesterol metabolism and its proinflammatory role in the development of MASLD. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0434. [PMID: 38696365 PMCID: PMC11068152 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid molecule in mammalian cells. It is not only involved in the formation of cell membranes but also serves as a raw material for the synthesis of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Additionally, it acts as a covalent modifier of proteins and plays a crucial role in numerous life processes. Generally, the metabolic processes of cholesterol absorption, synthesis, conversion, and efflux are strictly regulated. Excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the body is a risk factor for metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In this review, we first provide an overview of the discovery of cholesterol and the fundamental process of cholesterol metabolism. We then summarize the relationship between dietary cholesterol intake and the risk of developing MASLD, and also the animal models of MASLD specifically established with a cholesterol-containing diet. In the end, the role of cholesterol-induced inflammation in the initiation and development of MASLD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiang Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqiong Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Law SH, Chan HC, Ke GM, Kamatam S, Marathe GK, Ponnusamy VK, Ke LY. Untargeted Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Lysophosphatidylcholine and Ceramide as Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086956. [PMID: 37108120 PMCID: PMC10138920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability and use of numerous cholesterol-lowering drugs, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of mortality globally. Many researchers have focused their effort on identifying modified lipoproteins. However, lipid moieties such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and ceramide (CER) contribute to atherogenic events. LPC and CER both cause endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to fatty acid and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. In addition, they cause immune cells to differentiate into proinflammatory phenotypes. To uncover alternative therapeutic approaches other than cholesterol- and TG-lowering medications, we conducted untargeted lipidomic investigations to assess the alteration of lipid profiles in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mouse model, with or without feeding a high-fat diet (HFD). Results indicated that, in addition to hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia, LPC levels were two to four times higher in apoE-/- mice compared to wild-type mice in C57BL/6 background, regardless of whether they were 8 or 16 weeks old. Sphingomyelin (SM) and CER were elevated three- to five-fold in apoE-/- mice both at the basal level and after 16 weeks when compared to wild-type mice. After HFD treatment, the difference in CER levels elevated more than ten-fold. Considering the atherogenic properties of LPC and CER, they may also contribute to the early onset of atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice. In summary, the HFD-fed apoE-/- mouse shows elevated LPC and CER contents and is a suitable model for developing LPC- and CER-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Swetha Kamatam
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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3
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Loxin Reduced the Inflammatory Response in the Liver and the Aortic Fatty Streak Formation in Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137329. [PMID: 35806336 PMCID: PMC9266330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is the most harmful form of cholesterol associated with vascular atherosclerosis and hepatic injury, mainly due to inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent severe tissue injury. Lox-1 is the central ox-LDL receptor expressed in endothelial and immune cells, its activation regulating inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factor secretion. Recently, a Lox-1 truncated protein isoform lacking the ox-LDL binding domain named LOXIN has been described. We have previously shown that LOXIN overexpression blocked Lox-1-mediated ox-LDL internalization in human endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. However, the functional role of LOXIN in targeting inflammation or tissue injury in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we investigate whether LOXIN modulated the expression of Lox-1 and reduced the inflammatory response in a high-fat-diet mice model. Results indicate that human LOXIN blocks Lox-1 mediated uptake of ox-LDL in H4-II-E-C3 cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that overexpression of LOXIN reduced both fatty streak lesions in the aorta and inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. These findings were associated with the down-regulation of Lox-1 in endothelial cells. Then, LOXIN prevents hepatic and aortic tissue damage in vivo associated with reduced Lox-1 expression in endothelial cells. We encourage future research to understand better the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic use of LOXIN.
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Pan Y, Zhang X. Diet and gut microbiome in fatty liver and its associated liver cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:7-14. [PMID: 34664301 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide as a consequence of a sedentary lifestyle and overnutrition. NAFLD could progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may further develop to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The gut microbiome is one of the central regulators in host metabolism. Diet could change human gut microbiome rapidly and reproducibly and modulate several metabolic pathways. Both diet and gut microbiome dysbiosis are associated with NAFLD and its related HCC (NAFLD-HCC). Dietary cholesterol, fiber, fat, or carbohydrate could change the microbiome composition to contribute to the development of NASH and NAFLD-HCC. Hence, identification of elements of the gut-liver axis that are primarily damaged in NASH and NAFLD-HCC offers new possibility for therapeutic intervention. In this review, the roles of gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in the development and progression of NAFLD and NAFLD-HCC are first discussed. The impacts of different diet compositions including cholesterol, fiber, fat, and sugar on the gut microbiome that leads to predisposition to NASH and NAFLD-HCC are also explored. We summarized the article by discussing potential therapeutic implication of diet and microbiome modulation in fatty liver and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Effects of "Bacuri" Seed Butter ( Platonia insignis Mart.) on Metabolic Parameters in Hamsters with Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5584965. [PMID: 34912463 PMCID: PMC8668334 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5584965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the treatment with bacuri seed butter (BB) on body weight, growth, body mass index, lipid profile, atherosclerotic indices, and liver function in dyslipidemic hamsters. Freshly weaned, male hamsters were divided into four groups: (1) normal group (NG)—maintained with standard chow (AIN-93G); (2) dyslipidemia group (DG)—maintained with hyperlipidemic chow (AIN-93G modified) throughout the follow-up period; (3) bacuri seed butter 25 mg/kg/day (BB-25); and (4) bacuri seed butter 50 mg/kg/day (BB-50). BB groups (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) were also maintained with hyperlipidemic chow throughout the follow-up period, and the treatment started after 21 days receiving a hyperlipidemic diet to induce hypercholesterolemia and maintained for 28 days. No significant differences in triglycerides and total cholesterol were observed for BB-25 and BB-50 groups when compared with NG and DG groups. On the contrary, BB-25 and BB-50 induced both increase of HDL-c (51.40 ± 1.69 and 51.00 ± 2.34, respectively) and decrease of LDL-c (103.80 ± 6.87 and 100.50 ± 3.95, respectively) when compared with DG (41.00 ± 2.94 and 132.70 ± 9.41, respectively). In addition, BB promoted a reduction in the risk of atherosclerotic disease by decreasing (p < 0.05) the atherogenic index, coronary artery risk index, and LDL/CT ratio (p < 0.05) and increasing HDL/CT ratio. On the contrary, no changes were observed in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels or in body weight, growth, body mass index, or liver function parameters. Thus, bacuri seed butter at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg/day has positive repercussions on the lipid profile, more precisely on plasma HDL-c and LDL-c, and additionally promotes reduction in the risk of atherosclerosis in hamsters.
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Radhakrishnan S, Yeung SF, Ke JY, Antunes MM, Pellizzon MA. Considerations When Choosing High-Fat, High-Fructose, and High-Cholesterol Diets to Induce Experimental Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Laboratory Animal Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab138. [PMID: 34993389 PMCID: PMC8718327 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is intricately linked to metabolic disease (including obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance) and encompasses a spectrum of disorders including steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Rodents consuming high-fat (HF; ∼40 kcal% fat including fats containing higher concentrations of saturated and trans fats), high-fructose (HFr), and high-cholesterol (HC) diets display many clinically relevant characteristics of NASH, along with other metabolic disorders. C57BL/6 mice are the most commonly used animal model because they can develop significant metabolic disorders including severe NASH with fibrosis after months of feeding, but other models also are susceptible. The significant number of diets that contain these different factors (i.e., HF, HFr, and HC), either alone or in combination, makes the choice of diet difficult. This methodology review describes the efficacy of these nutrient manipulations on the NAFLD phenotype in mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maísa M Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Chang PY, Chang SF, Chang TY, Su HM, Lu SC. Synergistic effects of electronegative-LDL- and palmitic-acid-triggered IL-1β production in macrophages via LOX-1- and voltage-gated-potassium-channel-dependent pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 97:108767. [PMID: 34052311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) and free fatty acids (FFAs) are circulating risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and have been associated with inflammation. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) represents a key cytokine in the development of CVD; however, the initial trigger of IL-1β in CVD remains to be explored. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of LDL(-) from the plasma of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients or diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits and bovine serum albumin bound palmitic acid (PA-BSA) on IL-1β production in macrophages. Macrophages derived from THP-1 cells or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were independently treated with LDL(-), PA-BSA or cotreated with LDL(-) and PA-BSA. The results showed that nLDL and/or PA-BSA had no effect on IL-1β, and LDL(-) slightly increased IL-1β; however, cotreatment with LDL(-) and PA-BSA resulted in abundant secretion of IL-1β in macrophages. Rabbit LDL(-) induced the elevation of cellular pro-IL-1β and p-Iκ-Bα, but PA-BSA had no effect on pro-IL-1β or p-Iκ-Bα. In potassium-free buffer, LDL(-)-induced IL-1β reached a level similar to that induced by cotreatment with LDL(-) and PA-BSA. Moreover, LDL(-) and PA-BSA-induced IL-1β was inhibited in lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) knockdown cells and by blockers of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels. LDL(-) from diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbit had a similar effect as STEMI LDL(-) on IL-1β in macrophages. These results show that PA-BSA cooperates with LDL(-) to trigger IL-1β production in macrophages via a mechanism involving the LOX-1 and Kv channel pathways, which may play crucial roles in the regulation of inflammation in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Chang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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The potential pathophysiological role of altered lipid metabolism and electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:374-379. [PMID: 34678296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an umbrella term for a range of conditions caused by a build-up of fat in the liver. It is usually seen in people who are overweight or obese. Increasingly common around the world, this disease is the most common chronic liver disease in the United States, affecting about a quarter of the population. Recently, the designation of NAFLD as 'metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease' (MAFLD) has been a subject of current debate. In this context, 'insulin resistance' is the underlying common and basic pathophysiological mechanism of metabolic dysfunction due to its association with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and NAFLD. All these pathological conditions are among the metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, too. Also, due to the bidirectional causality between NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases, a liver-heart axis is suggested. Therefore, various factors such as insulin resistance as well as systemic inflammation, cytokines, oxidative stress, adipokines, hepatokines, genes and intestinal microbiota have been identified as possible pathogenic factors that play a role in the explanation of the complex NAFLD and cardiovascular risk relationship. Recent data and cumulative evidence show that electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL (-)/L5] cholesterol is a promising biomarker for complex organ interactions and diseases associated with liver-heart axis. In this mini review, we focus not only on recent data on NAFLD mechanisms, but also on the potential of the lipid mediator LDL (-)/L5 as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for liver-heart line diseases.
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Chang HH, Lan YC, Chung SD, Chien CT. Sweet Potato Leaf Feeding Decreases Cholesterol, Oxidative Stress and Thrombosis Formation in Syrian Hamsters with a High-Cholesterol Diet. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080802. [PMID: 34440546 PMCID: PMC8401060 DOI: 10.3390/life11080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional strategies to reduce hyperlipidemia and the risk of cardiovascular disease are gaining more public favor and medical professionals’ attention. The authors of this study explored the effect of sweet potato leaf powder (SPLP) feeding on the parameters of plasma lipids, reactive oxygen species, and time to thrombosis formation in Syrian hamsters fed with high-cholesterol diets. The animals were separated into six groups: a feeding control diet, a control diet containing 0.1% cholesterol, a control diet containing 0.2% cholesterol, a control diet containing 0.1% cholesterol plus 2.5% SPLP, a control diet containing 0.1% cholesterol plus 5% SPLP, and a control diet containing 0.2% cholesterol plus 5% SPLP for six weeks. The levels of serum total cholesterol (51% increase), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (70.6% increase), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (51.3% increase), and the triglyceride and atherogenic index (LDL-C/HDL-C) significantly increased in the high-cholesterol diet groups. Concomitant 5% sweet potato leaf powder ingestion significantly decreased the lipid profiles, with a 20.6% total cholesterol reduction in the 0.1% cholesterol diet groups, a 17.2% reduction in the 0.2% group, a 48.7% LDL reduction in the 0.1% cholesterol group, and a 30.3% reduction in the 0.2% group, with a consequent decrease in the atherogenic index. SPLP feeding was found to be associated with increased fecal sterol contents, with a 188.6% increase in the 0.1% cholesterol-fed group and a 177.3% increase in the 0.2% group. The SPLP-fed groups had depressed ROS levels, elongated FeCl3-induced times to thrombosis formation, and increased liver superoxide dismutase contents and SREBP-1 protein expression. Sweet potato leaf intake could reduce plasma total cholesterol, LDL, and oxidative stress. We suggest sweet potato leaf intake as a choice of nutritional strategy for hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10016, Taiwan;
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chan Lan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 30060, Taiwan;
| | - Shiu-Dong Chung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, College of Informatics, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-D.C.); (C.-T.C.)
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-D.C.); (C.-T.C.)
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Circulating Biomarkers Reflecting Destabilization Mechanisms of Coronary Artery Plaques: Are We Looking for the Impossible? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060881. [PMID: 34198543 PMCID: PMC8231770 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant strides to mitigate the complications of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), this clinical entity still represents a major global health burden. It has so far been well-established that most of the plaques leading to ACS are not a result of gradual narrowing of the vessel lumen, but rather a result of sudden disruption of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. As most of the developed imaging modalities for vulnerable plaque detection are invasive, multiple biomarkers were proposed to identify their presence. Owing to the pivotal role of lipids and inflammation in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, most of the biomarkers originated from one of those processes, whereas recent advancements in molecular sciences shed light on the use of microRNAs. Yet, at present there are no clinically implemented biomarkers or any other method for that matter that could non-invasively, yet reliably, diagnose the vulnerable plaque. Hence, in this review we summarized the available knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of plaque instability, the current evidence on potential biomarkers associated with plaque destabilization and finally, we discussed if search for biomarkers could one day bring us to non-invasive, cost-effective, yet valid way of diagnosing the vulnerable, rupture-prone coronary artery plaques.
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Chang SF, Chang PY, Chou YC, Lu SC. Electronegative LDL Induces M1 Polarization of Human Macrophages Through a LOX-1-Dependent Pathway. Inflammation 2021; 43:1524-1535. [PMID: 32394286 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental stimuli, monocytes undergo polarization into classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) states. M1 and M2 macrophages exert opposing pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, respectively. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (LDL(-)) is a naturally occurring mildly oxidized LDL found in the plasma of patients with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and acute myocardial infarction, and has been shown to involve in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the effects of LDL(-) on macrophage polarization and the involvement of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) in this process. THP-1 macrophages were treated with native LDL (nLDL) or LDL(-), and then the expression of M1/M2-related surface markers and cytokines were evaluated. The results show that treatment with LDL(-) resulted in profound increase in proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and M1-surface marker CD86; however, M2-related cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, and M2-surface marker CD206 were not changed by LDL(-). Untreated or nLDL-treated cells were used as control. LDL(-)-induced M1 polarization and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines were diminished in LOX-1 knockdown cells. Taken together, the results show that LDL(-) promotes differentiation of human monocytes to M1 macrophages through a LOX-1-dependent pathway, and explore the contribution of LDL(-) and LOX-1 to the development of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan university, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chun Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine, National Taiwan university, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine, National Taiwan university, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan.
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Svop Jensen V, Fledelius C, Max Wulff E, Lykkesfeldt J, Hvid H. Temporal Development of Dyslipidemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Syrian Hamsters Fed a High-Fat, High-Fructose, High-Cholesterol Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020604. [PMID: 33673227 PMCID: PMC7917647 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of translationally relevant animal models is essential, also within the field of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Compared to frequently used mouse and rat models, the hamster may provide a higher degree of physiological similarity to humans in terms of lipid profile and lipoprotein metabolism. However, the effects in hamsters after long-term exposure to a NASH diet are not known. Male Syrian hamsters were fed either a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol diet (NASH diet) or control diets for up to 12 months. Plasma parameters were assessed at two weeks, one, four, eight and 12 months and liver histopathology and biochemistry was characterized after four, eight and 12 months on the experimental diets. After two weeks, hamsters on NASH diet had developed marked dyslipidemia, which persisted for the remainder of the study. Hepatic steatosis was present in NASH-fed hamsters after four months, and hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis was observed within four to eight months, respectively, in agreement with progression towards NASH. In summary, we demonstrate that hamsters rapidly develop dyslipidemia when fed a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol diet. Moreover, within four to eight months, the NASH-diet induced hepatic changes with resemblance to human NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Svop Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
- Diabetes Pharmacology 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Fledelius
- Diabetes Pharmacology 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark;
| | - Erik Max Wulff
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark;
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Henning Hvid
- Pathology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark;
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Ramos LF, Silva CM, Pansa CC, Moraes KCM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular and cellular interplays of the lipid metabolism in a steatotic liver. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:25-40. [PMID: 32892668 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1820321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects ~25% of world population and cases have increased in recent decades. These anomalies have several etiologies; however, obesity and metabolic dysfunctions are the most relevant causes. Despite being considered a public health problem, no effective therapeutic approach to treat NAFLD is available. For that, a deep understanding of metabolic routes that support hepatic diseases is needed. AREAS COVERED This review covers aspects of the onset of NAFLD. Thereby, biochemistry routes as well as cellular and metabolic effects of the gut microbiota in body's homeostasis and epigenetics are contextualized. EXPERT OPINION Recently, the development of biological sciences has generated innovative knowledge, bringing new insights and perspectives to clarify the systems biology of liver diseases. A detailed comprehension of epigenetics mechanisms will offer possibilities to develop new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for NAFLD. Different epigenetic processes have been reported that are modulated by the environment such as gut microbiota, suggesting strong interplays between cellular behavior and pathology. Thus, a more complete description of such mechanisms in hepatic diseases will help to clarify how to control the establishment of fatty liver, and precisely describe molecular interplays that potentially control NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia F Ramos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Caio M Silva
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Camila C Pansa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Karen C M Moraes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências , Rio Claro, Brazil
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Ke LY, Law SH, Mishra VK, Parveen F, Chan HC, Lu YH, Chu CS. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Electronegative Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120550. [PMID: 33260304 PMCID: PMC7760527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism increases plasma levels of lipoproteins and triglycerides, resulting in vascular endothelial damage. Remarkably, the oxidation of lipid and lipoprotein particles generates electronegative lipoproteins that mediate cellular deterioration of atherosclerosis. In this review, we examined the core of atherosclerotic plaque, which is enriched by byproducts of lipid metabolism and lipoproteins, such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and electronegative subfraction of LDL (LDL(−)). We also summarized the chemical properties, receptors, and molecular mechanisms of LDL(−). In combination with other well-known markers of inflammation, namely metabolic diseases, we concluded that LDL(−) can be used as a novel prognostic tool for these lipid disorders. In addition, through understanding the underlying pathophysiological molecular routes for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, we may reassess current therapeutics and might gain a new direction to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, mainly targeting LDL(−) clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine and Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Shi Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Vineet Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ye-Hsu Lu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 2297); Fax: +886-73111996
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Ipsen DH, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Animal Models of Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Do They Reflect Human Disease? Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1696-1711. [PMID: 33191435 PMCID: PMC7666900 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world, yet no pharmacotherapies are available. The lack of translational animal models is a major barrier impeding elucidation of disease mechanisms and drug development. Multiple preclinical models of NASH have been proposed and can broadly be characterized as diet-induced, deficiency-induced, toxin-induced, genetically induced, or a combination of these. However, very few models develop advanced fibrosis while still reflecting human disease etiology or pathology, which is problematic since fibrosis stage is considered the best prognostic marker in patients and an important endpoint in clinical trials of NASH. While mice and rats predominate the NASH research, several other species have emerged as promising models. This review critically evaluates animal models of NASH, focusing on their ability to develop advanced fibrosis while maintaining their relevance to the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Rivas-Urbina A, Rull A, Aldana-Ramos J, Santos D, Puig N, Farre-Cabrerizo N, Benitez S, Perez A, de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Escola-Gil JC, Julve J, Ordoñez-Llanos J, Sanchez-Quesada JL. Subcutaneous Administration of Apolipoprotein J-Derived Mimetic Peptide d-[113-122]apoJ Improves LDL and HDL Function and Prevents Atherosclerosis in LDLR-KO Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060829. [PMID: 32485898 PMCID: PMC7356811 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimetic peptides are potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. d-[113–122]apolipoprotein (apo) J (d-[113–122]apoJ) is a 10-residue peptide that is predicted to form a class G* amphipathic helix 6 from apoJ; it shows anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of d-[113–122]apoJ in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice(LDLR-KO) on the development of atherosclerosis and lipoprotein function. Fifteen-week-old female LDLR-KO mice fed an atherogenic Western-type diet were treated for eight weeks with d-[113–122]apoJ peptide, a scrambled peptide, or vehicle. Peptides were administered subcutaneously three days per week (200 µg in 100 µL of saline). After euthanasia, blood and hearts were collected and the aortic arch was analyzed for the presence of atherosclerotic lesions. Lipoproteins were isolated and their composition and functionality were studied. The extent of atherosclerotic lesions was 43% lower with d-[113–122]apoJ treatment than with the vehicle or scramble. The lipid profile was similar between groups, but the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of d-[113–122]apoJ-treated mice had a higher antioxidant capacity and increased ability to promote cholesterol efflux than the control group. In addition, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from d-[113–122]apoJ-treated mice was more resistant to induced aggregation and presented lower electronegativity than in mice treated with d-[113–122]apoJ. Our results demonstrate that the d-[113–122]apoJ peptide prevents the extent of atherosclerotic lesions, which could be partially explained by the improvement of lipoprotein functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.R.-U.); (A.R.); (J.A.-R.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (J.O.-L.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.R.-U.); (A.R.); (J.A.-R.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (J.O.-L.)
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joile Aldana-Ramos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.R.-U.); (A.R.); (J.A.-R.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (J.O.-L.)
| | - David Santos
- Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Risk, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (D.S.); (N.F.-C.); (J.C.E.-G.); (J.J.)
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nuria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.R.-U.); (A.R.); (J.A.-R.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (J.O.-L.)
| | - Nuria Farre-Cabrerizo
- Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Risk, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (D.S.); (N.F.-C.); (J.C.E.-G.); (J.J.)
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.R.-U.); (A.R.); (J.A.-R.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (J.O.-L.)
| | - Antonio Perez
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Risk, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (D.S.); (N.F.-C.); (J.C.E.-G.); (J.J.)
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Josep Julve
- Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Risk, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (D.S.); (N.F.-C.); (J.C.E.-G.); (J.J.)
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jordi Ordoñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.R.-U.); (A.R.); (J.A.-R.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (J.O.-L.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (A.R.-U.); (A.R.); (J.A.-R.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (J.O.-L.)
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-35537588
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Gehrke N, Schattenberg JM. Metabolic Inflammation-A Role for Hepatic Inflammatory Pathways as Drivers of Comorbidities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1929-1947.e6. [PMID: 32068022 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global and growing health concern. Emerging evidence points toward metabolic inflammation as a key process in the fatty liver that contributes to multiorgan morbidity. Key extrahepatic comorbidities that are influenced by NAFLD are type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and impaired neurocognitive function. Importantly, the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced hepatic fibrosis increase the risk for systemic comorbidity in NAFLD. Although the precise nature of the crosstalk between the liver and other organs has not yet been fully elucidated, there is emerging evidence that metabolic inflammation-in part, emanating from the fatty liver-is the engine that drives cellular dysfunction, cell death, and deleterious remodeling within various body tissues. This review describes several inflammatory pathways and mediators that have been implicated as links between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Metabolic Liver Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Ho CM, Ho SL, Jeng YM, Lai YS, Chen YH, Lu SC, Chen HL, Chang PY, Hu RH, Lee PH. Accumulation of free cholesterol and oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with portal inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2019; 16:7. [PMID: 30983887 PMCID: PMC6444889 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-019-0211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Macrophages engulf oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) leading to accumulation of cellular cholesterol and formation of foam cells, which is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Moreover, recent studies showed that accumulation of free cholesterol in macrophages leading to activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been linked to atherosclerosis-associated inflammation. However, it is not clear if cholesterol accumulation is associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. In this study, we investigated the association of free cholesterol and oxLDL accumulation in portal vein with the inflammation, atherosclerosis, and fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods Serial sections derived from surgical specimens of NAFLD were stained with filipin and antibodies against IL-1β, CD68, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), oxLDL and lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Results We show that free cholesterol was colocalized with oxLDL in the wall of portal vein, and which was associated with lumen narrowing, plaque formation, endothelium deformation, and portal venous inflammation. The inflammation was evidenced by the colocalization of Kupffer cells and IL-1β and the expression of LOX-1. Notably, ruptured plaque was closely associated with portal venous inflammation. Moreover, free cholesterol and oxLDL accumulation in periportal and sinusoidal fibrosis, which was associated with regional stellate cell activation and chicken-wire fibrosis. Conclusion These findings reveal a direct association between cholesterol accumulation, portal venous inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12950-019-0211-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Maw Ho
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Ho
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,8Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- 3Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lai
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 1, Jen Ai Rd, Sec 1, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chen
- 2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan.,5Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Lu
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 1, Jen Ai Rd, Sec 1, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- 2Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chang
- 6Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Heng Hu
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- 1Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,7Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ke LY, Chan HC, Chan HC, Kalu FCU, Lee HC, Lin IL, Jhuo SJ, Lai WT, Tsao CR, Sawamura T, Dixon RA, Chen CH, Chu CS, Shin SJ. Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein L5 Induces Adipose Tissue Inflammation Associated With Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4615-4625. [PMID: 29029093 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) L5 is a naturally occurring, atherogenic entity found at elevated levels in the plasma of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the absence of elevated plasma LDL levels. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of L5 in the mechanism of adipose tissue inflammation associated with MetS. PATIENTS/SETTING Plasma LDL isolated from patients with MetS (n = 29) and controls (n = 29) with similar plasma LDL levels was separated into five subfractions, L1 to L5, with increasing electronegativity. DESIGN We examined the invivo effects of L5 on adipose tissue in mice and the in vitro effects of L5 on adipocytokine signaling and monocytes. RESULTS Tail-vein injection of human L5 but not L1 into C57BL/6 mice induced the accumulation of F4/80+ and CD11c+ M1 macrophages. The effects of L5 were attenuated in mice deficient for L5's receptor, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1). L5 but not L1 induced human adipocytes to release inflammatory adipocytokines. Incubating human THP-1 monocytes with LDL-free culture media from L5-treated adipocytes enhanced the migration of monocytes by 300-fold (P < 0.001 vs L1-treated adipocyte media)-effects that were attenuated by LOX-1 neutralizing antibody. Migrated cells were positive for mature macrophage marker PM-2K, indicating the transformation of monocytes into macrophages. The infiltration of M1 macrophages in adipose tissue was also observed in a previously established hamster model of endogenously elevated L5. CONCLUSIONS L5 induces adipose inflammation through LOX-1 by promoting macrophage maturation and infiltration into adipose tissue. Elevated plasma L5 levels may be a novel etiology of adipose tissue inflammation in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yin Ke
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Franklin Chikodi Udo Kalu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jie Jhuo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Rong Tsao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Feng Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health, Taiwan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Japan
| | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
- New York Heart Research Foundation
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Jang Shin
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Obeticholic acid raises LDL-cholesterol and reduces HDL-cholesterol in the Diet-Induced NASH (DIN) hamster model. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:449-456. [PMID: 29155143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of rat and mouse models limits the translation to humans for developing novel drugs targeting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obeticholic acid (OCA) illustrates this limitation since its dyslipidemic effect in humans cannot be observed in these rodents. Conversely, Golden Syrian hamsters have a lipoprotein metabolism mimicking human dyslipidemia since it does express the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). We therefore developed a Diet-Induced NASH (DIN) hamster model and evaluated the impact of OCA. Compared with chow fed controls, hamsters fed for 20 weeks with a free-choice (FC) diet, developed obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and NASH (microvesicular steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning and perisinusoidal to bridging fibrosis). After 20 weeks of diet, FC fed hamsters were treated without or with obeticholic acid (15mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Although a non-significant trend towards higher dietary caloric intake was observed, OCA significantly lowered body weight after 5 weeks of treatment. OCA significantly increased CETP activity and LDL-C levels by 20% and 27%, and reduced HDL-C levels by 20%. OCA blunted hepatic gene expression of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 and reduced fecal bile acids mass excretion by 64% (P < 0.05). Hamsters treated with OCA showed a trend towards higher scavenger receptor Class B type I (SR-BI) and lower LDL-receptor hepatic protein expression. OCA reduced NAS score for inflammation (P < 0.01) and total NAS score, although not significantly. Compared to mouse and rat models, the DIN hamster replicates benefits and side effects of OCA as observed in humans, and should be useful for evaluating novel drugs targeting NASH.
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Prisingkorn W, Prathomya P, Jakovlić I, Liu H, Zhao YH, Wang WM. Transcriptomics, metabolomics and histology indicate that high-carbohydrate diet negatively affects the liver health of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:856. [PMID: 29121861 PMCID: PMC5680769 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global trend of the introduction of high levels of relatively cheap carbohydrates to reduce the amount of costly protein in the aquatic animal feed production has affected the aquaculture of an economically important cyprinid fish, blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). This dietary shift has resulted in increased prevalence of metabolic disorders, often causing economic losses. High dietary intake of carbohydrates, associated with obesity, is one of the major causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in humans. Results We have conducted an eight-week feeding trial to better understand how a high-carbohydrate diet (HCBD) affects the liver health in this fish. Hepatosomatic index and lipid content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the HCBD group. Histology results also suggested pathological changes in the livers of HCBD group, with excessive lipid accumulation and indication of liver damage. Metabolomics and serum biochemistry analyses showed that a number of metabolites indicative of liver damage were increased in the HCBD group. This group also exhibited low levels of betaine, which is a metabolite crucial for maintaining the healthy liver functions. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses indicated that HCBD had a strong impact on the expression of a large number of genes associated with the NAFLD and insulin signalling pathways, which may lead to the development of insulin resistance in hepatocytes, pathological liver changes, and eventually the NAFLD. Conclusions Transcriptomics, metabolomics and histology results all indicate early symptoms of liver damage. However whether these would actually lead to the development of NAFLD after a longer period of time, remains inconclusive. Additionally, a very high number of upregulated genes in the HCBD group associated with several neurodegenerative diseases is a strong indication of neurodegenerative changes caused by the high-carbohydrate diet in blunt snout bream. This suggests that fish might present a good model to study neurodegenerative changes associated with high-carbohydrate diet in humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4246-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassana Prisingkorn
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Panita Prathomya
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Jakovlić
- Bio-Transduction Lab, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hua Zhao
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- College of Fisheries Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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