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Lépine G, Huneau JF, Rémond D, Mathé V, David J, Hermier D, Guérin-Deremaux L, Lefranc-Millot C, Poupin N, Mariotti F, Polakof S, Fouillet H. Compared with Milk Protein, a Wheat and Pea Protein Blend Reduces High-Fat, High-Sucrose Induced Metabolic Dysregulations while Similarly Supporting Tissue Protein Anabolism in Rats. J Nutr 2023; 153:645-656. [PMID: 36931747 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant proteins (PPs) have been associated with better cardiovascular health than animal proteins (APs) in epidemiological studies. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain mostly unknown. OBJECTIVES Using a combination of cutting-edge isotopic methods, we aimed to better characterize the differences in protein and energy metabolisms induced by dietary protein sources (PP compared with AP) in a prudent or western dietary context. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 44, 8 wk old) were fed for 4.5 mo with isoproteic diets differing in their protein isolate sources, either AP (100% milk) or PP (50%:50% pea: wheat) and being normal (NFS) or high (HFS) in sucrose (6% or 15% kcal) and saturated fat (7% or 20% kcal), respectively. We measured body weight and composition, hepatic enzyme activities and lipid content, and plasma metabolites. In the intestine, liver, adipose tissues, and skeletal muscles, we concomitantly assessed the extent of amino acid (AA) trafficking using a 15N natural abundance method, the rates of macronutrient routing to dispensable AA using a 13C natural abundance method, and the metabolic fluxes of protein synthesis (PS) and de novo lipogenesis using a 2H labeling method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Mixed models. RESULTS At the whole-body level, PP limited HFS-induced insulin resistance (-27% in HOMA-IR between HFS groups, P < 0.05). In the liver, PP induced lower lipid content (-17%, P < 0.01) and de novo lipogenesis (-24%, P < 0.05). In the different tissues studied, PP induced higher AA transamination accompanied by higher routings of dietary carbohydrates and lipids toward dispensable AA synthesis by glycolysis and β-oxidation, resulting in similar tissue PS and protein mass. CONCLUSIONS In growing rats, compared with AP, a balanced blend of PP similarly supports protein anabolism while better limiting whole-body and tissue metabolic dysregulations through mechanisms related to their less optimal AA profile for direct channeling to PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaïa Lépine
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France; Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-François Huneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Mathé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jérémie David
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Hermier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Poupin
- UMR1331 Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - François Mariotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Hélène Fouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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Ji A, Chen W, Zhang T, Shi R, Wang X, Wang Y, Xu H, Li D. Whey protein and soy protein prevent obesity by upregulating uncoupling protein 1 to activate brown adipose tissue and promote white adipose tissue browning in high-fat diet-fed mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:12836-12851. [PMID: 36440964 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01935c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are inconsistent conclusions regarding the effect of whey protein and soy protein supplementation on obesity, and the underlying mechanisms of a high-protein diet for reducing weight gain remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive effect of whey protein and soy protein on obesity and its possible mechanism. Eighty-four male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into seven dietary groups: control group (10% fat) and 6 groups fed with a high-fat diet (HFD): 10% whey protein isolate (WPI), 20% WPI, 30% WPI, 10% soy protein isolate (SPI), 20% SPI and 30% SPI for 12 weeks. Compared with the 20% SPI group, the 20% WPI group had a significantly lower body weight, serum levels of insulin, total cholesterol and leptin, weight of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and size of adipocytes in iWAT and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). The body mass index (BMI) and the Lee index were significantly lower in the WPI groups than those in the SPI groups at the same protein level. The body weight, body weight gain and BMI were significantly lower with the decreasing ratio of protein to carbohydrate (P/C). Compared with the 20% SPI group, the expressions of browning-related genes such as UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1), PGC-1α, AMPKα and Cidea and the protein expression of UCP1 were significantly higher in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and iWAT in the 20% WPI group. Moreover, the expressions of lipogenesis-related genes such as SREBP1c, PPARγ, LPL and DGAT1 in BAT, iWAT and eWAT in the 10% WPI group were significantly lower compared with the 10% SPI group. In conclusion, whey protein was more effective than soy protein in preventing obesity in mice, probably by suppressing lipogenesis in adipose tissues, activating BAT and promoting the browning of iWAT. In addition, lowering the P/C ratio was beneficial for combating obesity in the context of a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Ji
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Runjia Shi
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Huina Xu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China. .,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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3
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Zhang J, Chi R, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Liu Y, Bao Q, Lv H, Han B, Sun H, Sun P. Preoperative administration of branched-chain amino acids reduces postoperative insulin resistance in rats by reducing liver gluconeogenesis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:78. [PMID: 36447227 PMCID: PMC9706859 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative insulin resistance (PIR) represents an important characteristic of metabolic response following surgical injury. Clinical outcomes are negatively correlated to postoperative insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, indicating a novel treatment for reducing postoperative insulin resistance is urgently needed. The current work aimed to assess the protective effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on glucose metabolism disorders induced surgically in a rat model, and to explore the underpinning mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups, including the control and BCAA groups. Rats were given a compulsory oral 3 mL load by gavage two hours before surgery. The results showed that BCAA remarkably reduced glycemia by suppressing liver gluconeogenesis via reduction of cAMP-response element-binding protein-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) gene and protein expression levels (all Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that BCAA lower blood glucose levels by reducing liver gluconeogenesis without significant elevation of plasma insulin levels. We anticipate that preoperative BCAA supplementation may be a means for preventing postoperative insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Rui Chi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Yi Xie
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Yunxia Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Qun Bao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Hengyu Lv
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Bo Han
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Haipeng Sun
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Province and Ministry Cosponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300134 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Peng Sun
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of General Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336 China
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Hinkle JS, Rivera CN, Vaughan RA. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: An Overview and Mechanistic Summary. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200109. [PMID: 36047448 PMCID: PMC9786258 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential in the diet and promote several vital cell responses which may have benefits for health and athletic performance, as well as disease prevention. While BCAA are well-known for their ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis, their effects on cell energetics are also becoming well-documented, but these receive less attention. In this review, much of the current evidence demonstrating BCAA ability (as individual amino acids or as part of dietary mixtures) to alter regulators of cellular energetics with an emphasis on mitochondrial biogenesis and related signaling is highlighted. Several studies have shown, both in vitro and in vivo, that BCAA (either individual or as a mixture) may promote signaling associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis including the upregulation of master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), as well as numerous downstream targets and related function. However, sparse data in humans and the difficulty of controlling variables associated with feeding studies leave the physiological relevance of these findings unclear. Future well-controlled diet studies will be needed to assess if BCAA consumption is associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis and improved metabolic outcomes in healthy and/or diseased human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Hinkle
- Department of Exercise ScienceHigh Point UniversityHigh PointNC27262‐3598USA
| | - Caroline N. Rivera
- Department of Exercise ScienceHigh Point UniversityHigh PointNC27262‐3598USA
| | - Roger A. Vaughan
- Department of Exercise ScienceHigh Point UniversityHigh PointNC27262‐3598USA
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5
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Rivera ME, Rivera CN, Vaughan RA. Branched-chain amino acids at supraphysiological but not physiological levels reduce myotube insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3490. [PMID: 34397159 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are often emphasized in the diets of avid exercisers, yet population data demonstrates a correlation between circulating BCAA and insulin resistance. However, it is unclear if BCAA independently promote insulin resistance in otherwise healthy cells. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a BCAA mixture on muscle insulin signaling in vitro in both insulin resistant and sensitive cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS C2C12 myotubes were treated with a BCAA mixture containing leucine:isoleucine:valine at a ratio of 2:1:1 at 0.2, 2, or 20 mM (based on leucine content) for either 30 min, 1 day, or 6 days. Western blot was used to assess insulin sensitivity of cells treated with BCAA both with and without concurrent insulin resistance, and, with and without insulin stimulation. RESULTS BCAA treatment for 1 day significantly reduced basal, but not insulin-stimulated pAkt expression. BCAA treatment for 6 days resulted in significantly reduced basal insulin signaling in healthy cells and insulin-stimulated insulin signaling in insulin resistant (but not insulin sensitive) cells. CONCLUSION Similar to previous observations demonstrating BCAA may correlate with insulin resistance during metabolically stressed conditions, we demonstrate excessively high BCAA exposure can negatively influence basal insulin signaling, as well as insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant myotubes. However, given the intentionally high concentrations of BCAA used in this study, the extent to which these observations translate to in vivo models is unclear and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison E Rivera
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline N Rivera
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Xu S, Ma Z, Chen Y, Li J, Jiang H, Qu T, Zhang W, Li C, Liu S. Characterization of the flavor and nutritional value of coconut water vinegar based on metabolomics. Food Chem 2022; 369:130872. [PMID: 34455324 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tender Coconut water is popular for its deliciousness and nutrition. Mature coconut water, usually discarded as waste in the coconut kernel-based food industry due to its unpleasant flavor, was used as a raw material to make vinegar by liquid-state fermentation. The compounds in fresh coconut water with high odor activity values (OAVs) were isovaleric acid and acetic acid, with pungent sour tastes. The compounds with high OAVs in aged coconut water vinegar were phenylethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and benzaldehyde, with almond, banana or pear-like aromas. Coconut water vinegar was rich in essential amino acids, especially phenylalanine. Through pathway analysis, seventeen key metabolic pathways and three key metabolic substrates (aspartate, glutamate and pyruvate) were found. According to sensory evaluation, the aged vinegar tastes better. Coconut water vinegar is delicious and nutritious, so reprocessing mature coconut water into vinegar is an appropriate way to reuse waste coconut water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzheng Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zewei Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Taiqi Qu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Products Processing Technology of Haikou City, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Congfa Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Products Processing Technology of Haikou City, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Sixin Liu
- School of Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Products Processing Technology of Haikou City, Haikou 570228, China.
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7
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Supruniuk E, Żebrowska E, Chabowski A. Branched chain amino acids-friend or foe in the control of energy substrate turnover and insulin sensitivity? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2559-2597. [PMID: 34542351 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1977910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and their derivatives are bioactive molecules with pleiotropic functions in the human body. Elevated fasting blood BCAA concentrations are considered as a metabolic hallmark of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, since increased BCAA amount is observed both in metabolically healthy and obese subjects, a question whether BCAA are mechanistic drivers of insulin resistance and its morbidities or only markers of metabolic dysregulation, still remains open. The beneficial effects of BCAA on body weight and composition, aerobic capacity, insulin secretion and sensitivity demand high catabolic potential toward amino acids and/or adequate BCAA intake. On the opposite, BCAA-related inhibition of lipogenesis and lipolysis enhancement may preclude impairment in insulin sensitivity. Thereby, the following review addresses various strategies pertaining to the modulation of BCAA catabolism and the possible roles of BCAA in energy homeostasis. We also aim to elucidate mechanisms behind the heterogeneity of ramifications associated with BCAA modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Supruniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Żebrowska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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8
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Fang Q, Liu N, Zheng B, Guo F, Zeng X, Huang X, Ouyang D. Roles of Gut Microbial Metabolites in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:636175. [PMID: 34093430 PMCID: PMC8173181 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.636175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a highly prevalent metabolic disease that has emerged as a global challenge due to its increasing prevalence and lack of sustainable treatment. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is one of the most frequent and severe microvascular complications of diabetes, is difficult to treat with contemporary glucose-lowering medications. The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health and disease, and its metabolites have both beneficial and harmful effects on vital physiological processes. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the role of gut microbial metabolites in the development and progression of DKD, which will help us better understand the possible mechanisms of DKD and explore potential therapeutic approaches for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Binjie Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xiangchang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Dongsheng Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
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