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Feng J, Zhang Q, Pu F, Zhu Z, Lu K, Lu WW, Tong L, Yu H, Chen D. Signalling interaction between β-catenin and other signalling molecules during osteoarthritis development. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13600. [PMID: 38199244 PMCID: PMC11150147 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent disorder of synovial joint affecting multiple joints. In the past decade, we have witnessed conceptual switch of OA pathogenesis from a 'wear and tear' disease to a disease affecting entire joint. Extensive studies have been conducted to understand the underlying mechanisms of OA using genetic mouse models and ex vivo joint tissues derived from individuals with OA. These studies revealed that multiple signalling pathways are involved in OA development, including the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling and its interaction with other signalling pathways, such as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Notch. The identification of signalling interaction and underlying mechanisms are currently underway and the specific molecule(s) and key signalling pathway(s) playing a decisive role in OA development need to be evaluated. This review will focus on recent progresses in understanding of the critical role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in OA pathogenesis and interaction of β-catenin with other pathways, such as TGF-β, BMP, Notch, Ihh, NF-κB, and FGF. Understanding of these novel insights into the interaction of β-catenin with other pathways and its integration into a complex gene regulatory network during OA development will help us identify the key signalling pathway of OA pathogenesis leading to the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for OA intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of WuhanTongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsWuhan No. 1 HospitalWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of EmergencyRenmin Hospital, Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Feifei Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of WuhanTongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsWuhan No. 1 HospitalWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhenglin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ke Lu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Research Center for Computer‐aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - William W. Lu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Liping Tong
- Research Center for Computer‐aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of WuhanTongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
- Department of OrthopedicsWuhan No. 1 HospitalWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Di Chen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Research Center for Computer‐aided Drug DiscoveryShenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
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2
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Yang G, He Q, Guo X, Li RY, Lin J, Lang Y, Tao W, Liu W, Lin H, Xing S, Qi Y, Xie Z, Han JDJ, Zhou B, Teng Y, Yang X. Identification of the metaphyseal skeletal stem cell building trabecular bone. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl2238. [PMID: 38394209 PMCID: PMC10889359 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) that are capable of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation contribute to bone development and homeostasis. Several populations of SSCs at different skeletal sites have been reported. Here, we identify a metaphyseal SSC (mpSSC) population whose transcriptional landscape is distinct from other bone mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). These mpSSCs are marked by Sstr2 or Pdgfrb+Kitl-, located just underneath the growth plate, and exclusively derived from hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs). These HC-derived mpSSCs have properties of self-renewal and multipotency in vitro and in vivo, producing most HC offspring postnatally. HC-specific deletion of Hgs, a component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport, impairs the HC-to-mpSSC conversion and compromises trabecular bone formation. Thus, mpSSC is the major source of BMSCs and osteoblasts in bone marrow, supporting the postnatal trabecular bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qi He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology (CQB), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jingting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yiming Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wanyu Tao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology (CQB), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huisang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shilai Xing
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Big Data, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yini Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhongliang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing-Dong J. Han
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology (CQB), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
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3
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Matsuoka K, Bakiri L, Bilban M, Toegel S, Haschemi A, Yuan H, Kasper M, Windhager R, Wagner EF. Metabolic rewiring controlled by c-Fos governs cartilage integrity in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1227-1239. [PMID: 37344157 PMCID: PMC10423482 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor component c-Fos regulates chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, but its involvement in osteoarthritis (OA) has not been functionally assessed. METHODS c-Fos expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on articular cartilage sections from patients with OA and mice subjected to the destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) model of OA. Cartilage-specific c-Fos knockout (c-FosΔCh) mice were generated by crossing c-fosfl/fl to Col2a1-CreERT mice. Articular cartilage was evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and in situ metabolic enzyme assays. The effect of dichloroacetic acid (DCA), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (Pdk), was assessed in c-FosΔCh mice subjected to DMM. RESULTS FOS-positive chondrocytes were increased in human and murine OA cartilage during disease progression. Compared with c-FosWT mice, c-FosΔCh mice exhibited exacerbated DMM-induced cartilage destruction. Chondrocytes lacking c-Fos proliferate less, have shorter collagen fibres and reduced cartilage matrix. Comparative RNA-seq revealed a prominent anaerobic glycolysis gene expression signature. Consistently decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase (Pdh) and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) enzymatic activities were measured in situ, which are likely due to higher expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, Ldha, and Pdk1 in chondrocytes. In vivo treatment of c-FosΔCh mice with DCA restored Pdh/Ldh activity, chondrocyte proliferation, collagen biosynthesis and decreased cartilage damage after DMM, thereby reverting the deleterious effects of c-Fos inactivation. CONCLUSIONS c-Fos modulates cellular bioenergetics in chondrocytes by balancing pyruvate flux between anaerobic glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in response to OA signals. We identify a novel metabolic adaptation of chondrocytes controlled by c-Fos-containing AP-1 dimers that could be therapeutically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuoka
- Genes and Disease group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor biology, Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Genes and Disease group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arvand Haschemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes and Disease group, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Genes and Disease group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Macfarlane E, Cavanagh L, Fong-Yee C, Tuckermann J, Chen D, Little CB, Seibel MJ, Zhou H. Deletion of the chondrocyte glucocorticoid receptor attenuates cartilage degradation through suppression of early synovial activation in murine posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:1189-1201. [PMID: 37105394 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruption of endogenous glucocorticoid signalling in bone cells attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) in aged mice, however, the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in chondrocytes is unknown. Here, we investigated whether deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor, specifically in chondrocytes, also alters OA progression. DESIGN Knee OA was induced by surgical destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) in male 22-week-old tamoxifen-inducible glucocorticoid receptor knockout (chGRKO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates (n = 7-9/group). Mice were harvested 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks after surgery to examine the spatiotemporal changes in molecular, cellular, and histological characteristics. RESULTS At all time points following DMM, cartilage damage was significantly attenuated in chGRKO compared to WT mice. Two weeks after DMM, WT mice exhibited increased chondrocyte and synoviocyte hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α expression resulting in extensive synovial activation characterised by synovial thickening and increased interleukin-1 beta expression. At 2 and 4 weeks after DMM, WT mice displayed pronounced chondrocyte senescence and elevated catabolic signalling (reduced Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and increased matrix metalloprotease [MMP]-13 expression). Contrastingly, at 2 weeks after DMM, HIF-2α expression and synovial activation were much less pronounced in chGRKO than in WT mice. Furthermore, chondrocyte YAP1 and MMP-13 expression, as well as chondrocyte senescence were similar in chGRKO-DMM mice and sham-operated controls. CONCLUSION Endogenous glucocorticoid signalling in chondrocytes promotes synovial activation, chondrocyte senescence and cartilage degradation by upregulation of catabolic signalling through HIF-2α in murine posttraumatic OA. These findings indicate that inhibition of glucocorticoid signalling early after injury may present a promising way to slow osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Macfarlane
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lauryn Cavanagh
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Colette Fong-Yee
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Laboratories, Kolling Institute and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, and Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia.
| | - Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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5
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Xia XD, Gill G, Lin H, Roth DM, Gu HM, Wang XJ, Su FY, Alabi A, Alexiou M, Zhang Z, Wang GQ, Graf D, Zhang DW. Global, but not chondrocyte-specific, MT1-MMP deficiency in adult mice causes inflammatory arthritis. Matrix Biol 2023; 122:10-17. [PMID: 37598898 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-type I metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP14) plays a key role in various pathophysiological processes, indicating an unaddressed need for a targeted therapeutic approach. However, mice genetically deficient in Mmp14 show severe defects in development and growth. To investigate the possibility of MT1-MMP inhibition as a safe treatment in adults, we generated global Mmp14 tamoxifen-induced conditional knockout (Mmp14kd) mice and found that MT1-MMP deficiency in adult mice resulted in severe inflammatory arthritis. Mmp14kd mice started to show noticeably swollen joints two weeks after tamoxifen administration, which progressed rapidly. Mmp14kd mice reached a humane endpoint 6 to 8 weeks after tamoxifen administration due to severe arthritis. Plasma TNF-α levels were also significantly increased in Mmp14kd mice. Detailed analysis revealed chondrocyte hypertrophy, synovial fibrosis, and subchondral bone remodeling in the joints of Mmp14kd mice. However, global conditional knockout of MT1-MMP in adult mice did not affect body weight, blood glucose, or plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, we observed substantial expression of MT1-MMP in the articular cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis. We then developed chondrocyte-specific Mmp14 tamoxifen-induced conditional knockout (Mmp14chkd) mice. Chondrocyte MT1-MMP deficiency in adult mice also caused apparent chondrocyte hypertrophy. However, Mmp14chkd mice did not exhibit synovial hyperplasia or noticeable arthritis, suggesting that chondrocyte MT1-MMP is not solely responsible for the onset of severe arthritis observed in Mmp14kd mice. Our findings also suggest that highly cell-type specific inhibition of MT1-MMP is required for its potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China; Department of Pediatrics, Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Govind Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haiming Lin
- Department of Dentistry & Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daniela M Roth
- Department of Dentistry & Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiang-Jiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Yi Su
- Department of Orthopedics, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Adekunle Alabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Alexiou
- Department of Dentistry & Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gui-Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Daniel Graf
- Department of Dentistry & Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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6
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Eby JM, Sharieh F, Azevedo J, Callaci JJ. Episodic alcohol exposure attenuates mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation during bone fracture callus formation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:915-927. [PMID: 35403260 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During bone fracture repair, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts to form a fracture callus. Our laboratory previously reported that alcohol-exposed rodents with a surgically created tibia fracture display deficient fracture callus formation and diminished signs of endochondral ossification characterized by the absence of chondrocytes and mature hypertrophic chondrocytes, suggesting that alcohol may inhibit MSC differentiation. These findings led to our hypothesis that alcohol exposure inhibits mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation within the developing fracture callus. METHODS In the present study, we utilized a lineage-tracing approach to determine which stage(s) of chondrogenic differentiation are affected by alcohol exposure. We utilized lineage-specific reporter mice to determine the effects of alcohol on MSC and early and late chondrogenic cell frequencies within the fracture callus. In addition, serially sectioned slides were stained immunofluorescently and immunohistochemically and quantified to determine the effect of alcohol on cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively, within the fracture callus of alcohol-administered rodents. RESULTS Alcohol-administered rodents had a reduced fracture callus area at 4, 6, and 9 days postfracture. Alcohol had no effect on apoptosis in the fracture callus at any of the examined timepoints. Alcohol-administered rodents had significantly fewer proliferative cells in the fracture callus at 9 days postfracture, but no effect on cell proliferation was observed at earlier fracture callus timepoints. Alcohol-administered rodents had reduced Collagen2a1- and Collagen10a1-expressing cells in the developing fracture callus, suggesting that alcohol inhibits both early chondrogenic differentiation and later chondrocyte maturation during fracture callus development. CONCLUSION The data suggest that alcohol could affect normal fracture healing through the mitigation of MSC chondrogenic differentiation at the callus site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Eby
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Alcohol Research Program (ARP), Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Farah Sharieh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Alcohol Research Program (ARP), Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica Azevedo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - John J Callaci
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Alcohol Research Program (ARP), Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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7
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Sun X, Perl AK, Li R, Bell SM, Sajti E, Kalinichenko VV, Kalin TV, Misra RS, Deshmukh H, Clair G, Kyle J, Crotty Alexander LE, Masso-Silva JA, Kitzmiller JA, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Deutsch G, Guo M, Du Y, Morley MP, Valdez MJ, Yu HV, Jin K, Bardes EE, Zepp JA, Neithamer T, Basil MC, Zacharias WJ, Verheyden J, Young R, Bandyopadhyay G, Lin S, Ansong C, Adkins J, Salomonis N, Aronow BJ, Xu Y, Pryhuber G, Whitsett J, Morrisey EE. A census of the lung: CellCards from LungMAP. Dev Cell 2022; 57:112-145.e2. [PMID: 34936882 PMCID: PMC9202574 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human lung plays vital roles in respiration, host defense, and basic physiology. Recent technological advancements such as single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic lineage tracing have revealed novel cell types and enriched functional properties of existing cell types in lung. The time has come to take a new census. Initiated by members of the NHLBI-funded LungMAP Consortium and aided by experts in the lung biology community, we synthesized current data into a comprehensive and practical cellular census of the lung. Identities of cell types in the normal lung are captured in individual cell cards with delineation of function, markers, developmental lineages, heterogeneity, regenerative potential, disease links, and key experimental tools. This publication will serve as the starting point of a live, up-to-date guide for lung research at https://www.lungmap.net/cell-cards/. We hope that Lung CellCards will promote the community-wide effort to establish, maintain, and restore respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Anne-Karina Perl
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rongbo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sheila M Bell
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Center for Lung Regenerative Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ravi S Misra
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Kyle
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jorge A Masso-Silva
- Deparment of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph A Kitzmiller
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Gail Deutsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, OC.8.720, 4800 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yina Du
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haoze V Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kang Jin
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Developmental Biology, and Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric E Bardes
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Developmental Biology, and Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jarod A Zepp
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Terren Neithamer
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria C Basil
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William J Zacharias
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jamie Verheyden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randee Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sara Lin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Joshua Adkins
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Developmental Biology, and Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Gloria Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology, The University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jeff Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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8
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Targeting local lymphatics to ameliorate heterotopic ossification via FGFR3-BMPR1a pathway. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4391. [PMID: 34282140 PMCID: PMC8289847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired heterotopic ossification (HO) is the extraskeletal bone formation after trauma. Various mesenchymal progenitors are reported to participate in ectopic bone formation. Here we induce acquired HO in mice by Achilles tenotomy and observe that conditional knockout (cKO) of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) in Col2+ cells promote acquired HO development. Lineage tracing studies reveal that Col2+ cells adopt fate of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) instead of chondrocytes or osteoblasts during HO development. FGFR3 cKO in Prox1+ LECs causes even more aggravated HO formation. We further demonstrate that FGFR3 deficiency in LECs leads to decreased local lymphatic formation in a BMPR1a-pSmad1/5-dependent manner, which exacerbates inflammatory levels in the repaired tendon. Local administration of FGF9 in Matrigel inhibits heterotopic bone formation, which is dependent on FGFR3 expression in LECs. Here we uncover Col2+ lineage cells as an origin of lymphatic endothelium, which regulates local inflammatory microenvironment after trauma and thus influences HO development via FGFR3-BMPR1a pathway. Activation of FGFR3 in LECs may be a therapeutic strategy to inhibit acquired HO formation via increasing local lymphangiogenesis. Different types of mesenchymal progenitors participate in ectopic bone formation. Here, the authors show Col2+ lineage cells adopt a lymphatic endothelium cell fate, which regulates local inflammatory microenvironment after trauma, thus influencing heterotopic ossification (HO) development via a FGFR3-BMPR1a pathway.
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9
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Kanakis I, Alhashmi M, Liu K, Keenan C, Ramos Mucci L, Poulet B, Bou-Gharios G. Cartilage-Specific Cre Recombinase Transgenes/Alleles in the Mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2245:23-38. [PMID: 33315193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1119-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is a specialized skeletal tissue with a unique extracellular matrix elaborated by its resident cells, chondrocytes. The tissue presents in several forms, including growth plate and articular cartilage, wherein chondrocytes follow a differential differentiation program and have different fates. The induction of gene modifications in cartilage specifically relies on mouse transgenes and knockin alleles taking advantages of transcriptional elements primarily active in chondrocytes at a specific differentiation stage or in a specific cartilage type. These transgenes/alleles have been widely used to study the roles of specific genes in cartilage development, adult homeostasis, and pathology. As cartilage formation is critical for postnatal life, the inactivation or significant alteration of key cartilaginous genes is often neonatally lethal and therefore hampers postnatal studies. Gold standard approaches to induce postnatal chondrocyte-specific gene modifications include the Cre-loxP and Tet-ON/OFF systems. Selecting the appropriate promoter/enhancer sequences to drive Cre expression is of crucial importance and determines the specificity of conditional gain- or loss-of-function models. In this chapter, we discuss a series of transgenes and knockin alleles that have been developed for gene manipulation in cartilage and we compare their expression patterns and efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kanakis
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohammad Alhashmi
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Craig Keenan
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ramos Mucci
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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10
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Paez Segala MG, Looger LL. Optogenetics. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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11
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha maintains mouse articular cartilage through suppression of NF-κB signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5425. [PMID: 32214220 PMCID: PMC7096515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIF-1α, an essential transcription factor under hypoxic condition, is indispensable for chondrocytes during skeletal development but its expression and roles in articular chondrocytes are yet to be revealed. We examined HIF-1α protein expression and the hypoxic condition during mouse osteoarthritis (OA) development using state of the art hypoxic probes and found that its expression decreased as OA progressed, coinciding with the change in hypoxic conditions in articular cartilage. Gain- and loss-of-function of HIF-1α in cell culture experiments showed that HIF-1α suppressed catabolic genes such as Mmp13 and Hif2a. We confirmed these anticatabolic effects by measuring glycosaminoglycan release from wild type and conditional knock-out mice femoral heads cultured ex vivo. We went on to surgically induce OA in mice with chondrocyte-specific deletion of Hif1a and found that the development of OA was exacerbated. Increased expression of catabolic factors and activation of NF-κB signalling was clearly evident in the knock-out mice. By microarray analysis, C1qtnf3 was identified as a downstream molecule of HIF-1α, and experiments showed it exerted anti-catabolic effects through suppression of NF-κB. We conclude that HIF-1α has an anti-catabolic function in the maintenance of articular cartilage through suppression of NF-κB signalling.
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12
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Xie WQ, Zhao YJ, Li F, Shu B, Lin SR, Sun L, Wang YJ, Zheng HX. Velvet antler polypeptide partially rescue facet joint osteoarthritis-like phenotype in adult β-catenin conditional activation mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:191. [PMID: 31362725 PMCID: PMC6668128 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is closely related to osteoarthritis. In our preliminary study, β-catenin conditional activation (cAct) mice that specifically over-express β-catenin gene in cartilage chondrocyte exhibits osteoarthritis-like phenotype in the lumbar disc and knee joint. Therefore, we used the mice to model FJ-OA and test the potential curative effect of Velvet Antler Polypeptide (VAP) on this mice model. METHODS We tested the effect of VAP on β-catenin conditional activation mice, and used Cre negative littermates as controls. Micro-CT, histology and histomorphometry analysis were performed to evaluate the curative effect of VAP on mice facet joint-like phenotype. Expression of β-catenin and collagen II was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western-blot., MMP13, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 was detected by immunofluorescence (IF). RT-PCR analysis was preformed to detect mRNA expression of cartilage degrading enzymes, such as MMP13, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5. RESULTS Results of micro-CT (μCT) analysis showed that VAP could partially reverse lumbar disc osteophyte formation observed in β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER mice. Histology data revealed VAP partially improved facet joint cartilage tissue invades. Histomorphometry analysis showed an increase in total cartilage area after VAP treatment. IHC show that VAP reduced β-catenin protein levels and moderately up-regulated collagen II protein levels. RT-PCR and IF data showed that VAP down-regulated the expression of extracellular matrix synthesis (ECM) degradation enzymes MMP13, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5. CONCLUSION Taken together, VAP may modulate ECM by inhibits MMP13, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 via Wnt /β-catenin signaling pathway. Velvet Antler Polypeptide may be a potential medicine for FJ-OA.
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13
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Xia C, Wang P, Fang L, Ge Q, Zou Z, Dong R, Zhang P, Shi Z, Xu R, Zhang L, Luo C, Ying J, Xiao L, Shen J, Chen D, Tong P, Jin H. Activation of β-catenin in Col2-expressing chondrocytes leads to osteoarthritis-like defects in hip joint. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18535-18543. [PMID: 30912140 PMCID: PMC6606325 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although osteoarthritis (OA) in the hip joint is a common and debilitating degenerative disease, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its pathological process remains unclear. This study sets out to investigate whether β-catenin plays a critical role in hip OA pathogenesis. Here, we showed overexpressed β-catenin protein in human OA cartilage tissues. Then, we analyzed β-cat(ex3)Col2ER mice, in which β-catenin gene was conditionally activated in femoral head chondrocytes. At 2 months of age, β-cat(ex3)Col2ER mice already showed a phenotype of severe cartilage degeneration in the femoral head. More changes observed in β-cat(ex3)Col2ER mice with age included subchondral sclerosis and osteophyte formation along joint margins, resembling a hip OA phenotype in humans. In addition, cartilage degradation and chondrocyte apoptosis as the results of β-catenin activation possibly contributed to this hip OA-like phenotype. Overall our findings provide direct evidence about the importance of β-catenin in hip OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xia
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Pinger Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Liang Fang
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qinwen Ge
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhen Zou
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Rui Dong
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Rui Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryXiaoshan District Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Chen Luo
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jun Ying
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- The First College of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySchool of Medicine, Washington UniversitySt. LouisMissouri
| | - Luwei Xiao
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySchool of Medicine, Washington UniversitySt. LouisMissouri
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - Peijian Tong
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
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14
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases, affecting more than 10% of populations and thus creating immense socioeconomic burden. The pathological changes of OA involve the entire joint, which is composed of multiple types of tissues and cells, exemplified by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation, synovium inflammation and hypertrophy, and ligament degeneration. As joint homeostasis requires a complex network of growth factors to regulate anabolic and catabolic events, the dysregulation of growth factor signalling would have negative impacts on structure and function of multiple joint tissues and eventually lead to the onset and progression of OA. In this review, we will discuss TGF-β, NGF, Hedgehog and Wnt, the four growth factors which have received extensive attention in the field of OA and clinical/translational interrogation about their application in OA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Lan Zhao
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Di Chen
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
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15
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Alvarez‐Garcia O, Matsuzaki T, Olmer M, Miyata K, Mokuda S, Sakai D, Masuda K, Asahara H, Lotz MK. FOXO are required for intervertebral disk homeostasis during aging and their deficiency promotes disk degeneration. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12800. [PMID: 29963746 PMCID: PMC6156454 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is a prevalent age-associated musculoskeletal disorder and a major cause of chronic low back pain. Aging is the main risk factor for the disease, but the molecular mechanisms regulating IVD homeostasis during aging are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of FOXO, a family of transcription factors linked to aging and longevity, in IVD aging and age-related degeneration. Conditional deletion of all FOXO isoforms (FOXO1, 3, and 4) in IVD using the Col2a1Cre and AcanCreER mouse resulted in spontaneous development of IVD degeneration that was driven by severe cell loss in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and cartilaginous endplates (EP). Conditional deletion of individual FOXO in mature mice showed that FOXO1 and FOXO3 are the dominant isoforms and have redundant functions in promoting IVD homeostasis. Gene expression analyses indicated impaired autophagy and reduced antioxidant defenses in the NP of FOXO-deficient IVD. In primary human NP cells, FOXO directly regulated autophagy and adaptation to hypoxia and promoted resistance to oxidative and inflammatory stress. Our findings demonstrate that FOXO are critical regulators of IVD homeostasis during aging and suggest that maintaining or restoring FOXO expression can be a therapeutic strategy to promote healthy IVD aging and delay the onset of IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alvarez‐Garcia
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Tokio Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Sho Mokuda
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryTokai University School of MedicineIsehara‐shiJapan
| | - Koichi Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California‐San Diego, Altman Clinical Translational Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Martin K. Lotz
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCalifornia
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16
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Xu T, Wang C, Shen J, Tong P, O’Keefe R. Ablation of Dnmt3b in chondrocytes suppresses cell maturation during embryonic development. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5852-5863. [PMID: 29637597 PMCID: PMC5993586 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major mode of epigenetic regulation in the mammalian genome and is essential for embryonic development. The three catalytic DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b, catalyze the methylation of cytosine. Dnmt3b is highly expressed in chondrocytes and global knockout of Dnmt3b led to skeletal deformations and embryonic lethality, suggesting an essential role of Dnmt3b in endochondral bone formation. To further define the role of Dnmt3b in skeletal development, Dnmt3b was deleted in Col2 positive chondrocyte lineage cells. Both axial and appendicular skeletal size were reduced and bone mineralization was delayed in Col2Cre+ ;Dnmt3bf/f (Dnmt3bCol2 ) mice at E14.5 and E18.5. While Alcian Blue Hematoxylin/Orange G (ABH/OG) staining showed normal chondrocyte columns in control growth plates, the length of hypertrophic chondrocyte zone and type X collagen expression were decreased in E18.5 growth plates from Dnmt3bCol2 mice. TUNEL and PCNA staining demonstrated that the delay in chondrocyte maturation observed in the Dnmt3bCol2 growth plates was not secondary to altered chondrocyte apoptosis or proliferation. Complementary in vitro experiments were performed on primary sternal chondrocytes isolated from control and Dnmt3bCol2 mice. Gene expression studies confirmed delayed terminal maturation as Mmp13 and Col10a1 expression was down-regulated in Dnmt3bCol2 chondrocytes. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red staining confirmed that Dnmt3b deletion in chondrocytes delays in vitro chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation and matrix mineralization. Mechanistically, Dnmt3b gene deletion resulted in decreased BMP signaling through reduction of Smad1 phosphorylation. These findings show that epigenetic factor, Dnmt3b is necessary for normal chondrocyte hypertrophic maturation and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Regis O’Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
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17
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Grafe I, Alexander S, Peterson JR, Snider TN, Levi B, Lee B, Mishina Y. TGF-β Family Signaling in Mesenchymal Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a022202. [PMID: 28507020 PMCID: PMC5932590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for both may be distinct. MSC lineage commitment and progression in differentiation are regulated by members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. This review focuses on the roles of TGF-β family signaling in mesenchymal lineage commitment and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts, adipocytes, and tenocytes. We summarize the reported findings of cell culture studies, animal models, and interactions with other signaling pathways and highlight how aberrations in TGF-β family signaling can drive human disease by affecting mesenchymal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Grafe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Stefanie Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jonathan R Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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18
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Activation of β-catenin signaling in aggrecan-expressing cells in temporomandibular joint causes osteoarthritis-like defects. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 10:13. [PMID: 29686224 PMCID: PMC5966811 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin plays a critical role in cartilage formation and development. To further understand the role of β-catenin in osteoarthritis (OA) development in temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we have generated β-catenin conditional activation mice (β-cat(ex3)Agc1CreER) by breeding Agc1-CreER mice with β-cateninflox(ex3)/+ mice. Results of histologic analysis showed the progressive TMJ defects in 3- and 6-month-old β-cat(ex3)Agc1CreER mice (tamoxifen induction was performed at 2 weeks of age), including decreased chondrocyte numbers in the superficial layer associated with less Alcian blue staining, increased numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes in deep layers, and rough articular surface. Compared to the TMJ phenotype of β-cat(ex3)Col2CreER mice, β-cat(ex3)Agc1CreER mice showed much severe morphological defects in the superficial layer of TMJ. This may reflect that Agc1-CreER mice could efficiently target cells in the superficial layer of TMJ. Results of immunostaining showed significantly increased expression of MMP13, Col-X, Adamts4, and Adamts5 in TMJ of β-cat(ex3)Agc1CreER mice. Results of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki67, and terminal deoxinucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining further demonstrated that cell proliferation was decreased and cell apoptosis was increased in condylar cartilage of β-cat(ex3)Agc1CreER mice. Our findings indicate that abnormal upregulation of β-catenin in TMJ leads to defects assembling to OA-like phenotype, further demonstrating that β-catenin plays a critical role in TMJ pathogenesis. Therapies targeting a cartilage-regulating signaling protein could mitigate painful damage inflicted on the jaw by age-related osteoarthritis. Many older individuals experience degeneration of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), where the upper and lower jaw connect. Researchers led by Di Chen of Rush University Medical School in Chicago, USA, have developed a genetically-modified mouse model that reveals a likely molecular driver for TMJ osteoarthritis. Previous studies have implicated a protein called β-catenin in this process, and Chen’s team generated mice in which β-catenin levels can be selectively boosted in cartilage-forming cells at skeletal joints. This increased β-catenin markedly altered the organization of TMJ cartilage, with decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death. The effects were strikingly similar to human osteoarthritis, and the researchers hypothesize that compounds that counter β-catenin could offer useful treatments for this condition.
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19
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Zuo C, Wang L, Kamalesh RM, Bowen ME, Moore DC, Dooner MS, Reginato AM, Wu Q, Schorl C, Song Y, Warman ML, Neel BG, Ehrlich MG, Yang W. SHP2 regulates skeletal cell fate by modifying SOX9 expression and transcriptional activity. Bone Res 2018; 6:12. [PMID: 29644115 PMCID: PMC5886981 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes and osteoblasts differentiate from a common mesenchymal precursor, the osteochondroprogenitor (OCP), and help build the vertebrate skeleton. The signaling pathways that control lineage commitment for OCPs are incompletely understood. We asked whether the ubiquitously expressed protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (encoded by Ptpn11) affects skeletal lineage commitment by conditionally deleting Ptpn11 in mouse limb and head mesenchyme using "Cre-loxP"-mediated gene excision. SHP2-deficient mice have increased cartilage mass and deficient ossification, suggesting that SHP2-deficient OCPs become chondrocytes and not osteoblasts. Consistent with these observations, the expression of the master chondrogenic transcription factor SOX9 and its target genes Acan, Col2a1, and Col10a1 were increased in SHP2-deficient chondrocytes, as revealed by gene expression arrays, qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunostaining. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that SHP2 regulates OCP fate determination via the phosphorylation and SUMOylation of SOX9, mediated at least in part via the PKA signaling pathway. Our data indicate that SHP2 is critical for skeletal cell lineage differentiation and could thus be a pharmacologic target for bone and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zuo
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA.,9Present Address: Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Lijun Wang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Raghavendra M Kamalesh
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Margot E Bowen
- 2Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Douglas C Moore
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Mark S Dooner
- 3Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Anthony M Reginato
- 4Division of Rheumatology, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Qian Wu
- 5Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Christoph Schorl
- 6Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Yueming Song
- 7Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Matthew L Warman
- 2Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- 8Laura and Issac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Michael G Ehrlich
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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20
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Wang T, Li J, Zhou GQ, Ma P, Zhao Y, Wang B, Chen D. Specific Deletion of β-Catenin in Col2-Expressing Cells Leads to Defects in Epiphyseal Bone. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1540-1546. [PMID: 29230102 PMCID: PMC5723920 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in postnatal bone growth has not been fully defined. In the present studies, we generated β-catenin conditional knockout (KO) mice and deleted β-catenin in Col2-expressing chondrocytes and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Findings from analyzing the β-cateninCol2CreER KO mice revealed severe bone destruction and bone loss phenotype in epiphyseal bone, probably due to the increase in osteoclast formation and the accumulation of adipocytes in this area. In addition, we also found bone destruction and bone loss phenotype in vertebral bone in β-cateninCol2CreER KO mice. These findings indicate that β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in postnatal bone remodeling. Our study provides new insights into the regulation of epiphyseal bone homeostasis at postnatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory and the Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guang-Qian Zhou
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory and the Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peter Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310022, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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21
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Wang L, Huang J, Moore DC, Zuo C, Wu Q, Xie L, von der Mark K, Yuan X, Chen D, Warman ML, Ehrlich MG, Yang W. SHP2 Regulates the Osteogenic Fate of Growth Plate Hypertrophic Chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12699. [PMID: 28983104 PMCID: PMC5629218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes into bone-forming osteoblasts has been reported, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains incompletely understood. SHP2 is an ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase. SHP2 loss-of-function mutations in chondroid cells are linked to metachondromatosis in humans and mice, suggesting a crucial role for SHP2 in the skeleton. However, the specific role of SHP2 in skeletal cells has not been elucidated. To approach this question, we ablated SHP2 in collagen 2α1(Col2α1)-Cre- and collagen 10α1(Col10α1)-Cre-expressing cells, predominantly proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes, using "Cre-loxP"-mediated gene excision. Mice lacking SHP2 in Col2α1-Cre-expressing cells die at mid-gestation. Postnatal SHP2 ablation in the same cell population caused dwarfism, chondrodysplasia and exostoses. In contrast, mice in which SHP2 was ablated in the Col10α1-Cre-expressing cells appeared normal but were osteopenic. Further mechanistic studies revealed that SHP2 exerted its influence partly by regulating the abundance of SOX9 in chondrocytes. Elevated and sustained SOX9 in SHP2-deficient hypertrophic chondrocytes impaired their differentiation to osteoblasts and impaired endochondral ossification. Our study uncovered an important role of SHP2 in bone development and cartilage homeostasis by influencing the osteogenic differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and provided insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of skeletal diseases, such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Douglas C Moore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Chunlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Liqin Xie
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gluckstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, 600 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael G Ehrlich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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22
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Tu J, Stoner S, Fromm PD, Wang T, Chen D, Tuckermann J, Cooper MS, Seibel MJ, Zhou H. Endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in chondrocytes attenuates joint inflammation and damage. FASEB J 2017; 32:478-487. [PMID: 28928247 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700659r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in osteoblasts promotes inflammation in murine immune arthritis. The current study determined whether disruption of endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in chondrocytes also modulates the course and severity of arthritis. Tamoxifen-inducible chondrocyte-targeted glucocorticoid receptor-knockout (chGRKO) mice were generated by breeding GRflox/flox mice with tamoxifen-inducible collagen 2a1 Cre (Col2a1-CreERT2) mice. Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA) were induced in both chGRKO mice and their Cre-negative GRflox/flox littermates [wild type (WT)]. Arthritis was assessed by measurement of joint swelling and histology of joints collected at d 14. Neutrophil activity and gene expression patterns associated with cartilage damage were also evaluated. In both arthritis models clinical (joint swelling) and histologic indices of inflammatory activity were significantly greater in chGRKO than in WT mice. The STIA model was characterized by early up-regulation of CXCR2/CXCR2 ligand gene expression in ankle tissues, and significant and selective expansion of splenic CXCR2+ neutrophils in chGRKO arthritic compared to WT arthritic mice. At later stages, gene expression of enzymes involved in cartilage degradation was up-regulated in chGRKO but not WT arthritic mice. Therefore, we summarize that chondrocytes actively mitigate local joint inflammation, cartilage degradation and systemic neutrophil activity via a glucocorticoid-dependent pathway.-Tu, J., Stoner, S., Fromm, P. D., Wang, T., Chen, D., Tuckermann, J., Cooper, M. S., Seibel, M. J., Zhou, H. Endogenous glucocorticoid signaling in chondrocytes attenuates joint inflammation and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Tu
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Adrenal Steroid Laboratory, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shihani Stoner
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip D Fromm
- Dendritic Cell Research, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and
| | - Mark S Cooper
- Adrenal Steroid Laboratory, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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O'Conor CJ, Ramalingam S, Zelenski NA, Benefield HC, Rigo I, Little D, Wu CL, Chen D, Liedtke W, McNulty AL, Guilak F. Cartilage-Specific Knockout of the Mechanosensory Ion Channel TRPV4 Decreases Age-Related Osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29053. [PMID: 27388701 PMCID: PMC4937413 DOI: 10.1038/srep29053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease of articular cartilage and surrounding tissues, and is associated with both advanced age and joint injury. Biomechanical factors play a critical role in the onset and progression of OA, yet the mechanisms through which physiologic or pathologic mechanical signals are transduced into a cellular response are not well understood. Defining the role of mechanosensory pathways in cartilage during OA pathogenesis may yield novel strategies or targets for the treatment of OA. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel transduces mechanical loading of articular cartilage via the generation of intracellular calcium ion transients. Using tissue-specific, inducible Trpv4 gene-targeted mice, we demonstrate that loss of TRPV4-mediated cartilage mechanotransduction in adulthood reduces the severity of aging-associated OA. However, loss of chondrocyte TRPV4 did not prevent OA development following destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). These results highlight potentially distinct roles of TRPV4-mediated cartilage mechanotransduction in age-related and post-traumatic OA, and point to a novel disease-modifying strategy to therapeutically target the TRPV4-mediated mechanotransduction pathway for the treatment of aging-associated OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J O'Conor
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.,UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Nicole A Zelenski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Halei C Benefield
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Isaura Rigo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Dianne Little
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Amy L McNulty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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24
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Xie W, Zhou L, Li S, Hui T, Chen D. Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a key role in the development of spondyloarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1364:25-31. [PMID: 26629686 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of diseases consisting of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis, arthritis related to inflammatory bowel disease (a subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis), and ankylosing spondylitis (the prototype of SpA). Axial bone formation and the combination of concurrent erosion and new bone formation are specific characteristics of SpA disease. The use of antiproinflammatory cytokines, such as inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), appears to be the greatest advance in the treatment of SpA over the past 20 years. However, TNF-α blockers do not halt new bone formation. Recent clinical observations and animal studies demonstrate that Wnt signaling proteins and natural Wnt inhibitors, such as DKK1 and sclerostin, are likely to play important roles in the process of ankylosis in SpA, and could potentially serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijiang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tianqian Hui
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Zhou S, Xie Y, Tang J, Huang J, Huang Q, Xu W, Wang Z, Luo F, Wang Q, Chen H, Du X, Shen Y, Chen D, Chen L. FGFR3 Deficiency Causes Multiple Chondroma-like Lesions by Upregulating Hedgehog Signaling. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005214. [PMID: 26091072 PMCID: PMC4474636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cartilaginous tumors are formed during skeletal development in locations adjacent to growth plates, suggesting that they arise from disordered endochondral bone growth. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)3 signaling plays essential roles in this process; however, the role of FGFR3 in cartilaginous tumorigenesis is not known. In this study, we found that postnatal chondrocyte-specific Fgfr3 deletion induced multiple chondroma-like lesions, including enchondromas and osteochondromas, adjacent to disordered growth plates. The lesions showed decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and increased Indian hedgehog (IHH) expression. The same was observed in Fgfr3-deficient primary chondrocytes, in which treatment with a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor increased Ihh expression. Importantly, treatment with an inhibitor of IHH signaling reduced the occurrence of chondroma-like lesions in Fgfr3-deficient mice. This is the first study reporting that the loss of Fgfr3 function leads to the formation of chondroma-like lesions via downregulation of MEK/ERK signaling and upregulation of IHH, suggesting that FGFR3 has a tumor suppressor-like function in chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Zhou
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhou Tang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Alghamdi B, Fern R. Phenotype overlap in glial cell populations: astroglia, oligodendroglia and NG-2(+) cells. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:49. [PMID: 26106302 PMCID: PMC4460730 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which NG-2(+) cells form a distinct population separate from astrocytes is central to understanding whether this important cell class is wholly an oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) or has additional functions akin to those classically ascribed to astrocytes. Early immuno-staining studies indicate that NG-2(+) cells do not express the astrocyte marker GFAP, but orthogonal reconstructions of double-labeled confocal image stacks here reveal a significant degree of co-expression in individual cells within post-natal day 10 (P10) and adult rat optic nerve (RON) and rat cortex. Extensive scanning of various antibody/fixation/embedding approaches identified a protocol for selective post-embedded immuno-gold labeling. This first ultrastructural characterization of identified NG-2(+) cells revealed populations of both OPCs and astrocytes in P10 RON. NG-2(+) astrocytes had classic features including the presence of glial filaments but low levels of glial filament expression were also found in OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes. P0 RONs contained few OPCs but positively identified astrocytes were observed to ensheath pre-myelinated axons in a fashion previously described as a definitive marker of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Astrocyte ensheathment was also apparent in P10 RONs, was absent from developing nodes of Ranvier and was never associated with compact myelin. Astrocyte processes were also shown to encapsulate some oligodendrocyte somata. The data indicate that common criteria for delineating astrocytes and oligodendroglia are insufficiently robust and that astrocyte features ascribed to OPCs may arise from misidentification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrah Alghamdi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - Robert Fern
- Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth Plymouth, UK
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27
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Tu J, Henneicke H, Zhang Y, Stoner S, Cheng TL, Schindeler A, Chen D, Tuckermann J, Cooper MS, Seibel MJ, Zhou H. Disruption of glucocorticoid signaling in chondrocytes delays metaphyseal fracture healing but does not affect normal cartilage and bone development. Bone 2014; 69:12-22. [PMID: 25193158 PMCID: PMC4284102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
States of glucocorticoid excess are associated with defects in chondrocyte function. Most prominently there is a reduction in linear growth but delayed healing of fractures that require endochondral ossification to also occur. In contrast, little is known about the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in chondrocyte function. As glucocorticoids exert their cellular actions through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), we aimed to elucidate the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in chondrocyte function in vivo through characterization of tamoxifen-inducible chondrocyte-specific GR knockout (chGRKO) mice in which the GR was deleted at various post-natal ages. Knee joint architecture, cartilage structure, growth plates, intervertebral discs, long bone length and bone micro-architecture were similar in chGRKO and control mice at all ages. Analysis of fracture healing in chGRKO and control mice demonstrated that in metaphyseal fractures, chGRKO mice formed a larger cartilaginous callus at 1 and 2 week post-surgery, as well as a smaller amount of well-mineralized bony callus at the fracture site 4 week post-surgery, when compared to control mice. In contrast, chondrocyte-specific GR knockout did not affect diaphyseal fracture healing. We conclude that endogenous GC signaling in chondrocytes plays an important role during metaphyseal fracture healing but is not essential for normal long bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Tu
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Holger Henneicke
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shihani Stoner
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tegan L Cheng
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Di Chen
- Tissue Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, USA
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark S Cooper
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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28
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Xia B, Di Chen, Zhang J, Hu S, Jin H, Tong P. Osteoarthritis pathogenesis: a review of molecular mechanisms. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:495-505. [PMID: 25311420 PMCID: PMC4747051 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading musculoskeletal cause of impaired mobility in the elderly. Because the precise molecular mechanisms which are involved in the degradation of cartilage matrix and development of OA are poorly understood and there are currently no effective interventions to decelerate the progression of OA or retard the irreversible degradation of cartilage except for total joint replacement surgery. In this paper, the important molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis will be summarized and new insights into potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of OA will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjiang Xia
- Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Chen M, Li S, Xie W, Wang B, Chen D, Chen D. Col2CreER(T2), a mouse model for a chondrocyte-specific and inducible gene deletion. Eur Cell Mater 2014; 28:236-45. [PMID: 25340803 PMCID: PMC4288584 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v028a16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2007 and 2008, we published two articles reporting a tamoxifen (TM)-inducible, chondrocyte-specific gene-targeting mouse model in which the expression of CreER(T2) is driven by the type II collagen promoter (Col2CreER(T2)). The fusion protein is specifically expressed and translocated into the nucleus upon TM administration, which in turn triggers gene recombination. Since then, this animal model has become a powerful tool to study the molecular mechanism of skeletal development and degenerative cartilage diseases, including knee joint osteoarthritis (OA), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) OA, and intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. In this review article, we summarise the application of Col2CreER(T2) mice and discuss the potential usage of this animal model in a broad spectrum of cartilage development and molecular pathology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S. Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - W. Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, China
| | - B. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - D. Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Address for correspondence: Di Chen, Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Suite 508, Chicago, IL 60612-3823, USA, Telephone Numer: 312-942-5702, FAX Number: 312-942-3053,
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Wang M, Li S, Xie W, Shen J, Im HJ, Holz J, Wang M, Diekwisch T, Chen D, Chen D. Activation of β-catenin signalling leads to temporomandibular joint defects. Eur Cell Mater 2014; 28:223-35. [PMID: 25340802 PMCID: PMC4288590 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v028a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research in knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA), the underlying mechanism of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the constitutive activation of β-catenin in the middle and deep layers of the articular cartilage can compromise the homeostasis of this tissue in the TMJ. Col2CreERT2 transgenic mice were bred with RosamT/mG reporter mice to determine Cre recombination efficiency. Col2CreERT2 mice were then crossed with β-cateninflox(ex3)+ mice to generate β-catenin conditional activation mice, β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER. TMJ samples were harvested when the mice were 1-, 3- or 6-month-old and evaluated using histology, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER mice were further crossed with Mmp13flox/flox and Adamts5-/- mice to generate (β-catenin(ex3)/Mmp13)Col2ER and β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER)/Adamts5-/- double mutant mice to investigate the role of Mmp13 and Adamts5 in the development of TMJ disorder. High levels of Cre-recombination were seen in Col2CreERT2;RosamT/mGmice. Progressive TMJ defects developed in 1-, 3- and 6-month-old β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER mice, as revealed by histology and histomorphometry. Results further demonstrated that the defects observed in β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER mice were significantly decelerated after deletion of the Mmp13 or Adamts5 gene in (β-catenin(ex3)/Mmp13)Col2ER or β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER/Adamts5-/- double mutant mice. In summary, we found that β-catenin is a critical gene in the induction of TMJ cartilage degeneration, and over-expressing β-catenin in TMJ cartilage leads to defects assembling an OA-like phenotype. Deletion of Mmp13 and Adamts5 in β-catenin(ex3)Col2ER mice ameliorates the development of TMJ defects. This study suggests that Mmp13 and Adamts5 could be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of TMJ disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - W. Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning 110847, China
| | - J. Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - H-J. Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - J.D. Holz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - M. Wang
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - T.G.H. Diekwisch
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - D. Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Address for correspondence: Di Chen, MD, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Suite 508, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Telephone Number: 1-312-942-5702, FAX Number: 1-312-942-3053,
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Weng T, Xie Y, Yi L, Huang J, Luo F, Du X, Chen L, Liu C, Chen D, Chen L. Loss of Vhl in cartilage accelerated the progression of age-associated and surgically induced murine osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1197-205. [PMID: 24999110 PMCID: PMC4150692 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Vhl in maintaining the integrity of articular cartilage and in the development of experimental osteoarthritis (OA). METHOD Histology of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in both Vhl cKO and WT mice were analyzed by histopathology and micro-CT. Articular cartilage destruction and proteoglycan loss were scored in aged (12-month-old) mice as well as in mice with surgically induced OA. Apoptosis of cartilage in age-related and surgically induced OA was detected with TUNEL assay. Expressions of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), Fas, LC-3, HIF-1α, HIF-2α, p-mTOR and MMP-13 in the knee joints were analyzed by immunostaining. RESULTS No gross differences in cartilage were observed between Vhl cKO and WT mice at age 4 months. However, Vhl cKO mice displayed accelerated age-associated spontaneous OA and surgically induced OA. Cartilage destruction and proteoglycan loss were observed in the absence of Vhl. In addition, inactivation of Vhl resulted in up-regulation of HIF-2α and increased chondrocyte apoptosis and decreased expression of autophagy during OA development. Immunohistochemical staining also showed that Vhl deficiency led to increased expression of Fas, p-mTOR and MMP-13, and those genes were associated with cell apoptosis, autophagy and cartilage matrix breakdown, respectively. CONCLUSION Loss of Vhl in adult articular cartilage is associated with earlier dysregulation of cartilage homeostasis, characterized by an increased chondrocyte apoptosis, compromised chondrocyte autophagy, and an accelerated age-related and surgery-induced OA development. These results highlight the novel role of Vhl in maintaining joint homeostasis and OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Weng
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Y Xie
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - L Yi
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - J Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - F Luo
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - X Du
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - L Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Rheumatic Disease, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - D Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint degenerative disease affecting the whole joint structure, including articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovial tissue. Although extensive work has been done in recent years to explore the molecular mechanism underlying this disease, the pathogenesis of OA is still poorly understood and currently, there is no effective disease-modifying treatment for OA. Recently, both in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that confirmed (TGF-β)/SMAD pathway plays a critical role during OA development. This short review will focus on the function and signaling mechanisms of TGF-β/SMAD pathway in articular chondrocytes, mesenchymal progenitor cells of subchondral bone and synovial lining cells during OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Shen J, Li J, Wang B, Jin H, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Im HJ, O'Keefe R, Chen D. Deletion of the transforming growth factor β receptor type II gene in articular chondrocytes leads to a progressive osteoarthritis-like phenotype in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:3107-19. [PMID: 23982761 DOI: 10.1002/art.38122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling plays a critical role in chondrocyte metabolism, the TGFβ signaling pathways and target genes involved in cartilage homeostasis and the development of osteoarthritis (OA) remain unclear. Using an in vitro cell culture method and an in vivo mouse genetic approach, we undertook this study to investigate TGFβ signaling in chondrocytes and to determine whether Mmp13 and Adamts5 are critical downstream target genes of TGFβ signaling. METHODS TGFβ receptor type II (TGFβRII)-conditional knockout (KO) (TGFβRII(Col2ER)) mice were generated by breeding TGFβRII(flox/flox) mice with Col2-CreER-transgenic mice. Histologic, histomorphometric, and gene expression analyses were performed. In vitro TGFβ signaling studies were performed using chondrogenic rat chondrosarcoma cells. To determine whether Mmp13 and Adamts5 are critical downstream target genes of TGFβ signaling, TGFβRII/matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13)- and TGFβRII/ADAMTS-5-double-KO mice were generated and analyzed. RESULTS Inhibition of TGFβ signaling (deletion of the Tgfbr2 gene in chondrocytes) resulted in up-regulation of Runx2, Mmp13, and Adamts5 expression in articular cartilage tissue and progressive OA development in TGFβRII(Col2ER) mice. Deletion of the Mmp13 or Adamts5 gene significantly ameliorated the OA-like phenotype induced by the loss of TGFβ signaling. Treatment of TGFβRII(Col2ER) mice with an MMP-13 inhibitor also slowed OA progression. CONCLUSION Mmp13 and Adamts5 are critical downstream target genes involved in the TGFβ signaling pathway during the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
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Zhou J, Chen Q, Lanske B, Fleming BC, Terek R, Wei X, Zhang G, Wang S, Li K, Wei L. Disrupting the Indian hedgehog signaling pathway in vivo attenuates surgically induced osteoarthritis progression in Col2a1-CreERT2; Ihhfl/fl mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R11. [PMID: 24428864 PMCID: PMC3978435 DOI: 10.1186/ar4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous observations implicate Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling in osteoarthritis (OA) development because it regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13) expression. However, there is no direct genetic evidence for the role of Ihh in OA, because mice with cartilage or other tissue-specific deletion of the Ihh gene die shortly after birth. We evaluated the role of Ihh in vivo via a Cre-loxP-mediated approach to circumvent the early death caused by Ihh deficiency. METHODS To evaluate the role of Ihh in OA development, Ihh was specifically deleted in murine cartilage using an Ihh conditional deletion construct (Col2a1-CreER(T2); Ihh(fl/fl)). The extent of cartilage degradation and OA progression after Ihh deletion was assessed by histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and in vivo fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) 2 months after OA was induced by partial medial meniscectomy. The effect of Ihh signaling on cartilage was compared between Ihh-deleted mice and their control littermates. RESULTS Only mild OA changes were observed in Ihh-deleted mice, while control mice displayed significantly more cartilage damage. Typical OA markers such as type X collagen and MMP-13 were decreased in Ihh-deleted mice. In vivo FMT demonstrated decreased cathepsins and MMP activity in knee joints of animals with deletion of Ihh. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the protective role of Ihh deletion in surgically induced OA. Thus, our findings suggest the potential to develop new therapeutic strategies that can prevent and treat OA by inhibiting Ihh signaling in chondrocytes.
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Weng T, Yi L, Huang J, Luo F, Wen X, Du X, Chen Q, Deng C, Chen D, Chen L. Genetic inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in knee cartilage attenuates the degeneration of articular cartilage in adult mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3982-92. [PMID: 22833219 DOI: 10.1002/art.34645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members are involved in the regulation of articular cartilage homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of FGF receptor 1 (FGFR-1) in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS FGFR-1 was deleted from the articular chondrocytes of adult mice in a cartilage-specific and tamoxifen-inducible manner. Two OA models (aging-associated spontaneous OA, and destabilization-induced OA), as well as an antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) model, were established and tested in Fgfr1-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice. Alterations in cartilage structure and the loss of proteoglycan were assessed in the knee joints of mice of either genotype, using these 3 arthritis models. Primary chondrocytes were isolated and the expression of key regulatory molecules was assessed quantitatively. In addition, the effect of an FGFR-1 inhibitor on human articular chondrocytes was examined. RESULTS The gross morphologic features of Fgfr1-deficient mice were comparable with those of WT mice at both the postnatal and adult stages. The articular cartilage of 12-month-old Fgfr1-deficient mice displayed greater aggrecan staining compared to 12-month-old WT mice. Fgfr1 deficiency conferred resistance to the proteoglycan loss induced by AIA and attenuated the development of cartilage destruction after surgically induced destabilization of the knee joint. The chondroprotective effect of FGFR-1 inhibition was largely associated with decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and up-regulation of FGFR-3 in mouse and human articular chondrocytes. CONCLUSION Disruption of FGFR-1 in adult mouse articular chondrocytes inhibits the progression of cartilage degeneration. Down-regulation of MMP-13 expression and up-regulation of FGFR-3 levels may contribute to the phenotypic changes observed in Fgfr1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tujun Weng
- Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wang M, Sampson ER, Jin H, Li J, Ke QH, Im HJ, Chen D. MMP13 is a critical target gene during the progression of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R5. [PMID: 23298463 PMCID: PMC3672752 DOI: 10.1186/ar4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting a large population of people. The mechanism of this highly prevalent disease is not fully understood. Currently there is no effective disease-modifying treatment for OA. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to investigate the role of MMP13 in the development of OA; and 2) to evaluate the efficacy of the MMP13 inhibitor CL82198 as a pharmacologic treatment for preventing OA progression. METHODS To investigate the role of the endogenous Mmp13 gene in OA development, tamoxifen was administered to two-week-old Col2CreER;Mmp13fx/fx (Mmp13Col2ER) and Cre-negative control mice for five days. OA was induced by meniscal-ligamentous injury (MLI) when the mice were 10 weeks old and MLI or sham-operated joints were harvested 4, 8, 12, or 16 weeks after surgery. To evaluate the efficacy of CL82198, MLI surgery was performed on 10-week-old wild type mice. CL82198 or saline was administered to the mice daily beginning immediately after the surgery for up to 16 weeks. The joint tissues collected from both experiments were evaluated by cartilage grading, histology/histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The ability of CL82198 to inhibit MMP13 activity in vitro was confirmed by ELISA. RESULTS The OA progression was decelerated in Mmp13Col2ER mice 8, 12, and 16 weeks post-surgery. Cartilage grading by blinded observers confirmed decreased articular cartilage degeneration in Mmp13Col2ER mice at 8, 12 and 16 weeks compared to Cre-negative mice. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that Mmp13Col2ER mice had a higher articular cartilage area and thickness at 12 and 16 weeks post-surgery compared to the control mice. Results of IHC revealed greater type II collagen and proteoglycan expression in Mmp13Col2ER mice. Chondrocyte apoptosis, as determined by TUNEL staining, was higher in control mice compared to Mmp13Col2ER mice. CL82198 inhibited MMP13 activity in conditioned media from vehicle (>85%) or bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-treated (>90%) primary murine sternal chondrocytes. Intraperitoneal injection of CL82198 decelerated MLI-induced OA progression, increased type II collagen and proteoglycan levels, and inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis compared to saline treatment as determined by OA grading, histology, histomorphometry, IHC, and TUNEL staining, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mmp13 is critical for OA progression and pharmacologic inhibition of MMP13 is an effective strategy to decelerate articular cartilage loss in a murine model of injury-induced knee OA.
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Dao DY, Jonason JH, Zhang Y, Hsu W, Chen D, Hilton MJ, O'Keefe RJ. Cartilage-specific β-catenin signaling regulates chondrocyte maturation, generation of ossification centers, and perichondrial bone formation during skeletal development. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1680-94. [PMID: 22508079 PMCID: PMC3399946 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is a critical regulator of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation during multiple phases of cartilage and bone development. Although the importance of β-catenin signaling during the process of endochondral bone development has been previously appreciated using a variety of genetic models that manipulate β-catenin in skeletal progenitors and osteoblasts, genetic evidence demonstrating a specific role for β-catenin in committed growth-plate chondrocytes has been less robust. To identify the specific role of cartilage-derived β-catenin in regulating cartilage and bone development, we studied chondrocyte-specific gain- and loss-of-function genetic mouse models using the tamoxifen-inducible Col2Cre(ERT2) transgene in combination with β-catenin(fx(exon3)/wt) or β-catenin(fx/fx) floxed alleles, respectively. From these genetic models and biochemical data, three significant and novel findings were uncovered. First, cartilage-specific β-catenin signaling promotes chondrocyte maturation, possibly involving a bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2)-mediated mechanism. Second, cartilage-specific β-catenin facilitates primary and secondary ossification center formation via the induction of chondrocyte hypertrophy, possibly through enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression at sites of cartilage degradation, and potentially by enhancing Indian hedgehog (IHH) signaling activity to recruit vascular tissues. Finally, cartilage-specific β-catenin signaling promotes perichondrial bone formation possibly via a mechanism in which BMP2 and IHH paracrine signals synergize to accelerate perichondrial osteoblastic differentiation. The work presented here supports the concept that the cartilage-derived β-catenin signal is a central mediator for major events during endochondral bone formation, including chondrocyte maturation, primary and secondary ossification center development, vascularization, and perichondrial bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Y Dao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Elefteriou F, Yang X. Genetic mouse models for bone studies--strengths and limitations. Bone 2011; 49:1242-54. [PMID: 21907838 PMCID: PMC3331798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mice have become a preferred model system for bone research because of their genetic and pathophysiological similarities to humans: a relatively short reproductive period, leading to relatively low cost of maintenance and the availability of the entire mouse genome sequence information. The success in producing the first transgenic mouse line that expressed rabbit β-globin protein in mouse erythrocytes three decades ago marked the beginning of the use of genetically engineered mice as model system to study human diseases. Soon afterward the development of cultured pluripotent embryonic stem cells provided the possibility of gene replacement or gene deletion in mice. These technologies have been critical to identify new genes involved in bone development, growth, remodeling, repair, and diseases, but like many other approaches, they have limitations. This review will introduce the approaches that allow the generation of transgenic mice and global or conditional (tissue-specific and inducible) mutant mice. A list of the various promoters used to achieve bone-specific gene deletion or overexpression is included. The limitations of these approaches are discussed, and general guidelines related to the analysis of genetic mouse models are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Elefteriou
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 1235H Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0575, USA
| | - Xiangli Yang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, 1235H Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0575, USA
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Jin H, Shen J, Wang B, Wang M, Shu B, Chen D. TGF-β signaling plays an essential role in the growth and maintenance of intervertebral disc tissue. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1209-15. [PMID: 21420963 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β signaling plays a critical role in cartilage and spine tissue development at embryonic stage but its role in postnatal intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue growth and maintenance remain poorly understood. In the present studies, we have deleted the Tgfbr2 gene in inner annulus fibrosus cells of the disc tissue and surrounding growth plate chondrocytes using Col2a1-CreER(T2) transgenic mice. We found that TGF-β signaling is required for normal growth plate cartilage and endplate cartilage growth at postnatal stage. The expression of Mmp13 gene is significantly up-regulated in primary disc cells of Tgfbr2 conditional knockout mice. Deletion of the Mmp13 gene under Tgfbr2 null background completely reverses the abnormal disc phenotype found in Tgfbr2 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Wu Q, Zhu M, Rosier RN, Zuscik MJ, O'Keefe RJ, Chen D. Beta-catenin, cartilage, and osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1192:344-50. [PMID: 20392258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The early cellular events during the development of osteoarthritis (OA) are accelerated articular chondrocyte maturation and extracellular matrix degradation, which are usually seen in the weight-bearing region of articular cartilage. The results of our recent studies from transgenic OA mouse models indicate that upregulation of beta-catenin signaling in articular chondrocytes is most likely responsible for the conversion of normal articular chondrocytes into maturing (arthritic) chondrocytes, which is associated with activation of chondrocyte maturational genes and matrix degradation. Conditional activation of the beta-catenin gene in articular chondrocytes leads to an OA-like phenotype. Overexpression of Smurf2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, also induces an OA-like phenotype through upregulation of beta-catenin signaling. In addition, beta-catenin upregulation was also found in articular cartilage tissues in patients with OA. These findings indicate that beta-catenin plays a central role in articular cartilage function and that activation of beta-catenin signaling may represent a pathologic mechanism for OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqian Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Henry SP, Jang CW, Deng JM, Zhang Z, Behringer RR, de Crombrugghe B. Generation of aggrecan-CreERT2 knockin mice for inducible Cre activity in adult cartilage. Genesis 2010; 47:805-14. [PMID: 19830818 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The function of cartilage in the adult is dependent on a host of regulatory molecules such as growth factors, extracellular matrix, enzymes, signaling molecules, and transcription factors. However, germline mutations in some genes that are expressed in adult cartilage lead to embryonic or perinatal lethality. To examine the function of these and other genes postnatally, we have generated a targeted mouse by homologous recombination that "knocks in" the inducible Cre recombinase construct, CreERT2, in the 3' untranslated region of the endogenous mouse aggrecan gene (Agc1(tm(IRES-creERT2))). The properties and efficiency of the inducible cre recombinase were tested by examining X-gal staining of tissues from embryos as well as growing and adult Agc1(tm(IRES-creERT2)/+);Rosa 26R mice. These mice were injected with the inducer, tamoxifen, at different time points during embryonic development and postnatally up to 6 months of age. Strong X-gal staining was observed in growth plate and articular cartilage as well as the fibrocartilage of meniscus, trachea, and intervertebral discs reproducing the pattern of endogenous aggrecan gene expression. In conclusion, we have generated a mouse model in which genes implicated in cartilage degenerative diseases can be inactivated in a spatial and temporal fashion in postnatal and adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Henry
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Activation of beta-catenin signaling in articular chondrocytes leads to osteoarthritis-like phenotype in adult beta-catenin conditional activation mice. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24:12-21. [PMID: 18767925 PMCID: PMC2640321 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease, and the mechanism of its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recent human genetic association studies showed that mutations in the Frzb gene predispose patients to OA, suggesting that the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling may be the key pathway to the development of OA. However, direct genetic evidence for beta-catenin in this disease has not been reported. Because tissue-specific activation of the beta-catenin gene (targeted by Col2a1-Cre) is embryonic lethal, we specifically activated the beta-catenin gene in articular chondrocytes in adult mice by generating beta-catenin conditional activation (cAct) mice through breeding of beta-catenin(fx(Ex3)/fx(Ex3)) mice with Col2a1-CreER(T2) transgenic mice. Deletion of exon 3 of the beta-catenin gene results in the production of a stabilized fusion beta-catenin protein that is resistant to phosphorylation by GSK-3beta. In this study, tamoxifen was administered to the 3- and 6-mo-old Col2a1-CreER(T2);beta-catenin(fx(Ex3)/wt) mice, and tissues were harvested for histologic analysis 2 mo after tamoxifen induction. Overexpression of beta-catenin protein was detected by immunostaining in articular cartilage tissues of beta-catenin cAct mice. In 5-mo-old beta-catenin cAct mice, reduction of Safranin O and Alcian blue staining in articular cartilage tissue and reduced articular cartilage area were observed. In 8-mo-old beta-catenin cAct mice, cell cloning, surface fibrillation, vertical clefting, and chondrophyte/osteophyte formation were observed. Complete loss of articular cartilage layers and the formation of new woven bone in the subchondral bone area were also found in beta-catenin cAct mice. Expression of chondrocyte marker genes, such as aggrecan, Mmp-9, Mmp-13, Alp, Oc, and colX, was significantly increased (3- to 6-fold) in articular chondrocytes derived from beta-catenin cAct mice. Bmp2 but not Bmp4 expression was also significantly upregulated (6-fold increase) in these cells. In addition, we also observed overexpression of beta-catenin protein in the knee joint samples from patients with OA. These findings indicate that activation of beta-catenin signaling in articular chondrocytes in adult mice leads to the premature chondrocyte differentiation and the development of an OA-like phenotype. This study provides direct and definitive evidence about the role of beta-catenin in the development of OA.
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Zhu M, Chen M, Zuscik M, Wu Q, Wang YJ, Rosier RN, O'Keefe RJ, Chen D. Inhibition of beta-catenin signaling in articular chondrocytes results in articular cartilage destruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2053-64. [PMID: 18576323 DOI: 10.1002/art.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease whose molecular mechanism is currently unknown. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has been demonstrated to play a critical role in the development and function of articular chondrocytes. To determine the role of beta-catenin signaling in articular chondrocyte function, we generated Col2a1-ICAT-transgenic mice to inhibit beta-catenin signaling in chondrocytes. METHODS The expression of the ICAT transgene was determined by immunostaining and Western blot analysis. Histologic analyses were performed to determine changes in articular cartilage structure and morphology. Cell apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining and the immunostaining of cleaved caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins. Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Bax proteins and caspase 9 and caspase 3/7 activities were examined in primary sternal chondrocytes isolated from 3-day-old neonatal Col2a1-ICAT-transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates and in primary chicken and porcine articular chondrocytes. RESULTS Expression of the ICAT transgene was detected in articular chondrocytes of the transgenic mice. Associated with this, age-dependent articular cartilage destruction was observed in Col2a1-ICAT-transgenic mice. A significant increase in cell apoptosis in articular chondrocytes was identified by TUNEL staining and the immunostaining of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP proteins in these transgenic mice. Consistent with this, Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) expression were decreased and caspase 9 and caspase 3/7 activity were increased, suggesting that increased cell apoptosis may contribute significantly to the articular cartilage destruction observed in Col2a1-ICAT-transgenic mice. CONCLUSION Inhibition of beta-catenin signaling in articular chondrocytes causes increased cell apoptosis and articular cartilage destruction in Col2a1-ICAT- transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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