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Zhou R, Fu W, Vasylyev D, Waxman SG, Liu CJ. Ion channels in osteoarthritis: emerging roles and potential targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:545-564. [PMID: 39122910 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent joint disease that causes substantial disability, yet effective approaches to disease prevention or to the delay of OA progression are lacking. Emerging evidence has pinpointed ion channels as pivotal mediators in OA pathogenesis and as promising targets for disease-modifying treatments. Preclinical studies have assessed the potential of a variety of ion channel modulators to modify disease pathways involved in cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation, bone hyperplasia and pain, and to provide symptomatic relief in models of OA. Some of these modulators are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This review explores the structures and functions of ion channels, including transient receptor potential channels, Piezo channels, voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage-dependent calcium channels, potassium channels, acid-sensing ion channels, chloride channels and the ATP-dependent P2XR channels in the osteoarthritic joint. The discussion spans channel-targeting drug discovery and potential clinical applications, emphasizing opportunities for further research, and underscoring the growing clinical impact of ion channel biology in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dmytro Vasylyev
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Correia-de-Sá P, Bernardo Noronha-Matos J. Could hypoxia rehabilitate the osteochondral diseased interface? Lessons from the interplay of hypoxia and purinergic signals elsewhere. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115646. [PMID: 37321413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The osteochondral unit comprises the articular cartilage (90%), subchondral bone (5%) and calcified cartilage (5%). All cells present at the osteochondral unit that is ultimately responsible for matrix production and osteochondral homeostasis, such as chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, can release adenine and/or uracil nucleotides to the local microenvironment. Nucleotides are released by these cells either constitutively or upon plasma membrane damage, mechanical stress or hypoxia conditions. Once in the extracellular space, endogenously released nucleotides can activate membrane-bound purinoceptors. Activation of these receptors is fine-tuning regulated by nucleotides' breakdown by enzymes of the ecto-nucleotidase cascade. Depending on the pathophysiological conditions, both the avascular cartilage and the subchondral bone subsist to significant changes in oxygen tension, which has a tremendous impact on tissue homeostasis. Cell stress due to hypoxic conditions directly influences the expression and activity of several purinergic signalling players, namely nucleotide release channels (e.g. Cx43), NTPDase enzymes and purinoceptors. This review gathers experimental evidence concerning the interplay between hypoxia and the purinergic signalling cascade contributing to osteochondral unit homeostasis. Reporting deviations to this relationship resulting from pathological alterations of articular joints may ultimately unravel novel therapeutic targets for osteochondral rehabilitation. At this point, one can only hypothesize how hypoxia mimetic conditions can be beneficial to the ex vivo expansion and differentiation of osteo- and chondro-progenitors for auto-transplantation and tissue regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP).
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Gratal P, Lamuedra A, Medina JP, Bermejo-Álvarez I, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G, Mediero A. Purinergic System Signaling in Metainflammation-Associated Osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:506. [PMID: 32984382 PMCID: PMC7485330 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation triggered by metabolic imbalance, also called metainflammation, is low-grade inflammation caused by the components involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS), including central obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. This phenomenon is mainly due to excess nutrients and energy, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, which suffers erosion and progressively becomes thinner. Purinergic signaling is involved in several physiological and pathological processes, such as cell proliferation in development and tissue regeneration, neurotransmission and inflammation. Adenosine and ATP receptors, and other members of the signaling pathway, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), are involved in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and OA progression. In this review, we focus on purinergic regulation in osteoarthritic cartilage and how different components of MetS, such as obesity and T2D, modulate the purinergic system in OA. In that regard, we describe the critical role in this disease of receptors, such as adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and ATP P2X7 receptor. Finally, we also assess how nucleotides regulate the inflammasome in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gratal
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lamuedra
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Medina
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Haidar O, O'Neill N, Staunton CA, Bavan S, O'Brien F, Zouggari S, Sharif U, Mobasheri A, Kumagai K, Barrett-Jolley R. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Drive Deregulation of Potassium Channel Expression in Primary Synovial Fibroblasts. Front Physiol 2020; 11:226. [PMID: 32265733 PMCID: PMC7105747 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The synovium secretes synovial fluid, but is also richly innervated with nociceptors and acts as a gateway between avascular joint tissues and the circulatory system. Resident fibroblast-like synoviocytes' (FLS) calcium-activated potassium channels (K Ca) change in activity in arthritis models and this correlates with FLS activation. Objective To investigate this activation in an in vitro model of inflammatory arthritis; 72 h treatment with cytokines TNFα and IL1β. Methods FLS cells were isolated from rat synovial membranes. We analyzed global changes in FLS mRNA by RNA-sequencing, then focused on FLS ion channel genes and the corresponding FLS electrophysiological phenotype and finally modeling data with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) and MATLAB. Results IPA showed significant activation of inflammatory, osteoarthritic and calcium signaling canonical pathways by cytokines, and we identified ∼200 channel gene transcripts. The large K Ca (BK) channel consists of the pore forming Kcnma1 together with β-subunits. Following cytokine treatment, a significant increase in Kcnma1 RNA abundance was detected by qPCR and changes in several ion channels were detected by RNA-sequencing, including a loss of BK channel β-subunit expression Kcnmb1/2 and an increase in Kcnmb3. In electrophysiological experiments, there was a decrease in over-all current density at 20 mV without change in chord conductance at this potential. Conclusion TNFα and IL1β treatment of FLS in vitro recapitulated several common features of inflammatory arthritis at the transcriptomic level, including increase in Kcnma1 and Kcnmb3 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Haidar
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nathanael O'Neill
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A Staunton
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Selvan Bavan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona O'Brien
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Zouggari
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Sharif
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Orthopedics and Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kosuke Kumagai
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation induces articular hyperalgesia by an indirect sensitization of the primary afferent nociceptor in the rats' knee joint. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 879:173054. [PMID: 32145326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that endogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), via P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, plays an essential role in carrageenan-induced articular hyperalgesia model in rats' knee joint. In the present study, we used the rat knee joint incapacitation test, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and myeloperoxidase enzyme activity assay, to test the hypothesis that the activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors by their agonist induces articular hyperalgesia mediated by the inflammatory mediators bradykinin, prostaglandin, sympathomimetic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and by neutrophil migration. We also tested the hypothesis that the activation of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors contributes to the articular hyperalgesia induced by the inflammatory mediators belonging to carrageenan inflammatory cascade. The non-selective P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors agonist αβ-meATP induced a dose-dependent articular hyperalgesia, which was significantly reduced by the selective antagonists for P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors (A-317491), bradykinin B1- (DALBK) or B2-receptors (bradyzide), β1-(atenolol) or β2-adrenoceptors (ICI-118,551), by the pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) or with the nonspecific selectin inhibitor (Fucoidan). αβ-meATP induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and CINC-1, as well as the neutrophil migration. Moreover, the co-administration of A-317491 significantly reduced the articular hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and dopamine. These findings suggest that peripheral P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation induces articular hyperalgesia by an indirect sensitization of the primary afferent nociceptor of rats' knee joint through the release of inflammatory mediators. Further, they also indicate that the activation of these purinergic receptors by endogenous ATP mediates the bradykinin-, PGE2-, and dopamine-induced articular hyperalgesia.
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Corciulo C, Cronstein BN. Signaling of the Purinergic System in the Joint. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1591. [PMID: 32038258 PMCID: PMC6993121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint is a complex anatomical structure consisting of different tissues, each with a particular feature, playing together to give mobility and stability at the body. All the joints have a similar composition including cartilage for reducing the friction of the movement and protecting the underlying bone, a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint, ligaments to limit joint movement, and tendons for the interaction with muscles. Direct or indirect damage of one or more of the tissues forming the joint is the foundation of different pathological conditions. Many molecular mechanisms are involved in maintaining the joint homeostasis as well as in triggering disease development. The molecular pathway activated by the purinergic system is one of them.The purinergic signaling defines a group of receptors and intermembrane channels activated by adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 5’-triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, and uridine diphosphate. It has been largely described as a modulator of many physiological and pathological conditions including rheumatic diseases. Here we will give an overview of the purinergic system in the joint describing its expression and function in the synovium, cartilage, ligament, tendon, and bone with a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Krefting Research Centre-Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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He J, Zheng S. NF-κB Phosphorylation Inhibition Prevents Articular Cartilage Degradation in Osteoarthritis Rats via 2-Aminoquinoline. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920346. [PMID: 31978040 PMCID: PMC6998790 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease of the joints that is common in older people worldwide. The characteristic features of osteoarthritis include cartilage degradation, synovitis, and remodelling of subchondral bone. The present study investigated the effect of 2-aminoquinoline on knee articular cartilage degradation in an osteoarthritis rat model. Material/Methods The rat model of osteoarthritis was established in Wistar rats by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 rats each: a normal control group, an untreated group, and 4 (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) treatment groups. The rats in treatment groups received 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg doses of 2-aminoquinoline on day 2 of monosodium iodoacetate injection. Results The 2-aminoquinoline treatment of monosodium iodoacetate-injected rats markedly decreased weight-bearing asymmetry, inhibited edema formation, and improved paw withdrawal thresholds. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was markedly higher in the osteoarthritis rats. Treatment with 2-aminoquinoline led to a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokine expression in osteoarthritis rats in a dose-dependent manner. In osteoarthritis rats, the expressions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), and substance P were also higher in comparison to the control group. The 2-aminoquinoline treatment supressed PGE2, MMP-13, and substance P levels in osteoarthritis rats. Moreover, the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappaB (p-NF-κB) was markedly higher in the untreated rats. However, activation of NF-κB was downregulated in the osteoarthritis rats by treatment with 2-aminoquinoline. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that 2-aminoquinoline prevents articular cartilage damage in osteoarthritis rats through inhibition of inflammatory factors and downregulation of NF-κB activation, suggesting that 2-aminoquinoline would be effective in treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong He
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western Medicine Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Shicheng Zheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western Medicine Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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Pinto-Cardoso R, Pereira-Costa F, Pedro Faria J, Bandarrinha P, Bessa-Andrês C, Correia-de-Sá P, Bernardo Noronha-Matos J. Adenosinergic signalling in chondrogenesis and cartilage homeostasis: Friend or foe? Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113784. [PMID: 31884043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes and their mesenchymal cell progenitors secrete a variety of bioactive molecules, including adenine nucleotides and nucleosides, but these molecules are not usually highlighted in review papers about the secretome of these cells. Ageing and inflammatory insults compromise chondrocytes ability to keep ATP/adenosine synthesis, release and turnover. Cartilage homeostasis depends on extracellular adenosine levels, which acting via four P1 purinoceptor subtypes modulates the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NO, PGE2 and several cytokines. Native articular cartilage is challenged by synovial fluid flow during normal joint motion transiently increasing ATP release and adenosine formation in the joint microenvironment. Excessive joint motion and shockwave trauma are deleterious to cartilage homeostasis due to HIF-1α overexpression, resulting in disproportionate ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 production, adenosine accumulation and superfluous A2B receptors activation. Scarcity of data however exists on the putative interplay between coexistent high affinity (A2A and A3) and low affinity (A2B) adenosine receptors activation affecting stem cells fate towards preferential chondrogenic or osteogenic lineages in the human cartilage. Hints gathered in this commentary result mainly from studies using human immortalized cell lines and animal (e.g. rodent, equine, bovine) tissue samples. The available data point towards adenosine A2A and A3 receptors having cartilage protective roles, while excessive adenosine accumulation may be detrimental via low affinity A2B receptors activation, with little reference to the putative role of the adenosine forming enzyme ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73. Thus, emphasizing the multiple pathways responsible for controlling adenosine signalling in cartilage will certainly impact on the search for novel therapeutic targets for highly disabling articular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Flávio Pereira-Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - João Pedro Faria
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Patrícia Bandarrinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal.
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal.
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P2X7 ionotropic receptor is functionally expressed in rabbit articular chondrocytes and mediates extracellular ATP cytotoxicity. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:245-258. [PMID: 29845461 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP regulates various cellular functions by engaging multiple subtypes of P2 purinergic receptors. In many cell types, the ionotropic P2X7 receptor mediates pathological events such as inflammation and cell death. However, the importance of this receptor in chondrocytes remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the functional identification of P2X7 receptor in articular chondrocytes and investigate the involvement of P2X7 receptors in ATP-induced cytotoxicity. Chondrocytes were isolated from rabbit articular cartilage, and P2X7 receptor currents were examined using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. ATP-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring caspase-3/7 activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and prostagrandin E2 (PGE2) release using microscopic and fluorimetric/colorimetric evaluation. Extracellular ATP readily evoked a cationic current without obvious desensitization. This ATP-activated current was dose related, but required millimolar concentrations. A more potent P2X7 receptor agonist, BzATP, also activated this current but at 100-fold lower concentrations. ATP-induced currents were largely abolished by selective P2X7 antagonists, suggesting a predominant role for the P2X7 receptor. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of P2X7 in chondrocytes. Heterologous expression of a rabbit P2X7 clone successfully reproduced the ATP-induced current. Exposure of chondrocytes to ATP increased caspase-3/7 activities, an effect that was totally abrogated by P2X7 receptor antagonists. Extracellular ATP also enhanced LDH release, which was partially attenuated by the P2X7 inhibitor. The P2X7 receptor-mediated elevation in apoptotic caspase signaling was accompanied by increased PGE2 release and was attenuated by inhibition of either phospholipase A2 or cyclooxygenase-2. This study provides direct evidence for the presence of functional P2X7 receptors in articular chondrocytes. Our results suggest that the P2X7 receptor is a potential therapeutic target in chondrocyte death associated with cartilage injury and disorders including osteoarthritis.
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Chanalaris A, Doherty C, Marsden BD, Bambridge G, Wren SP, Nagase H, Troeberg L. Suramin Inhibits Osteoarthritic Cartilage Degradation by Increasing Extracellular Levels of Chondroprotective Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 3. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:459-468. [PMID: 28798097 PMCID: PMC5588548 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease for which no disease-modifying drugs are currently available. Attempts to treat the disease with small molecule inhibitors of the metalloproteinases that degrade the cartilage matrix have been hampered by a lack of specificity. We aimed to inhibit cartilage degradation by augmenting levels of the endogenous metalloproteinase inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3, through blocking its interaction with the endocytic scavenger receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). We discovered that suramin (C51H40N6O23S6) bound to TIMP-3 with a KD value of 1.9 ± 0.2 nM and inhibited its endocytosis via LRP1, thus increasing extracellular levels of TIMP-3 and inhibiting cartilage degradation by the TIMP-3 target enzyme, adamalysin-like metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5. NF279 (8,8'-[carbonylbis(imino-4,1-phenylenecarbonylimino-4,1-phenylenecarbonylimino)]bis-1,3,5-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid hexasodium salt), a structural analog of suramin, has an increased affinity for TIMP-3 and increased ability to inhibit TIMP-3 endocytosis and protect cartilage. Suramin is thus a promising scaffold for the development of novel therapeutics to increase TIMP-3 levels and inhibit cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Chanalaris
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.), Structural Genomics Consortium (B.D.M.), and Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute (S.P.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Doherty
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.), Structural Genomics Consortium (B.D.M.), and Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute (S.P.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.), Structural Genomics Consortium (B.D.M.), and Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute (S.P.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Bambridge
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.), Structural Genomics Consortium (B.D.M.), and Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute (S.P.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Wren
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.), Structural Genomics Consortium (B.D.M.), and Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute (S.P.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.), Structural Genomics Consortium (B.D.M.), and Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute (S.P.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, (A.C., C.D., G.B., H.N., L.T.), Structural Genomics Consortium (B.D.M.), and Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute (S.P.W.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hu H, Yang B, Li Y, Zhang S, Li Z. Blocking of the P2X7 receptor inhibits the activation of the MMP-13 and NF-κB pathways in the cartilage tissue of rats with osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1922-1932. [PMID: 27748894 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7) receptor (P2X7R) is known to play a significant role in inflammation and pain-causing diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). However, the mechanisms of action of P2X7R and its role in OA remain unclear. The articular cartilage is the crucial region in which pathological changes occur in OA, involving the dysregulation of degradation and maintenance mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms of action of P2X7R in articular cartilage in OA-induced pain and inflammation by using AZD9056, an antagonist of P2X7R. We created an animal model of OA by using Wistar rats administered (by intra-articular injection) monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), and the rats with OA were then treated with the P2X7R antagonist, AZD9056. We found that treatment with AZD9056 exerted pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects. Importantly, we found that the upregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), substance P (SP) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) which was induced by MIA in cartilage tissues was reversed by AZD9056. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) kinase (IKK)α, IKKβ, inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)α, NF-κB p65 and their phosphorylation forms; they were found to be significantly increased in the knee cartilage tissues from rats with OA; however, opposite effects were observed by the injection of AZD9056. These results implied that P2X7R was associated with the activation of the NF-κB pathway in the development of OA. Our results also revealed that helenalin, an NF-κB pathway inhibitor, decreased the expression of P2X7R, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, SP, PGE2 and MMP-13, which was induced by MIA, in the knee cartilage tissues of rats with OA. On the whole, our findings suggest that P2X7R regulates the MMP-13 and NF-κB pathways in cartilage tissue and mediate OA-induced pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Hu
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, Shaanxi 714000, P.R. China
| | - Baohui Yang
- Department of Οrthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Li
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, Shaanxi 714000, P.R. China
| | - Subin Zhang
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, Shaanxi 714000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, Shaanxi 714000, P.R. China
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P2X3 and P2X2/3 Receptors Play a Crucial Role in Articular Hyperalgesia Development Through Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Knee Joint Experimental Synovitis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6174-6186. [PMID: 27709491 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative and progressive disease characterized by cartilage breakdown and by synovial membrane inflammation, which results in disability, joint swelling, and pain. The purinergic P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors contribute to development of inflammatory hyperalgesia, participate in arthritis processes in the knee joint, and are expressed in chondrocytes and nociceptive afferent fibers innervating the knee joint. In this study, we hypothesized that P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation by endogenous ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) induces articular hyperalgesia in the knee joint of male and female rats through an indirect sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors dependent on the previous release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or on neutrophil migration. We found that the blockade of articular P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in the knee joint of male and estrus female rats in a similar manner. The carrageenan-induced knee joint inflammation increased the expression of P2X3 receptors in chondrocytes of articular cartilage. Further, the blockade of articular P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors significantly reduced the increased concentration of TNF-α, IL-6, and CINC-1 and the neutrophil migration induced by carrageenan. These findings indicate that P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors activation by endogenous ATP is essential to hyperalgesia development in the knee joint through an indirect sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors dependent on the previous release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or on neutrophil migration.
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Decoding the intervertebral disc: Unravelling the complexities of cell phenotypes and pathways associated with degeneration and mechanotransduction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:94-103. [PMID: 27208724 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Back pain is the most common cause of pain and disability worldwide. While its etiology remains unknown, it is typically associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Despite the prevalence of back pain, relatively little is known about the specific cellular pathways and mechanisms that contribute to the development, function and degeneration of the IVD. Consequently, current treatments for back pain are largely limited to symptomatic interventions. However, major progress is being made in multiple research directions to unravel the biology and pathology of the IVD, raising hope that effective disease-modifying interventions will soon be developed. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge and gaps in knowledge on the developmental origin of the IVD, the phenotype of the distinct cell types found within the IVD tissues, molecular targets in IVD degeneration identified using bioinformatics strategies, and mechanotransduction pathways that influence IVD cell fate and function.
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14
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Lewis R, Barrett-Jolley R. Changes in Membrane Receptors and Ion Channels as Potential Biomarkers for Osteoarthritis. Front Physiol 2015; 6:357. [PMID: 26648874 PMCID: PMC4664663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint condition, is currently difficult to detect early enough for any of the current treatment options to be completely successful. Early diagnosis of this disease could increase the numbers of patients who are able to slow its progression. There are now several diseases where membrane protein biomarkers are used for early diagnosis. The numbers of proteins in the membrane is vast and so it is a rich source of potential biomarkers for OA but we need more knowledge of these before they can be considered practical biomarkers. How are they best measured and are they selective to OA or even certain types of OA? The first step in this process is to identify membrane proteins that change in OA. Here, we summarize several ion channels and receptors that change in OA models and/or OA patients, and may thus be considered candidates as novel membrane biomarkers of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lewis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Surrey Guildford, UK
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
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15
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Ruepp MD, Brozik JA, de Esch IJP, Farndale RW, Murrell-Lagnado RD, Thompson AJ. A fluorescent approach for identifying P2X1 ligands. Neuropharmacology 2015; 98:13-21. [PMID: 26026951 PMCID: PMC4728187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are no commercially available, small, receptor-specific P2X1 ligands. There are several synthetic derivatives of the natural agonist ATP and some structurally-complex antagonists including compounds such as PPADS, NTP-ATP, suramin and its derivatives (e.g. NF279, NF449). NF449 is the most potent and selective ligand, but potencies of many others are not particularly high and they can also act at other P2X, P2Y and non-purinergic receptors. While there is clearly scope for further work on P2X1 receptor pharmacology, screening can be difficult owing to rapid receptor desensitisation. To reduce desensitisation substitutions can be made within the N-terminus of the P2X1 receptor, but these could also affect ligand properties. An alternative is the use of fluorescent voltage-sensitive dyes that respond to membrane potential changes resulting from channel opening. Here we utilised this approach in conjunction with fragment-based drug-discovery. Using a single concentration (300 μM) we identified 46 novel leads from a library of 1443 fragments (hit rate = 3.2%). These hits were independently validated by measuring concentration-dependence with the same voltage-sensitive dye, and by visualising the competition of hits with an Alexa-647-ATP fluorophore using confocal microscopy; confocal yielded kon (1.142 × 106 M−1 s−1) and koff (0.136 s−1) for Alexa-647-ATP (Kd = 119 nM). The identified hit fragments had promising structural diversity. In summary, the measurement of functional responses using voltage-sensitive dyes was flexible and cost-effective because labelled competitors were not needed, effects were independent of a specific binding site, and both agonist and antagonist actions were probed in a single assay. The method is widely applicable and could be applied to all P2X family members, as well as other voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Fluorescent Tools in Neuropharmacology’. A novel fluorescence-based screening approach for identifying P2X1 receptor ligand candidates. Fragment-based drug discovery applied to ligand-gated ion channels. The use of confocal microscopy to determine the kinetics and affinity of Alexa-647-ATP binding to P2X1 receptors. Alexa-647-ATP for imaging P2X1 receptors on live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - James A Brozik
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling exerts significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In particular, it has emerged that extracellular nucleotides are key regulators of bone cell differentiation, survival and function. This review discusses our current understanding of the direct effects of purinergic signalling in bone, cartilage and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
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17
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The role of extracellular ATP-mediated purinergic signaling in bone, cartilage, and tooth tissue. J Oral Biosci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Targeting P2 receptors--current progress in treating musculoskeletal diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:122-6. [PMID: 24880708 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that purinergic signalling, extracellular nucleotides acting at purinergic receptors, is the most primitive and ubiquitous signalling system participating in numerous biological processes in almost all tissue types. The P2 receptors, including P2X and P2Y purinoceptor subtypes, have been proposed to play important roles in the musculoskeletal systems since the early 1990s. During the past five years, significant progress in this field has been made; this review will summarize these most recent developments and highlight the pharmaceutical potential from these findings.
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Burnstock G, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. Purinergic signalling in the musculoskeletal system. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:541-72. [PMID: 23943493 PMCID: PMC3889393 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that extracellular nucleotides, signalling via purinergic receptors, participate in numerous biological processes in most tissues. It has become evident that extracellular nucleotides have significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In early development, ATP released from motor nerves along with acetylcholine acts as a cotransmitter in neuromuscular transmission; in mature animals, ATP functions as a neuromodulator. Purinergic receptors expressed by skeletal muscle and satellite cells play important pathophysiological roles in their development or repair. In many cell types, expression of purinergic receptors is often dependent on differentiation. For example, sequential expression of P2X5, P2Y1 and P2X2 receptors occurs during muscle regeneration in the mdx model of muscular dystrophy. In bone and cartilage cells, the functional effects of purinergic signalling appear to be largely negative. ATP stimulates the formation and activation of osteoclasts, the bone-destroying cells. Another role appears to be as a potent local inhibitor of mineralisation. In osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, ATP acts via P2 receptors to limit bone mineralisation by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Extracellular ATP additionally exerts significant effects on mineralisation via its hydrolysis product, pyrophosphate. Evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling is potentially important in several bone and joint disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. Strategies for future musculoskeletal therapies might involve modulation of purinergic receptor function or of the ecto-nucleotidases responsible for ATP breakdown or ATP transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Gadjanski I, Yodmuang S, Spiller K, Bhumiratana S, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Supplementation of exogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate enhances mechanical properties of 3D cell-agarose constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2188-200. [PMID: 23651296 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of tissue-engineered cartilage is greatly enhanced by mechanical stimulation. However, direct mechanical stimulation is not always a suitable method, and the utilization of mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction might allow for a highly effective and less aggressive alternate means of stimulation. In particular, the purinergic, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-mediated signaling pathway is strongly implicated in mechanotransduction within the articular cartilage. We investigated the effects of transient and continuous exogenous ATP supplementation on mechanical properties of cartilaginous constructs engineered using bovine chondrocytes and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in an agarose hydrogel. For both cell types, we have observed significant increases in equilibrium and dynamic compressive moduli after transient ATP treatment applied in the fourth week of cultivation. Continuous ATP treatment over 4 weeks of culture only slightly improved the mechanical properties of the constructs, without major changes in the total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content. Structure-function analyses showed that transiently ATP-treated constructs, and in particular those based on hMSCs, had the highest level of correlation between compositional and mechanical properties. Transiently treated groups showed intense staining of the territorial matrix for GAGs and collagen type II. These results indicate that transient ATP treatment can improve functional mechanical properties of cartilaginous constructs based on chondrogenic cells and agarose hydrogels, possibly by improving the structural organization of the bulk phase and territorial extracellular matrix (ECM), that is, by increasing correlation slopes between the content of the ECM components (GAG, collagen) and mechanical properties of the construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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22
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Fodor J, Matta C, Oláh T, Juhász T, Takács R, Tóth A, Dienes B, Csernoch L, Zákány R. Store-operated calcium entry and calcium influx via voltage-operated calcium channels regulate intracellular calcium oscillations in chondrogenic cells. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:1-16. [PMID: 23664335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is known to be regulated by calcium-dependent signalling pathways in which temporal aspects of calcium homeostasis are of key importance. We aimed to better characterise calcium influx and release functions with respect to rapid calcium oscillations in cells of chondrifying chicken high density cultures. We found that differentiating chondrocytes express the α1 subunit of voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs) at both mRNA and protein levels, and that these ion channels play important roles in generating Ca(2+) influx for oscillations as nifedipine interfered with repetitive calcium transients. Furthermore, VOCC blockade abrogated chondrogenesis and almost completely blocked cell proliferation. The contribution of internal Ca(2+) stores via store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) seems to be indispensable to both Ca(2+) oscillations and chondrogenesis. Moreover, this is the first study to show the functional expression of STIM1/STIM2 and Orai1, molecules that orchestrate SOCE, in chondrogenic cells. Inhibition of SOCE combined with ER calcium store depletion abolished differentiation and severely diminished proliferation, suggesting the important role of internal pools in calcium homeostasis of differentiating chondrocytes. Finally, we present an integrated model for the regulation of calcium oscillations of differentiating chondrocytes that may have important implications for studies of chondrogenesis induced in various stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fodor
- Department of Physiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Usprech J, Chu G, Giardini-Rosa R, Martin K, Waldman SD. The Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Cartilage 2012; 3:364-73. [PMID: 26069646 PMCID: PMC4297147 DOI: 10.1177/1947603512444723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While mechanical stimuli can be used to enhance the properties of engineered cartilage, a promising alternative may be to directly harness the underlying mechanotransduction pathways responsible. Our initial studies on the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-purinergic receptor pathway demonstrated that stimulation by exogenous ATP improved tissue growth and properties but elicited matrix turnover under high doses (250 µM) potentially due to the accumulation of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism of ATP-mediated catabolism and determine a therapeutic dose to maximize the anabolic effect. DESIGN Isolated bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded in high-density, 3-dimensional culture supplemented with varying doses of ATP for 4 weeks. The effects on biosynthesis, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) protein activity, and PPi accumulation were determined. Separate monolayer experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ePPi on MMP-13 activity. RESULTS High doses of ATP resulted in an increase in ePPi accumulation (by 54%) and MMP-13 activity (by 39%). Monolayer experiments confirmed a link between increased ePPi accumulation and MMP-13 activity, which appeared to require calcium and was inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Cultures supplemented with 62.5 to 125 µM ATP favored an anabolic response, which represented the therapeutic dose range. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic dose range of exogenous ATP to improve the properties of engineered cartilage has been identified, and a possible catabolic mechanism involving excess PPi was determined. Future research into PPi signal transduction and pathological crystal formation is necessary to maximize the beneficial effect of exogenous ATP on chondrocyte cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Usprech
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Martin
- Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Waldman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada,Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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In pursuit of P2X3 antagonists: novel therapeutics for chronic pain and afferent sensitization. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:3-26. [PMID: 22095157 PMCID: PMC3265711 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating pain by inhibiting ATP activation of P2X3-containing receptors heralds an exciting new approach to pain management, and Afferent's program marks the vanguard in a new class of drugs poised to explore this approach to meet the significant unmet needs in pain management. P2X3 receptor subunits are expressed predominately and selectively in so-called C- and Aδ-fiber primary afferent neurons in most tissues and organ systems, including skin, joints, and hollow organs, suggesting a high degree of specificity to the pain sensing system in the human body. P2X3 antagonists block the activation of these fibers by ATP and stand to offer an alternative approach to the management of pain and discomfort. In addition, P2X3 is expressed pre-synaptically at central terminals of C-fiber afferent neurons, where ATP further sensitizes transmission of painful signals. As a result of the selectivity of the expression of P2X3, there is a lower likelihood of adverse effects in the brain, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular tissues, effects which remain limiting factors for many existing pain therapeutics. In the periphery, ATP (the factor that triggers P2X3 receptor activation) can be released from various cells as a result of tissue inflammation, injury or stress, as well as visceral organ distension, and stimulate these local nociceptors. The P2X3 receptor rationale has aroused a formidable level of investigation producing many reports that clarify the potential role of ATP as a pain mediator, in chronic sensitized states in particular, and has piqued the interest of pharmaceutical companies. P2X receptor-mediated afferent activation has been implicated in inflammatory, visceral, and neuropathic pain states, as well as in airways hyperreactivity, migraine, itch, and cancer pain. It is well appreciated that oftentimes new mechanisms translate poorly from models into clinical efficacy and effectiveness; however, the breadth of activity seen from P2X3 inhibition in models offers a realistic chance that this novel mechanism to inhibit afferent nerve sensitization may find its place in the sun and bring some merciful relief to the torment of persistent discomfort and pain. The development philosophy at Afferent is to conduct proof of concept patient studies and best identify target patient groups that may benefit from this new intervention.
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Waldman SD, Usprech J, Flynn LE, Khan AA. Harnessing the purinergic receptor pathway to develop functional engineered cartilage constructs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:864-72. [PMID: 20346406 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical stimulation is a widely used method to enhance the formation and properties of tissue-engineered cartilage. While this approach can be highly successful, it may be more efficient and effective to harness the known underlying mechanotransduction pathways responsible. With this aim, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of directly stimulating the purinergic receptor pathway through exogenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in absence of externally applied forces. METHODS Isolated bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded in high density, 3D culture and supplemented with varying doses of ATP for up to 4 weeks. The effects on biosynthesis, extracellular matrix accumulation and mechanical properties were then evaluated. Experiments were also conducted to assess whether exogenous ATP elicited any undesirable effects, such as: inflammatory mediator release, matrix turn-over and mineralization. RESULTS Supplementation with ATP had a profound effect on the growth and maturation of the developed tissue. Exogenous ATP (62.5-250 microM) increased biosynthesis by 80-120%, and when stimulated for a period of 4 weeks resulted in increased matrix accumulation (80% increase in collagen and 60% increase in proteoglycans) and improved mechanical properties (6.5-fold increase in indentation modulus). While exogenous ATP did not stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators or induce mineralization, high doses of ATP (250 microM) elicited a 2-fold increase in matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression suggesting the emergence of a catabolic response. CONCLUSIONS Harnessing the ATP-purinergic receptor pathway is a highly effective approach to improve tissue formation and impart functional mechanical properties. However, the dose of ATP needs to be controlled as not to elicit a catabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Waldman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Knight MM, McGlashan SR, Garcia M, Jensen CG, Poole CA. Articular chondrocytes express connexin 43 hemichannels and P2 receptors - a putative mechanoreceptor complex involving the primary cilium? J Anat 2009; 214:275-83. [PMID: 19207989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading is essential for the health and homeostasis of articular cartilage, although the fundamental mechanotransduction pathways are unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that cyclic compression up-regulates proteoglycan synthesis via an intracellular Ca(2+) signalling pathway, mediated by the release of ATP. However, the mechanism(s) of ATP release has not been elucidated. The present study examines expression of the putative mechanosensitive ATP-release channel, connexin 43 and whether it is expressed on the chondrocyte primary cilium, which acts as a mechanosensor in a variety of other cell types. In addition the study characterized the expression of a range of purine receptors through which ATP may activate downstream signalling events controlling cell function. Bovine articular chondrocytes were isolated by sequential enzyme digestion and seeded in agarose constructs. To verify the presence of functional hemichannels, Lucifer yellow (LY) uptake into viable cells was quantified following treatment with a hemichannel agonist (EGTA) and antagonist (flufenamic acid). LY uptake was observed in 45% of chondrocytes, increasing to 83% following EGTA treatment (P < 0.001). Treatment with the hemichannel blocker, flufenamic acid, significantly decreased LY uptake to less than 5% with and without EGTA. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of primary cilia and the expression of connexin 43. Approximately 50% of bovine chondrocyte primary cilia were decorated with connexin 43. Human chondrocytes in situ within cartilage explants also expressed connexin 43 hemichannels. However, expression was confined to the upper 200 microm of the tissue closest to the articular surface. Immunofluorescence revealed the expression of a range of P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes within human articular cartilage. In conclusion, the expression of functional hemichannels by articular chondrocytes may represent the mechanism through which mechanical loading activates ATP release as part of a purinergic mechanotransduction pathway. Furthermore, the expression of connexin 43 on the chondrocyte primary cilium suggests the possible involvement of the cilium in this pathway.
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