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Riegger J, Maurer S, Pulasani S, Brenner RE. Simvastatin and fluvastatin attenuate trauma-induced cell death and catabolism in human cartilage. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:965302. [PMID: 36159664 PMCID: PMC9500391 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.965302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint injuries are known to induce pathomechanisms that might lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). In this regard, statins with their pleiotropic effects could represent potential therapeutic agents in preventing the development of PTOA. Therefore, we investigated the effects of simvastatin and fluvastatin in a drop-tower-based human ex vivo cartilage trauma model. After 7 days, a mechanical impact (0.59 J) resulted in a decrease of the cell viability and increased expression of catabolic enzymes in cartilage explants. Simvastatin and fluvastatin treatment of impacted cartilage demonstrated cell protective effects in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, statin therapy exhibited chondroprotective effects as demonstrated by attenuated expression of MMP-2 and MMP-13 as well as subsequent breakdown of collagen type II (after impact). Further analysis indicated antioxidative properties of the statins by upregulating the gene expression of SOD2 and suppression that of NOX2 and NOX4. Despite its protective effects, simvastatin impaired the biosynthesis of collagen type II, which was confirmed during chondrogenic redifferentiation of high passage chondrocytes. However, while long-term administration of statins for 4 weeks impaired chondrogenic redifferentiation, addition of simvastatin at low concentrations for 1 week exhibited a slightly promoting effect. In conclusion, our data imply that simvastatin and fluvastatin are suitable in terms of initial harm reduction after cartilage trauma.
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Takeuchi I, Kawamata R, Makino K. Effects of GGsTop ® on Collagen and Glutathione in the Oral Mucosa Using a Rat Model of 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Oral Mucositis. In Vivo 2021; 35:175-180. [PMID: 33402464 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To evaluate the usefulness of GGsTop® for oral mucositis, a quantitative study focusing on oral mucosal tissues is necessary. In this study, we aimed to quantify collagen and glutathione using a rat model of 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Changes in ulcer area and erythrocyte count were measured to confirm the usefulness of GGsTop® for oral mucositis. The effect of GGsTop on collagen was evaluated by observing oral mucosal tissue sections and measuring the collagen concentration in the tissues. The total glutathione concentration and the oxidized glutathione concentration were measured, and the concentration of the reduced form was calculated. RESULTS GGsTop® shortened the treatment period for oral mucositis without affecting the white blood cell count. In addition, GGsTop® promoted collagen production and alleviated oxidative stress conditions. CONCLUSION GGsTop affects collagen and glutathione in the treatment of oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riko Kawamata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan; .,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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Villalvilla A, Larrañaga-Vera A, Lamuedra A, Pérez-Baos S, López-Reyes AG, Herrero-Beaumont G, Largo R. Modulation of the Inflammatory Process by Hypercholesterolemia in Osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:566250. [PMID: 33102504 PMCID: PMC7546767 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.566250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Several studies have linked metabolic syndrome to the development of osteoarthritis (OA) through hypercholesterolemia, one of its components. However, epidemiological studies showed contradictory results, and it is not clear how hypercholesterolemia itself, or oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-a pathological molecule potentially involved in this relationship-could be affecting OA. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of hypercholesterolemia induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in cartilage from OA rabbits, and how oxLDL affect human chondrocyte inflammatory and catabolic responses. Design: New Zealand rabbits were fed with HFD for 18 weeks. On week 6, OA was surgically induced. At the end of the study, cartilage damage and IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, MMP-13, and COX-2 expression in articular cartilage were evaluated. In addition, cultured human OA articular chondrocytes were treated with oxLDL at concentrations equivalent to those expected in synovial fluid from HFD rabbits, in the presence of IL-1β and TNFα. The effect of oxLDL on cell viability, nitric oxide production and catabolic and pro-inflammatory gene expression was evaluated. Results: HFD intake did not modify cartilage structure or pro-inflammatory and catabolic gene expression and protein presence, both in healthy and OA animals. OxLDL did not affect human chondrocyte viability, ADAMTS5 and liver X receptor (LXR) α gene expression, but decreased the induction of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, MMP-13, iNOS, and COX-2 gene expression and MMP-13 and COX-2 protein presence, evoked by cytokines. Conclusions: Our data suggest that cholesterol intake per se may not be deleterious for articular cartilage. Instead, cholesterol de novo synthesis and altered cholesterol metabolism could be involved in the associations observed in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Villalvilla
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ane Larrañaga-Vera
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lamuedra
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Baos
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto G López-Reyes
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Geroscience Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Bahrami A, Bo S, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on ageing: Molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101024. [PMID: 32006687 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human ageing is determined by degenerative alterations and processes with different manifestations such as gradual organ dysfunction, tissue function loss, increased population of aged (senescent) cells, incapability of maintaining homeostasis and reduced repair capacity, which collectively lead to an increased risk of diseases and death. The inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins) are the most widely used lipid-lowering agents, which can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence has documented several pleiotropic effects of statins in addition to their lipid-lowering properties. Recently, several studies have highlighted that statins may have the potential to delay the ageing process and inhibit the onset of senescence. In this review, we focused on the anti-ageing mechanisms of statin drugs and their effects on cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases.
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Tanaka T, Matsushita T, Nishida K, Takayama K, Nagai K, Araki D, Matsumoto T, Tabata Y, Kuroda R. Attenuation of osteoarthritis progression in mice following intra‐articular administration of simvastatin‐conjugated gelatin hydrogel. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:423-432. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Takehiko Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Kyohei Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Koji Takayama
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Kanto Nagai
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Daisuke Araki
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Kyoto Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Hyogo Japan
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6
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Dai B, Li Q, Song X, Ge Y, Wu J, Zhang K, Wang C, Zhang Y, Teng H, Li C, Jiang Q. Knockdown of Ggps1 in chondrocyte expedites fracture healing by accelerating the progression of endochondral ossification in mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:133-147. [PMID: 28357594 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is achieved through the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, while bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) contribute to endochondral ossification. During fracture healing, mesenchymal progenitor cells first form a cartilaginous blastema that becomes vascularized to recruit precursor cells of osteoblasts through the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2)/Smad-dependent Runx2 pathway. Statins deplete geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which participates in the regulation of BMSCs differentiation, through the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase, leading to impaired protein geranylgeranylation, which strongly impacts the bone synthesis induced by Bmp2. Accordingly, we would like to investigate the role of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (Ggps1) in bone fracture via endochondral ossification in mice. We used a Cre-loxP system, namely the tamoxifen-inducible Collagen 2-CreERT2 Ggps1 fl/fl, to eliminate specifically the Ggps1 activity in chondrocytes of 8-10-week-old mice. We found that the endochondral bone formation, calcification and vasculogenesis of the bony callus were accelerated in fractures in Ggps1-/-mice. Together, the results of this study confirm that the specific deletion of Ggps1, using the Collagen 2-CreERT2 mice, will accelerate the fracture healing process by activating the Bmp2/Smad-dependent Runx2 pathway. In addition, we managed to improve the fracture healing process by inhibiting the Ggps1 activity and its related products with statin drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Dai
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangqiang Li
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Ge
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- The School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijia Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- The School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajian Teng
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaojun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center (MARC) and the School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Michaëlsson K, Lohmander LS, Turkiewicz A, Wolk A, Nilsson P, Englund M. Association between statin use and consultation or surgery for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a pooled analysis of four cohort studies. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1804-1813. [PMID: 28756279 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental findings and previous observational data have suggested lower risk of osteoarthritis (OA) with statin use but results are inconsistent. Large-scale studies with a clinically important outcome are needed. Thus, we aimed to determine whether statin use is associated with a reduced risk of developing clinically-defined hip or knee OA. DESIGN Pooled analysis based on time-to-event analysis of four population-based large cohorts, encompassing in total 132,607 persons aged 57-91 years resident in southern and central Sweden. We studied the association between statin use and time to consultation or surgery for OA of the hip or knee by time-dependent exposure analysis and Cox regression. RESULTS During 7.5 years of follow-up, we identified 7468 out- or inpatient treated cases of hip or knee OA. Compared with never use, current use of statins conferred no overall reduction in the risk of OA with an adjusted pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 1.04 (95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 0.99-1.10). We found no dose-response relation between duration of current statin use and the risk of OA, with similar HRs among patients with less than 1 year of use (HR 1.09; 95% CI 0.92-1.32) as in patients with use for 3 years or more (HR 1.05; 0.93-1.16). Results were comparable in those with low, medium and high dose of current statin use, without indications of heterogeneity of study results. CONCLUSION Statin use is not associated with reduced risk of consultation or surgery for OA of the hip or knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - L S Lohmander
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Lund, Sweden.
| | - A Turkiewicz
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund, Sweden.
| | - A Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - P Nilsson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - M Englund
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology Research & Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Terabe K, Takahashi N, Takemoto T, Knudson W, Ishiguro N, Kojima T. Simvastatin inhibits CD44 fragmentation in chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:1-10. [PMID: 27242325 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In human osteoarthritic chondrocytes, the hyaluronan receptor CD44 undergoes proteolytic cleavage at the cell surface. CD44 cleavage is thought to require transit of CD44 into cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether statins exert a protective effect on articular chondrocytes due to diminution of cholesterol. Three model systems of chondrocytes were examined including human HCS-2/8 chondrosarcoma cells, human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and normal bovine articular chondrocytes. Treatment with IL-1β + Oncostatin M resulted in a substantial increase in CD44 fragmentation in each of the three chondrocyte models. Pre-incubation with simvastatin prior to treatment with IL-1β + Oncostatin M decreased the level of CD44 fragmentation, decreased the proportion of CD44 that transits into the lipid raft fractions, decreased ADAM10 activity and diminished the interaction between CD44 and ADAM10. In HCS-2/8 cells and bovine articular chondrocytes, fragmentation of CD44 was blocked by the knockdown of ADAM10. Inhibition of CD44 fragmentation by simvastatin also resulted in improved retention of pericellular matrix. Addition of cholesterol and farnesyl-pyrophosphate reversed the protective effects of simvastatin. Thus, the addition of simvastatin exerts positive effects on chondrocytes including reduced CD44 fragmentation and enhanced the retention of pericellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Terabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Nobunori Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Toki Takemoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kojima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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10
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Bush JR, Bérubé NG, Beier F. A new prescription for growth? Statins, cholesterol and cartilage homeostasis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:503-6. [PMID: 25595698 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Bush
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - N G Bérubé
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - F Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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11
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Villalvilla A, Gómez R, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G. Lipid transport and metabolism in healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20793-808. [PMID: 24135873 PMCID: PMC3821643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is an avascular tissue and cartilage metabolism depends on molecule diffusion from synovial fluid and subchondral bone. Thus, nutrient availability is limited by matrix permeability according to the size and charge of the molecules. Matrix composition limits the access of molecules to chondrocytes, determining cell metabolism and cartilage maintenance. Lipids are important nutrients in chondrocyte metabolism and are available for these cells through de novo synthesis but also through diffusion from surrounding tissues. Cartilage status and osteoarthritis development depend on lipid availability. This paper reviews lipid transport and metabolism in cartilage. We also analyze signalling pathways directly mediated by lipids and those that involve mTOR pathways, both in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Villalvilla
- Osteoarticular Pathology Laboratory, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (R.L.); (G.H.-B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-915-504-800; Fax: +34-915-442-636
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Raquel Largo
- Osteoarticular Pathology Laboratory, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (R.L.); (G.H.-B.)
| | - Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont
- Osteoarticular Pathology Laboratory, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (R.L.); (G.H.-B.)
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12
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Han L, Li M, Liu X. Effects of long-term atorvastatin treatment on cardiac aging. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:721-726. [PMID: 24137254 PMCID: PMC3787009 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have reported that atorvastatin (AVT) may have an important role in the delay of cardiac aging. However, the mechanism by which AVT affects cardiac aging has not been established. In this study, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the effects of AVT treatment on the cardiovascular system and the associated mechanism. Wistar rats were administered AVT or saline for 4 months. Age-related changes in the hearts were measured at the end of the experiment. The results showed that compared with young rats, the aged rats had significant changes indicative of myocardial aging, including increased blood lipid 1evelss, increased body weight, cardiac hypertrophy, larger myocardial cells, irregular muscle fibers, fewer deeply stained nuclei, smaller intercellular spaces, a larger number of apoptotic cells and increased levels of lipofuscin in myocardial tissue. However, long-term AVT treatment was able to significantly delay or even reverse these aging-related changes. In addition, these effects showed a certain dose-dependence. In general, long-term AVT treatment reduces blood lipids, inhibits cardiac hypertrophy, suppresses cardiomyocyte apoptosis and lowers the level of oxidative stress to protect the heart from aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Aerospace and Diving Medical Center, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
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13
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van Eekeren ICM, Clockaerts S, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Lubberts E, Verhaar JAN, van Osch GJVM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Fibrates as therapy for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? A systematic review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2013; 5:33-44. [PMID: 23515070 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x12468659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrates are used as lipid-lowering drugs to prevent cardiovascular pathology. Fibrates are ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Besides altering lipid metabolism, PPARα ligands exert anti-inflammatory effects on various cell types. In this study, we hypothesized that PPARα agonists exert beneficial effects on osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by their local anti-inflammatory effects, but also by their systemic influences. A systematic literature search of Medline and EMBASE databases was performed up to August 2011. The main search items were osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and fibrates. Inclusion criteria were in vivo or in vitro studies regarding humans or animals in which the effects of PPARα ligands were studied. Six in vivo human studies, four in vivo animal studies and seven in vitro studies were included. The in vivo human studies showed all beneficial clinical effects of PPARα ligands, but studies were small and only four were randomized. Ligands for PPARα significantly reduced pain, swelling of the joints and decreased systemic inflammatory markers. In vitro and in vivo animal studies indicate that PPARα agonists inhibit bone resorption, and reduce inflammatory and destructive responses in cartilage and synovium. PPARα agonists such as fibrates should be considered as potential therapeutic strategy for RA. There is no clinical evidence for their use in OA, although in vitro studies indicate that PPARα agonists demonstrate different joint-protective effects locally, and systemic effects on inflammation, serum lipid levels and vascular pathology. Animal studies should be performed and after confirmation of the protective effects of PPARα, large randomized controlled trials could investigate fibrates in OA and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge C M van Eekeren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Mechanically induced experimental knee osteoarthritis benefits from anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of simvastatin via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-3. J Orthop Traumatol 2011; 12:145-51. [PMID: 21863259 PMCID: PMC3163794 DOI: 10.1007/s10195-011-0154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of simvastatin on articular cartilage via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), a matrix-degrading enzyme, in a mechanically induced experimental osteoarthritis (OA) animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-seven albino Wistar rats were divided in three groups of equal number. Unphysiologic loading of articular cartilage was simulated by transecting anterior cruciate ligaments of the right knees of 18 rats consisting of groups 1 and 2. Nine animals in group 2 received orally administered simvastatin 20 mg/kg per day by gavage for 8 weeks. Animals in group 3 were sham operated. All animals were sacrificed at postoperative 8 weeks. Effects of simvastatin on disease progression was evaluated by documenting OA changes in cartilage specimens using Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) OA cartilage histopathology assessment system scores combined with the percentage of MMP-3 expression in chondrocytes. RESULTS Simvastatin treatment significantly down-regulated the percentage of MMP-3 expression in chondrocytes as assessed by immunohistochemistry methods. Suppression of this matrix-degrading enzyme by simvastatin also reduced OARSI scores, suggesting the potential for statins against OA progression. CONCLUSIONS Following knee trauma, OA initiates at the molecular level in a short period of time. Irreversible structural changes in cartilage that require demanding treatment strategies led us to focus on effective measures to prevent OA. Statins have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties independent from their serum-cholesterol-lowering effects. One of these widely used drugs, simvastatin, showed beneficial effects on OA progression and extent by reducing cartilage degradation in our experimental setting. If these results are confirmed by human trials, simvastatin might be considered by orthopedic surgeons as a disease-modifying drug during the early inflammatory phase of posttraumatic OA.
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Mihos CG, Artola RT, Santana O. The pleiotropic effects of the hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors in rheumatologic disorders: a comprehensive review. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:287-94. [PMID: 21805349 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are used extensively in the treatment for hyperlipidemia. They have also demonstrated a benefit in a variety of other disease processes, including a wide range of rheumatologic disorders. These secondary actions are known as pleiotropic effects. Our paper serves as a focused and updated discussion on the pleiotropic effects of statins in rheumatologic disorders and emphasizes the importance of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to further elucidate this interesting phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Mihos
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Columbia University, 4300 Alton Road, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
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Catterall JB, Stabler TV, Flannery CR, Kraus VB. Changes in serum and synovial fluid biomarkers after acute injury (NCT00332254). Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R229. [PMID: 21194441 PMCID: PMC3046542 DOI: 10.1186/ar3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute trauma involving the anterior cruciate ligament is believed to be a major risk factor for the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis 10 to 20 years post-injury. In this study, to better understand the early biological changes which occur after acute injury, we investigated synovial fluid and serum biomarkers. METHODS We collected serum from 11 patients without pre-existing osteoarthritis from a pilot intervention trial (5 placebo and 6 drug treated) using an intra-articular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) therapy, 9 of which also supplied matched synovial fluid samples at presentation to the clinic after acute knee injury (mean 15.2 ± 7.2 days) and at the follow-up visit for reconstructive surgery (mean 47.6 ± 12.4 days). To exclude patients with pre-existing osteoarthritis (OA), the study was limited to individuals younger than 40 years of age (mean 23 ± 3.5) with no prior history of joint symptoms or trauma. We profiled a total of 21 biomarkers; 20 biomarkers in synovial fluid and 13 in serum with 12 biomarkers measured in both fluids. Biomarkers analyzed in this study were found to be independent of treatment (P > 0.05) as measured by Mann-Whitney and two-way ANOVA. RESULTS We observed significant decreases in synovial fluid (sf) biomarker concentrations from baseline to follow-up for (sf)C-Reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.039), (sf)lubricin (P = 0.008) and the proteoglycan biomarkers: (sf)Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) (P = 0.019), and (sf)Alanine-Arginine-Glycine-Serine (ARGS) aggrecan (P = 0.004). In contrast, we observed significant increases in the collagen biomarkers: (sf)C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide type II collagen (CTxII) (P = 0.012), (sf)C1,2C (P = 0.039), (sf)C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide type I collagen (CTxI) (P = 0.004), and (sf)N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx) (P = 0.008). The concentrations of seven biomarkers were significantly higher in synovial fluid than serum suggesting release from the signal knee: IL-1β (P < 0.0001), fetal aggrecan FA846 (P = 0.0001), CTxI (P = 0.0002), NTx (P = 0.012), osteocalcin (P = 0.012), Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) (P = 0.0001) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 (P = 0.0001). For these seven biomarkers we found significant correlations between the serum and synovial fluid concentrations for only CTxI (P = 0.0002), NTx (P < 0.0001), osteocalcin (P = 0.0002) and MMP-3 (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest that the biology after acute injury reflects that seen in cartilage explant models stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are characterized by an initial wave of proteoglycan loss followed by subsequent collagen loss. As the rise of collagen biomarkers in synovial fluid occurs within the first month after injury, and as collagen loss is thought to be irreversible, very early treatment with agents to either reduce inflammation and/or reduce collagen loss may have the potential to reduce the onset of future post-traumatic osteoarthritis. TRIAL REGISTRATION The samples used in this study were derived from a clinical trial NCT00332254 registered with ClinicalTrial.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Catterall
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Genome Science Research Building I, 905 South LaSalle Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas V Stabler
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Genome Science Research Building I, 905 South LaSalle Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carl R Flannery
- Tissue Repair Research Unit, BioTherapeutics Division, Pfizer Inc., 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Genome Science Research Building I, 905 South LaSalle Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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