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Durward-Akhurst SA, Marlowe JL, Schaefer RJ, Springer K, Grantham B, Carey WK, Bellone RR, Mickelson JR, McCue ME. Predicted genetic burden and frequency of phenotype-associated variants in the horse. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8396. [PMID: 38600096 PMCID: PMC11006912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Disease-causing variants have been identified for less than 20% of suspected equine genetic diseases. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) allows rapid identification of rare disease causal variants. However, interpreting the clinical variant consequence is confounded by the number of predicted deleterious variants that healthy individuals carry (predicted genetic burden). Estimation of the predicted genetic burden and baseline frequencies of known deleterious or phenotype associated variants within and across the major horse breeds have not been performed. We used WGS of 605 horses across 48 breeds to identify 32,818,945 variants, demonstrate a high predicted genetic burden (median 730 variants/horse, interquartile range: 613-829), show breed differences in predicted genetic burden across 12 target breeds, and estimate the high frequencies of some previously reported disease variants. This large-scale variant catalog for a major and highly athletic domestic animal species will enhance its ability to serve as a model for human phenotypes and improves our ability to discover the bases for important equine phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Durward-Akhurst
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, C339 VMC, 1353 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - J L Marlowe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, C339 VMC, 1353 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - R J Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - K Springer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - B Grantham
- Interval Bio LLC, 408 Stierline Road, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - W K Carey
- Interval Bio LLC, 408 Stierline Road, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - R R Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Population Health and Reproduction and Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J R Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 295F Animal Science Veterinary Medicine Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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2
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Mancini IAD, Levato R, Ksiezarczyk MM, Castilho MD, Chen M, van Rijen MHP, IJsseldijk LL, Kik M, van Weeren PR, Malda J. Microstructural differences in the osteochondral unit of terrestrial and aquatic mammals. eLife 2023; 12:e80936. [PMID: 38009703 PMCID: PMC10781421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, animals have returned from land to water, adapting with morphological modifications to life in an aquatic environment. We compared the osteochondral units of the humeral head of marine and terrestrial mammals across species spanning a wide range of body weights, focusing on microstructural organization and biomechanical performance. Aquatic mammals feature cartilage with essentially random collagen fiber configuration, lacking the depth-dependent, arcade-like organization characteristic of terrestrial mammalian species. They have a less stiff articular cartilage at equilibrium with a significantly lower peak modulus, and at the osteochondral interface do not have a calcified cartilage layer, displaying only a thin, highly porous subchondral bone plate. This totally different constitution of the osteochondral unit in aquatic mammals reflects that accommodation of loading is the primordial function of the osteochondral unit. Recognizing the crucial importance of the microarchitecture-function relationship is pivotal for understanding articular biology and, hence, for the development of durable functional regenerative approaches for treatment of joint damage, which are thus far lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina AD Mancini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marlena M Ksiezarczyk
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Miguel Dias Castilho
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Mattie HP van Rijen
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Lonneke L IJsseldijk
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marja Kik
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
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3
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Steele JR, Dekker TJ, Federer AE, Liles JL, Adams SB, Easley ME. Republication of "Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment". FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2023; 8:24730114231192961. [PMID: 37566685 PMCID: PMC10408332 DOI: 10.1177/24730114231192961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are a difficult pathologic entity to treat. They require a strong plan. Lesion size, location, chronicity, and characteristics such as displacement and the presence of subchondral cysts help dictate the appropriate treatment required to achieve a satisfactory result. In general, operative treatment is reserved for patients with displaced OLTs or for patients who have failed nonoperative treatment for 3 to 6 months. Operative treatments can be broken down into cartilage repair, replacement, and regenerative strategies. There are many promising treatment options, and research is needed to elucidate which are superior to minimize the morbidity from OLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Steele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Travis J Dekker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew E Federer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jordan L Liles
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel B Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark E Easley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Armstrong AR, Zbýň Š, Kajabi AW, Metzger GJ, Ellermann JM, Carlson CS, Tóth F. Naturally occurring osteochondrosis latens lesions identified by quantitative and morphological 10.5 T MRI in pigs. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:663-673. [PMID: 35716161 PMCID: PMC9759621 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is a pediatric orthopedic disorder that involves the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex and underlying bone. Clinical disease is often characterized by the presence of radiographically apparent osteochondral flaps and fragments. The existence of early JOCD lesions (osteochondrosis latens [OCL] and osteochondrosis manifesta [OCM]) that precede the development of osteochondral flaps and fragments is also well recognized. However, identification of naturally occurring OCL lesions (confined to cartilage) using noninvasive imaging techniques has not yet been accomplished. We hypothesized that 10.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify naturally occurring OCL lesions at predilection sites in intact joints of juvenile pigs. Unilateral elbows and knees (stifles) were harvested from three pigs aged 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and scanned in a 10.5 T MRI to obtain morphological 3D DESS images, and quantitative T2 and T1ρ relaxation time maps. Areas with increased T2 and T1ρ relaxation times in the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex were identified in 1/3 distal femora and 3/3 distal humeri and were considered suspicious for OCL or OCM lesions. Histological assessment confirmed the presence of OCL or OCM lesions at each of these sites and failed to identify additional lesions. Histological findings included necrotic vascular profiles associated with areas of chondronecrosis either confined to the epiphyseal cartilage (OCL, 4- and 8-week-old specimens) or resulting in a delay in endochondral ossification (OCM, 12-week-old specimen). Future studies with clinical MR systems (≤7 T) are needed to determine whether these MRI methods are suitable for the in vivo diagnosis of early JOCD lesions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Štefan Zbýň
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abdul Wahed Kajabi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J. Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jutta M. Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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McCoy AM, Secor EJ, Roady PJ, Gray SM, Klein J, Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD. Plantar osteochondral fragments in young Standardbreds are associated with minimal joint inflammation at the time of surgical removal. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:33-41. [PMID: 35298851 PMCID: PMC10083909 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantar osteochondral fragments (POF) are common but their effect on joint health of young Standardbreds in race training is largely unknown. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the inflammatory effects of POF in metatarsophalangeal joints of young Standardbreds as a step towards developing evidence-based recommendations for surgical removal. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS Forty-nine Standardbred horses (age 11-33 months) presented for surgical removal of POF from 56 metatarsophalangeal joints. Synovial tissue collected at arthroscopy was subjected to histopathology. IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE-2 were measured in synovial fluid using ELISA. Digital arthroscopy images were scored for inflammation. Racing performance data were retrieved from a public database. RESULTS Median time in race training prior to surgery was 8 weeks (IQR 4-12; range 0-40). There was minimal evidence of synovial inflammation as assessed by histopathology (median total score 2/20, IQR 0-2, range 0-5) or arthroscopy (median average total score 2.67/15, IQR 1.79-4, range 0-8.83). IL-1β was not detected in any sample. TNF-α (median 0 pg/mL, IQR 0-0) and PGE-2 (median 56.6 pg/mL, IRQ 40.5-99.8) were measured at low levels. Weeks in training prior to surgery was associated with the number of starts in the season after surgery (incidence rate ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.04, P = .03). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size from a single breed with a relatively short training time prior to surgery. CONCLUSIONS There was minimal evidence of synovial inflammation in the metatarsophalangeal joints in this population of young Standardbred horses with POF. It is possible that POF may result in a different inflammatory response than other fragments because they are generally well-embedded in situ. These findings suggest that, in Standardbreds, race training can commence several weeks prior to surgical removal of POF with minimal detrimental effects on joint health, although further investigation of long-term effects of POF on joint health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Erica J Secor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah M Gray
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Julie Klein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Tissue Engineering of Canine Cartilage from Surgically Debrided Osteochondritis Dissecans Fragments. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 50:56-77. [PMID: 34961892 PMCID: PMC8763830 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study in dogs explored the feasibility of using cartilage fragments removed and discarded during routine palliative surgery for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) as a source of primary chondrocytes for scaffold-free cartilage tissue-engineering. Primary chondrocytes were obtained from three OCD donors and one age-matched healthy articular cartilage (HAC) donor. After monolayer expansion of primary cells, a three-dimensional spherical suspension culture was implemented. Following this stage, cells were seeded at a high density into custom-made agarose molds that allowed for size and shape-specific constructs to be generated via a method of cellular self-assembling in a scaffold-free environment. Fifty-eight neocartilage constructs were tissue-engineered using this methodology. Neocartilage constructs and native cartilage from shoulder joint were subjected to histological, mechanical, and biochemical testing. OCD and HAC chondrocytes-sourced constructs had uniformly flat morphology and histology consistent with cartilage tissue. Constructs sourced from OCD chondrocytes were 1.5-times (32%) stiffer in compression and 1.3 times (23%) stronger in tension than constructs sourced from HAC chondrocytes and only 8.7-times (81%) less stiff in tension than native tissue. Constructs from both cell sources consistently had lower collagen content than native tissue (22.9%/dry weight [DW] for OCD and 4.1%/DW for HAC vs. 51.1%/DW native tissue). To improve the collagen content and mechanical properties of neocartilage, biological and mechanical stimuli, and thyroid hormone (tri-iodothyronine) were applied to the chondrocytes during the self-assembling stage in two separate studies. A 2.6-fold (62%) increase in compressive stiffness was detected with supplementation of biological stimuli alone and 5-fold (81%) increase with combined biological and mechanical stimuli at 20% strain. Application of thyroid hormone improved collagen content (1.7-times, 33%), tensile strength (1.8-times, 43%), and stiffness (1.3-times, 21%) of constructs, relative to untreated controls. Collectively, these data suggest that OCD chondrocytes can serve as a reliable cell source for cartilage tissue-engineering and that canine chondrocytes respond favorably to biological and mechanical stimuli that have been shown effective in chondrocytes from other animal species, including humans.
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7
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Durward-Akhurst SA, Schaefer RJ, Grantham B, Carey WK, Mickelson JR, McCue ME. Genetic Variation and the Distribution of Variant Types in the Horse. Front Genet 2021; 12:758366. [PMID: 34925451 PMCID: PMC8676274 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.758366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation is a key contributor to health and disease. Understanding the link between an individual's genotype and the corresponding phenotype is a major goal of medical genetics. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) within and across populations enables highly efficient variant discovery and elucidation of the molecular nature of virtually all genetic variation. Here, we report the largest catalog of genetic variation for the horse, a species of importance as a model for human athletic and performance related traits, using WGS of 534 horses. We show the extent of agreement between two commonly used variant callers. In data from ten target breeds that represent major breed clusters in the domestic horse, we demonstrate the distribution of variants, their allele frequencies across breeds, and identify variants that are unique to a single breed. We investigate variants with no homozygotes that may be potential embryonic lethal variants, as well as variants present in all individuals that likely represent regions of the genome with errors, poor annotation or where the reference genome carries a variant. Finally, we show regions of the genome that have higher or lower levels of genetic variation compared to the genome average. This catalog can be used for variant prioritization for important equine diseases and traits, and to provide key information about regions of the genome where the assembly and/or annotation need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Durward-Akhurst
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - R. J. Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - B. Grantham
- Interval Bio LLC, Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - W. K. Carey
- Interval Bio LLC, Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - J. R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - M. E. McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Chau MM, Klimstra MA, Wise KL, Ellermann JM, Tóth F, Carlson CS, Nelson BJ, Tompkins MA. Osteochondritis Dissecans: Current Understanding of Epidemiology, Etiology, Management, and Outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:1132-1151. [PMID: 34109940 PMCID: PMC8272630 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
➤ Osteochondritis dissecans occurs most frequently in the active pediatric and young adult populations, commonly affecting the knee, elbow, or ankle, and may lead to premature osteoarthritis. ➤ While generally considered an idiopathic phenomenon, various etiopathogenetic theories are being investigated, including local ischemia, aberrant endochondral ossification of the secondary subarticular physis, repetitive microtrauma, and genetic predisposition. ➤ Diagnosis is based on the history, physical examination, radiography, and advanced imaging, with elbow ultrasonography and novel magnetic resonance imaging protocols potentially enabling early detection and in-depth staging. ➤ Treatment largely depends on skeletal maturity and lesion stability, defined by the presence or absence of articular cartilage fracture and subchondral bone separation, as determined by imaging and arthroscopy, and is typically nonoperative for stable lesions in skeletally immature patients and operative for those who have had failure of conservative management or have unstable lesions. ➤ Clinical practice guidelines have been limited by a paucity of high-level evidence, but a multicenter effort is ongoing to develop accurate and reliable classification systems and multimodal decision-making algorithms with prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Chau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mikhail A Klimstra
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelsey L Wise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jutta M Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- TRIA Orthopedic Center, Bloomington, Minnesota
| | - Marc A Tompkins
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- TRIA Orthopedic Center, Bloomington, Minnesota
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Mellis D, Staines KA, Peluso S, Georgiou IC, Dora N, Kubiak M, van’t Hof R, Grillo M, Farquharson C, Kinsella E, Thornburn A, Ralston SH, Salter DM, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Hill RE, Ditzel M. Ubiquitin-protein ligase Ubr5 cooperates with hedgehog signalling to promote skeletal tissue homeostasis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009275. [PMID: 33819267 PMCID: PMC8057592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis and its deregulation is linked to rheumatological disorders. UBR5 is the mammalian homologue of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Hyd, a negative regulator of the Hh-pathway in Drosophila. To investigate a possible role of UBR5 in regulation of the musculoskeletal system through modulation of mammalian HH signaling, we created a mouse model for specific loss of Ubr5 function in limb bud mesenchyme. Our findings revealed a role for UBR5 in maintaining cartilage homeostasis and suppressing metaplasia. Ubr5 loss of function resulted in progressive and dramatic articular cartilage degradation, enlarged, abnormally shaped sesamoid bones and extensive heterotopic tissue metaplasia linked to calcification of tendons and ossification of synovium. Genetic suppression of smoothened (Smo), a key mediator of HH signalling, dramatically enhanced the Ubr5 mutant phenotype. Analysis of HH signalling in both mouse and cell model systems revealed that loss of Ubr5 stimulated canonical HH-signalling while also increasing PKA activity. In addition, human osteoarthritic samples revealed similar correlations between UBR5 expression, canonical HH signalling and PKA activity markers. Our studies identified a crucial function for the Ubr5 gene in the maintenance of skeletal tissue homeostasis and an unexpected mode of regulation of the HH signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mellis
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Peluso
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Ch. Georgiou
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Dora
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Kubiak
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rob van’t Hof
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Grillo
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Kinsella
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Thornburn
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M. Salter
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Ditzel
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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10
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De Armond CC, Kim SE, Lewis DD, Biedryzcki AH, Banks SA, Cook JL, Keister JD. Three-dimensional-printed custom guides for bipolar coxofemoral osteochondral allograft in dogs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244208. [PMID: 33561146 PMCID: PMC7872253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experimental study was to develop and evaluate a three-dimensionally printed custom surgical guide system for performing bipolar coxofemoral osteochondral allograft transplantation in dogs. Five cadaver dogs, weighing 20–38 kg were used in the study. Custom surgical guides were designed and three-dimensionally printed to facilitate accurate execution of a surgical plan for bipolar coxofemoral osteochondral allograft transplantation. Guide-assisted technique was compared to freehand technique in each cadaver. Surgical time was recorded and postoperative computed tomography and three-dimensional segmentation was performed. Femoral version and inclination angles, femoral neck length, and gap present at the femoral and acetabular donor-recipient interface was compared between the virtual surgical plan and postoperative outcome for both techniques. One-tailed paired t-test (P < .05) was used for statistical analysis. When compared to free-hand preparation, mean donor femoral preparation time was 10 minutes longer and mean recipient preparation time was 2 minutes longer when using guides (p = 0.011 and p = 0.001, respectively). No difference in acetabular preparation time was noted between groups. Gap volume at the acetabular and femoral donor-recipient interface was not different between groups. Mean difference between the planned and postoperative version angle was 6.2° lower for the guide group when compared to the freehand group (p = 0.025). Mean femoral neck length was 2 mm closer to the plan when using guides than when performing surgery freehand (p = 0.037). Accuracy for femoral angle of inclination was not different between groups. Custom surgical guides warrants consideration in developing bipolar coxofemoral osteochondral allograft transplantation as an alternative surgical technique for managing hip disorders in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C. De Armond
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stanley E. Kim
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel D. Lewis
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adam H. Biedryzcki
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics & Mizzou BioJoint Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Justin D. Keister
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Masquijo JJ, Allende F, Carabajal M. Ankle Morphology and Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans (JOCD) of the Talus: Is There an Association? An MRI Study. J Pediatr Orthop 2021; 41:e147-e152. [PMID: 33229961 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Factors that contribute to the development of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) of the talus are poorly understood. Some authors suggest that a higher loading of the affected zone may be a cofactor in osteochondral lesions. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to evaluate any association between ankle morphology and talus JOCD using morphologic parameters from magnetic resonance images. Our hypothesis is that ankles with JOCD lesions would have differences in the anatomy compared with age and sex-matched unaffected ankles. METHODS We evaluated a total of 75 extremities. There were 22 patients (25 ankles) with talus JOCD lesions, and 50 patients (50 ankles) sex and age-matched individuals with healthy ankles served as controls. Two examiners conducted independent measurements of 8 magnetic resonance images parameters: tibial anterior surface angle, tibial shaft both malleoli angle (TBM), tibial axis-medial malleolus angle, anterior opening angle of the talus, malleolar width, tibial lateral surface angle, Maximal tibial thickness, length of trochlea tali arc, and height of trochlea tali arc. Measurement reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Differences in parameters between JOCD patients and controls were evaluated using independent t test. The level of significance was taken to be P<0.05. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated good to excellent consistency for all measurements. Sagittal parameters demonstrated a significant length of trochlea tali arc increase in ankles with JOCD lesions compared with normal ankles (P=0.015). There was no statistical difference in any of the axial or coronal parameters. CONCLUSIONS Ankle morphology may have a relationship with JOCD lesions. Future larger studies will be useful for further clarifying our findings, and detecting other potential predisposing factors with clinical relevance and how they can be modified. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study (Level of evidence III).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Javier Masquijo
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Sanatorio Allende,Nueva Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Naik MV, Kirino Y, Uemura R, Kim S, Inoue Y, Hidaka Y. Radiographic diagnosis and surgical management for successful outcomes for osteochondrosis in Japanese Black calves. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:151-157. [PMID: 33390374 PMCID: PMC7870393 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) is not well recognized in cattle. Japanese Black (JB) cattle are valued for their beef and studies regarding OC are scarce. Hence, the aim
of this study was to retrospectively discuss clinical and radiographical findings, diagnosis and treatment options for OC in JB cattle for successful outcomes.
Medical records of 11 calves affected with OC were reviewed, retrospectively. Clinical and radiographic findings, treatment and outcomes and postmortem
examination findings were analyzed. All calves had lameness. Stifle (4/14) and tarsal (4/14) were the most affected joints. Subchondral bone lucencies were
observed in all joints (14/14) and accompanied with sclerosis (10/14). Radiographic grading was performed in calves. Calves were treated surgically (8/11) or
conservatively (1/11). Surgically treated calves were auctioned (5/8). Postmortem examination was performed (2/11). Gross findings revealed ulcerative lesion at
articular surface. Histopathologically, cartilage layer was defected at lesion. Inflammation (2/2) and granulation tissue (1/2) was also observed. In
conclusion, OC in JB cattle can be diagnosed on the basis of radiography with history and clinical signs in clinical setting. Surgery should be performed in
mild cases for successful outcomes. A modified radiographic grading criteria for clinical cases may hold potential in evaluating prognosis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunmayi Vishwanath Naik
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Sueun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hidaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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13
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Ludwig KD, Johnson CP, Zbýň Š, Nowacki A, Marette S, Takahashi T, Macalena JA, Nelson BJ, Tompkins MA, Carlson CS, Ellermann JM. MRI evaluation of articular cartilage in patients with juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) using T2∗ mapping at 3T. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:1235-1244. [PMID: 32278071 PMCID: PMC8576840 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate articular cartilage by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2∗ mapping within the distal femur and proximal tibia in adolescents with juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD). DESIGN JOCD imaging studies acquired between August 2011 and February 2019 with clinical and T2∗ mapping MRI knee images were retrospectively collected and analyzed for 31 participants (9F/22M, 15.0 ± 3.8 years old) with JOCD lesions in the medial femoral condyle (MFC). In total, N = 32 knees with JOCD lesions and N = 14 control knees were assessed. Mean T2∗ values in four articular cartilage regions-of-interest (MFC, lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial tibia (MT), and lateral tibia (LT)) and lesion volume were measured and analyzed using Wilcoxon-rank-sum tests and Spearman correlation coefficients (R). RESULTS Mean ± standard error T2∗ differences observed between the lesion-sided MFC and the LFC in JOCD-affected knees (28.5 ± 0.9 95% confidence interval [26.8, 30.3] vs 26.3 ± 0.7 [24.8, 27.7] ms, P = 0.088) and between the affected- and control-knee MFC (28.5 ± 0.9 [26.8, 30.3] vs 28.5 ± 0.6 [27.1, 29.9] ms, P = 0.719) were nonsignificant. T2∗ was significantly increased in the lesion-sided MT vs the LT for the JOCD-affected knees (21.5 ± 0.7 [20.1, 22.9] vs 18.0 ± 0.7 [16.5, 19.5] ms, P = 0.002), but this same difference was also observed between the MT and LT in control knees (21.0 ± 0.6 [19.7, 22.3] vs 18.1 ± 1.1 [15.8, 20.4] ms, P = 0.037). There was no significant T2∗ difference between the affected- and control-knee MT (21.5 ± 0.7 [20.1, 22.9] vs 21.0 ± 0.6 [19.7, 22.3] ms, P = 0.905). T2∗ within the lesion-sided MFC was not correlated with patient age (R = 0.20, P = 0.28) or lesion volume (R = 0.06, P = 0.75). T2∗ values were slightly increased near lesions in later-stage JOCD subjects but without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS T2∗ relaxations times were not significantly different from control sites in the articular cartilage overlying JOCD lesions in the MFC or adjacent MT cartilage in early-stage JOCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai D. Ludwig
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Corresponding Author Info: Jutta M. Ellermann, MD, PhD, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 53705-2275. Telephone: 612-626-2001.
| | - Casey P. Johnson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Štefan Zbýň
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amanda Nowacki
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shelly Marette
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Macalena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- TRIA Orthopaedic Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marc A. Tompkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- TRIA Orthopaedic Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jutta M. Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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14
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Chiaradia E, Pepe M, Sassi P, Mohren R, Orvietani PL, Paolantoni M, Tognoloni A, Sforna M, Eveque M, Tombolesi N, Cillero-Pastor B. Comparative label-free proteomic analysis of equine osteochondrotic chondrocytes. J Proteomics 2020; 228:103927. [PMID: 32768606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a developmental orthopedic disease affecting growing cartilage in young horses. In this study we compared the proteomes of equine chondrocytes obtained from healthy and osteochondrotic cartilage using a label-free mass spectrometry approach. Quantitative changes of some proteins selected for their involvement in different functional pathways highlighted by the bioinformatics analysis, were validated by western blotting, while biochemical alterations of extracellular matrix were confirmed via Raman spectroscopy analysis. In total 1637 proteins were identified, of which 59 were differentially abundant. Overall, the results highlighted differentially represented proteins involved in metabolic and functional pathways that may be related to the failure of the endochondral ossification process occurring in osteochondrosis. In particular, we identified proteins involved in extracellular matrix degradation and organization, vitamin metabolism, osteoblast differentiation, apoptosis, protein folding and localization, signalling and gene expression modulation and lysosomal activities. These results provide valuable new insights to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the development and progression of osteochondrosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Osteochondrosis is a common articular disorder in young horses mainly due to defects in endochondral ossification. The pathogenesis of osteochondrosis is still poorly understood and only a limited number of proteomic studies have been conducted. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of proteomic alterations occurring in equine osteochondrotic chondrocytes, the only resident cell type that modulates differentiation and maturation of articular cartilage. The results evidenced alterations in abundance of proteins involved in functional and metabolic pathways and in extracellular matrix remodelling. These findings could help clarify some molecular aspects of osteochondrosis and open new fields of research for elucidating the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marco Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paola Sassi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ronny Mohren
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gambuli, 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Paolantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Tognoloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maxime Eveque
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Tombolesi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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15
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Larsen RJ, Garrett KS, Stewart MC, Herzog KK, Kersh ME, Moshage SG, Podico G, Lima FS, Childs BA. Fluoroquinolone exposure in utero did not affect articular cartilage of resulting foals. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:385-396. [PMID: 32479667 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that fluoroquinolones, specifically, enrofloxacin and its active metabolite (ciprofloxacin), cross the equine placenta without causing gross or histological lesions in the first and third trimester fetuses or resulting foal. However, it is possible that in utero exposure to fluoroquinolones may cause subtle lesions not detectable by standard means; thus, a more in-depth assessment of potential toxicity is warranted. OBJECTIVES To use quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI), biomechanical testing, and chondrocyte gene expression to evaluate the limbs of foals exposed to enrofloxacin during the third trimester of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN In vivo and control terminal experiment. METHODS Healthy mares at 280 days gestation were assigned into three groups: untreated (n = 5), recommended therapeutic (7.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO, SID, n = 6) or supratherapeutic (15 mg/kg, PO, SID, n = 6) doses for 14 days. Mares carried and delivered to term and nursed their foals for ~30 days. Two additional healthy foals born from untreated mares were treated post-natally with enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg PO, SID, for 5 days). By 30 days, foal stifles, hocks, elbows, and shoulders were radiographed, foals were subjected to euthanasia, and foal limbs were analysed by quantitative MRI, structural MRI, biomechanical testing and chondrocyte gene expression. RESULTS Osteochondral lesions were detected with both radiography and structural MRI in foals from both enrofloxacin-treated and untreated mares. Severe cartilage erosions, synovitis and joint capsular thickening were identified in foals treated with enrofloxacin post-natally. Median cartilage T2 relaxation times differed between joints but did not differ between treatment groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS A small sample size was assessed and there was no long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION While further research is needed to address long-term foal outcomes, no differences were seen in advanced imaging, biomechanical testing or gene expression by 30 days of age, suggesting that enrofloxacin may be a safe and useful antibiotic for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kalyn K Herzog
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mariana E Kersh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sara G Moshage
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bronwen A Childs
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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16
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Roca disease: An osteochondrosis of the inferior pole of the scapula with review of the literature. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:1523-1527. [PMID: 32670453 PMCID: PMC7339011 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a developmental condition affecting the endochondral ossification. It is commonly idiopathic however can be due to vascular anomalies, dietary conditions, hormonal irregularity, or overuse trauma. Osteochondrosis occurring in the inferior pole of the scapula is an extremely rare condition and is referred to as roca disease. A higher degree of suspicion is required especially in a young patient with atraumatic shoulder pain and additional unconventional MRI sequences focusing on the inferior pole of scapula can be taken to rule out such conditions. We report a case of Roca disease in a 16-year male who presented with right shoulder pain. This is the third case report of roca disease in the English literature according to our knowledge and the first case report to demonstrate extensive MRI imaging features with a normal radiograph. Imaging, particularly MRI, plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of this extremely rare entity. Also, the inferior pole of the scapula is usually not included in routine shoulder MRI imaging thus close scrutiny with additional MRI sequences should be done to diagnose such a rare entity.
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17
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Chiaradia E, Miller I. In slow pace towards the proteome of equine body fluids. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103880. [PMID: 32569818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Equine medicine represents a relevant field of veterinary science and the horse industry generates a significant economic impact. Horses can be involved in different sport disciplines, meat production, work and recreational purposes. Horses are also important for human health as they can be used as animal models for studying human diseases and in equine-assisted therapy. This review summarizes the data related to body fluids such as plasma/serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peritoneal fluid obtained using proteomic analysis. Horse body fluid proteome analysis under various physiological and pathological conditions is a useful method for identifying new biomarkers for horse diseases which are still difficult to diagnose, but with serious consequences on equine health and welfare. The findings reported here reveal that further proteomic studies on equine body fluids collected from diseased animals are required. SIGNIFICANCE: Body fluids are sources of potential protein biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic target identification. Indeed, they contain proteins that play a crucial role in cell functions and whose presence or relative abundance are indicative of the health status of tissues/organs. The review reports the data on the equine body fluids obtained using proteomic analysis, including those which are commonly used to obtain a correct diagnosis and prognosis of horse diseases which still pose a significant challenge. For equine medicine, new biomarkers are needed to formulate early diagnosis and to distinguish among diseases with similar clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Laboratory of proteomics, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria.
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18
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Back W, de Jong LH, Vrancken A, van Nes A, Wolschrijn C, Verdonschot N. Biomechanical loading of the porcine femorotibial joint during maximal movements: An exploratory, ex vivo study. Vet J 2020; 261:105480. [PMID: 32741492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, there is a lack of scientific investigation regarding the hypothesis that biomechanical factors contribute to the cross-species pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC). Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether high (peak) pressures occur in the porcine femorotibial (FT) joint. In this experimental, ex vivo study, the right hind limbs of seven weaned piglets were subjected to maximal joint excursions, as a priori radiologically estimated. Subsequently, the intra-articular pressures were measured using sensors placed in both the medial and the lateral compartments of the FT joint. The overall highest individual peak pressure was found in the lateral FT joint during maximal extension (2611 kPa; group mean ± standard deviation (SD) 982.3 ± 988.2 kPa). In the medial FT joint, the highest individual peak pressure was found during maximal adduction (1481 kPa; group mean ± SD 664.9 ± 393.2 kPa). Moreover, nearly 30% of the ex vivo peak pressures were above published thresholds for cartilage catabolism (>500 kPa/0.5 MPa), but not for interfering with cell viability (>5 MPa). In conclusion, this ex vivo study on FT joint pressures in weaned piglets showed that FT joint movements at maximal excursions are related to concomitant internal peak joint pressures. More studies should be performed to evaluate the possible biomechanical relation of these observations with osteochondrosis, which would allow the design of preventive measures in the pig industry, to avoid extreme limb movements and concomitant joint peak pressures in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L H de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Vrancken
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, NL-6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A van Nes
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Verdonschot
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, NL-6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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19
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Heida KA, Tihista MC, Kusnezov NA, Dunn JC, Orr JD. Outcomes and Predictors of Postoperative Pain Improvement Following Particulated Juvenile Cartilage Allograft Transplant for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:572-581. [PMID: 32028794 DOI: 10.1177/1071100720903721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulated juvenile cartilage allograft transfer (PJCAT) is an emerging treatment option for management of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCLTs). This series reports on outcomes and identifies predictors for success following PJCAT for isolated OCLTs. METHODS We reviewed 33 consecutive patients who underwent PJCAT by a single surgeon from 2013 to 2017. Preoperative demographic factors (age, body mass index [BMI], tobacco use, behavioral health comorbidity, and ankle pain visual analog score [VAS]) and OCLT morphologic data were collected. Outcomes included postoperative improvements in VAS and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and clinical success/failure. Results of 7 second-look arthroscopies and complications are provided. Categorical data are reported as frequencies, and statistical means with P values are reported for continuous variables. We had a mean 3.5 years of follow-up. RESULTS Improvement in ankle pain VAS following isolated PJCAT was 51% (P < .001). For the first 16 consecutive patients in whom complete AOFAS scores were available, 40% (P < .001) improvement occurred. Presence of 1 or more behavioral health diagnoses was a risk factor for decreased pain relief, while moderate to severe preoperative pain (VAS >5.9) predicted improved postoperative pain relief. Age, BMI, tobacco use, and OCLT morphology did not affect outcomes. CONCLUSION For treatment of large, high-stage OCLTs, PJCAT resulted in 40% to 50% improvement in ankle pain and disability within 3.5 years. The results may be better in patients with moderate to severe preoperative pain but worse in those with preexisting behavioral health diagnoses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, retrospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Heida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Mikel C Tihista
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kusnezov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Blanchfield Army Community Hospital, Ft. Campbell, KY, USA
| | - John C Dunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Justin D Orr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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20
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Grez-Capdeville M, Gross N, Baker JC, Shutter JA, Haas AR, Wilson ME, Crenshaw TD. Alleged predisposing dietary factors fail to increase the incidence of osteochondrosis-like lesions in growing pigs at 14 and 24 wk of age. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa103. [PMID: 32249288 PMCID: PMC7185024 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early lesions of osteochondrosis (OC) are exhibited by regions of cartilage retention along the growth plate and articular cartilage. Progression of OC lesions may impair locomotion and necessitate euthanasia in adherence to animal welfare guides. Little is known about the role of nutrition in the initiation and early stages of OC. However, dietary components are commonly implicated as predisposing factors. In this study, diets were altered as an attempt to induce early stage OC lesions under controlled conditions. At 8 wk of age, 96 crossbred gilts (body weight [BW] = 17.4 ± 0.18 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four corn-soybean meal-based diets (four pens per diet, six pigs per pen) to assess diet effects on the number and volume of OC lesions in the distal femur. Diets included a non-pelleted control diet (Ctl); Ctl plus 20% glucose (Glc); the Ctl with increased concentrations of lysine, Ca, and P (+CaP); and the +CaP diet in a pelleted form (PEL). Femurs were collected from pigs euthanized at either 14-wk (Wk 14) or 24-wk (Wk 14) of age for assessments of OC lesions. Based on a mixed model analysis with pen as the experimental unit, dietary treatments did not affect final BW (129.3 ± 3.8 kg) or average daily gain (ADG) (1.00 ± 0.03 kg/d) over the trial. As expected, pigs fed PEL and Glc diets were more efficient (P < 0.05) in feed conversion compared with Ctl and +CaP. Using femurs as the experimental unit at Wk 14 (collected from two of the six pigs per pen), bone mineral content, determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed +CaP and PEL than Ctl or Glc diets; however, only +CaP group differed (P < 0.05) at Wk 24 (collected from four pigs per pen). Computed tomography (CT) scans of femurs were reconstructed as three-dimensional images to allow detection of the number, volume, and surface area of lesions in distal growth plates. At Wk 14, pigs fed Ctl had fewer number of lesions (P < 0.05); however, no differences were detected among dietary treatments in lesion volume or lesion surface area. Pigs had fewer lesions at Wk 24 than Wk 14; however, differences were not detected among dietary treatments. At Wk 24, pigs fed Ctl diets had the greatest lesion volume among dietary treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, none of the pigs exhibited symptoms of lameness regardless of dietary treatment or OC lesion traits. Diet modifications due to pelleting or inclusion of rapidly digestible ingredients, such as glucose, did not increase prevalence or size of OC lesions. Image analysis of CT scans was a reliable method to quantify the number, size, and location of OC lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Gross
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Joni C Baker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jennifer A Shutter
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Amanda R Haas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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21
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Maturation of the equine medial femoral condyle osteochondral unit. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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22
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Franklin SP, Stoker AM, Lin ASP, Pownder SL, Burke EE, Bozynski CC, Kuroki K, Guldberg RE, Cook JL, Holmes SP. T1ρ, T2 mapping, and EPIC-µCT Imaging in a Canine Model of Knee Osteochondral Injury. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:368-377. [PMID: 31429976 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The dog is the most commonly used large animal model for the study of osteoarthritis. Optimizing methods for assessing cartilage health would prove useful in reducing the number of dogs needed for a valid study of osteoarthritis and cartilage repair. Twelve beagles had critical-sized osteochondral defects created in the medial femoral condyle of both knees. Eight dogs had T1ρ and T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed approximately 6 months after defect creation. Following MRI evaluations, all 12 dogs were humanely euthanatized and cartilage samples were obtained from the medial and lateral femoral condyles, medial and lateral tibial plateaus, trochlear groove, and patella for proteoglycan and collagen quantification. Equilibrium partitioning of an ionic contrast (EPIC)-µCT was then performed followed by the histologic assessment of the knees. Correlations between T1ρ, T2, EPIC-µCT and proteoglycan, collagen, and histology scores were assessed using a multivariate analysis accounting for correlations from samples within the same knee and in the same dog. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the strength of significant relationships. Correlations between µCT values and biochemical or histologic assessment were weak to moderately strong (0.09-0.41; p < 0.0001-0.66). There was a weak correlation between the T2 values and cartilage proteoglycan (-0.32; p = 0.04). The correlation between T1ρ values and cartilage proteoglycan were moderately strong (-0.38; p < 0.05) while the strongest correlation was between the T1ρ values and histological assessment of cartilage with a correlation coefficient of 0.58 (p < 0.0001). These data suggest that T1ρ shows promise for possible utility in the translational study of cartilage health and warrants further development in this species. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:368-377, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Franklin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Aaron M Stoker
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Angela S P Lin
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Sarah L Pownder
- MRI Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Emily E Burke
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Chantelle C Bozynski
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kei Kuroki
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - James L Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Shannon P Holmes
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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23
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Proteome Alterations in Equine Osteochondrotic Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246179. [PMID: 31817880 PMCID: PMC6940994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a failure of the endochondral ossification that affects developing joints in humans and several animal species. It is a localized idiopathic joint disorder characterized by focal chondronecrosis and growing cartilage retention, which can lead to the formation of fissures, subchondral bone cysts, or intra-articular fragments. Osteochondrosis is a complex multifactorial disease associated with extracellular matrix alterations and failure in chondrocyte differentiation, mainly due to genetic, biochemical, and nutritional factors, as well as traumas. This study describes the main proteomic alterations occurring in chondrocytes isolated from osteochondrotic cartilage fragments. A comparative analysis performed on equine osteochondrotic and healthy chondrocytes showed 26 protein species as differentially represented. In particular, quantitative changes in the extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal and chaperone proteins, and in cell adhesion and signaling molecules were observed in osteochondrotic cells, compared to healthy controls. Functional group analysis annotated most of these proteins in “growth plate and cartilage development”, while others were included in “glycolysis and gluconeogenesis”, “positive regulation of protein import”, “cell–cell adhesion mediator activity”, and “mitochondrion nucleoid”. These results may help to clarify some chondrocyte functional alterations that may play a significant role in determining the onset and progression of equine osteochondrosis and, being related, of human juvenile osteochondrosis.
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Ellermann JM, Ludwig KD, Nissi MJ, Johnson CP, Strupp JP, Wang L, Zbýň Š, Tóth F, Arendt E, Tompkins M, Shea K, Carlson CS. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Epiphyseal Cartilage Vascularity Using Vessel Image Features: New Insights into Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans. JB JS Open Access 2019; 4:JBJSOA-D-19-00031. [PMID: 32043049 PMCID: PMC6959910 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.oa.19.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a quantitative measure of epiphyseal cartilage vascularity and examine vessel networks during human skeletal maturation. Understanding early morphological changes in the distal femoral condyle is expected to provide information on the pathogenesis of developmental diseases such as juvenile osteochondritis dissecans. Methods Twenty-two cadaveric knees from donors ranging from 1 month to 10 years of age were included in the study. Images of bone, cartilage, and vascularity were acquired simultaneously with a 3-dimensional gradient-recalled-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence. The secondary ossification center volume and total epiphysis cartilage volume ratio and articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex and epiphyseal cartilage widths were measured. Epiphyseal cartilage vascularity was visualized for 9 data sets with quantitative susceptibility mapping and vessel filtering, resulting in 3-dimensional data to inform vessel network segmentation and to calculate vascular density. Results Three distinct, non-anastomosing vascular networks (2 peripheral and 1 central) supply the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage. The central network begins regression as early as 3 months and is absent by 4 years. From 1 month to 3 years, the ratio of central to peripheral vascular area density decreased from 1.0 to 0.5, and the ratio of central to peripheral vascular skeletal density decreased from 0.9 to 0.6. A narrow, peripheral vascular rim was present at 8 years but had disappeared by 10 years. The secondary ossification center progressively acquires the shape of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex by 8 years of age, and the central areas of the medial and lateral femoral condyles are the last to ossify. Conclusions Using cadaveric pediatric knees, we provide quantitative, 3-dimensional measures of epiphyseal cartilage vascular regression during skeletal development using vessel image features. Central areas with both early vascular regression and delayed ossification correspond to predilection sites of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans in this limited case series. Our findings highlight specific vascular vulnerabilities that may lead to improved understanding of the pathogenesis and better-informed clinical management decisions in developmental skeletal diseases. Clinical Relevance This paradigm shift in understanding of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans etiology and disease progression may critically impact future patient management. Our findings highlight specific vascular vulnerabilities during skeletal maturation in a group of active young patients seen primarily by orthopaedic surgeons and sports medicine professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta M Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kai D Ludwig
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Casey P Johnson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (F.T.) and Veterinary Clinical Sciences (C.P.J.,C.S.C.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - John P Strupp
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Luning Wang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Štefan Zbýň
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (F.T.) and Veterinary Clinical Sciences (C.P.J.,C.S.C.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth Arendt
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marc Tompkins
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR) (J.M.E., K.D.L., M.J.N., C.P.J., J.P.S., L.W., and S.Z.), Department of Radiology, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (E.A. and M.T.), Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kevin Shea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (F.T.) and Veterinary Clinical Sciences (C.P.J.,C.S.C.), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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25
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Tóth F, Johnson CP, Mills B, Nissi MJ, Nykänen O, Ellermann J, Ludwig KD, Tompkins M, Carlson CS. Evaluation of the Suitability of Miniature Pigs as an Animal Model of Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2130-2137. [PMID: 31115932 PMCID: PMC6739150 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is a developmental disease characterized by formation of intra-articular (osteo)chondral flaps or fragments. Evidence-based treatment guidelines for JOCD are currently lacking. An animal model would facilitate study of JOCD and evaluation of diagnostic and treatment approaches. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of miniature pigs as a model of JOCD at the distal femur. First, stifle (knee) joints harvested from three juvenile miniature pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to establish the vascular architecture of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage. Second, vessels supplying the axial or abaxial aspects of the medial femoral condyle were surgically interrupted in four additional juvenile miniature pigs, and the developing epiphyseal cartilage lesions were monitored using three consecutive MRI examinations over nine weeks. The miniature pigs were then euthanized, and their distal femora were harvested for histological evaluation. Vascular architecture of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage in the miniature pigs was found to be nearly identical to that of juvenile human subjects, characterized by separate vascular beds supplying the axial and abaxial aspects of the condyles. Surgical interruption of the vascular supply to the abaxial aspect of the medial femoral condyle resulted in ischemic cartilage necrosis (a precursor lesion of JOCD) in 75% (3/4) of the miniature pigs. Cartilage lesions were identified during the first MRI performed 3 weeks post-operatively. No clinically apparent JOCD-like lesions developed. In conclusion, miniature pigs are suitable for modeling JOCD precursor lesions. Further investigation of the model is warranted to assess induction of clinically apparent JOCD lesions. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2130-2137, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Casey P. Johnson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Benigno Mills
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Mikko J. Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jutta Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kai D. Ludwig
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Marc Tompkins
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Differential Gene Expression in Articular Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of Neonatal and Adult Horses. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100745. [PMID: 31557843 PMCID: PMC6826356 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. Derangement of this process likely underlies developmental skeletal pathologies. Examination of tissue-specific gene expression may help elucidate novel skeletal developmental pathways that could contribute to disease risk. Our aim was to identify and functionally annotate differentially expressed genes in equine neonatal and adult articular cartilage (AC) and subchondral bone (SCB). RNA was sequenced from healthy AC and SCB from the fetlock, hock, and stifle joints of 6 foals (≤4 weeks of age) and six adults (8–12 years of age). There was distinct clustering by age and tissue type. After differential expression analysis, functional annotation and pathway analysis were performed using PANTHER and Reactome. Approximately 1115 and 3574 genes were differentially expressed between age groups in AC and SCB, respectively, falling within dozens of overrepresented gene ontology terms and enriched pathways reflecting a state of growth, high metabolic activity, and tissue turnover in the foals. Enriched pathways were dominated by those related to extracellular matrix organization and turnover, and cell cycle and signal transduction. Additionally, we identified enriched pathways related to neural development and neurotransmission in AC and innate immunity in SCB. These represent novel potential mechanisms for disease that can be explored in future work.
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27
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Heales CJ, Summers IR, Fulford J, Knapp KM, Winlove CP. Investigation of changes in bone density and chemical composition associated with bone marrow oedema-type appearances in magnetic resonance images of the equine forelimb. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:330. [PMID: 31307450 PMCID: PMC6631911 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aetiology of bone marrow oedema-like abnormalities (BMOA) seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is as yet not fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the potential of projection radiography and Raman microspectroscopy to provide information regarding the underlying physiological changes associated with BMOA in equine bone samples. Methods MRI was used to assess 65 limbs from 43 horses. A subset of 13 limbs provided 25 samples, 8 with BMOA present and 17 as controls; these were examined with projection radiography to assess bone mineral density and Raman spectroscopy to assess bone composition. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, the relationship between BMOA and age was tested using binary logistic regression, other outcome measures via unpaired t-tests. Results Overall BMOA was found to be associated with locally increased bone density (p = 0.011), suggesting increased bone formation; however, no measurable changes relating to bone remodelling were found, and there were no detectable changes in the chemical composition of bone. Conclusions BMOA is associated with locally increased bone density, without an associated change in the chemical composition of bone, suggesting this is not linked to BMOA. The presence of increased bone density associated with BMOA does appear to suggest that an increased amount of bone formation is occurring in these regions, but as Raman microspectroscopy data do not demonstrate any significant changes in bone chemical composition associated with BMOA, it would appear that the increased bone volume is due to a greater amount of bone being formed rather than an imbalance in relation to bone remodelling. The study provides a proof of principle for the use of Raman microspectroscopy and projection radiography in in vitro studies of BMOA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-019-2693-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Heales
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Ian R Summers
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Karen M Knapp
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - C Peter Winlove
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
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Tóth F, Tompkins MA, Shea KG, Ellermann JM, Carlson CS. Identification of Areas of Epiphyseal Cartilage Necrosis at Predilection Sites of Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans in Pediatric Cadavers. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100:2132-2139. [PMID: 30562294 PMCID: PMC6738538 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.18.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of human juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) remains poorly understood, with multiple factors implicated, including ischemia, repetitive trauma, and genetic predisposition. Similarities in the predilection site and the diagnostic and clinical features of JOCD to the well-characterized veterinary counterpart, osteochondrosis dissecans, suggest that, similar to the animal disease, the pathogenesis JOCD may also be initiated in the first few years of life, when disruption of blood supply to the epiphyseal growth cartilage leads to failure of endochondral ossification. To gather data in support of the hypothesis that JOCD and osteochondrosis dissecans have a shared pathogenesis, biopsy specimens obtained from predilection sites of JOCD in juvenile human cadavers were histologically examined to determine whether they contained lesions similar to those found in animals diagnosed with subclinical osteochondrosis dissecans. METHODS In this descriptive laboratory study, 59 biopsy specimens (6 mm in diameter) were harvested from the central aspect (i.e., the notch side) of the femoral condyles of 26 human cadavers (1 month to 11 years old). Specimens were histologically evaluated for the presence of areas of cartilage necrosis and the morphology of cartilage canal blood vessels. RESULTS Locally extensive areas of necrotic epiphyseal cartilage were identified in 4 specimens obtained from 3 donors (ages 2 to 4 years). Areas of cartilage necrosis accompanied by focal failure of endochondral ossification or surrounded by subchondral bone were identified in biopsy specimens from 4 donors (ages 4 to 9 years). CONCLUSIONS The identification of epiphyseal cartilage necrosis identical to that described in animals with subclinical osteochondrosis, found in biopsy specimens obtained from femoral predilection sites of JOCD in pediatric cadavers, suggests a shared pathogenesis of JOCD in humans and osteochondrosis dissecans in animals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings imply that the pathogenesis of human JOCD likely starts 5 to 10 years prior to the development of clinical symptoms. Enhanced understanding of the temporal features of JOCD pathogenesis provides an opportunity for earlier diagnosis and treatment, likely resulting in improved outcomes for this condition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Marc A Tompkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- TRIA Orthopedic Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kevin G Shea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jutta M Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Olstad K, Shea KG, Cannamela PC, Polousky JD, Ekman S, Ytrehus B, Carlson CS. Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee is a result of failure of the blood supply to growth cartilage and osteochondrosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1691-1698. [PMID: 30248503 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) is similar to osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) in animals, which is the result of failure of the cartilage canal blood supply, ischemic chondronecrosis and delayed ossification, or osteochondrosis. The aim of the current study was to determine if osteochondrosis lesions occur at predilection sites for JOCD in children. METHOD Computed tomographic (CT) scans of 23 knees (13 right, 10 left) from 13 children (9 male, 4 female; 1 month to 11 years old) were evaluated for lesions consisting of focal, sharply demarcated, uniformly hypodense defects in the ossification front. Histological validation was performed in 11 lesions from eight femurs. RESULTS Thirty-two lesions consisting of focal, uniformly hypodense defects in the ossification front were identified in the CT scans of 14 human femurs (7 left, 7 right; male, 7-11 years old). Defects corresponded to areas of ischemic chondronecrosis in sections from all 11 histologically validated lesions. Intra-cartilaginous secondary responses comprising proliferation of adjacent chondrocytes and vessels were detected in six and two lesions, whereas intra-osseous responses including accumulation of chondroclasts and formation of granulation tissue occurred in 10 and six lesions, respectively. One CT cyst-like lesion contained both a pseudocyst and a true cyst in histological sections. CONCLUSION Changes identical to osteochondrosis in animals were detected at predilection sites for JOCD in children, and confirmed to represent failure of the cartilage canal blood supply and ischemic chondronecrosis in histological sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - K G Shea
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Luke's Sports Medicine, Boise, ID, USA.
| | - P C Cannamela
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Luke's Sports Medicine, Boise, ID, USA.
| | - J D Polousky
- Children's Health Specialty Center Plano Campus, Andrews Institute/Children's Health, Plano, TX, USA.
| | - S Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Swedish University of Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - B Ytrehus
- Terrestrial Department, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - C S Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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Steele JR, Dekker TJ, Federer AE, Liles JL, Adams SB, Easley ME. Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus. FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2473011418779559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are a difficult pathologic entity to treat. They require a strong plan. Lesion size, location, chronicity, and characteristics such as displacement and the presence of subchondral cysts help dictate the appropriate treatment required to achieve a satisfactory result. In general, operative treatment is reserved for patients with displaced OLTs or for patients who have failed nonoperative treatment for 3 to 6 months. Operative treatments can be broken down into cartilage repair, replacement, and regenerative strategies. There are many promising treatment options, and research is needed to elucidate which are superior to minimize the morbidity from OLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Steele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Travis J. Dekker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew E. Federer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jordan L. Liles
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel B. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark E. Easley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Dekker TJ, Steele JR, Federer AE, Easley ME, Hamid KS, Adams SB. Efficacy of Particulated Juvenile Cartilage Allograft Transplantation for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus. Foot Ankle Int 2018; 39:278-283. [PMID: 29262723 DOI: 10.1177/1071100717745502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulated juvenile cartilage allograft transplantation (PJCAT) is a novel treatment option for osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). It is typically employed as a salvage procedure after initial debridement and microfracture has failed as it is theorized to deliver viable hyaline cartilage. We hypothesized that PJCAT would be a safe and effective treatment option for OLTs. METHODS This is a retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent PJCAT for the treatment of OLTs at a single academic institution. Failure of the procedure was defined as no change or worsening of symptoms and/or the need for a subsequent cartilage restoration procedure. Variables recorded included preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) area and volume, intraoperative size, etiology, lesion location, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), history of prior surgery, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society score, and foot and ankle outcome score. Fifteen patients completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up (mean, 34.6 months). RESULTS The failure rate of PJCAT in this series was 40% (6/15). Preoperative MRI area and intraoperative OLT size along with male sex were predictive of failure ( P < .05). Age, BMI, etiology, technique (open vs arthroscopic), history of prior surgery, and location of lesion were not predictors of failure in this limited series ( P > .05). Patients with lesions greater than 125 mm2 area had a significant increased risk of clinical failure ( P < .05). Functional outcome scores were significantly better at final follow-up in the patients who had undergone successful treatment vs those who did not. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the association of preoperative MRI lesion area, intraoperative lesion size, and male sex as risk factors for failure of PJCAT setting of an already difficult to treat pathology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, retrospective case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Dekker
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John R Steele
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew E Federer
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark E Easley
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kamran S Hamid
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel B Adams
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi O Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Jung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Haysom SS, Vickers MH, Yu LH, Reynolds CM, Firth EC, McGlashan SR. Post-weaning high-fat diet results in growth cartilage lesions in young male rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188411. [PMID: 29166409 PMCID: PMC5699802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if a high-fat diet (HF) from weaning would result in a pro-inflammatory state and affect joint cartilage, we fed male rats either HF or Chow diet post-weaning, and voluntary wheel exercise (EX) or cage only activity (SED) after 9 weeks of age. At 17 weeks body composition, plasma biomarkers and histomorphology scores of femoro-tibial cartilages of HF-SED, HF-EX, Chow-SED and Chow-EX groups were compared. Food intake and activity were not significantly different between groups. HF diet resulted in significantly higher weight gain, %fat, fat:lean ratio, and plasma leptin, insulin and TNFα concentrations, with significant interactions between diet and exercise. No abnormal features were detected in the hyaline articular cartilage or in the metaphyseal growth plate in all four groups. However, collagen type X- positive regions of retained epiphyseal growth cartilage (EGC) was present in all HF-fed animals and significantly greater than that observed in Chow-fed sedentary rats. Most lesions were located in the lateral posterior aspect of the tibia and/or femur. The severity of lesions was greater in HF-fed animals. Although exercise had a significantly greater effect in reducing adiposity and associated systemic inflammation in HF-fed rats, it had no effect on lesion incidence or severity. Lesion incidence was also significantly associated with indices of obesity and plasma markers of chronic inflammation. Clinically, EGC lesions induced by HF feeding in rats from very early in life, and possibly by insufficient activity, is typical of osteochondrosis in animals. Such lesions may be the precursor of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans requiring surgery in children/adolescents, conservative management of which could benefit from improved understanding of early changes in cellular and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Haysom
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lennex H. Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare M. Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elwyn C. Firth
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SRM); (ECF)
| | - Sue R. McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SRM); (ECF)
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Martel G, Crowley D, Olive J, Halley J, Laverty S. Ultrasonographic screening for subclinical osteochondrosis of the femoral trochlea in foals (28-166 days old): a prospective farm study. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:312-320. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Martel
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - D. Crowley
- Fethard Equine Hospital; Fethard Ireland
| | - J. Olive
- Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - J. Halley
- Fethard Equine Hospital; Fethard Ireland
| | - S. Laverty
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Dekker TJ, Erickson B, Adams SB, Gross CE. Topical Review: MACI as an Emerging Technology for the Treatment of Talar Osteochondral Lesions. Foot Ankle Int 2017; 38:1045-1048. [PMID: 28670917 DOI: 10.1177/1071100717711482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is a viable procedure that can be used as both a primary or revision cartilage regenerative procedure in high-functioning individuals without tibiotalar arthritis. Both short-term and midterm follow-up results demonstrate clinical, radiographic, and functional improvements with high rates of return to full activities. Cost remains a chief concern with the use of this technique, but theoretical improvements in the durability of repair with type II cartilage replacement may offer long-term benefits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Dekker
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brandon Erickson
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel B Adams
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher E Gross
- 3 Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Tóth F, David FH, LaFond E, Wang L, Ellermann JM, Carlson CS. In vivo visualization using MRI T 2 mapping of induced osteochondrosis and osteochondritis dissecans lesions in goats undergoing controlled exercise. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:868-875. [PMID: 27283998 PMCID: PMC5458739 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vivo visualization of subclinical osteochondrosis (OC) lesions, characterized by necrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage, is necessary to clarify the pathogenesis of this disease. Hence, our objectives were to demonstrate induced necrosis of the epiphyseal cartilage in vivo using MRI and to monitor progression or resolution of resulting lesions. We also aimed to improve the goat model of OC by introducing controlled exercise. Vascular supply to the epiphyseal cartilage was surgically interrupted in four 5-day-old goats to induce ischemic cartilage necrosis in a medial femoral condyle. Starting 3 weeks postoperatively, goats underwent daily controlled exercise until euthanasia at 6, 10, 11 (n = 2) weeks postoperatively. T2 maps of operated and control femora were obtained in vivo at 3 (n = 4), 6 (n = 4), 9 (n = 3), and 11 (n = 2) weeks postoperatively using a 3 T MR scanner. In vivo MRI findings were validated against MRI results obtained ex vivo at 9.4 T in three goats and compared to histological results in all goats. Surgical interruption of the vascular supply caused ischemic cartilage necrosis in three out of four goats. T2 maps obtained in vivo at 3 T identified regions of increased relaxation time consistent with discrete areas of cartilage necrosis 3-11 weeks postoperatively and demonstrated delayed progression of the ossification front at 9 (n = 1) and 11 (n = 2) weeks postoperatively. In vivo MRI findings were confirmed by ex vivo MRI at 9.4 T and by histology. Identification of cartilage necrosis in clinical patients in the early stages of OC using T2 maps may provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of this condition. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:868-875, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Tóth
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Frédéric H. David
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth LaFond
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luning Wang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jutta M. Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Dekker TJ, Dekker PK, Tainter DM, Easley ME, Adams SB. Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus. JBJS Rev 2017; 5:01874474-201703000-00004. [DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.16.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Takken Beijersbergen LM. Heaps of fascinating fragments: reconstructing a medieval reindeer population based on bone middens from the Hardangervidda high mountain plateau, Norway. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stone AV, Little KJ, Glos DL, Stringer KF, Wall EJ. Repetitive Stresses Generate Osteochondral Lesions in Skeletally Immature Rabbits. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:2957-2966. [PMID: 27460999 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516654479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is unknown. Existing experimental animal models of OCD most frequently involve surgically created lesions but do not examine repetitive stress as a possible cause of OCD. HYPOTHESIS Repetitive stresses can cause OCD-like lesions in immature animals. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Six juvenile rabbits were subjected to repetitive loading forces of approximately 160% body weight to the right hindlimb during five 45-minute sessions per week for 5 weeks. The contralateral limb was the unloaded control. After 5 weeks, rabbits were euthanized and examined with radiographs, micro-computed tomography, and gross and histopathologic analysis. RESULTS All 6 rabbits developed osteochondral lesions in loaded limbs on the medial and lateral femoral condyles, while contralateral unloaded limbs did not demonstrate lesions. Loaded limbs developed relative osteopenia in the femoral epiphysis and tibial metaphysis with associated decreased trabecular density. Loaded limbs also demonstrated increased femoral subchondral bone thickness near the lesions. Lesions did not have grossly apparent extensive articular cartilage damage; however, cartilage thickness increased on histology with reduced ossification. Loaded knees demonstrated abundant chondrocyte cloning, limited cartilage fissuring, and a focal loss of cellularity at the articular surface. CONCLUSION Low-grade lesions in human OCD have little gross articular cartilage involvement despite substantial changes to the subchondral bone as shown on magnetic resonance imaging and radiographs. Histopathology findings in this study included cartilage thickening and chondrocyte cloning resembling those of recently published human OCD biopsy studies. Our animal model supports the hypothesis that repetitive stress to immature knees may contribute to the development of human OCD. This model may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology and healing of human OCD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repetitive physiologic stress generated changes to the subchondral bone in immature animals without causing extensive articular damage. The similarities of these lesions in gross and histologic appearance with human OCD support repetitive stress as the likely the cause for human OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin V Stone
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin J Little
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David L Glos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Keith F Stringer
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric J Wall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Martel G, Couture CA, Gilbert G, Bancelin S, Richard H, Moser T, Kiss S, Légaré F, Laverty S. Femoral epiphyseal cartilage matrix changes at predilection sites of equine osteochondrosis: Quantitative MRI, second-harmonic microscopy, and histological findings. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1743-1752. [PMID: 27734566 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is an ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage that results in focal failure of endochondral ossification and osteochondritis dissecans at specific sites in the epiphyses of humans and animals, including horses. The upstream events leading to the focal ischemia remain unknown. The epiphyseal growth cartilage matrix is composed of proteoglycan and collagen macromolecules and encases its vascular tree in canals. The matrix undergoes major dynamic changes in early life that could weaken it biomechanically and predispose it to focal trauma and vascular failure. Subregions in neonatal foal femoral epiphyses (n = 10 osteochondrosis predisposed; n = 6 control) were assessed for proteoglycan and collagen structure/content employing 3T quantitative MRI (3T qMRI: T1ρ and T2 maps). Site-matched validations were made with histology, immunohistochemistry, and second-harmonic microscopy. Growth cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times were significantly increased (p < 0.002) within the proximal third of the trochlea, a site predisposed to osteochondrosis, when compared with other regions. However, this was observed in both control and osteochondrosis predisposed specimens. Microscopic evaluation of this region revealed an expansive area with low proteoglycan content and a hypertrophic-like appearance on second-harmonic microscopy. We speculate that this matrix structure and composition, though physiological, may weaken the epiphyseal growth cartilage biomechanically in focal regions and could enhance the risk of vascular failure with trauma leading to osteochondrosis. However, additional investigations are now required to confirm this. 3T qMRI will be useful for future non-invasive longitudinal studies to track the osteochondrosis disease trajectory in animals and humans. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1743-1752, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Moser
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Kiss
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Ellington MD, Edmonds EW. Pediatric Elbow and Wrist Pathology Related to Sports Participation. Orthop Clin North Am 2016; 47:743-8. [PMID: 27637661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric overuse injuries are becoming more prevalent in today's society with more children competitively playing year-round sports at a younger age. The importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment is paramount to the treatment for these injuries, second only to rest and activity modification. This article will focus on overuse injuries of the upper extremity, specifically: little league elbow, elbow osteochondritis dissecans, and gymnast wrist. It will also discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of each of these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ellington
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way Suite 410, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Eric W Edmonds
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way Suite 410, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Martel G, Kiss S, Gilbert G, Anne-Archard N, Richard H, Moser T, Laverty S. Differences in the vascular tree of the femoral trochlear growth cartilage at osteochondrosis-susceptible sites in foals revealed by SWI 3T MRI. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1539-46. [PMID: 26740060 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Focal ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage (EGC) during endochondral ossification is believed to be a key early event on the pathway to osteochondrosis (OC) in both animals and humans. The lateral ridge of the equine trochlea is a site where severe osteochondritis dissecans lesions frequently arise and is a model for the study of naturally occurring disease. Non-invasive imaging to investigate EGC vascularity may help elucidate why focal ischemia occurs. 3T MRI susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) of femoral trochlea of OC predisposed (n = 10) and control (n = 6) day-old foals, with minimal joint loading after birth, was performed. SWI and 3D images revealed the EGC vascular architecture without a contrast agent, and matched histologic observations. No vascular lesions were identified. There was no difference in the vascular density and architecture between control and OC specimens, but a striking difference in vascular pattern was seen at the OC-predilected site in the lateral ridge of the trochlea in all specimens, when compared to the medial ridge of the trochlea, where OC lesions are rarely observed. This site was less ossified with more perichondrial vessels not yet bridging with the subchondral bone. Furthermore, the mean vascular density of all specimens was significantly higher at this site. We speculate that joint morphology and focal internal trauma on this site with a unique vascular architecture may trigger ischemic events at this site. SWI permitted visualization of EGC in young foals with a clinical 3T MRI and paves the way for non-destructive longitudinal studies to improve understanding of OC in all species. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1539-1546, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Kiss
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Anne-Archard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Moser
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Borst LB, Suyemoto MM, Sarsour AH, Harris MC, Martin MP, Strickland JD, Oviedo EO, Barnes HJ. Pathogenesis of Enterococcal Spondylitis Caused by Enterococcus cecorum in Broiler Chickens. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:61-73. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816658098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a disease of commercial broiler chickens, with a worldwide distribution. Symmetrical hind limb paralysis typical of ES results from infection of the free thoracic vertebra (FTV) by pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum . To determine the pathogenesis of ES, birds with natural and experimental ES were studied over time. In natural disease, case birds (n = 150) from an affected farm and control birds (n = 100) from an unaffected farm were evaluated at weeks 1–6. In control birds, intestinal colonization by E. cecorum began at week 3. In case birds, E. cecorum was detected in intestine and spleen at week 1, followed by infection of the FTV beginning at week 3. E. cecorum isolates recovered from intestine, spleen, and FTV of case birds had matching genotypes, confirming that intestinal colonization with pathogenic strains precedes bacteremia and infection of the FTV. Clinical intestinal disease was not required for E. cecorum bacteremia. In 1- to 3-week-old case birds, pathogenic E. cecorum was observed within osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) lesions in the FTV. To determine whether OCD of the FTV was a risk factor for ES, 214 birds were orally infected with E. cecorum, and the FTV was evaluated histologically at weeks 1–7. Birds without cartilage clefts of OCD in the FTV did not develop ES; while birds with OCD scores ≥3 were susceptible to lesion development. These findings suggest that intestinal colonization, bacteremia, and OCD of the FTV in early life are crucial to the pathogenesis of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. B. Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M. M. Suyemoto
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A. H. Sarsour
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M. C. Harris
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M. P. Martin
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - J. D. Strickland
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - E. O. Oviedo
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H. J. Barnes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Effects of a high carbohydrate diet and arginine supplementation during the rearing period of gilts on osteochondrosis prevalence at slaughter. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ellermann JM, Donald B, Rohr S, Takahashi T, Tompkins M, Nelson B, Crawford A, Rud C, Macalena J. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Osteochondritis Dissecans: Validation Study for the ICRS Classification System. Acad Radiol 2016; 23:724-9. [PMID: 26976624 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES In this retrospective case series, we utilize arthroscopy as the gold standard to determine if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee can predict osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion stability, the most important information to guide patient treatment decisions. It is hypothesized that the classification system of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) will allow for improved assessment of lesion grade and stability in OCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Routine MRI studies of 46 consecutive patients with arthroscopically proven OCD lesions (mean age: 23.7 years; 26 male, 16 female) were assessed by three radiologists who were blinded to arthroscopic results. Arthroscopic images were evaluated by two orthopedic surgeons in consensus. The OCD criteria of the ICRS were applied to arthroscopy and imaging interpretations. Inter-rater correlation statistics and accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) grading with respect to arthroscopy were determined. RESULTS Only 56% of the available MR reports assigned a label of stable or unstable to the lesion description. Of these, 58% of the lesions were deemed unstable and 42% were stable. Accuracy was 53% when reports addressed stability. Utilizing the ICRS classification system, for all three readers combined, the respective sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MR imaging to determine lesion stability were 70%, 81%, and 76%. When compared to the original MRI report, the overall accuracy increased from 53% to 76% when readers were given the specific criteria of the OCD ICRS classification. However, inter-reader variability remained high, with Krippendorf's alpha ranging from 0.48 to 0.57. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we utilize arthroscopy as the gold standard to determine if MRI can predict OCD lesion stability, the most important information to guide patient treatment decisions. To our surprise, the analysis of the existing radiology reports that addressed stability revealed an overall accuracy in defining OCD lesion stability of about 53%. The classification system of the ICRS, created by an international multidisciplinary, multi-expert consortium, did markedly improve the accuracy, but consistency among different readers was lacking. This retrospective study on OCD reporting and classification highlights the inadequacy of existing classification schemes, and emphasizes the critical need for improved diagnostic MRI protocols in musculoskeletal radiology in order to propel it toward evidence-based medicine.
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OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE DISTAL FEMURS OF AN ADULT RETICULATED GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA): MACROSCOPIC, RADIOLOGIC, AND HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:359-63. [PMID: 27010303 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0076.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult male reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) was presented for postmortem examination. During radiologic examination of the hindlimbs, osseous cyst-like lesions were detected in both medial femoral condyles. These lesions were subsequently examined macroscopically and histologically. The gross appearance suggested a diagnosis of bilateral osteochondrosis that was confirmed with histopathologic examination. This finding has not previously been reported in giraffes. Macroscopic visualization of the major limb joints, including the femorotibial joints, is therefore encouraged in future postmortem examinations of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), and further assessment of clinical significance is required.
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Wang L, Nissi MJ, Toth F, Johnson CP, Garwood M, Carlson CS, Ellermann J. Quantitative susceptibility mapping detects abnormalities in cartilage canals in a goat model of preclinical osteochondritis dissecans. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:1276-1283. [PMID: 27018370 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to investigate changes in cartilage canals in the distal femur of juvenile goats after their surgical transection. METHODS Chondronecrosis was surgically induced in the right medial femoral condyles of four 4-day-old goats. Both the operated and control knees were harvested at 2, 3, 5, and 10 weeks after the surgeries. Ex vivo MRI scans were conducted at 9.4 Tesla using TRAFF (relaxation time along a fictitious field)-weighted fast spin echo imaging and QSM to detect areas of chondronecrosis and investigate cartilage canal abnormalities. Histological sections from these same areas stained with hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O were evaluated to assess the affected tissues. RESULTS Both the histological sections and the TRAFF -weighted images of the femoral condyles demonstrated focal areas of chondronecrosis, evidenced by pyknotic chondrocyte nuclei, loss of matrix staining, and altered MR image contrast. At increasing time points after surgery, progressive changes and eventual disappearance of abnormal cartilage canals were observed in areas of chondronecrosis by using QSM. CONCLUSION Abnormal cartilage canals were directly visualized in areas of surgically induced chondronecrosis. Quantitative susceptibility mapping enabled investigation of the vascular changes accompanying chondronecrosis in juvenile goats. Magn Reson Med 77:1276-1283, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Wang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ferenc Toth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Casey P Johnson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jutta Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Nagai M, Ito A, Tajino J, Iijima H, Yamaguchi S, Zhang X, Aoyama T, Kuroki H. Remobilization causes site-specific cyst formation in immobilization-induced knee cartilage degeneration in an immobilized rat model. J Anat 2016; 228:929-39. [PMID: 26989984 PMCID: PMC5341580 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the articular cartilage degenerative process is necessary for the prevention and treatment of joint disease. The present study aimed to examine how long‐term immobilization‐induced cartilage degeneration is aggravated by remobilization. Sixty 8‐week‐old male Wistar rats were used in this study. The unilateral knee joint was immobilized using an external fixator for 8 weeks. The rats were killed at 0 and 3 days, and at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after removing the fixator. After the rats were killed, the maximum knee extension angles were measured. Histological sections at the medial mid‐condylar region (non‐contact, transitional and contact regions of the femur and tibia) were prepared and scored. The cartilage thickness and number of chondrocytes were measured, and CD44 and Col2‐3/4c expression levels were assessed immunohistochemically. The histological assessment revealed progressive aggravation of cartilage degeneration in the transitional region, with a decreased number of chondrocytes and CD44‐positive chondrocytes as well as poor scoring over time, particularly in the tibia. Cyst formation was confirmed in the transitional region of the tibia at 8 weeks post‐remobilization. The cartilage thickness in the transitional region was thicker than that in the contact region, particularly in the tibia. Col2‐3/4c expression was observed in the non‐contact and transitional regions, and the knee extension angle was recovered. In conclusion, immobilization‐induced cartilage degeneration was aggravated by remobilization over time in the transitional region, followed by observations of a decreased number of chondrocytes and morphological disparity between different cartilage regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Nagai
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Tajino
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iijima
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoki Yamaguchi
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiangkai Zhang
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Development and Rehabilitation of Motor Function, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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50
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Mirams M, Ayodele BA, Tatarczuch L, Henson FM, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Identification of novel osteochondrosis--Associated genes. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:404-11. [PMID: 26296056 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of articular osteochondrosis, cartilage is retained in subchondral bone, but the pathophysiology of this condition of growing humans and domestic animals is poorly understood. A subtractive hybridization study was undertaken to compare gene expression between the cartilage of early experimentally induced equine osteochondrosis lesions and control cartilage. Of the many putative differentially expressed genes identified, eight were confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis as differentially expressed, in addition to those already known to be associated with early lesions. Genes encoding vacuolar H(+)-ATPase V0 subunit d2 (ATP6V0D2), cathepsin K, integrin-binding sialoprotein, integrin αV, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4, lumican, osteopontin, and thymosin β4 (TMSB4) were expressed at higher levels in lesions than in control cartilage. These genes included 34 genes not previously identified in cartilage. Some genes identified as associated with early lesions are known chondrocyte hypertrophy-associated genes, and in transmission electron microscopy studies normal hypertrophic chondrocytes were observed in lesions. Differential expression of ATP6V0D2 and TMSB4 in the cartilage of early naturally occurring osteochondrosis lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These results identify novel osteochondrosis-associated genes and provide evidence that articular osteochondrosis does not necessarily result from failure of chondrocytes to undergo hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Mirams
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Babatunde A Ayodele
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Liliana Tatarczuch
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances M Henson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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