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Ahn CH, Kim JH, Shim HW, Shin WJ, Cho YA, Yoon HJ. Biological and prognostic significance of NDRG2 downregulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38887830 DOI: 10.1111/odi.15045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Downregulation of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a tumor suppressor gene, has been associated with poor clinical outcomes in various cancers. However, the prognostic significance of NDRG2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of NDRG2 downregulation in OSCC and to elucidate the mechanism by which NDRG2 is downregulated and the biological role of NDRG2 in tumor progression. METHODS Immunohistochemical and in silico analyses of NDRG2 expression were performed, and the correlation between NDRG2 expression and clinicopathological data was analyzed. The effect of NDRG2 knockdown on the biological behavior of OSCC cells was investigated and the effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) on NDRG2 expression was determined. RESULTS NDRG2 expression was significantly downregulated and DNA hypermethylation of NDRG2 was frequently found in head and neck SCC, including OSCC. Low NDRG2 expression was significantly correlated with adverse clinicopathological features and worse survival in OSCC. NDRG2 knockdown could enhance the oncogenic properties of OSCC cells. NDRG2 mRNA levels in OSCC cells could be restored by 5-aza-dC. CONCLUSION Downregulation of NDRG2 promotes tumor progression and predicts poor prognosis in OSCC. Therefore, restoration of NDRG2 expression may be a potential therapeutic strategy in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Shim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Dentistry, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Wui-Jung Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Ah Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Yoon
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Oral Pathology, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Kurdi M, Fadul MM, Alkhayyat S, Sabbagh AJ, Alsinani T, Alkhotani A, Mulla N, Mehboob R, Fathaddin AA, Bamaga A, Faizo E, Baeesa S. The synergistic effect of IDH mutation and NDRG-2 dysregulation in the progression of WHO-grade 4 astrocytomas. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154733. [PMID: 37536020 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NDRG2 is a tumour suppressor gene involved in tumor growth inhibition. Its effect on tumour recurrence remains controversial. The aim of this study is to explore the dual effect of IDH mutation and NDRG2 dysregulation in WHO-Grade 4 astrocytoma recurrence. METHODS A group of 36 patients with WHO-Grade 4 astrocytoma were examined for NDRG2 expression using protein and gene expression assays. The relationship between IDH, NDRG2 protein and gene expressions, and recurrence-free interval [RFI] was explored. RESULTS The mean patients age in this study was 45-years with 21 males and 15 females. IDH was mutant in 22 tumors. NDRG2 protein expression was low in 23 tumors, and high in 13 tumors. NDRG2 gene expression was upregulated in 4 tumors and 32 tumors showed NDRG2 gene downregulation. The consistency between two tasting methods of NDRG2 expression was 52.8%. There was a significant statistical difference in RFI among tumors with varying NDRG2 gene expression and IDH mutation [p-value= 0.021]. IDH-mutant tumours with downregulated NDRG2 expression showed late recurrence compared to IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS IDH-mutant WHO Grade-4 astrocytoma with downregulated NDRG2 gene are associated with late tumor recurrence. IDH mutations cause excessive accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate, that may inhibit the activity of TET proteins, potentially leading to DNA hypermethylation and gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Kurdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia; Neuromuscular Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Motaz M Fadul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadi Alkhayyat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University and Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman J Sabbagh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taghreed Alsinani
- Department of Neurosurgery, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alkhotani
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Mulla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amany A Fathaddin
- Deprtment of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bamaga
- Deprtment of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Paediatrics, King Abdulaziz University and Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyad Faizo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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The Function of N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (NDRG2) as a Negative Regulator in Tumor Cell Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169365. [PMID: 36012631 PMCID: PMC9408851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a tumor-suppressor gene that suppresses tumorigenesis and metastasis of tumors and increases sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we summarize information on the clinicopathological characteristics of tumor patients according to NDRG2 expression in various tumor tissues and provide information on the metastasis inhibition-related cell signaling modulation by NDRG2. Loss of NDRG2 expression is a prognostic factor that correlates with TNM grade and tumor metastasis and has an inverse relationship with patient survival in various tumor patients. NDRG2 inhibits cell signaling, such as AKT-, NF-κB-, STAT3-, and TGF-β-mediated signaling, to induce tumor metastasis, and induces activation of GSK-3β which has anti-tumor effects. Although NDRG2 operates as an adaptor protein to mediate the interaction between kinases and phosphatases, which is essential in regulating cell signaling related to tumor metastasis, the molecular mechanism of NDRG2 as an adapter protein does not seem to be fully elucidated. This review aims to assist the research design regarding NDRG2 function as an adaptor protein and suggests NDRG2 as a molecular target to inhibit tumor metastasis and improve the prognosis in tumor patients.
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Tang T, Wang H, Han Y, Huang H, Niu W, Fei M, Zhu Y. The Role of N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene Family in Glioma Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:949-968. [PMID: 34115542 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of primary tumor in the central nervous system, and the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. N-myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) family is reported to take part in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including some preliminary exploration in glioma. However, there has been no bioinformatics analysis of NDRG family in glioma yet. Herein, we focused on the expression changes of NDRGs with their value in predicting patients' prognoses, upstream regulatory mechanisms (DNA mutation, DNA methylation, transcription factors, and microRNA regulation) and gene enrichment analysis based on co-expressed genes with data from public databases. Furthermore, the expression pattern of NDRGs was verified by the paired glioma and peritumoral samples in our institute. It was suggested that NDRGs were differentially expressed genes in glioma. In particular, the lower expression of NDRG2 or NDRG4 could serve as a predictor of higher grade tumor and poorer prognosis. Also, NDRGs might play a crucial role in signal transduction, energy metabolism, and cross-talk among cells in glioma, under the control of a complex regulatory network. This study enables us to better understand the role of NDRGs in glioma and with further research, it may contribute to the development of glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hanyu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Maoxing Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Takarada-Iemata M. Roles of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 in the central nervous system: molecular basis and relevance to pathophysiology. Anat Sci Int 2020; 96:1-12. [PMID: 33174183 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-020-00587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a member of the NDRG family, whose members have multiple functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses. NDRG2 is widely distributed in the central nervous system and is uniquely expressed by astrocytes; however, its role in brain function remains elusive. The clinical relevance of NDRG2 and the molecular mechanisms in which it participates have been reported by studies using cultured cells and specimens of patients with neurological disorders. In recent years, genetic tools, including several lines of Ndrg2-knockout mice and virus-mediated gene transfer, have improved understanding of the roles of NDRG2 in vivo. This review aims to provide an update of recent growing in vivo evidence that NDRG2 is involved in brain function, focusing on research of Ndrg2-knockout mice with neurological disorders such as brain tumors, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, and acute brain insults including brain injury and cerebral stroke. These studies demonstrate that NDRG2 plays diverse roles in the regulation of astrocyte reactivity, blood-brain barrier integrity, and glutamate excitotoxicity. Further elucidation of the roles of NDRG2 and their molecular basis may provide novel therapeutic approaches for various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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Schonkeren SL, Massen M, van der Horst R, Koch A, Vaes N, Melotte V. Nervous NDRGs: the N-myc downstream-regulated gene family in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurogenetics 2019; 20:173-186. [PMID: 31485792 PMCID: PMC6754360 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The N-Myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) family consists of four members (NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, NDRG4) that are differentially expressed in various organs and function in important processes, like cell proliferation and differentiation. In the last couple of decades, interest in this family has risen due to its connection with several disorders of the nervous system including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and dementia, as well as nervous system cancers. By combining a literature review with in silico data analysis of publicly available datasets, such as the Mouse Brain Atlas, BrainSpan, the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, this review summarizes the expression and functions of the NDRG family in the healthy and diseased nervous system. We here show that the NDRGs have a differential, relatively cell type-specific, expression pattern in the nervous system. Even though NDRGs share functionalities, like a role in vesicle trafficking, stress response, and neurite outgrowth, other functionalities seem to be unique to a specific member, e.g., the role of NDRG1 in myelination. Furthermore, mutations, phosphorylation, or changes in expression of NDRGs are related to nervous system diseases, including peripheral neuropathy and different forms of dementia. Moreover, NDRG1, NDRG2, and NDRG4 are all involved in cancers of the nervous system, such as glioma, neuroblastoma, or meningioma. All in all, our review elucidates that although the NDRGs belong to the same gene family and share some functional features, they should be considered unique in their expression patterns and functional importance for nervous system development and neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Schonkeren
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Massen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raisa van der Horst
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Vaes
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Potential role of the N-MYC downstream-regulated gene family in reprogramming cancer metabolism under hypoxia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57442-57451. [PMID: 27447861 PMCID: PMC5303000 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming toward aerobic glycolysis and lactate fermentation supplies cancer cells with intermediate metabolites, which are used as macromolecule precursors. The oncogene MYC contributes to such aerobic metabolism by activating the expression of numerous genes essential for glycolysis and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, to survive and evolve in a hypoxic tumor milieu, cancer cells must revise MYC-driven metabolism because the mitochondrial respiratory chain provides free electrons to generate oxygen free radicals with inefficient production of ATP due to oxygen depletion. Instead, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) takes over the role of MYC in glycolysis, but suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis and activity to protect cells from such threats. Recently, the N-MYC downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) family has received attention as potential biomarkers of cancer prognosis. NDRGs are repressed MYC-dependently in various cancers, but induced under hypoxia because HIF-1 directly activates their promoters and indirectly de-represses them by antagonizing MYC. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the reprogramming of cancer metabolism via the counterbalance between MYC and HIF-1, and discuss the proven and putative roles of the NDRG family in adjusting cancer metabolism according to the ambient oxygen level.
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Hu W, Yang Y, Fan C, Ma Z, Deng C, Li T, Lv J, Yao W, Gao J. Clinical and pathological significance of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) in diverse human cancers. Apoptosis 2018; 21:675-82. [PMID: 27113371 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), located at chromosome 14q11.2, has been reported to be down-regulated and associated with the progression and prognosis of diverse cancers. Collectively, previous studies suggest that NDRG2 functions as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene; thus, up-regulation of NDRG2 protein might act as a promising therapeutic strategy for malignant tumors. The aim of this review was to comprehensively present the clinical and pathological significance of NDRG2 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chongxi Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianjun Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Weiwei Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianyuan Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Fu Q, Gao Y, Yang F, Mao T, Sun Z, Wang H, Song B, Li X. Suppression of microRNA-454 impedes the proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cells by promoting N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 and inhibiting WNT/β-catenin signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:120-127. [PMID: 29080452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-454 (miR-454) is emerging as critical regulator in tumorigenesis; it may function as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. However, the role of miR-454 in prostate cancer remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function and molecular mechanisms of miR-454 in prostate cancer. We found that miR-454 was highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines (*p<0.05), as detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay and cell invasion assay showed that the inhibition of miR-454 significantly suppressed prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion (*p<0.05), whereas the overexpression of miR-454 markedly promoted prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion (*p<0.05). Bioinformatics analysis showed that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a well-known tumor suppressor, was identified as a potential target gene of miR-454. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-454 directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region of NDRG2. RT-qPCR and western blot showed that miR-454 overexpression significantly decreased NDRG2 expression (*p<0.05), whereas miR-454 inhibition markedly promoted NDRG2 expression (*p<0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that miR-454 expression was inversely correlated with NDRG2 expression in prostate cancer tissues (r=-0.8932; p<0.0001). Moreover, miR-454 inhibition significantly suppressed the protein expression of β-catenin (*p<0.05) and blocked the activation of WNT signaling (*p<0.05). In addition, small interfering RNA mediated NDRG2 knockdown significantly reversed the antitumor effect of miR-454 inhibition on prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion (*p<0.05). Taken together, these results reveal an oncogenic role of miR-454, which promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion by downregulation of NDRG2. These results also suggest miR-454 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yanyao Gao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Tianci Mao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Zhenye Sun
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China.
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China.
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NDRG4 stratifies the prognostic value of body mass index in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1311-22. [PMID: 26515606 PMCID: PMC4811462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NDRG4 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor and can inhibit PI3K/AKT signal which is related with energy balance and related carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated whether NDRG4 status could modify the association of obesity with clinical outcome of colorectal cancer. For this purpose, a hospital-based prospective study cohort of 226 colorectal cancer patients was involved. NDRG4 mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR. Association of NDRG4 mRNA expression with disease-free and overall survival was studied first. Then, the association of obesity with clinical outcome was determined according to NDRG4 level. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to compute hazard ratio, adjusting for covariates including microsatellite instability, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutation. Results showed that NDRG4 mRNA expression was decreased in tumor specimens and significantly correlated with tumor differentiation, invasion and metastasis. Patients with tumor of reduced NDRG4 mRNA level had unfavorable disease-free and overall survival. Obesity was found to be adversely associated with disease-free and overall survival in tumors with reduced NDRG4 level, not in preserved NDRG4 level group, in both univariate and multivariate analysis. These data provided the first evidence that NDRG4 level in colorectal cancer could effectively stratify the prognostic value of obesity, which would better the understanding of the prognostic role of obesity in colorectal cancer. Our results also support the notion that the host-tumor interactions in colorectal cancer might influence tumor aggressiveness.
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Xu X, Li J, Sun X, Guo Y, Chu D, Wei L, Li X, Yang G, Liu X, Yao L, Zhang J, Shen L. Tumor suppressor NDRG2 inhibits glycolysis and glutaminolysis in colorectal cancer cells by repressing c-Myc expression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26161-76. [PMID: 26317652 PMCID: PMC4694893 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells use glucose and glutamine as the major sources of energy and precursor intermediates, and enhanced glycolysis and glutamimolysis are the major hallmarks of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation alter multiple intracellular signaling pathways that affect glycolysis and glutaminolysis. N-Myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a tumor suppressor gene inhibiting cancer growth, metastasis and invasion. However, the role and molecular mechanism of NDRG2 in cancer metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we discovered the role of the tumor suppressor gene NDRG2 in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis of cancer cells. NDRG2 inhibited glucose consumption and lactate production, glutamine consumption and glutamate production in colorectal cancer cells. Analysis of glucose transporters and the catalytic enzymes involved in glycolysis revealed that glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) was significantly suppressed by NDRG2. Analysis of glutamine transporter and the catalytic enzymes involved in glutaminolysis revealed that glutamine transporter ASC amino-acid transporter 2 (ASCT2) and glutaminase 1 (GLS1) was also significantly suppressed by NDRG2. Transcription factor c-Myc mediated inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis by NDRG2. More importantly, NDRG2 inhibited the expression of c-Myc by suppressing the expression of β-catenin, which can transcriptionally activate C-MYC gene in nucleus. In addition, the growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells were suppressed significantly by NDRG2 through inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Taken together, these findings indicate that NDRG2 functions as an essential regulator in glycolysis and glutaminolysis via repression of c-Myc, and acts as a suppressor of carcinogenesis through coordinately targeting glucose and glutamine transporter, multiple catalytic enzymes involved in glycolysis and glutaminolysis, which fuels the bioenergy and biomaterials needed for cancer proliferation and progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dake Chu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinping Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Libo Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Ongaratti BR, Silva CBO, Trott G, Haag T, Leães CGS, Ferreira NP, Oliveira MC, Pereira-Lima JFS. Expression of merlin, NDRG2, ERBB2, and c-MYC in meningiomas: relationship with tumor grade and recurrence. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:e5125. [PMID: 27007654 PMCID: PMC4819410 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20155125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are common, usually benign tumors of the central nervous system that have a high rate of post-surgical recurrence or regrowth. We determined expression of the proteins merlin, NDRG2, ERBB2, and c-MYC in meningiomas using immunohistochemistry and assessed relationships between protein expression and gender, age, tumor grade, and recurrence or regrowth. The study sample comprised 60 patients, (44 women and 16 men) with a mean age of 53.2 ± 12.7 years. Tumors were classified as grade I (n=48) or grades II and III (n=12). Expression of merlin, NDRG2, ERBB2, and c-MYC was not significantly different statistically with relation to gender, age, or meningioma recurrence or regrowth. Merlin was expressed in 100% of the cases. No statistically significant difference between tumor grade and recurrence or regrowth was identified. Statistically significant differences were identified between the mean age of patients with grade I (54.83 ± 11.60) and grades II and III (46.58 ± 15.08) meningiomas (P=0.043), between strong c-MYC expression and grades II and III (P<0.001), and between partial surgical resection and tumor recurrence or regrowth (P<0.001). These findings reveal the lower mean age among grades II and III meningioma patients than grade I patients, the influence of the protein merlin on tumorigenesis, the association of c-MYC with aggressive meningiomas, and that partial surgical resection is associated with tumor recurrence or regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ongaratti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - C B O Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - G Trott
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - T Haag
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - C G S Leães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - N P Ferreira
- Centro de Neuroendocrinologia, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - M C Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - J F S Pereira-Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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13
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Lin K, Yin A, Yao L, Li Y. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 in the nervous system: from expression pattern to function. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:761-6. [PMID: 26341979 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) has been shown to be a multifunctional protein associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, transmembrane transport, and stress responses. In most mammalian brains, NDRG2 is principally expressed in astrocytic cells throughout different regions. NDRG2 has been increasingly implicated in the regulation of neurogenesis and in the development of nervous system diseases, including neurodegeneration, ischemia, and glioblastoma. This review summarizes the distribution and subcellular localization of NDRG2 in brain tissues, highlights the physiological actions of NDRG2 in the nervous system, and further discusses the roles of NDRG2 during the occurrence and development of several nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Libo Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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14
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Majchrzak-Celińska A, Paluszczak J, Szalata M, Barciszewska AM, Nowak S, Kleszcz R, Sherba A, Baer-Dubowska W. The methylation of a panel of genes differentiates low-grade from high-grade gliomas. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3831-41. [PMID: 25563195 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes play an important role in the pathogenesis of gliomas and have the potential to become clinically useful biomarkers. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the profile of promoter methylation of 13 genes selected based on their anticipated diagnostic and/or prognostic value. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to assess the methylation status of MGMT, ERCC1, hMLH1, ATM, CDKN2B (p15INK4B), p14ARF, CDKN2A (p16INK4A), RASSF1A, RUNX3, GATA6, NDRG2, PTEN, and RARβ in a subset of 95 gliomas of different grades. Additionally, the methylation status of MGMT and NDRG2 was analyzed using pyrosequencing (PSQ). The results revealed that the methylation index of individual glioma patients correlates with World Health Organization (WHO) tumor grade and patient's age. RASSF1A, RUNX3, GATA6, and MGMT were most frequently methylated, whereas the INK4B-ARF-INK4A locus, PTEN, RARβ, and ATM were methylated to a lesser extent. ERCC1, hMLH1, and NDRG2 were unmethylated. RUNX3 methylation correlated with WHO tumor grade and patient's age. PSQ confirmed significantly higher methylation levels of MGMT and NDRG2 as compared with normal, non-cancerous brain tissue. To conclude, DNA methylation of a whole panel of selected genes can serve as a tool for glioma aggressiveness prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Majchrzak-Celińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Zhou B, Tang Z, Deng Y, Hou S, Liu N, Lin W, Liu X, Yao L. Tumor suppressor candidate gene, NDRG2 is frequently inactivated in human glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:891-6. [PMID: 24840052 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N‑myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is highly expressed in numerous normal tissues, while it is marginally expressed or undetectable in various tumors, including lung and colon cancer. In order to investigate the expression of NDRG2 in human glioma and its downstream regulatory mechanisms, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses were used to assess NDRG2 mRNA and protein expression in different grades of human glioma and adjacent normal tissues. The methylation status of the NDRG2 promoter region was also determined using bisulfite sequencing. NDRG2 mRNA expression was observed to be significantly lower in glioma tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was found between the glioma tumor grade and NDRG2 expression (P<0.05), at the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the methylation rate of the NDRG2 promoter region was 46.3% in the glioma tissues compared with 18.2% in the adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). These findings show that NDRG2 expression is downregulated in human glioma and that the level of NDRG2 expression negatively correlates with the glioma grade. Furthermore, these findings indicate that NDRG2 downregulation may be due to aberrant methylation of the NDRG2 promoter region and subsequent transcriptional inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shuangxing Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Libo Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Skiriutė D, Steponaitis G, Vaitkienė P, Mikučiūnas M, Skauminas K, Tamašauskas A, Kazlauskas A. Glioma Malignancy-Dependent NDRG2 Gene Methylation and Downregulation Correlates with Poor Patient Outcome. J Cancer 2014; 5:446-56. [PMID: 24847385 PMCID: PMC4026998 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: NDRG2 (N-myc downstream regulated gene 2) gene is involved in important biological processes: cell differentiation, growth and apoptosis. Several molecular studies have shown NDRG2 as a promising diagnostic marker involved in brain tumor pathology. The aim of the study was to investigate how changes in epigenetic modification and activity of NDRG2 reflect on glioma malignancy and patient outcome. Methods: 137 different malignancy grade gliomas were used as the study material: 14 pilocytic astrocytomas grade I, 45 diffuse astrocytomas grade II, 29 anaplastic astrocytomas grade III, and 49 grade IV astrocytomas (glioblastomas). Promoter methylation analysis has been carried out by using methylation-specific PCR, whereas RT-PCR and Western-blot analyses were used to measure NDRG2 expression levels. Results: We demonstrated that NDRG2 gene methylation frequency increased whereas expression at both mRNA and protein levels markedly decreased in glioblastoma specimens compared to the lower grade astrocytomas. NDRG2 transcript and protein levels did not correlate with the promoter methylation state, suggesting the presence of alternative regulatory gene expression mechanisms that may operate in a tissue-specific manner in gliomas. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed significant differences in survival time in gliomas stratified by NDRG2 methylation status and mRNA and protein expression levels. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the usefulness of combining epigenetic data to gene expression patterns at mRNA and protein level in tumor biomarker studies, and suggest that NDRG2 downregulation might bear influence on glioma tumor progression while being associated with higher malignancy grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Skiriutė
- 1. 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Steponaitis
- 1. 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Vaitkienė
- 1. 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mykolas Mikučiūnas
- 1. 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Skauminas
- 1. 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arimantas Tamašauskas
- 2. 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Kazlauskas
- 1. 1 Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, LT-50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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MicroRNA-650 expression in glioma is associated with prognosis of patients. J Neurooncol 2013; 115:375-80. [PMID: 24062138 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are known as non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of target mRNA. Accumulating evidence has indicated that microRNA expression in human malignancies can be utilized as a prognostic marker for patients. However, the prognostic value of miR-650 in human glioma has not been investigated yet. In the present investigation, we have recruited 168 cases glioma specimens and 21 normal control brain specimens. Quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to investigate the expression of miR-650. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox's proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association of miR-650 with prognosis of glioma patients. Results showed that miR-650 expression was increased in glioma compared with normal control specimens (P < 0.001). It was also found that miR-650 expression was related to World Health Organization grade and Karnofsky performance score (KPS) for high expression was more frequently detected in glioma of high grade or low KPS score (P < 0.001). The prognosis of glioma with high miR-650 expression was significantly worse compared with that of glioma with low miR-650 expression. These results proved that miR-650 expression was a significant prognostic indicator in glioma, which may suggest new management of human glioma.
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Skiriutė D, Vaitkienė P, Ašmonienė V, Steponaitis G, Deltuva VP, Tamašauskas A. Promoter methylation of AREG, HOXA11, hMLH1, NDRG2, NPTX2 and Tes genes in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2013; 113:441-9. [PMID: 23624749 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations alone or in combination with genetic mechanisms play a key role in brain tumorigenesis. Glioblastoma is one of the most common, lethal and poor clinical outcome primary brain tumors with extraordinarily miscellaneous epigenetic alterations profile. The aim of this study was to investigate new potential prognostic epigenetic markers such as AREG, HOXA11, hMLH1, NDRG2, NTPX2 and Tes genes promoter methylation, frequency and value for patients outcome. We examined the promoter methylation status using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in 100 glioblastoma tissue samples. The value for clinical outcome was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimation with log-rank test. DNA promoter methylation was frequent event appearing more than 45 % for gene. AREG and HOXA11 methylation status was significantly associated with patient age. HOXA11 showed the tendency to be associated with patient outcome in glioblastomas. AREG gene promoter methylation showed significant correlation with poor patient outcome. AREG methylation remained significantly associated with patient survival in a Cox multivariate model including MGMT promoter methylation status. This study of new epigenetic targets has shown considerably high level of analyzed genes promoter methylation variability in glioblastoma tissue. AREG gene might be valuable marker for glioblastoma patient survival prognosis, however further analysis is needed to clarify the independence and appropriateness of the marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Skiriutė
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str 4, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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19
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Kotipatruni RP, Ferraro DJ, Ren X, Vanderwaal RP, Thotala DK, Hallahan DE, Jaboin JJ. NDRG4, the N-Myc downstream regulated gene, is important for cell survival, tumor invasion and angiogenesis in meningiomas. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 4:1185-97. [PMID: 22869042 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Meningiomas are the second most common brain tumor, and 20-30% of these tumors are aggressive. The aggressive subtypes are characterized by a capacity for invasion of normal brain with frequent and destructive recurrence patterns. Effective local therapies include surgery and radiation, but there is a need for novel molecular targets to improve survival and reduce morbidity for this group or cancer patients. We have recently identified the N-Myc downstream regulated gene 4, NDRG4, protein as being overexpressed in aggressive meningioma, and in this report, demonstrate its role in cell survival, invasion/migration and angiogenesis. Downregulation of NDRG4 mRNA and protein expression in two high-grade meningioma cancer cell lines, IOMM-Lee and CH-157 MN resulted in reduction in cell survival, DNA fragmentation and G2-M cell cycle arrest. NDRG4 downregulation also decreased cellular invasion and migration, as determined by spheroid migration, linear and radial wound healing, Boyden chamber matrigel invasion, and 3D invasion assays. To determine the effect of NDRG4 depletion on angiogenesis, we studied the immortalized brain endothelial cell line, bEnd.3. We treated bEnd.3 cells with conditioned media from NDRG4-depleted IOMM-Lee and CH-157 MN cells and abrogated their ability to elicit bEnd.3 capillary-like tubes, to proliferate, and to invade. NDRG4 is not overexpressed in bEnd.3 cells and direct NDRG4 depletion had no effect on the cells. This study is significant as it is the first to demonstrate the functional role of NDRG4 in various aspects of meningioma tumor biology. NDRG4 is involved in modulating cell proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis in meningioma, and may play a valuable role as a molecular target in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama P Kotipatruni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Ma JJ, Kong LM, Liao CG, Jiang X, Wang Y, Bao TY. Suppression of MMP-9 activity by NDRG2 expression inhibits clear cell renal cell carcinoma invasion. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3306-13. [PMID: 22692967 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the NDRG (N-Myc downstream-regulated) gene family have been shown to play a variety of roles in human malignancies. Recently, it was shown decreased expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) and inhibited cell proliferation, but the role of the NDRG2 in CCRCC invasion has not been described. We examined the expression of NDRG2 protein in CCRCC samples and the association between NDRG2 expression and CCRCC patients survival. Real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis were used to measure NDRG2 expression in 60 paired CCRCC and adjacent normal tissues. Changes in cell invasion were detected by up- or down-regulating NDRG2 by adenovirus or siRNA. We found that NDRG2 expression is significantly down-regulated in CCRCC at mRNA and protein levels in a manner negatively associated with aggressive tumor behaviors, such as TNM stage (P = 0.003), Fuhrman's grade (P = 0.024), tumor invasion (P = 0.001) and tumor recurrence (P = 0.004), as well as shorter patient survival rates (P = 0.0041). Furthermore, NDRG2 could suppress CCRCC cell invasion through regulating MMP-9 expression and activity. So, these results suggest that NDRG2 can inhibit extracellular matrix-based tumor cell invasion and thereby play important roles in suppressing tumor metastasis in CCRCC. NDRG2 expression may also be a significant prognostic indicator for CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Ma
- Department of Urology Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China.
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Liang C, Guo E, Lu S, Wang S, Kang C, Chang L, Liu L, Zhang G, Wu Z, Zhao Z, Ma S, Wang L, Jiao BH. Over-expression of Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 confers poor prognosis of patients with gliomas. Brain Res 2012; 1444:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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