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Gram Positive Bacterial Lipoteichoic Acid Role in a Root Canal Infection – A Literature Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and its by-products are found to be the main cause of pulpal and periapical infection of tooth. Infected root canals of tooth harbours a wide variation of microbial flora that includes both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Bacterial components such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram negative bacteria and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) of gram positive bacteria have the potential to enter the peri-apical tissue of tooth and initiate the inflammatory process. After microbial death that occurs either due to body’s defence cells or by antibiotic action, bacterial cell wall components such as LTA are released which can persist inside macrophages for prolonged periods causing chronic inflammation. Once these cell-wall components are recognized by the body immune surveillance cells, numerous inflammatory mediators are released leading to inflammation and subsequent pathological consequences. The purpose of this review is intend to summarize the role of gram positive bacterial component LTA in causing endodontic infection and use of potential therapeutic agents against LTA.
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Effects of different pulp-capping materials on cell death signaling pathways of lipoteichoic acid-stimulated human dental pulp stem cells. Odontology 2020; 109:547-559. [PMID: 33206337 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the response of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured with and without lipoteichoic acid (LTA) to different pulp-capping materials. METHODS The cells were cultured and seeded in 6-well plates and exposed to 1% LTA solution. Dycal, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine materials were applied on cells and all groups were evaluated by cell proliferation, viability, cell cycle and cell death signaling pathways for 24 and 72 h. RESULTS LTA + Dycal treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of DPSCs and increased the apoptosis rate of cells more than the other groups at 72 h. Compared to other groups, LTA + Dycal treatment significantly increased the levels of Caspase-3 and AKT and decreased the levels of p-AKT. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study revealed that all tested materials caused apoptosis in DPSCs via an extrinsic apoptotic pathway. The DPSCs showed an early apoptosis response to the Dycal and a late apoptosis response to the ProRoot MTA and Biodentine treatments. LTA led autophagy and inhibited the proliferation of DPSCs. ProRoot MTA and Biodentin eliminated the LTA's bioactivity with higher efficiency than Dycal.
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Caneppele TMF, de Souza LG, Spinola MDS, de Oliveira FE, de Oliveira LD, Carvalho CAT, Bresciani E. Bacterial levels and amount of endotoxins in carious dentin within reversible pulpitis scenarios. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3033-3042. [PMID: 33057825 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES the objective of the present exploratory study was to determine bacterial diversity and endotoxin levels in deep carious lesions of teeth presenting symptoms of reversible pulpitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients with deep carious lesions, reporting clinical symptomatology compatible with reversible pulpitis (n = 10) or not reporting clinical symptomatology (n = 10), were selected. Carious dentin samples were obtained with the aid of sterile and pyrogen-free spoon excavators and harvested in two steps: before and after infected dentin removal. Samples were collected for checkerboard and for kinetic chromogenic LAL assay for determination of microbial profile and quantitation of endotoxin, respectively. Data were analyzed by Mann Whitney for bacteria and two-way ANOVA for endotoxins (5%). RESULTS No difference on the studied bacteria was detected between the superficial and deep dentin layers. Symptomatic teeth showed greater presence of Lactobacillus species, Capnocytophaga sputigena, and Leptotrichia buccalis. For the endotoxins, symptomatic teeth resulted in greater quantity of endotoxins (p = 0.047), being 4.13 log10 EU/mL/μg dentin and 3.45 log10 EU/mL/μg dentin, for symptomatic and asymptomatic teeth, respectively. Dentin collected in different areas presented similar number of endotoxins (p = 0.139). CONCLUSION The amount of the studied bacteria does not seem to be related to reported symptomatology of deep carious lesions, while endotoxins quantity is greater in symptomatic scenarios, regardless of the harvesting area. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The understanding of bacterial amount in reversible pulpitis is important to establish a clinical protocol of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taciana Marco Ferraz Caneppele
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Letícia Grilo de Souza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva Spinola
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Eduardo de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antônio Talge Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bresciani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil.
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Zou Z, Bhandari J, Xiao B, Liang X, Zhang Y, Yan G. Effect of using diode laser on Enterococcus faecalis and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in chronic apical periodontitis. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:1059-1066. [PMID: 32965611 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Ninety-six freshly extracted single-rooted teeth were divided into six groups, n = 8 per group. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 as laser group (810 nm PILOT™ Diode Laser, 400 μm fiber diameter, continuous mode, 30 s time) with powers at 1.0 W, 1.5 W, 2.0 W, and 2.5 W respectively. Group 5 or positive control group (3 ml of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation) and group 6 or negative control group (3 ml of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) irrigation). Root canal samples were collected before and after receiving laser irradiation and irrigation solution. Cultivable bacteria were determined by counting the colony (CFU/ml). Evaluation of temperature on the external root surface of teeth was done with K type thermocouple using laser at different powers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the LTA levels and the correlations between E. faecalis count, LTA levels, and rise in temperature were observed using Pearson's correlation test. E. faecalis LTA was subjected to laser irradiation and its structural damage was examined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compared with the control groups, all laser groups showed a decreased colony counts and decreased LTA levels with statistically significant difference (p ˂ 0.05). The bactericidal effect and LTA reduction of laser was better at 2.5 W power. Laser at 2.5 W power had temperature rise of more than 7 °C which is beyond the safe thermal threshold level. No statistically significant correlation was found between E. faecalis count, levels of LTA, and rise in external root surface temperature (p ˃ 0.05). TLC results showed a structural damage in the glycolipid moiety of E. faecalis LTA. Diode laser can effectively reduce the E. faecalis count and its LTA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zou
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Junu Bhandari
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Baiyan Xiao
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liang
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guohui Yan
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
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Synthetic Human β Defensin-3-C15 Peptide in Endodontics: Potential Therapeutic Agent in Streptococcus gordonii Lipoprotein-Stimulated Human Dental Pulp-Derived Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010071. [PMID: 31861863 PMCID: PMC6982004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β defensin-3-C15, an epithelium-derived cationic peptide that has antibacterial/antifungal and immuno-regulatory properties, is getting attention as potential therapeutic agent in endodontics. This study aimed to investigate if synthetic human β defensin-3-C15 (HBD3-C15) peptides could inhibit inflammatory responses in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs), which had been induced by gram-positive endodontic pathogen. hDPC explant cultures were stimulated with Streptococcus gordonii lipoprotein extracts for 24 h to induce expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. The cells were then treated with either HBD3-C15 (50 μg/mL) or calcium hydroxide (CH, 100 μg/mL) as control for seven days, to assess their anti-inflammatory effects. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses and multiplex assays showed that S. gordonii lipoprotein induced the inflammatory reaction in hDPCs. There was a significant reduction of IL-8 and MCP-1 within 24 h of treatment with either CH or HBD3-C15 (p < 0.05), which was sustained over 1 week of treatment. Alleviation of inflammation in both medications was related to COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion (p < 0.05), rather than TLR2 changes (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate comparable effects of CH and HDB3-C15 as therapeutic agents for inflamed hDPCs.
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Moradi Eslami L, Vatanpour M, Aminzadeh N, Mehrvarzfar P, Taheri S. The comparison of intracanal medicaments, diode laser and photodynamic therapy on removing the biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the root canal system (ex-vivo study). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:157-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Uskoković V, Tang S, Nikolić MG, Marković S, Wu VM. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as intrinsic inorganic antimicrobials: In search of the key particle property. Biointerphases 2019; 14:031001. [PMID: 31109162 PMCID: PMC6527436 DOI: 10.1116/1.5090396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main goals of materials science in the 21st century is the development of materials with rationally designed properties as substitutes for traditional pharmacotherapies. At the same time, there is a lack of understanding of the exact material properties that induce therapeutic effects in biological systems, which limits their rational optimization for the related medical applications. This study sets the foundation for a general approach for elucidating nanoparticle properties as determinants of antibacterial activity, with a particular focus on calcium phosphate nanoparticles. To that end, nine physicochemical effects were studied and a number of them were refuted, thus putting an end to frequently erred hypotheses in the literature. Rather than having one key particle property responsible for eliciting the antibacterial effect, a complex synergy of factors is shown to be at work, including (a) nanoscopic size; (b) elevated intracellular free calcium levels due to nanoparticle solubility; (c) diffusivity and favorable electrostatic properties of the nanoparticle surface, primarily low net charge and high charge density; and (d) the dynamics of perpetual exchange of ultrafine clusters across the particle/solution interface. On the positive side, this multifaceted mechanism is less prone to induce bacterial resistance to the therapy and can be a gateway to the sphere of personalized medicine. On a more problematic side, it implies a less intense effect compared to single-target molecular therapies and a difficulty of elucidating the exact mechanisms of action, while also making the rational design of theirs for this type of medical application a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7052
| | - Sean Tang
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, California 92618-1908
| | - Marko G Nikolić
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Smilja Marković
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA), Knez Mihailova 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Victoria M Wu
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University, Irvine, California 92618-1908
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Park OJ, Kim J, Yang J, Yun CH, Han SH. Enterococcus faecalis Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation and Induces Chemokine Expression. J Endod 2015; 41:1480-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Phillips M, McClanahan S, Bowles W. A titration model for evaluating calcium hydroxide removal techniques. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 23:94-100. [PMID: 25760272 PMCID: PMC4349125 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) has been used in endodontics as an intracanal medicament due to its antimicrobial effects and its ability to inactivate bacterial endotoxin. The inability to totally remove this intracanal medicament from the root canal system, however, may interfere with the setting of eugenol-based sealers or inhibit bonding of resin to dentin, thus presenting clinical challenges with endodontic treatment. This study used a chemical titration method to measure residual Ca(OH)2 left after different endodontic irrigation methods. Material and Methods Eighty-six human canine roots were prepared for obturation. Thirty teeth were filled with known but different amounts of Ca(OH)2 for 7 days, which were dissolved out and titrated to quantitate the residual Ca(OH)2 recovered from each root to produce a standard curve. Forty-eight of the remaining teeth were filled with equal amounts of Ca(OH)2 followed by gross Ca(OH)2 removal using hand files and randomized treatment of either: 1) Syringe irrigation; 2) Syringe irrigation with use of an apical file; 3) Syringe irrigation with added 30 s of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), or 4) Syringe irrigation with apical file and PUI (n=12/group). Residual Ca(OH)2 was dissolved with glycerin and titrated to measure residual Ca(OH)2 left in the root. Results No method completely removed all residual Ca(OH)2. The addition of 30 s PUI with or without apical file use removed Ca(OH)2 significantly better than irrigation alone. Conclusions This technique allowed quantification of residual Ca(OH)2. The use of PUI (with or without apical file) resulted in significantly lower Ca(OH)2 residue compared to irrigation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott McClanahan
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter Bowles
- Division of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Park OJ, Yang J, Kim J, Yun CH, Han SH. Enterococcus faecalis attenuates the differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts. J Endod 2015; 41:658-62. [PMID: 25649294 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterococcus faecalis is closely associated with refractory apical periodontitis, manifesting periapical lesions and alveolar bone loss. Macrophages playing an important role in the induction of inflammation can differentiate into bone-resorbing osteoclasts. In the present study, we investigated the effect of E. faecalis on the differentiation and function of macrophages as osteoclast precursors. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were differentiated into osteoclasts with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in the presence or absence of heat-killed E. faecalis (HKEF). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated giant cells were analyzed to determine osteoclast differentiation. Western blotting was performed to examine the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 transcription factors. Phagocytic capacity was analyzed by measuring uptake of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeled E. faecalis. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Differentiation of BMMs into osteoclasts was attenuated in the presence of HKEF, and expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 was inhibited. HKEF exposure also prevented a reduction in the phagocytic capacity of BMMs after differentiation into osteoclasts. Concomitantly, HKEF induced the expression of chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. CONCLUSIONS E. faecalis attenuated macrophages from differentiating into osteoclasts, allowing them to keep their ability to phagocytose and kill pathogens and to induce proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Tian Y, Zhang X, Zhang K, Song Z, Wang R, Huang S, Lin Z. Effect of Enterococcus faecalis Lipoteichoic Acid on Apoptosis in Human Osteoblast-like Cells. J Endod 2013; 39:632-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Calcium Hydroxide Inactivates Lipoteichoic Acid from Enterococcus faecalis through Deacylation of the Lipid Moiety. J Endod 2011; 37:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Flanagan D. Calcium hydroxide paste as a surface detoxifying agent for infected dental implants: two case reports. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2009; 35:204-9. [PMID: 19813427 DOI: 10.1563/1548-1336-35.4.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dental implant treatment is successful; however, an implant can become infected during or after osseointegration. The two case reports presented here demonstrate, anecdotally, the effectiveness of endodontic calcium hydroxide paste for the surface treatment of infected, healing, or osseointegrated dental implants. Calcium hydroxide may be an appropriate surface detoxifying agent for local dental implant infections. A sequence of calcium hydroxide and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate surface treatment may provide a broad range of antimicrobial action for detoxifying recalcitrant infections. Calcium hydroxide should not be left in the surgical site.
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Denotti G, Piga R, Montaldo C, Erriu M, Pilia F, Piras A, Luca MD, Orrù G. In Vitro evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis adhesion on various endodontic medicaments. Open Dent J 2009; 3:120-4. [PMID: 19557151 PMCID: PMC2701317 DOI: 10.2174/1874210600903010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E. faecalis in endodontic infection represents a biofilm type of disease, which explains the bacteria's resistance to various antimicrobial compounds and the subsequent failure after endodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare antimicrobial activities and bacteria kinetic adhesion in vitro for three endodontic medicaments with a clinical isolate of E. faecalis. We devised a shake culture which contained the following intracanalar preparations: CPD, Endoidrox (EIX), PulpCanalSealer (PCS); these were immersed in a liquid culture medium inoculated with the microorganism. The shake system velocity was able to prevent non-specific bacteria adhesion and simulated the salivary flow. Specimens were collected daily (from both the medium and medicaments) for 10 days; the viable cells were counted by plate count, while the adhesion index AI ° [E. faecalis fg DNA] /mm² was evaluated in the pastes after DNA extraction, by quantitative real time PCR for the 16S rRNA gene. A partial growth inhibition, during the first 24 hours, was observed in the liquid medium and on the medicaments for EIX and subsequently for CPD (six logs). EIX showed the lowest adhesion coefficient (5*10² [fg DNA]/mm²) for nine days and was similar to the control. PCS showed no antimicrobial/antibiofilm properties. This showed that "calcium oxide" base compounds could be active against biofilm progression and at least in the short term (2-4 days) on E. faecalis cells growing in planktonic cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Denotti
- Oral Biotechnology Laboratory (OBL), Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Universita' Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Saghiri MA, Lotfi M, Saghiri AM, Vosoughhosseini S, Aeinehchi M, Ranjkesh B. Scanning Electron Micrograph and Surface Hardness of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in the Presence of Alkaline pH. J Endod 2009; 35:706-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee JK, Baik JE, Yun CH, Lee K, Han SH, Lee W, Bae KS, Baek SH, Lee Y, Son WJ, Kum KY. Chlorhexidine gluconate attenuates the ability of lipoteichoic acid from Enterococcus faecalis to stimulate toll-like receptor 2. J Endod 2008; 35:212-5. [PMID: 19166775 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) has been widely used as a canal irrigant or an intracanal medicament on account of its antibacterial substantivity. This in vitro study aimed to determine if CHX attenuates the inflammatory activity of Enterococcus faecalis and its major virulence factor, lipoteichoic acid (LTA). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that CHX-killed E. faecalis was less potent than heat-killed E. faecalis in the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, pretreatment of LTA with 2% CHX for 6 hours or with 0.2% CHX for 24 hours almost eliminated the TNF-alpha inducibility (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CHX abrogated the ability of LTA to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2, resulting in the attenuated induction of TNF-alpha expression. Collectively, our results suggest that CHX can inactivate LTA of E. faecalis leading to the alleviation of inflammatory responses induced by E. faecalis and its LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyung Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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