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Sarfi S, Azaryan E, Naseri M. Immune System of Dental Pulp in Inflamed and Normal Tissue. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:369-386. [PMID: 38959180 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Teeth are vulnerable to structural compromise, primarily attributed to carious lesions, in which microorganisms originating from the oral cavity deteriorate the mineralized structures of enamel and dentin, subsequently infiltrating the underlying soft connective tissue, known as the dental pulp. Nonetheless, dental pulp possesses the necessary capabilities to detect and defend against bacteria and their by-products, using a variety of intricate defense mechanisms. The pulp houses specialized cells known as odontoblasts, which encounter harmful substances produced by oral bacteria. These cells identify pathogens at an early stage and commence the immune system response. As bacteria approach the pulp, various cell types within the pulp, such as different immune cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, as well as neuronal and vascular networks, contribute a range of defense mechanisms. Therefore, the immune system is present in the healthy pulp to restrain the initial spread of pathogens, and then in the inflamed pulp, it prepares the conditions for necrosis or regeneration, so inflammatory response mechanisms play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature on the immune system in dental pulp, encompassing current knowledge on this topic that explains the diverse mechanisms of recognition and defense against pathogens exhibited by dental pulp cells, elucidates the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in inflamed pulp, and highlights the difference between inflamed and normal pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sarfi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Azaryan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Cellular, and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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2
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Kong X, Vishwanath V, Neelakantan P, Ye Z. Harnessing antimicrobial peptides in endodontics. Int Endod J 2024; 57:815-840. [PMID: 38441321 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Endodontic therapy includes various procedures such as vital pulp therapy, root canal treatment and retreatment, surgical endodontic treatment and regenerative endodontic procedures. Disinfection and tissue repair are crucial for the success of these therapies, necessitating the development of therapeutics that can effectively target microbiota, eliminate biofilms, modulate inflammation and promote tissue repair. However, no current endodontic agents can achieve these goals. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are sequences of amino acids, have gained attention due to their unique advantages, including reduced susceptibility to drug resistance, broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and the ability to modulate the immune response of the organism effectively. This review systematically discusses the structure, mechanisms of action, novel designs and limitations of AMPs. Additionally, it highlights the efforts made by researchers to overcome peptide shortcomings and emphasizes the potential applications of AMPs in endodontic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Kong
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Vijetha Vishwanath
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
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Chen M, Hu Z, Shi J, Xie Z. Human β-defensins and their synthetic analogs: Natural defenders and prospective new drugs of oral health. Life Sci 2024; 346:122591. [PMID: 38548013 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, human β-defensins (HBDs) are ubiquitous in the oral cavity and are mainly synthesized primarily by epithelial cells, serving as the primary barrier and aiming to prevent microbial invasion, inflammation, and disease while maintaining physiological homeostasis. In recent decades, there has been great interest in their biological functions, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential in oral diseases. Meanwhile, researchers are dedicated to improving the properties of HBDs for clinical application. In this review, we first describe the classification, structural characteristics, functions, and mechanisms of HBDs. Next, we cover the role of HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, including dental caries and pulp infections, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, fungal/viral infections and oral mucosal diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges of clinical translation of HBDs and their synthetic analogs, including, but not limited to, stability, bioavailability, antimicrobial activity, resistance, and toxicity. Above all, this review summarizes the biological functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of both natural HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, as well as the challenges associated with clinical translation, thus providing substantial insights into the laboratory development and clinical application of HBDs in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumian Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zihe Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jue Shi
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Bhat R, Shetty S, Rai P, Kumar BK, Shetty P. Revolutionizing the diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis - Current strategies and future directions. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:272-280. [PMID: 38508491 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulpitis primarily arises from the pulp space infection by oral microbiota. Vital pulp therapy is a minimally invasive approach that relies on assessing the severity of pulpal inflammation to facilitate repair. However, the current evaluation methods prescribed by the American Association of Endodontics are subjective, leading to ambiguity in assessment. Therefore, this review aims to explore molecular strategies for evaluating the severity of pulpal inflammation to accurately predict the success of pulp vitality preservation in clinical settings. METHODOLOGY This review was conducted by searching relevant keywords, such as irreversible pulpitis, pulpitis biomarkers, molecular diagnosis, inflammation, and genomic strategies, in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to address the subjective nature of diagnosis. The data included in this review were collected up to April 2023. The literature search revealed well-documented limitations in clinically assessing the pulp inflammatory. Molecular approaches that aid in clinical differentiation between irreversible and reversible pulpitis may potentially enhance favorable outcomes in vital pulp therapy. Non-invasive diagnostic methods for pulpal assessment would also be valuable for determining whether the inflamed pulp is reversible, irreversible, or necrotic. CONCLUSION The present review examines the various molecular diagnostic approaches that have revolutionized the medical field and are considered the most promising empirical methodologies for the proactive detection of pulpal diseases. It also provides comprehensive insights into the current diagnostic methods, associated challenges, next-generation strategies, and future directions for diagnosing the severity of pulp inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Bhat
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shishir Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Praveen Rai
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Preethesh Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
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Ozola L, Pilmane M. Local Defense Factors in Cleft-Affected Palate in Children before and during Milk Dentition Age: A Pilot Study. J Pers Med 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 38248728 PMCID: PMC10817640 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most frequent congenital orofacial defects is the cleft lip and palate. Local tissue defense factors are known to be important in immune response and inflammatory and healing processes in the cleft tissue; however, they have only been researched in older children during mixed dentition. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the distribution of LL-37, CD-163, IL-10, HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 in children before and during milk dentition. The unique and rare material of palate tissue was obtained from 13 patients during veloplastic surgeries during the time span of 20 years. Immunohistochemistry, light microscopy, semi-quantitative evaluation, and non-parametric statistical analysis were used. A significant decrease in HBD-3 and HBD-4 in the connective tissue was found, as well as several mutual statistically significant and strong correlations between HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, and LL-37. Deficiency of HBD-3 and HBD-4 suggests promotion of chronic inflammation. The scarcity of HBD-4 could be connected to the different signaling pathways of dental pulp cells. Mutual correlations imply changes in the epithelial barrier, amplified healing efficiency, and increased antibacterial line of defense. Deprivation of changes in IL-10 quantity points to possible suppression of the factor. The presence of similar CD-163 immunoreactive substances produced by M2 macrophages was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ozola
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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Karrar RN, Cushley S, Duncan HF, Lundy FT, Abushouk SA, Clarke M, El-Karim IA. Molecular biomarkers for objective assessment of symptomatic pulpitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1160-1177. [PMID: 37392154 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory biomarkers are potentially useful targets for pulpal diagnostic tests that can identify pulp status and predict vital pulp treatment (VPT) outcome, however, their accuracy is unknown. OBJECTIVES (1) Calculate sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of previously investigated pulpitic biomarkers; (2) Determine if biomarker levels discriminate between clinical diagnoses of pulpitis based on the presence or absence of spontaneous pain (3) Evaluate if biomarker level can predict VPT outcome. METHODS Searches: PubMed/MEDLINE, Ovid SP, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus in May 2023. INCLUSION prospective and retrospective observational studies and randomized trials. Participants were humans with vital permanent teeth and a well-defined pulpal diagnosis. EXCLUSION deciduous teeth, in vitro and animal studies. Risk of bias was assessed with modified-Downs and Black quality assessment checklist. Meta-analysis was performed using bivariate random effect model in Meta-DiSc 2.0 and RevMan and the quality of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. RESULTS Fifty-six studies were selected, reporting >70 individual biomolecules investigating pulpal health and disease at the gene and protein level. Most studies were of low and fair quality. Among the biomolecules investigated, IL-8 and IL-6 demonstrated a level of diagnostic accuracy with high sensitivity, specificity and DOR to discriminate between healthy pulps and those exhibiting spontaneous pain suggestive of IRP (low-certainty evidence). However, none was shown to have high DOR and the ability to discriminate between pulpitic states (very low certainty evidence). Limited data suggests high levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 correlate with poorer outcomes of full pulpotomy. DISCUSSION The inability of identified molecular inflammatory markers to discriminate between dental pulps with spontaneous and non-spontaneous pain should shift the focus to improved study quality or the pursuit of other molecules potentially associated with healing and repair. CONCLUSIONS Low-quality evidence suggests IL-8 and IL-6 demonstrated level of diagnostic accuracy to discriminate between healthy pulps and those exhibiting spontaneous pain. There is a need for standardized biomarker diagnostic and prognostic studies focusing on solutions that can accurately determine the degree of pulp inflammation. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021259305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham N Karrar
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Siobhan Cushley
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Henry F Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Mike Clarke
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ikhlas A El-Karim
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Kompuinen J, Keskin M, Yilmaz D, Gürsoy M, Gürsoy UK. Human β-Defensins in Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060830. [PMID: 36980171 PMCID: PMC10047923 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are malignant growths with high death rates, which makes the early diagnosis of the affected patients of utmost importance. Over 90% of oral cavity cancers come from squamous cells, and the tongue, oral cavity, and salivary glands are the most common locations for oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions. Human β-defensins (hBDs), which are mainly produced by epithelial cells, are cationic peptides with a wide antimicrobial spectrum. In addition to their role in antimicrobial defense, these peptides also take part in the regulation of the immune response. Recent studies produced evidence that these small antimicrobial peptides are related to the gene and protein expression profiles of tumors. While the suppression of hBDs is a common finding in head and neck cancer studies, opposite findings were also presented. In the present narrative review, the aim will be to discuss the changes in the hBD expression profile during the onset and progression of head and neck cancers. The final aim will be to discuss the use of hBDs as diagnostic markers of head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Kompuinen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mutlu Keskin
- Oral and Dental Health Department, Altınbaş University, İstanbul 34147, Turkey
| | - Dogukan Yilmaz
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54050, Turkey
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, 20101 Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Wendorff-Tobolla LM, Wolgin M, Wagner G, Klerings I, Dvornyk A, Kielbassa AM. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Locally Delivered Adjunctive Curcumin ( Curcuma longa L.) in the Treatment of Periodontitis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:481. [PMID: 36831018 PMCID: PMC9953093 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis intended to assess evidence on the efficacy of locally delivered curcumin/turmeric as an adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP), on clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD), compared to SRP alone or in combination with chlorhexidine (CHX). RCTs were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Library, BASE, LIVIVO, Dentistry Oral Sciences Source, MEDLINE Complete, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and eLibrary, until August 2022. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed by pooling mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Out of 827 references yielded by the search, 23 trials meeting the eligibility criteria were included. The meta-analysis revealed that SRP and curcumin/turmeric application were statistically significantly different compared to SRP alone for CAL (-0.33 mm; p = 0.03; 95% CI -0.54 to -0.11; I2 = 62.3%), and for PPD (-0.47 mm; p = 0.024; 95% CI -0.88 to -0.06; I2 = 95.5%); however, this difference was considered clinically meaningless. No significant differences were obtained between patients treated with SRP and CHX, compared to SRP and curcumin/turmeric. The RoB assessment revealed numerous inaccuracies, thus raising concerns about previous overestimates of potential treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa M. Wendorff-Tobolla
- Center for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University (DPU), 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Michael Wolgin
- Center for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University (DPU), 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Gernot Wagner
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Irma Klerings
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Anna Dvornyk
- Department of Propaedeutics of Therapeutic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Poltava State Medical University (PSMU), 36011 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Andrej M. Kielbassa
- Center for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University (DPU), 3500 Krems, Austria
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Therapeutic Potential of Synthetic Human β-Defensin 1 Short Motif Pep-B on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6141967. [PMID: 35110972 PMCID: PMC8803462 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6141967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp inflammation is a widespread public problem usually caused by caries or trauma. Alleviating inflammation is critical to inflamed pulp repair. Human β-defensin 1 short motif Pep-B is a cationic peptide that has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and immunoregulation properties, but its repair effect on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) under inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory function of Pep-B and explore its therapeutic potential in lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced hDPSCs. CCK-8 assay and transwell assay evaluated effects of Pep-B on hDPSC proliferation and chemotaxis. Inflammatory response in hDPSCs was induced by LPS; after Pep-B application, lactate dehydrogenase release, intracellular ROS, inflammatory factor genes expression and possible signaling pathway were measured. Then, osteo-/odontoblast differentiation effect of Pep-B on LPS-induced hDPSCs was detected. The results showed that Pep-B promoted hDPSC proliferation and reduced LPS-induced proinflammatory marker expression, and western blot result indicated that Pep-B inhibited inflammatory activation mediated by NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Pep-B also enhanced the expression of the osteo-/odontogenic genes and proteins, alkaline phosphatase activity, and nodule mineralization in LPS-stimulated hDPSCs. These findings indicate that Pep-B has anti-inflammatory activity and promote osteo-/odontoblastic differentiation in LPS-induced inflammatory environment and may have a potential role of hDPSCs for repair and regeneration.
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Kaur B, Kobayashi Y, Cugini C, Shimizu E. A Mini Review: The Potential Biomarkers for Non-invasive Diagnosis of Pulpal Inflammation. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021; 2:718445. [PMID: 38947881 PMCID: PMC11212789 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.718445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
For assessing the adequacy of vital pulp therapy for an inflamed pulp, the use of non-invasive diagnostic tools is necessary to avoid further damage to the teeth. Detection of biomarkers that are indicative of the inflammatory status in pulp can be a promising tool for this purpose. These biomarkers need to be reliably correlated with pulpal inflammation and to be easily detected without pulp exposure. This mini-review article aims to review biomarkers that are present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in inflamed pulp conditions. Several studies have reported the availability of various biomarkers including cytokines, proteases, elastase, neuropeptides, and growth factors. Non-invasive pulpal diagnostic methods will be useful as well to determine reversibility, irreversibility, or necrosis of inflamed pulp. These types of molecular diagnoses via analyzing the proteome have revolutionized the medical field, and are one of the most promising empirical methodologies that a clinician can utilize for the proactive identification of pulpal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmleen Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yoshifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Carla Cugini
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Vargas-Barboza JM, Villalobos-Gutiérrez PT, Flores-De La Torre JA, Vazquez-Alcaraz SJ, Gutiérrez-Coronado O. Effect of treatment with resiniferatoxin in an experimental model of pulpal inflammatory in mice. Int Endod J 2021; 54:2099-2112. [PMID: 34375451 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether treatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX) is capable of lowering the plasma levels of PGE2 and TNF-α, as well as histopathological parameters in inflammation of pulp tissue in a mouse experimental model. METHODOLOGY Ten groups of six BALB/c mice were formed as follows: healthy group (HC ), healthy group treated with RTX (HRTX ), two groups with pulp inflammation at 14 and 18 hours (PI14 /PI18 ), six groups with pulpal inflammation plus treatment with Ibuprofen (IBU14 /IBU18 ), dexamethasone (DEX14 /DEX18 ) and resiniferatoxin (RTX14 /RTX18 ) at 14 and 18 hours, respectively. Pulpal inflammation was induced through occlusal exposure of the pulp of the maxillary first molar. The plasma levels of PGE2 and TNF-α and the histological parameters of the pulp tissue of the HC and HRTX groups were evaluated at the time of acquiring the animals. In the other groups, the plasma levels of PGE2 and TNF-α and the histopathological parameters were evaluated at 14 and 18 hours after pulp damage. Plasma levels of PGE2 and TNF-α were quantified by ELISA, and the histopathological parameters were evaluated by H/E staining. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for overall differences between group means. RESULTS A significant increase (*p < .05) in plasma levels of PGE2 and TNF-α occurred 14 and 18 hours after pulp damage. In addition, treatment with RTX significantly decreased (*p < .05) the plasma levels of PGE2 and TNF-α at 14 and 18 hours after pulp damage, as well as the infiltrate of inflammatory cells at 18 hours after pulp damage, similarly to treatment with ibuprofen and dexamethasone. CONCLUSION It was possible to detect systemic levels of PGE2 and TNF-α at 14 and 18 hours after pulp damage. Likewise, treatment with RTX was associated with an anti-inflammatory effect similar to treatment with ibuprofen and dexamethasone. These findings place resiniferatoxin as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of inflammatory diseases in Dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Odontology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Cuauhtémoc University Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Jazmín Monserrat Vargas-Barboza
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Odontology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Cuauhtémoc University Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Paola Trinidad Villalobos-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University Center of Lagos, University of Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| | | | | | - Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University Center of Lagos, University of Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
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Immunomodulatory Expression of Cathelicidins Peptides in Pulp Inflammation and Regeneration: An Update. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:116-126. [PMID: 34068275 PMCID: PMC8929016 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammatory mediators in dental pulp is unique. The local environment of pulp responds to any changes in the physiology that are highly fundamental, like odontoblast cell differentiation and other secretory activity. The aim of this review is to assess the role of cathelicidins based on their capacity to heal wounds, their immunomodulatory potential, and their ability to stimulate cytokine production and stimulate immune-inflammatory response in pulp and periapex. Accessible electronic databases were searched to find studies reporting the role of cathelicidins in pulpal inflammation and regeneration published between September 2010 and September 2020. The search was performed using the following databases: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO and PubMed. The electronic search was performed using the combination of keywords "cathelicidins" and "dental pulp inflammation". On the basis of previous studies, it can be inferred that LL-37 plays an important role in odontoblastic cell differentiation and stimulation of antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, based on these outcomes, it can be concluded that LL-37 plays an important role in reparative dentin formation and provides signaling for defense by activating the innate immune system.
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Niu JY, Yin IX, Mei ML, Wu WKK, Li QL, Chu CH. The multifaceted roles of antimicrobial peptides in oral diseases. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:159-171. [PMID: 33721398 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are naturally occurring protein molecules with antibacterial, antiviral and/or antifungal activity. Some antimicrobial peptides kill microorganisms through direct binding with negatively charged microbial surfaces. This action disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane and leads to the leakage of the cytoplasm. In addition, they are involved in the innate immune response. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in oral health, as natural antimicrobial peptides are the first line of host defence in response to microbial infection. The level of natural antimicrobial peptides increases during severe disease conditions and play a role in promoting the healing of oral tissues. However, they are insufficient for eliminating pathogenic micro-organisms. The variability of the oral environment can markedly reduce the effect of natural antimicrobial peptides. Thus, researchers are developing synthetic antimicrobial peptides with promising stability and biocompatibility. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides are a potential alternative to traditional antimicrobial therapy. Pertinent to oral diseases, the deregulation of antimicrobial peptides is involved in the pathogenesis of dental caries, periodontal disease, mucosal disease and oral cancer, where they can kill pathogenic microorganisms, promote tissue healing, serve as biomarkers and inhibit tumor cells. This narrative review provides an overview of the multifaceted roles of antimicrobial peptides in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan-Li Li
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Antunes LS, Carvalho L, Petean IBF, Antunes LA, Freitas JV, Salles AG, Olej B, Oliveira DSB, Küchler EC, Sousa-Neto MD. Association between genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region of the defensin beta 1 gene and persistent apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2020; 54:38-45. [PMID: 32876967 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between the promoter region of defensin beta 1 (DEFB1) genetic polymorphisms and persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) in Brazilian patients. METHODOLOGY Seventy-three patients with post-treatment PAP (PAP group) and 89 patients with root filled teeth with healed and healthy periradicular tissues (healed group) were included (all teeth had apical periodontitis lesions at the beginning of the treatment). Patients who had undergone at least 1 year of follow-up after root canal treatment were recalled, and their genomic DNA was extracted from saliva. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DEFB1 at the g. -52G>A (rs1799946) and g. -20G>A (rs11362) positions were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The chi-squared test was performed, and the odds ratios were calculated using Epi Info 3.5.2. Logistic regression analysis in the codominant model, using the time of follow-up as a variable, was used to evaluate the SNP-SNP interaction. All tests were performed with an established alpha of 0.05 (P = 0.05). RESULTS For the rs11362 polymorphism in the codominant and recessive models, patients who carried two copies of the T allele had a significantly lower risk of developing PAP (P = 0.040 and P = 0.031, respectively). For the rs1799946 polymorphism in DEFB1 in the codominant and recessive models, carrying one copy of the T allele significantly increased the risk of developing PAP (P = 0.007 and P = 0.031, respectively). In the logistic regression, both polymorphisms were associated with PAP as well as the SNP-SNP interaction (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in DEFB1 genes were associated with the development of post-treatment persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Antunes
- Specific Formation Department, School of Dentistry of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - L Carvalho
- Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - I B F Petean
- Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L A Antunes
- Specific Formation Department, School of Dentistry of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - J V Freitas
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - A G Salles
- Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - B Olej
- Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - D S B Oliveira
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E C Küchler
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Brazil.,Pediatric Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M D Sousa-Neto
- Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Like many tissues, the dental pulp is equipped with innate and adaptive immune responses, designed to defend against infection and limit its spread. The pulp's innate immune response includes the synthesis and release of antimicrobial peptides by several dental pulp cell types. These naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides have broad spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. There is a resurgence of interest in the bioactivities of naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides, largely driven by the need to develop alternatives to antibiotics. METHODS This narrative review focused on the general properties of antimicrobial peptides, providing an overview of their sources and actions within the dental pulp. RESULTS We summarized the relevance of antimicrobial peptides in defending the dental pulp, highlighting the potential for many of these antimicrobials to be modified or mimicked for prospective therapeutic use. CONCLUSION Antimicrobial peptides and novel peptide-based therapeutics are particularly attractive as emerging treatments for polymicrobial infections, such as endodontic infections, because of their broad activity against a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala T Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
| | - Christopher R Irwin
- Centre for Dentistry, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Denise F McLean
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Gerard J Linden
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ikhlas A El Karim
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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16
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Çelik N, Işcan Yapar M, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Nalcı KA. Influence of resveratrol application with pulp-capping materials on the genetic expression levels of stem cells. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1253-1263. [PMID: 32515014 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in a laboratory setting the response of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to pulp-capping materials with and without resveratrol (RSV). METHODOLOGY Five materials, Calcimol LC, Life, TheraCal LC, ProRoot MTA and Biodentine, were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions. Human MSCs were then exposed to these materials, with and without RSV, for 24 h (n = 8). Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay, and total cell death was quantified by annexin V-FITC staining with flow cytometry. The expression levels of the IL-8, IL-10, HBD-2 and BCL-2 genes were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data obtained from MTT test were analysed using one-way anova, and Tukey's multiple-comparison test. The paired Student t test was employed to compare the effects of materials on gene expression (significance level of 5%). RESULTS The group cell viabilities were Calcimol LC 53%, Life 43%, TheraCal LC 78%, ProRoot MTA 75% and Biodentine 78%. Calcimol LC and Life exhibited significant differences compared with the control groups (P < 0.05). The percentages of necrotic/late apoptotic cells associated with Calcimol LC and TheraCal LC were greater than in the other materials. However, when RSV was added to wells containing materials, cell viability increased to Calcimol LC 63%, Life 52%, TheraCal LC 82%, ProRoot MTA 91% and Biodentine 96%, and the percentages of early apoptotic and late apoptotic/necrotic cells decreased. Calcimol LC + RSV and Life + RSV differed significantly from the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of IL-8 gene was high for all materials, ProRoot MTA caused significant overexpression, and the addition of RSV reduced the expression of IL-8 in the Calcimol LC, TheraCal LC and ProRoot MTA groups and led to increased expression of IL-10 in the Calcimol LC, Life and Biodentine groups. HBD-2 and BCL-2 exhibited increased expression in ProRoot MTA with RSV (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The addition of RSV exerted a protective effect on MSCs and regulated the inflammatory process by altering the expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Çelik
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - M Işcan Yapar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - K A Nalcı
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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17
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Zhai Y, Wang Y, Rao N, Li J, Li X, Fang T, Zhao Y, Ge L. Activation and Biological Properties of Human β Defensin 4 in Stem Cells Derived From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1304. [PMID: 31695620 PMCID: PMC6817489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpitis in primary teeth, a condition caused by presence of bacteria, is highly prevalent worldwide. The use of biocompatibility materials with anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and regenerative properties is critical for prognosis of this endodontic disease. This study aimed to identify expression of human β defensin 4 (HBD4) in stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and characterize the effects of HBD4 on SHED. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect HBD4 expression in SHED and the effect of HBD4 on inflammatory factors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated SHED. Affinity measurement was made by the Fortebio Octet System to explore the potential interaction between LPS and HBD4. Western blot analysis was used to explore the effect of HBD4 on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Colony-forming unit methods and scanning electron microscopy were applied to study antimicrobial effect of HBD4 on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, qPCR and western blot were taken to detect effects of HBD4 on osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation of SHED. RT2 Profiler PCR Array was used to explore the potential signaling pathways involved in the osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation. HBD4 was highly expressed in SHED stimulated by TNF-α and IL-1α. HBD4 could bind to LPS directly and down-regulate IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α in LPS-stimulated SHED, thus the activation of MAPK pathway decreased. HBD4 was sensitive to P. gingivalis and enhanced osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation potential of SHED by modulating Notch pathway. HBD4 was highly expressed in SHED stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines, and possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial activity. HBD4 promoted osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of SHED. HBD4 may thus represent a suitable agent for vital pulp therapy in future clinic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Nanquan Rao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhi Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiaozi Fang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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18
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Oshiro KGN, Rodrigues G, Monges BED, Cardoso MH, Franco OL. Bioactive Peptides Against Fungal Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2169. [PMID: 31681179 PMCID: PMC6797862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by invasive fungal biofilms have been widely associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, mainly due to the advent of antibiotic resistance. Moreover, fungal biofilms impose an additional challenge, leading to multidrug resistance. This fact, along with the contamination of medical devices and the limited number of effective antifungal agents available on the market, demonstrates the importance of finding novel drug candidates targeting pathogenic fungal cells and biofilms. In this context, an alternative strategy is the use of antifungal peptides (AFPs) against fungal biofilms. AFPs are considered a group of bioactive molecules with broad-spectrum activities and multiple mechanisms of action that have been widely used as template molecules for drug design strategies aiming at greater specificity and biological efficacy. Among the AFP classes most studied in the context of fungal biofilms, defensins, cathelicidins and histatins have been described. AFPs can also act by preventing the formation of fungal biofilms and eradicating preformed biofilms through mechanisms associated with cell wall perturbation, inhibition of planktonic fungal cells’ adhesion onto surfaces, gene regulation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, considering the critical scenario imposed by fungal biofilms and associated infections and the application of AFPs as a possible treatment, this review will focus on the most effective AFPs described to date, with a core focus on antibiofilm peptides, as well as their efficacy in vivo, application on surfaces and proposed mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G N Oshiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gisele Rodrigues
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estéfani D Monges
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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19
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Yoo YJ, Perinpanayagam H, Oh S, Kim AR, Han SH, Kum KY. Endodontic biofilms: contemporary and future treatment options. Restor Dent Endod 2019; 44:e7. [PMID: 30834229 PMCID: PMC6387897 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated infection. The biofilm protects bacteria from host defenses and increase their resistance to intracanal disinfecting protocols. Understanding the virulence of these endodontic microbiota within biofilm is essential for the development of novel therapeutic procedures for intracanal disinfection. Both the disruption of biofilms and the killing of their bacteria are necessary to effectively treat apical periodontitis. Accordingly, a review of endodontic biofilm types, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and current and future therapeutic procedures for endodontic biofilm is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Soram Oh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - A-Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Cytotoxic and biological effects of bulk fill composites on rat cortical neuron cells. Odontology 2018; 106:377-388. [PMID: 29594827 PMCID: PMC6153994 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-018-0354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate potential cellular responses and biological effects of new generation dental composites on cortical neuron cells in two different exposure times. The study group included five different bulk-fill flow able composites; Surefil SDR Flow, X-tra Base Flow, Venus Bulk Flow, Filtek Bulk Flow and Tetric-Evo Flow. They were filled in Teflon molds (Height: 4 mm, Width: 6 mm) and irradiated for 20 s. Cortical neuron cells were inoculated into 24-well plates. After 80% of the wells were coated, the 3 µm membrane was inserted and dental filling materials were added. The experiment was continued for 24 and 72 h. Cell viability measured by MTT assay test, total antioxidant and total oxidant status were examined using real assay diagnostic kits. The patterns of cell death (apoptosis) were analyzed using annexin V-FITC staining with flow cytometry. Β-defensins were quantitatively assessed by RT-PCR. IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 cytokines were measured from the supernatants. All composites significantly affected analyses parameters during the exposure durations. Our data provide evidence that all dental materials tested are cytotoxic in acute phase and these effects are induced cellular death after different exposure periods. Significant cytotoxicity was detected in TE, XB, SS, FBF and VBF groups at 24 and 72 h, respectively.
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21
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Yumoto H, Hirao K, Hosokawa Y, Kuramoto H, Takegawa D, Nakanishi T, Matsuo T. The roles of odontoblasts in dental pulp innate immunity. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 54:105-117. [PMID: 30128058 PMCID: PMC6094490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontoblasts located in the outermost layer of dental pulp form a natural barrier between mineralized tissues, dentin, and soft tissues, dental pulp, of the vital tooth, and they first recognize caries-related pathogens and sense external irritations. Therefore, odontoblasts possess a specialized innate immune system to fight oral pathogens invading into dentin. Generally, the rapid initial sensing of microbial pathogens, especially pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) shared by microorganisms, are mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptor and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD). The innate immune responses in odontoblasts initiated by sensing oral pathogens provide host protective events, such as inflammatory reactions, to produce a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators, including chemokines and cytokines. These attract various inflammatory cells and cause antibacterial reactions, such as the production of defensins, to kill microorganisms in the proximal region of the odontoblast layer. This review focuses on innate immunity, especially cellular and molecular mechanisms regarding the sensing of PAMPs from oral pathogens by PRRs, in odontoblasts and provides information for future studies for the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including diagnosis and treatment, to prevent exceeding dental pulp inflammation and preserve the dental pulp tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Hosokawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kuramoto
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takegawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakanishi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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22
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Ghattas Ayoub C, Aminoshariae A, Bakkar M, Ghosh S, Bonfield T, Demko C, Montagnese TA, Mickel AK. Comparison of IL-1β, TNF-α, hBD-2, and hBD-3 Expression in the Dental Pulp of Smokers Versus Nonsmokers. J Endod 2017; 43:2009-2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Hirsch V, Wolgin M, Mitronin AV, Kielbassa AM. Inflammatory cytokines in normal and irreversibly inflamed pulps: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:38-46. [PMID: 28600966 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the available literature in regard to the inflammatory process and pulpitis. Setting forth to evaluate if differences in the levels of various cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8) can be observed in clinically diagnosed normal and irreversibly inflamed pulps that could serve as possible markers and/or diagnostic tools to predict and differentiate between certain states of inflammation. Methods used to measure and assess levels of cytokines have been limited to two protein quantification methods ELISA and/or Multiplex Array. DESIGN The databases PubMed, EMBASE/Ovid, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Reviews and Scopus were consulted for the electronic literature search. Screening of titles and abstracts followed the PRISMA guidelines while data extraction and the assessment of the full texts were carried out in accordance to the GRADES assessment. RESULTS The review showed that significant increases in levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in irreversible pulpitis samples exist, in comparison to normal pulp samples which serve as a good basis for potential markers. Due to larger discrepancies in available literature, IL-2 seems rather unsuitable at the moment, while IL-6 and TNF alpha seem to be more promising. CONCLUSION It may be concluded that even by combining two protein quantification methods inconsistencies between studies exist. At the moment it is difficult to select just one specific cytokine suitable for testing, rather it supports the rationale that further high-quality clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hirsch
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstrasse 124, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Michael Wolgin
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstrasse 124, 3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Aleksandr V Mitronin
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry (MSMSU), ul. Delegatskaya 20/1, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrej M Kielbassa
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstrasse 124, 3500 Krems, Austria
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24
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Mai S, Mauger MT, Niu LN, Barnes JB, Kao S, Bergeron BE, Ling JQ, Tay FR. Potential applications of antimicrobial peptides and their mimics in combating caries and pulpal infections. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:16-35. [PMID: 27845274 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic host-defense molecules that provide the early stage of protection against invading microbes. They also have important modulatory roles and act as a bridge between innate and acquired immunity. The types and functions of oral AMPs were reviewed and experimental reports on the use of natural AMPs and their synthetic mimics in caries and pulpal infections were discussed. Natural AMPs in the oral cavity, predominantly defensins, cathelicidins and histatins, possess antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and biofilms. Incomplete debridement of microorganisms in root canal space may precipitate an exacerbated immune response that results in periradicular bone resorption. Because of their immunomodulatory and wound healing potentials, AMPs stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, recruit host defense cells and regulate immuno-inflammatory responses in the vicinity of the pulp and periapex. Recent rapid advances in the development of synthetic AMP mimics offer exciting opportunities for new therapeutic initiatives in root canal treatment and regenerative endodontics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Identification of new therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens and biofilm-associated infections continues to be one of the major challenges in modern medicine. Despite the presence of commercialization hurdles and scientific challenges, interests in using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic alternatives and adjuvants to combat pathogenic biofilms have never been foreshortened. Not only do these cationic peptides possess rapid killing ability, their multi-modal mechanisms of action render them advantageous in targeting different biofilm sub-populations. These factors, together with adjunctive bioactive functions such as immunomodulation and wound healing enhancement, render AMPs or their synthetic mimics exciting candidates to be considered as adjuncts in the treatment of caries, infected pulps and root canals.
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Rechenberg DK, Galicia JC, Peters OA. Biological Markers for Pulpal Inflammation: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167289. [PMID: 27898727 PMCID: PMC5127562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Pulpitis is mainly caused by an opportunistic infection of the pulp space with commensal oral microorganisms. Depending on the state of inflammation, different treatment regimes are currently advocated. Predictable vital pulp therapy depends on accurate determination of the pulpal status that will allow repair to occur. The role of several players of the host response in pulpitis is well documented: cytokines, proteases, inflammatory mediators, growth factors, antimicrobial peptides and others contribute to pulpal defense mechanisms; these factors may serve as biomarkers that indicate the status of the pulp. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the presence of biomarkers in pulpitis. Methods The electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and other sources were searched for English and non-English articles published through February 2015. Two independent reviewers extracted information regarding study design, tissue or analyte used, outcome measures, results and conclusions for each article. The quality of the included studies was assessed using a modification of the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale. Results and Conclusions From the initial 847 publications evaluated, a total of 57 articles were included in this review. In general, irreversible pulpitis was associated with different expression of various biomarkers compared to normal controls. These biomarkers were significantly expressed not only in pulp tissue, but also in gingival crevicular fluid that can be collected non-invasively, and in dentin fluid that can be analyzed without extirpating the entire pulpal tissue. Such data may then be used to accurately differentiate diseased from healthy pulp tissue. The interplay of pulpal biomarkers and their potential use for a more accurate and biologically based diagnostic tool in endodontics is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Krister Rechenberg
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Johnah C. Galicia
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ove A. Peters
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Kawashima N, Okiji T. Odontoblasts: Specialized hard-tissue-forming cells in the dentin-pulp complex. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:144-53. [PMID: 27131345 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts are specialized cells that produce dentin and exhibit unique morphological characteristics; i.e., they extend cytoplasmic processes into dentinal tubules. While osteoblasts, which are typical hard-tissue-forming cells, are generated from mesenchymal stem cells during normal and pathological bone metabolism, the induction of odontoblasts only occurs once during tooth development, and odontoblasts survive throughout the lives of healthy teeth. During the differentiation of odontoblasts, signaling molecules from the inner enamel epithelium are considered necessary for the differentiation of odontoblast precursors, i.e., peripheral dental papilla cells. If odontoblasts are destroyed by severe external stimuli, such as deep caries, the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells into odontoblast-like cells is induced. Various bioactive molecules, such as non-collagenous proteins, might be involved in this process, although the precise mechanisms responsible for odontoblast differentiation have not been fully elucidated. Recently, our knowledge about the other functional activities of odontoblasts (apart from dentin formation) has increased. For example, it has been suggested that odontoblasts might act as nociceptive receptors, and surveillance cells that detect the invasion of exogenous pathogens. The regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex has recently gained much attention as a promising future treatment modality that could increase the longevity of pulpless teeth. Finally, congenital dentin anomalies, which are concerned with the disturbance of odontoblast functions, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Li X, Duan D, Yang J, Wang P, Han B, Zhao L, Jepsen S, Dommisch H, Winter J, Xu Y. The expression of human β-defensins (hBD-1, hBD-2, hBD-3, hBD-4) in gingival epithelia. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 66:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Lim SM, Ahn KB, Kim C, Kum JW, Perinpanayagam H, Gu Y, Yoo YJ, Chang SW, Han SH, Shon WJ, Lee W, Baek SH, Zhu Q, Kum KY. Antifungal effects of synthetic human β-defensin 3-C15 peptide. Restor Dent Endod 2016; 41:91-7. [PMID: 27200276 PMCID: PMC4868883 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this ex vivo study was to compare the antifungal activity of a synthetic peptide consisting of 15 amino acids at the C-terminus of human β-defensin 3 (HBD3-C15) with calcium hydroxide (CH) and Nystatin (Nys) against Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS C. albicans were grown on cover glass bottom dishes or human dentin disks for 48 hr, and then treated with HBD3-C15 (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 µg/mL), CH (100 µg/mL), and Nys (20 µg/mL) for 7 days at 37℃. On cover glass, live and dead cells in the biomass were measured by the FilmTracer Biofilm viability assay, and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). On dentin, normal, diminished and ruptured cells were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results were subjected to a two-tailed t-test, a one way analysis variance and a post hoc test at a significance level of p = 0.05. RESULTS C. albicans survival on dentin was inhibited by HBD3-C15 in a dose-dependent manner. There were fewer aggregations of C. albicans in the groups of Nys and HBD3-C15 (≥ 100 µg/mL). CLSM showed C. albicans survival was reduced by HBD3-C15 in a dose dependent manner. Nys and HBD3-C15 (≥ 100 µg/mL) showed significant fungicidal activity compared to CH group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Synthetic HBD3-C15 peptide (≥ 100 µg/mL) and Nys exhibited significantly higher antifungal activity than CH against C. albicans by inhibiting cell survival and biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Lim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Ahn
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christine Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jong-Won Kum
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, NY, USA
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Woo Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Jun Shon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woocheol Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Baek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Division of Endodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Dental Pulp Defence and Repair Mechanisms in Dental Caries. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:230251. [PMID: 26538821 PMCID: PMC4619960 DOI: 10.1155/2015/230251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease resulting from the penetration of oral bacteria into the enamel and dentin. Microorganisms subsequently trigger inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. These events can lead to pulp healing if the infection is not too severe following the removal of diseased enamel and dentin tissues and clinical restoration of the tooth. However, chronic inflammation often persists in the pulp despite treatment, inducing permanent loss of normal tissue and reducing innate repair capacities. For complete tooth healing the formation of a reactionary/reparative dentin barrier to distance and protect the pulp from infectious agents and restorative materials is required. Clinical and in vitro experimental data clearly indicate that dentin barrier formation only occurs when pulp inflammation and infection are minimised, thus enabling reestablishment of tissue homeostasis and health. Therefore, promoting the resolution of pulp inflammation may provide a valuable therapeutic opportunity to ensure the sustainability of dental treatments. This paper focusses on key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pulp responses to bacteria and in the pulpal transition between caries-induced inflammation and dentinogenic-based repair. We report, using selected examples, different strategies potentially used by odontoblasts and specialized immune cells to combat dentin-invading bacteria in vivo.
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El-Sayed KMF, Paris S, Graetz C, Kassem N, Mekhemar M, Ungefroren H, Fändrich F, Dörfer C. Isolation and characterisation of human gingival margin-derived STRO-1/MACS(+) and MACS(-) cell populations. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:80-8. [PMID: 25257881 PMCID: PMC4817556 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, gingival margin-derived stem/progenitor cells isolated via STRO-1/magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) showed remarkable periodontal regenerative potential in vivo. As a second-stage investigation, the present study's aim was to perform in vitro characterisation and comparison of the stem/progenitor cell characteristics of sorted STRO-1-positive (MACS+) and STRO-1-negative (MACS−) cell populations from the human free gingival margin. Cells were isolated from the free gingiva using a minimally invasive technique and were magnetically sorted using anti-STRO-1 antibodies. Subsequently, the MACS+ and MACS− cell fractions were characterized by flow cytometry for expression of CD14, CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146/MUC18 and STRO-1. Colony-forming unit (CFU) and multilineage differentiation potential were assayed for both cell fractions. Mineralisation marker expression was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MACS+ and MACS− cell fractions showed plastic adherence. MACS+ cells, in contrast to MACS− cells, showed all of the predefined mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell characteristics and a significantly higher number of CFUs (P<0.01). More than 95% of MACS+ cells expressed CD105, CD90 and CD73; lacked the haematopoietic markers CD45, CD34 and CD14, and expressed STRO-1 and CD146/MUC18. MACS− cells showed a different surface marker expression profile, with almost no expression of CD14 or STRO-1, and more than 95% of these cells expressed CD73, CD90 and CD146/MUC18, as well as the haematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45 and CD105. MACS+ cells could be differentiated along osteoblastic, adipocytic and chondroblastic lineages. In contrast, MACS− cells demonstrated slight osteogenic potential. Unstimulated MACS+ cells showed significantly higher expression of collagen I (P<0.05) and collagen III (P<0.01), whereas MACS− cells demonstrated higher expression of osteonectin (P<0.05; Mann–Whitney). The present study is the first to compare gingival MACS+ and MACS− cell populations demonstrating that MACS+ cells, in contrast to MACS− cells, harbour stem/progenitor cell characteristics. This study also validates the effectiveness of the STRO-1/MACS+ technique for the isolation of gingival stem/progenitor cells. Human free gingival margin-derived STRO-1/MACS+ cells are a unique renewable source of multipotent stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M Fawzy El-Sayed
- 1] Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany [2] Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sebastian Paris
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Graetz
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Neemat Kassem
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrick Ungefroren
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Therapy, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Fändrich
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Therapy, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christof Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Conservative, Surgical, and Prosthetic Treatment of a Patient with a Periapical Lesion Associated with an Atypical Intraoral Sinus Tract. Case Rep Dent 2015; 2015:495206. [PMID: 26064699 PMCID: PMC4438176 DOI: 10.1155/2015/495206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a clinical case with an atypical intraoral sinus tract formation from diagnosis and treatment to short-term outcome and definitive prosthetic rehabilitation. In detail, the patient underwent conservative nonsurgical root canal treatment followed by guided bone augmentation of the regions involved in periapical inflammation and sinus tract formation. The removal of the inflammatory source of the lesion as well as the affected tissue clearly led to a healing of the surrounding bone tissues. Subsequently, the tooth was reconstructed using a fibreglass post and a metal-ceramic crown; an implant was successfully placed in the previously inflamed bone region.
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Muramyl dipeptide activates human beta defensin 2 and pro-inflammatory mediators through Toll-like receptors and NLRP3 inflammasomes in human dental pulp cells. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1419-28. [PMID: 25467233 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression levels of intracellular pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and microbial pattern-recognition receptors, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), have been reported in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and inflamed dental pulp tissue, but the role of NLRP3 and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the production of human beta defensin 2 (hBD2) and inflammatory cytokines against invading pathogens remains poorly defined. The aim of this study was to determine whether the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) upregulates hBD2 and inflammatory cytokines and whether this response is dependent on TLRs and NLRP inflammasomes in HDPCs. METHODOLOGY The effects of MDP on the expression of hBD2, TLRs, inflammasomes, and pro-inflammatory mediators in HDPCs were examined using Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS MDP upregulated hBD2, TLR2, and TLR4 mRNAs and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TLR2 and TLR4 neutralizing blocking antibodies and NOD2- and hBD2-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) attenuated the MDP-induced production of NO, PGE2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 and upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in HDPCs. Additionally, MDP activated inflammasome-related genes, such as NLRP3, caspase 1, apoptotic speck protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, and IL-1β. Furthermore, silencing of the NLRP3 gene using a siRNA significantly decreased the MDP-induced expression of hBD2 and cytokines, such as iNOS-derived NO, COX2, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. CONCLUSION These results suggest that NOD2 activates the TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 inflammasome-signaling pathways in HDPCs to induce the production of multiple inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides, which in turn promote pulp immune defense against microbial challenge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The TLR and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways may represent an important modulatory mechanism of immune defense responses during the progression of pulpitis. Our results suggest that local inhibition of NLRP3 and TLRs may reduce the impact of cytokine-mediated host destructive processes in pulpitis.
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Taudien S, Gäbel G, Kuss O, Groth M, Grützmann R, Huse K, Kluttig A, Wolf A, Nothnagel M, Rosenstiel P, Greiser KH, Werdan K, Krawczak M, Pilarsky C, Platzer M. Association studies of the copy-number variable ß-defensin cluster on 8p23.1 in adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:629. [PMID: 23148552 PMCID: PMC3532138 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human ß-defensins are a family of antimicrobial peptides located at the mucosal surface. Both sequence multi-site variations (MSV) and copy-number variants (CNV) of the defensin-encoding genes are associated with increased risk for various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis and acute pancreatitis. In a case–control study, we investigated the association between MSV in DEFB104 as well as defensin gene (DEF) cluster copy number (CN), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Results Two groups of PDAC (N=70) and CP (N=60) patients were compared to matched healthy control groups CARLA1 (N=232) and CARLA2 (N=160), respectively. Four DEFB104 MSV were haplotyped by PCR, cloning and sequencing. DEF cluster CN was determined by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Neither the PDAC nor the CP cohorts show significant differences in the DEFB104 haplotype distribution compared to the respective control groups CARLA1 and CARLA2, respectively. The diploid DEF cluster CN exhibit a significantly different distribution between PDAC and CARLA1 (Fisher’s exact test P=0.027), but not between CP and CARLA2 (P=0.867). Conclusion Different DEF cluster b CN distribution between PDAC patients and healthy controls indicate a potential protective effect of higher CNs against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Taudien
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr 11, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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Gene expression of human beta defensins-1 and -2 is significantly reduced in non-inflamed keratinized oral tissue of smokers. J Dent 2012; 40:949-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wolgin M, Liodakis S, Pries AR, Zakrzewicz A, Kielbassa AM. HBD-1 and hBD-2 expression in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated with nicotine. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:814-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lee SH, Baek DH. Antibacterial and neutralizing effect of human β-defensins on Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecalis lipoteichoic acid. J Endod 2012; 38:351-6. [PMID: 22341073 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterococcus faecalis is frequently found in the root canal of teeth, is a major microorganism of endodontic therapy failure, and is associated with chronic apical periodontitis. Human β-defensins (HBDs) are known to play critical roles in defending the host against infectious microbes and producing dental pulp in healthy and patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bactericidal and neutralizing effects of HBDs on E. faecalis and E. faecalis lipoteichoic acid (Ef LTA) as a major virulence factor of E. faecalis. METHODS HBD-1, -2, -3, and -4 were synthesized and investigated the susceptibility against E. faecalis. Also, the neutralizing effects of HBDs on cytokine and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression by activity of E. faecalis and Ef LTA were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS HBD-1 and -2 were weakly susceptible, and HBD-3 and HBD-4 were strongly susceptible to E. faecalis. All of the HBDs exhibited neutralizing effects on the activity of Ef LTA, and HBD-3 strongly neutralized the activity of E. faecalis in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-8, and ICAM-1 expression. The neutralizing effects of HBDs were to inhibit E. faecalis or Ef LTA binding to the host cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the induction of HBDs might have great potential as endodontic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Geraldeli S, Li Y, Hogan MMB, Tjaderhane LS, Pashley DH, Morgan TA, Zimmerman MB, Brogden KA. Inflammatory mediators in fluid extracted from the coronal occlusal dentine of trimmed teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:264-70. [PMID: 21930261 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines and cytokines may occur in dentinal fluids in response to local infection and inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the presence and concentration of inflammatory mediators in fluid extracted from the coronal occlusal dentine of trimmed teeth. DESIGN Freshly extracted sound, carious, and restored molars were trimmed through the enamel to expose the underlying dentine, etched with 35% phosphoric acid, and rinsed. Fluid was extracted from the coronal occlusal dentine of these trimmed teeth by centrifugation at 2750 × g for 30 min. RESULTS When assessed by MALDI-TOF, fluid extracted from the coronal occlusal dentine from 16 molars contained at least 117 peaks with different masses suggesting that this fluid was rich with molecules within the appropriate mass range of potential mediators. Indeed, when assessed for chemokines and cytokines, fluid extracted from the coronal occlusal dentine from 25 extracted molars with caries lesions, 10 extracted restored molars with occlusal amalgam, and 77 extracted sound molars contained IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12(p70), and IL-10. A significant elevation was found for TNF-α (p=0.041) in extracted fluid from teeth restored with amalgam fillings. CONCLUSIONS Overall, fluid extracted from the coronal occlusal dentine of trimmed teeth may be useful in identifying proteins and other molecules in dentine and pulpal fluids and determining their role as mediators in the pathogenesis of oral infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Geraldeli
- Restorative Dental Sciences Operative Division, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA.
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Expresión diferencial en placenta de beta-defensinas humanas y detección de variantes alélicas en el gen DEFB1 de madres positivas para VIH-1. BIOMEDICA 2011. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v31i1.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Role of defensins in corneal epithelial barrier function against Pseudomonas aeruginosa traversal. Infect Immun 2010; 79:595-605. [PMID: 21115716 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00854-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that epithelium-expressed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), e.g., β-defensins, play a role in clearing bacteria from mouse corneas already infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Less is known about the role of AMPs in allowing the cornea to resist infection when healthy. We previously reported that contact lens exposure, a major cause of P. aeruginosa keratitis, can inhibit the upregulation of human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) by corneal epithelial cells in response to P. aeruginosa antigens in vitro. Here, we studied the role of AMPs in maintaining the corneal epithelial barrier to P. aeruginosa penetration using both in vitro (human) and in vivo (mouse) experiments. Results showed that preexposing human corneal epithelial multilayers to bacterial antigens in a culture supernatant (known to upregulate AMP expression) reduced epithelial susceptibility to P. aeruginosa traversal up to 6-fold (P < 0.001). Accordingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of any one of four AMPs expressed by human epithelia promoted P. aeruginosa traversal by more than 3-fold (P < 0.001). The combination knockdown of AMPs further enhanced susceptibility to bacterial traversal by ∼8-fold (P < 0.001). In vivo experiments showed that the loss of murine β-defensin 3 (mBD-3), a murine ortholog of hBD-2, enhanced corneal susceptibility to P. aeruginosa. The uninjured ocular surface of mBD-3(-/-) mice showed a reduced capacity to clear P. aeruginosa, and their corneal epithelia were more susceptible to bacterial colonization, even when inoculated ex vivo to exclude tear fluid effects. Together, these in vitro and in vivo data show functional roles for AMPs in normal corneal epithelial cell barrier function against P. aeruginosa.
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Kim YS, Min KS, Lee SI, Shin SJ, Shin KS, Kim EC. Effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the expression and regulation of human beta-defensin 2 in human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2010; 36:64-9. [PMID: 20003937 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the expression of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) in odontoblasts from human dental pulp (HDP) has been reported, the production of hBD-2 and its regulation remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cytokines on the induction of hBD-2 and its signaling mechanisms in HDP cells. METHODS After stimulation with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of these cytokines on the production of hBD-2. RESULTS TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha synergistically increased hBD-2 messenger RNA levels, protein expression, and activity. The up-regulation of hBD-2 by cytokines was attenuated by pretreatment with inhibitors of PKC, JNK, p38, ERK MAPK, nuclear factor-kappaB, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). CONCLUSION These results suggest that TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha up-regulate HBD-2 expression in HDP cells through the PKC, JNK MAPK, p38, ERK, NF-kappaB, and AMPK pathways. Thus, the induction of hBD-2 by proinflammatory cytokines might up-regulate the pulpal host immune defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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