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Junga A, Babenko T, Fedirko P, Pilmane M. Distribution and appearance of myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV in strabismus-affected extraocular muscle tissue compared with control tissue. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605241233521. [PMID: 38436252 PMCID: PMC10913506 DOI: 10.1177/03000605241233521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extraocular muscles have complex development processes. The present study aimed to analyze the presence of myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV in the strabismus-affected extraocular muscle. METHODS This research was an observational case-control study. Myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV were detected by histological and immunohistochemical analyses of extraocular muscle samples from concomitant strabismus patients and controls. A semi-quantitative grading method and statistical analysis were used. RESULTS In the strabismus-affected extraocular muscle, morphological analysis demonstrated different-sized muscle fibers. Immature muscle fibers and an increased amount of connective tissue were also noted. Strong positive correlations were identified between myosin and collagen IV and between dystrophin and collagen IV. CONCLUSIONS The presence of newly formed muscle fibers, increased connective tissue, and variable diameters of skeletal striated muscle fibers indicate the decreased quality of extraocular muscles in strabismus cases. Reduced levels of myosin and dystrophin and a near absence of collagen IV in strabismus-affected skeletal striated muscle fibers characterized the muscular dystrophy of strabismus. Adjuvant therapy aimed at normalizing the metabolism of these muscles may be appropriate alongside concomitant strabismus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Junga
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Tetyana Babenko
- Institute of Radiation Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Fedirko
- Institute of Radiation Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Rīga, Latvia
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Goida J, Pilmane M. The presence and distribution of various genes in postnatal CLP-affected palatine tissue. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 46:1. [PMID: 38227085 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-024-00412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide cleft lip with or without a cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common craniofacial birth defect. Apart from changes in facial appearance, additionally affected individuals often suffer from various associated comorbidities requiring complex multidisciplinary treatment with overall high expenses. Understanding the complete pathogenetic mechanisms of CL/P might aid in developing new preventative strategies and therapeutic approaches, help with genetic counselling, and improve quality of life. Many genes have been associated with the development of orofacial clefts; however, the majority require further research. Based on the role of PAX7, PAX9, SHH, SOX3, WNT3A, and WNT9B in orofacial development, the intention was to use chromogenic in situ hybridization to detect the six genes in postnatal CLP-affected palatine tissue and compare their distribution within the tissue samples. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the distribution of PAX7, PAX9, WNT3A, and WNT9B were observed. In total, 19 pairs of moderate to very strong positive correlations were noted. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the cleft-affected palatine epithelium primarily seem to be associated with the PAX7 gene; however, PAX9, WNT3A, WNT9B, and SOX3 role seems to be more limited. Whilst connective tissue changes seem to depend on PAX7 only, SHH seems to participate individually and indistinctly. Numerous positive correlations reflect the complicating interactions of the pathways and their components in the orofacial cleft morphopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Goida
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia.
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia
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Edelmers E, Kazoka D, Bolocko K, Sudars K, Pilmane M. Automatization of CT Annotation: Combining AI Efficiency with Expert Precision. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:185. [PMID: 38248062 PMCID: PMC10814874 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly through machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, marks a transformative progression in medical imaging diagnostics. This technical note elucidates a novel methodology for semantic segmentation of the vertebral column in CT scans, exemplified by a dataset of 250 patients from Riga East Clinical University Hospital. Our approach centers on the accurate identification and labeling of individual vertebrae, ranging from C1 to the sacrum-coccyx complex. Patient selection was meticulously conducted, ensuring demographic balance in age and sex, and excluding scans with significant vertebral abnormalities to reduce confounding variables. This strategic selection bolstered the representativeness of our sample, thereby enhancing the external validity of our findings. Our workflow streamlined the segmentation process by eliminating the need for volume stitching, aligning seamlessly with the methodology we present. By leveraging AI, we have introduced a semi-automated annotation system that enables initial data labeling even by individuals without medical expertise. This phase is complemented by thorough manual validation against established anatomical standards, significantly reducing the time traditionally required for segmentation. This dual approach not only conserves resources but also expedites project timelines. While this method significantly advances radiological data annotation, it is not devoid of challenges, such as the necessity for manual validation by anatomically skilled personnel and reliance on specialized GPU hardware. Nonetheless, our methodology represents a substantial leap forward in medical data semantic segmentation, highlighting the potential of AI-driven approaches to revolutionize clinical and research practices in radiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgars Edelmers
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia; (D.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Dzintra Kazoka
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia; (D.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Katrina Bolocko
- Department of Computer Graphics and Computer Vision, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Kaspars Sudars
- Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia; (D.K.); (M.P.)
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Ozola L, Pilmane M. Local Defense Factors in Cleft-Affected Palate in Children before and during Milk Dentition Age: A Pilot Study. J Pers Med 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 38248728 PMCID: PMC10817640 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most frequent congenital orofacial defects is the cleft lip and palate. Local tissue defense factors are known to be important in immune response and inflammatory and healing processes in the cleft tissue; however, they have only been researched in older children during mixed dentition. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the distribution of LL-37, CD-163, IL-10, HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 in children before and during milk dentition. The unique and rare material of palate tissue was obtained from 13 patients during veloplastic surgeries during the time span of 20 years. Immunohistochemistry, light microscopy, semi-quantitative evaluation, and non-parametric statistical analysis were used. A significant decrease in HBD-3 and HBD-4 in the connective tissue was found, as well as several mutual statistically significant and strong correlations between HBD-2, HBD-3, HBD-4, and LL-37. Deficiency of HBD-3 and HBD-4 suggests promotion of chronic inflammation. The scarcity of HBD-4 could be connected to the different signaling pathways of dental pulp cells. Mutual correlations imply changes in the epithelial barrier, amplified healing efficiency, and increased antibacterial line of defense. Deprivation of changes in IL-10 quantity points to possible suppression of the factor. The presence of similar CD-163 immunoreactive substances produced by M2 macrophages was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ozola
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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Fedirko P, Babenko T, Kuts K, Pilmane M, Yunga A, Garkava N. BRAIN AND EYE AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR IONIZING RADIATION IMPACT. PART V - ORGANIC AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES CORRELATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF CERTAIN DISEASES. Probl Radiac Med Radiobiol 2023; 28:431-443. [PMID: 38155139 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2023-28-431-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The question about correlation between organic and functional changes in persons, exposed to radiation is still insufficiently studied. Dynamics of morbidity for different forms and classes of non-tumour diseases periodisation, proposed by epidemiologists, suggests the identification of three main periods: «early» (the first 6 post-Chornobyl accident years); «distant» (12-21 years) and «late» (22-30 years). However, the correspondence this periodisation to the results of epidemiological data, without taking into account the clinical features of the diseases, may contribute to the impression, that in the first period after a radiation disaster functional disorders (or autonomic regulation disorders, etc.) prevail in all cases. Meanwhile, the data from ophthalmological and neurological studies, which we aim to demonstrate in this paper, rather indicate the presence of a significant morphological basis for the development of functional disorders in early period after a radiation disaster. The objective of this work is analyse modern experimental, epidemiological and clinical data on the correlation between organic and functional changes, characteristic of radiation cerebro-ophthalmological effects - radiation cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, cerebral small vessel disease, and neurocognitive deficits. Materials and methods. The criteria for inclusion in the analytical review were peer-reviewed publications in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and manually selected papers; the results of our own research were also used. An additional analysis of the results of examinations conducted in 1991-2004 was performed, which included a total of 11 123 persons irradiated as the result of catastrophy at the Chornobyl NPP. Results. In the first period of radiation cataract development, which is a specific consequence of radiation exposure, morphological changes (lens opacities) are observed, which lead to a decrease in visual function only later. Analysing the correlation between organic and functional changes in the development of diseases, for which ionising radiation exposure is a significant risk factor, we observe a similar picture. For example, CSVD associated with arterial hypertension may be a manifestation of accelerated aging associated with exposure to ionising radiation.Similarly, the initial signs of age-related macular degeneration in radiation-exposed individuals are usually manifested by changes in the morphology of the retina, choroid, and pigment epithelium in the macular area, while functional disorders in the form of decreased central vision and metamorphopsia, etc., occur later.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fedirko
- State Institution «National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriy Illienko Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - T Babenko
- State Institution «National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriy Illienko Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - K Kuts
- State Institution «National Research Centre for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 53 Yuriy Illienko Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradzins University, 16 Dzircina Str., Riga, LV 1007, Latvia
| | - A Yunga
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradzins University, 16 Dzircina Str., Riga, LV 1007, Latvia
| | - N Garkava
- Dnipro State Medical University, 9 Vernadskoho Str., Dnipro, 49044, Ukraine
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Sumerags D, Jain N, Pilmane M, Sumeraga G. Assessment of professional singers using laryngeal, respiratory, and airflow measurements. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37846032 DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2023.2270592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the pedagogy of classical vocal singing, it can be difficult to determine the human voice fach, especially for the voice of aspiring vocalists. Hence, an objective metric-based system for the determination of the human voice is needed. In the present study, we investigated the anthropological and aerodynamic parameters for 60 professional singers with a professionally confirmed singing range. METHODS Amongst the 60 included professional singers, there were ten participants each for sopranos, mezzo-sopranos, altos (female vocal fach), and tenors, baritones, basses (male vocal fach). Airflow measurements were recorded using spirometry whilst anthropological measurements were taken using CT scans. Appropriate statistical analyses were done using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test with post-hoc tests and Bonferroni correction. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Soprano singers, who have the highest pitch, were found to be the shortest and least heavy, whilst basses, who have the lowest pitch, were found to be tallest and heaviest amongst the study participants. Furthermore, sopranos had the smallest lung volumes while the basses had the largest lung volumes (raw spirometry measures). However, when normalized ratios were considered, no differences were observed. Finally, laryngeal size showed sexual dimorphism due to developmental changes. CONCLUSIONS A mix of anthropological and aerodynamic measurements may be useful to assist singers and vocal pedagogues to assess and determine voice types before the beginning of their vocal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dins Sumerags
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cesu Klinika Hospital, Cesis, Latvia
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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Jain N, Jersovs K, Safina T, Pilmane M, Jansone-Ratinika N, Grike I, Petersons A. Medical education in Latvia: an overview of current practices and systems. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1250138. [PMID: 37809335 PMCID: PMC10551541 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1250138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Located in northern Europe, Latvia is one of the three Baltic States with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a rich history of medical education spanning a century and is becoming an emerging global hub for medical education. Although the surge in international students has been beneficial for the development of educational and research infrastructure, increasing demands from local students, along with institutional capacity constraints, have overburdened the available resources. Substantial investments are being made to adapt to the rapidly changing geopolitical and techno-biomedical landscape. This perspective paper presents an overview of the country's medical education system, its challenges, and prospects from pre-university to doctoral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Jain
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kirils Jersovs
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Taira Safina
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Ieva Grike
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aigars Petersons
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Viksne RJ, Sumeraga G, Pilmane M. Antimicrobial and Defense Proteins in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1259. [PMID: 37512070 PMCID: PMC10383322 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) presently remains a difficult disease to manage. Antimicrobial and defense proteins are important factors that could help characterize the role of microorganisms in CRSwNP pathogenesis, as the concept of microbial dysbiosis in CRS is still being considered. Our aim is to investigate the complex appearance, relative distribution and interlinks of human β defensin 2 (HBD-2), human β defensin 3 (HBD-3), human β defensin 4 (HBD-4), and cathelicidin LL 37 (LL 37) in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)-affected human nasal mucosa. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 48 samples from patients with CRSwNP. Samples were collected during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The control group consisted of 17 normal healthy nasal mucosa samples gathered during routine septoplasty. β-defensin-2, β-defensin-3, β-defensin-4 and cathelicidin LL 37 in tissue were detected via immunohistochemical analysis. Results: HBD-2, HBD-3 and LL 37 were significantly decreased in epithelial cells in both primary and recurrent nasal polyp samples (p < 0.001) in comparison to control samples. HBD-2 was decreased in the subepithelial connective tissue of primary nasal polyp samples when compared to both recurrent polyp (p = 0.050) and control (p = 0.033) samples. In subepithelial connective tissue, significantly more HBD-3-positive structures were observed in primary nasal polyp samples (p = 0.049) than in control samples. In primary polyp samples, moderate correlations between connective tissue HBD-3 and connective (R = 0.584, p = 0.001) and epithelial tissue LL 37 (R = 0.556, p = 0.002) were observed. Conclusions: Decreased HBD-2, HBD-3 and LL 37 concentrations in the epithelium suggest a dysfunction of the epithelial barrier in patients with nasal polyps. Decreased subepithelial connective tissue HBD-2 suggests different responses to nasal microbiota in patients with primary nasal polyps compared to recurrent nasal polyps. Increased HBD-3 in subepithelial connective tissue suggests a possible role of this antimicrobial peptide in the pathogenesis of primary nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolfs Janis Viksne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Daugavpils Regional Hospital, Vasarnicu Street 20, LV-5417 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
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Jain N, Pilmane M, Skagers A, Jain S, Fedirko P. Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis in a Girl Child: Immunochemical Evaluation of Tissue Material Obtained from Repeated Arthroplasty Surgeries. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11010016. [PMID: 36661553 PMCID: PMC9858267 DOI: 10.3390/dj11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) is a rare, but debilitating, condition that leads to TMJ joint hypomobility. Surgery is the mainstay for treatment, which is accompanied by rehabilitative and psychological support. Despite the advances in surgical techniques, the recurrence of TMJA post-surgery has been reported as a common complication. Therefore, it becomes essential to investigate and understand the histo-morpho-pathological processes governing these ankylotic changes. Given the lack of such studies in the literature, herein we present a case of a girl child who underwent primary surgery at the age of six years, followed by a second surgery at the age of twelve years. Ankylotic tissue samples collected during both surgeries were studied using various immunohistochemical markers for tissue remodeling, inflammation, antimicrobial activity, and transcriptional regulation. The expression of MMP-2 and -9 was downregulated in repeated surgery materials, whilst MMP-13 was rarely detected in both tissues. Strong MMP-8, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4 expressions were noted in both tissues, showing their anti-inflammatory and protective roles. Moderately strong expression of bFGF, FGFR-1, IL-1α, and TNF-α could indicate sustained tissue growth in the background of inflammation (wound healing). Interestingly, the expression of β-defensin-2 was found to be constant in both tissues, thereby indicating possible ECM remodeling and collagen breakdown. Finally, a moderate expression of RUNX-2, coupled with a low expression of WNT-1 and -3a, could indicate a slow and delayed bone regeneration process. Our results showcase the complex myriad of pathways that could be involved in the progression of TMJA and post-surgery healing processes. Immunopathological studies could aid in improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for patients affected with TMJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Jain
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrejs Skagers
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Shivani Jain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur 152002, Punjab, India
| | - Pavlo Fedirko
- Institute of Radiation Hygiene and Epidemiology, State Institution-National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Illenka Street 53, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Pilmane M, Jain N, Nadzina E, Fedirko P, Sumeraga G. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the cleft-affected scar tissue three decades post-corrective surgery: A rare case report. Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23772484.2022.2146586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Elina Nadzina
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pavlo Fedirko
- Institute of Radiation Hygiene and Epidemiology, State Institution – National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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Zarina KZ, Pilmane M. Expression of Markers Ki-67, Nestin, VEGF, CD34 and Apoptosis in Relatively Healthy Lung Tissue with Non-Changed and Metaplastic Bronchial Epithelium. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 11:medsci11010007. [PMID: 36649044 PMCID: PMC9844367 DOI: 10.3390/medsci11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about the occurrence of processes such as proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in healthy lung tissues with different bronchial epitheliums is limited, and further exploration can contribute to a better understanding of the physiological renewal of lung tissues. The processes mentioned above occur with the help of important tissue factors; therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the expression of markers Ki-67, nestin, CD34 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEFG) and detect apoptotic cells in relatively healthy lung tissue. METHODS Samples of relatively healthy lung tissue were obtained from 19 patients and divided into groups of patients with non-changed and patients with metaplastic bronchial epithelium. Tissue samples were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ki-67, nestin, VEGF and CD34-positive cells were detected by the immunohistochemistry method. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was carried out to detect apoptotic cells. The number of positive structures was counted semi-quantitatively by microscopy. RESULTS Ki-67-positive cells were detected in only one case. An occasional to moderate number of nestin-positive structures was found in various tissues of relatively healthy lungs with different bronchial epitheliums. No apoptotic cells were seen in non-changed bronchial epithelium, compared with few apoptotic cells in metaplastic bronchial epithelium. Metaplastic bronchial epithelium contained more VEGF-positive cells than non-changed bronchial epithelium. Samples with non-changed, and metaplastic bronchial epithelium both contained a similar number of CD34-positive structures. CONCLUSIONS Proliferative activity and programmed cell death are not prominent events in normal lung tissue. A moderate number of nestin-positive cells in the alveolar epithelium and cartilage of bronchi with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium suggests a significant role of neuronal origin cells in these structures, to be intensified in metaplastic bronchial epithelium. A practically non-changed number of CD34-positive cells excludes any difference in stimulation of endothelial origin cells between lungs with different types of epithelium, while an increase in VEGF in structures with metaplastic epithelium suggests the presence/influence of tissue ischemia impact on possible development/maintenance of metaplasia.
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Lohova E, Pilmane M. Expression of MUC-2, MUC-6, NAPE-PLD, IL-6 and IL-13 in Healthy and Metaplastic Bronchial Epithelium. Diseases 2022; 11:diseases11010005. [PMID: 36648870 PMCID: PMC9844475 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The normal tissue structure of the respiratory system is necessary to provide adequate protection of the airways and lungs. Prolonged exposure to trigger factors can result in adaptive mechanism activation and lead to the development of chronic pulmonary diseases or even dysplastic changes. Materials and methods: Respiratory system material with a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium was obtained from 12 patients (aged 16 to 95), and material with a stratified squamosa epithelium was obtained from six patients (aged 23 to 93). Routine staining was performed, and an immunohistochemistry was conducted for MUC-2, MUC-6, NAPE-PLD, IL-6 and IL-13. Results: Inflammatory processes were not detected in any of the specimens. A number of correlations were identified, with the most important being a strong positive correlation for IL-13 between the alveolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages and a strong positive correlation for IL-6 between the alveolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages in the stratified squamous epithelium group. We also detected a statistically significant difference in IL-6 in alveolar macrophages. Conclusions: There were no signs of dysplastic changes in either group. Increased secretion of IL-13 in the stratified squamous epithelium group shows its involvement in metaplastic changes in the bronchial epithelium. The secretion of atypical factors by hyaline cartilage demonstrates its plasticity and adaptability.
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Fedirko P, Pilmane M, Babenko TF, Konopecka V. BRAIN AND EYE AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR IONIZING RADIATION IMPACT. PART IV - FETAL RADIATION-INDUCED BINOCULAR VISION DISORDERS: A PILOT STUDY. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF NON/IRRADIATED EYEBALL MUSCLES AFFECTED BY STRABISMUS. EVIDENCE OF A POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE STRABISMUS DEVELOPMENT IN PERSONS EXPOSED TO FETAL RADIATION. Probl Radiac Med Radiobiol 2022; 27:412-422. [PMID: 36582105 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2022-27-412-422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Strabismus is a significant cause of a decrease in the functional capabilities of the organ of vision, additionally, it leads to the deteriorating quality of life. Orbital factors and nervous system changes may play an important role in strabismus pathogenesis. There are few reports on binocular vision disorders in radiation-exposed persons.Functions of the external eyeball muscles might be disturbed based on the changed coordination process of subcortical nerve structures and due to altered metabolism. A carefully conducted research is necessary to clarify the possible pathogenesis of binocular vision disorders in radiation-exposed persons. OBJECTIVE to assess the peculiarities of the development of strabismus and binocular vision disorders in people who were exposed to ionizing radiation in utero; to investigate the changes in distribution and appearance of myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV between non-irradiated persons with normal binocular vision and patients with strabismus. MATERIALS AND METHODS 583 persons, irradiated in utero because of the Chornobyl disaster were examined (at the time of examination average age was 11.3 ± 0.1 years). The control group - 808 people - Kyiv residents. Overall, 15 non-irradiated eyeball muscle samples were examined. 10 were from strabismus patients and 5 were controls. To evaluate morphological structure haematoxylin and eosin staining were used. For the detection of myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV biotin-avidin (IMH) immunohistochemistry method was performed. Semi-quantitative grading method was used for the evaluation of immunoreactive structure appearance and local distribution. RESULTS An increased frequency of divergent strabismus (p = 0.04190) and heterophoria (p = 0.002603) was found in the group exposed to prenatal (fetal) radiation because of the Chornobyl disaster compared to the control group. The relative risk of heterophoria was 5.08 (1.42 - 18.13). A decrease in dystrophin, myosin, and collagen IV positive structures was observed in non-irradiated strabismus-affected eyeball muscles compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Detected changes indicate an increased probability in the development of strabismus in persons who had been exposed to fetal radiation. Non-irradiated strabismus-affected eyeball muscles are characterized by diminished myosin, dystrophin, and collagen IV immunohistochemical structures. Additionally, determined qualitative morphological changes in skeletal striated muscle fibers lead to the changed structural organization, indicating possible muscular dystrophy. Thereby, the presence of dystrophic processes in the eyeball muscles may play a significant role in the morphopatogenesis of strabismus. Further morphological studies are necessary to clarify the development of binocular vision disorder and the methods of their correction. These studies would be especially important to populations that were exposed to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fedirko
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema St., Riga, LV 1007, Latvia
| | - T F Babenko
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka St., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - V Konopecka
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema St., Riga, LV 1007, Latvia
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Buile D, Pilmane M, Akota I. Evaluation of the Multiple Tissue Factors in the Cartilage of Primary and Secondary Rhinoplasty in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients. Pediatr Rep 2022; 14:419-433. [PMID: 36278554 PMCID: PMC9590111 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric14040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the craniofacial defects. The objective of this study was to identify the differences in appearance between the tissue factors in cartilage of CLP patients after primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Immunohistochemistry was performed with MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-2, IL-1α, IL-10, bFGF, and TGFβ1. The quantification of the structures was performed using a semi-quantitative census method. MMP-2, -9, IL-1a, and bFGF demonstrated higher number of positive cells in patients, while the number of MMP-8, IL-1a, -10 and TGFβ1 cells was higher or equal in the control subjects. The only statistically significant difference between CLP-operated patients was found in the TIMP-2 group, where the primary CLP patient group had a higher number of TIMP-2 positive chondrocytes than the secondary CLP patient group (U = 53.5; p = 0.021). The median value of the primary CLP group was ++ number of TIMP-2 positive chondrocytes compared to +++ in the secondary CLP group. No statistically significant difference was found between primary and secondary rhinoplasty patients for other tissue factors. Commonly, the rich expression of different tissue factors suggests a stimulation of higher elasticity in cleft affected cartilage. The statistically significant TIMP-2 elevation in primary operated cartilage indicates an impact of the selective tissue remodeling for hard tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Buile
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, 9 Kronvalda Str., LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +37-126-445-444
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, 9 Kronvalda Str., LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradiņš University, 20 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Jain N, Panag DS, Srivastava M, Mohan S, Chodnekar SY, Akbari AR, Raj D, Kravarioti D, Świątek D, Platos E, Khetsuriani K, Gristina KL, Evangelou K, Lica M, Thirumushi RS, Rozani S, Jain S, Fedirko P, Reinis A, Pilmane M. Fate and future of the medical students in Ukraine: A silently bubbling educational crisis. Med Educ 2022; 56:779-782. [PMID: 35502145 PMCID: PMC9546411 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Jain et al. reflect on the Russia‐Ukraine war and argue that although there is a broad consensus on the need for intervention, focus should be on providing immediate accommodative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Srinithi Mohan
- Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzechia
| | | | - Amir Reza Akbari
- King's Mill HospitalSherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNottinghamshireUK
| | - Divyam Raj
- Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityHradec KrálovéCzechia
| | | | | | - Emilia Platos
- Faculty of MedicineMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | | | | | - Kyriacos Evangelou
- Department of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | | | - Sofia Rozani
- Department of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Shivani Jain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryGenesis Institute of Dental Sciences and ResearchFerozepurPunjabIndia
| | - Pavlo Fedirko
- Institute of Radiation Hygiene and EpidemiologyState Institution ‐ National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Department of Biology and MicrobiologyRiga Stradiņš UniversityRigaLatvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of MorphologyInstitute of Anatomy and AnthropologyRigaLatvia
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16
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Šerstņova K, Pilmane M, Vitenberga-Verza Z, Melderis I, Gontar Ł, Kochański M, Drutowska A, Maróti G, Prieto-Simón B. Expression of anti-inflammatory markers IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β1, βDEF-2, βDEF-3 and Cathelicidin LL37 in dairy cattle milk with different health status of the udder. Pol J Vet Sci 2022; 25:237-248. [PMID: 35861957 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.141808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Great economic losses to the dairy industry are associated with bovine mastitis, which results in poor milk quality and high treatment costs. Anti-inflammatory proteins play an important role in the suppression of the immune response against invading pathogenic microorganisms and are therefore being studied for possible use in the early diagnosis of mastitis. In our study, we used milk samples from 15 cows of Holstein Friesian breed with different health status (5 healthy, 5 subclinical, and 5 clinical animals), and tested them using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to evaluate the presence of IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β1, βDEF-2, DEF-3, and Cathelicidin LL37 proteins. The calculation of positively and negatively stained cells for each biomarker was performed using the semiquantitative counting method. We found the presence of all factors with the exception of Cathelicidin LL37, which was almost absent in milk samples of all animal groups. The significant decrease of IL-10, β-def2, and β-def3 expression levels within the 3 days of sampling, found in the milk of animals with sub- and clinical mastitis, indicates the loss of antiinflammatory protection of the affected cow's udder. In contrast, the stable increase of IL-2 and TGF-β1 positive cells observed in the milk of mastitis-affected cows, and the similar expression of these factors in the milk of healthy animals, indicate the possible lack of involvement of these cytokines at an early stage of udder inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Šerstņova
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, RSU, 9 Kronvalda bulvaris, Riga, Latvia
| | - M Pilmane
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, RSU, 9 Kronvalda bulvaris, Riga, Latvia
| | - Z Vitenberga-Verza
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, RSU, 9 Kronvalda bulvaris, Riga, Latvia
| | - I Melderis
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, RSU, 9 Kronvalda bulvaris, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ł Gontar
- Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, Innowacyjna 9/11, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - M Kochański
- Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, Innowacyjna 9/11, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - A Drutowska
- Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, Innowacyjna 9/11, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - G Maróti
- Seqomics Biotechnology Ltd., Morahalom, Vallalkozak utja 7, Hungary
- Biological Research Center, Plant Biology Institute, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary
| | - B Prieto-Simón
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. de l'Escorxador, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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Jain S, Fry RR, Kaur J, Sidhwa A, Jain N, Pilmane M. Epidermoid cyst of the facial skin: an investigative case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2022; 10:2050313X221089756. [PMID: 35433002 PMCID: PMC9008861 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x221089756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial epidermoid cysts are rare entities that present as encapsulated, subepidermal
painless masses, usually slow growing and asymptomatic. They are mostly limited to the
floor of the mouth, tongue, lips, palate or jaws. Herein, we present an atypical case of
epidermoid cyst originating from the left cheek facial epidermis in a 27-year-old male
patient. The cyst presented as a swelling that was slowly progressing in size since the
past 1 year with no discharge. Complete excision of the mass was done, and the cyst cavity
was found to be filled with a cheesy-white, granular, semi-solid proteinaceous exudate
which completely occluded the punctum. The patient post-operatively revealed persistent
mechanical trauma due to incorrect workplace habits he developed, which led to the
formation of the epidermoid cyst. Patient education was done and was advised to use proper
workplace instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Jain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Firozpur, India
| | - Ramesh Ram Fry
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Ambala, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Firozpur, India
| | - Anusha Sidhwa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Ambala, India
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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18
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Goida J, Pilmane M. The Evaluation of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in Orofacial Cleft Tissue. Children 2022; 9:children9040516. [PMID: 35455561 PMCID: PMC9032315 DOI: 10.3390/children9040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies worldwide, the morphopathogenesis of non-syndromic orofacial clefts is still unclear. Many candidate genes have been proposed to play a causal role; however, only a few have been confirmed, leaving many still to be assessed. Taking into account the significance of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in embryogenesis, the aim of this work was to detect and compare the three candidate genes in cleft-affected lip and palatine tissue. Ten soft tissue samples were taken during cheiloplasty and veloplasty. The signals of the candidate genes were visualized using chromogenic in situ hybridization and analyzed using a semi-quantitative method. No statistically important difference in the distribution of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 between neither the patients’ lip and vomer mucosa nor the control group was observed. Statistically significant very strong and strong correlations were found between genes in the lip and palatine tissue. The expression of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in cleft-affected lip and palatine tissue seems to be highly individual. Numerous intercorrelations between the genes do not exclude their role in the possible complex morphopathogenesis of orofacial clefts.
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19
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Arons M, Pilmane M, Bhaskar A, Kopsky DJ, Romanenko V, Rohof O. Pulsed Radiofrequency Increases Nestin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression in Porcine Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion. Anesth Pain Med 2022; 12:e110531. [PMID: 35433381 PMCID: PMC8995778 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) has been used for the treatment of chronic lumbar radicular pain and other chronic pain states. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) consists of primary afferent somatic and visceral nerve cell bodies that transduce sensory signals from the periphery to the central part of the nervous system. It is a very important part of acute nociception, as well as the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Methods A total of seven domestic pigs were investigated. All pigs underwent a PRF procedure while under general anesthesia and with X-ray imaging. Four lumbar DRGs were randomly treated. We used the opposite side of the DRGs as controls. The lumbar region of the spine was placed in 10% formaldehyde for one month. After this fixation, DRG samples were prepared for slide analysis. Results Nestin (Nes, code-Nr. AB 5968, dilution 1:250, rabbit, Abcam, United Kingdom) and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2, code-Nr. DUB 03, dilution 1:100, goat) expressions were detected by immunohistochemical staining. The cell numbers with Nes (28.4 ± 3.3 vs. 16.1 ± 3.4; P < 0.05) and MMP-2 (26.2 ± 3.2 vs. 14.1 ± 2.3; P < 0.05) expressions were larger on the PRF side compared to the control side. The glial cells in the spinal ganglia on both sides showed immunoreactivity. Conclusions The increase of MMP-2-containing gangliocytes one month after PRF procedures highlights active neural cell proliferation. Increased Nes factor expression in spinal gangliocytes of the lumbar region indicates neural remodeling and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihails Arons
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pain Clinic, Latvia Hospital, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Corresponding Author: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pain Clinic, Latvia Hospital, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology Academic Staff, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arun Bhaskar
- Pain Management Centre, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Kopsky
- Institute for Neuropathic Pain, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Romanenko
- Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Olav Rohof
- Pain Clinic, Orbis Medical Centre, Sittard Geleen, The Netherlands
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20
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Pilmane M, Sumerags D, Jain N, Jain S, Sumeraga G. Singer’s Nodules: Investigating the Etiopathogenetic Markers Progressing Their Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations. Biology 2021; 10:biology10121268. [PMID: 34943184 PMCID: PMC8698952 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Vocal nodules, together with vocal polyps, are the most common benign vocal cord structures that are thought to be caused by extensive vocal abuse (shouting, talking loudly for prolonged periods) and are routinely treated surgically. However, surgical excision of these nodules, does not exclude the possibility of recurrence of these nodules, especially if lifestyle changes are not adapted to prevent phonetic trauma. Furthermore, the etiopathogenetic pathways governing the formation and maintenance of these nodules are not known. Herein, we investigated the etiopathogenetic markers for proliferation, apoptosis, growth, ischemia (tissue hypoxia), inflammation and innervation to elucidate the causative pathways. We found a profound and significant intensification of apoptosis in tissue epithelium, which strongly correlated with proliferative, ischemic, and inflammatory changes, highlighting the underlying complex interactions between various mechanisms on a cellular and tissue level, which occur during the morpho-pathogenesis of vocal nodules. Abstract Vocal nodules (or Singer’s nodules) are benign vocal cord structures which are commonly encountered by clinicians. Though phonetic trauma/abuse is thought to be the main cause of the development of vocal nodules, the exact etiopathogenesis remains unknown. Hence, we compared the immunohistochemical markers for proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (TUNEL), growth (EGFR), ischemia (VEGF), inflammation (IL-1α and 10), and immunoreactive innervation (PGP 9.5), in vocal nodule tissue samples obtained from 10 females (17–56 years) and vocal cord tissue from seven controls. A statistically significant increase in Ki-67, TUNEL, EGFR, VEGF and IL-1α expression was noted (p < 0.05) between nodule tissue and control tissue in both epithelial and subepithelial layers. However, the difference was non-significant for both IL-10 and PGP 9.5 (p > 0.05). All markers demonstrated moderate to strong positive correlations, except for IL-10. These findings suggest increased cellular growth and proliferation in vocal nodules coupled with a persistent presence of inflammatory and ischemic environment. Furthermore, global prevalence of apoptotic cells and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines highlight the presence of underlying complex mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of vocal nodules, with age having a negligible impact on the marker levels. Our results could potentially further our knowledge in understanding the effects of different treatment modalities available at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (N.J.); Tel.: +371-6732086 (M.P. & N.J.)
| | - Dins Sumerags
- Cesu Klinika Hospital, Slimnicas Street 9, LV-4101 Cesis, Latvia;
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (N.J.); Tel.: +371-6732086 (M.P. & N.J.)
| | - Shivani Jain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Ferozepur 152002, Punjab, India;
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
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21
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Jain N, Pilmane M. Evaluating the Expression of Candidate Homeobox Genes and Their Role in Local-Site Inflammation in Mucosal Tissue Obtained from Children with Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111135. [PMID: 34834487 PMCID: PMC8618679 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development including palatogenesis is a complex process which requires an orchestrated and spatiotemporal expression of various genes and factors for proper embryogenesis and organogenesis. One such group of genes essential for craniofacial development is the homeobox genes, transcriptional factors that are commonly associated with congenital abnormalities. Amongst these genes, DLX4, HOXB3, and MSX2 have been recently shown to be involved in the etiology of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Hence, we investigated the gene and protein expression of these genes in normal and cleft affected mucosal tissue obtained from 22 children, along with analyzing their role in promoting local-site inflammation using NF-κB. Additionally, we investigated the role of PTX3, which plays a critical role in tissue remodeling and wound repair. We found a residual gene and protein expression of DLX4 in cleft mucosa, although no differences in gene expression levels of HOXB3 and MSX2 were noted. However, a significant increase in protein expression for these genes was noted in the cleft mucosa (p < 0.05), indicating increased cellular proliferation. This was coupled with a significant increase in NF-κB protein expression in cleft mucosa (p < 0.05), highlighting the role of these genes in promotion of pro-inflammatory environment. Finally, no differences in gene expression of PTX3 were noted.
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22
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Garnizone M, Vartina E, Pilmane M. Morphologic comparison of blood vessels used for coronary artery bypass surgery. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2021; 81:584-593. [PMID: 34608982 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2021.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of this study was to evaluate morphologic features of healthy saphenous vein and internal thoracic artery used in coronary artery bypass surgery and compare results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten specimens of saphenous veins and ten of internal thoracic arteries used for coronary artery bypass graft were obtained from 20 patients. Histological routine and immunohistochemical staining was performed with: endothelin (ET), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), metallomembranoproteinase 2 (MMP2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF β), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). A semiquantitative evaluation method was used. RESULTS There was found: moderate positive endothelin-containing cells in both blood vessel types; moderate positive MMP2 cells and moderate to numerous positive TIMP2 cells in veins. In arteries - occasionally marked positive MMP2 cells and negative TIMP2; moderate to numerous positive VEGF endothelial cells on small blood vessels in vein wall and occasional in artery wall; numerous TGFβ structures in veins and abundance of VCAM, ICAM positive cells, few in arteries; few HGF positive structures in veins, negative in arteries; In veins few PGP9,5 positive nerve fibres, in arteries - moderate. Moderate TUNEL reaction positive apoptotic cells in veins and few to moderate in arteries. CONCLUSIONS V.saphena magna grafts are characterized by more intensive modelation plasticity. Number of VEGF, VCAM and ICAM found in v.saphena magna proves the possible tendency of graft failure on basis of local blood supply intensification. Appearance of endothelin positive cells indicate the similar homeostasis condition in endotheliocytes in both - vein and artery grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garnizone
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - E Vartina
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - M Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Lohova E, Vitenberga-Verza Z, Kazoka D, Pilmane M. Local Defence System in Healthy Lungs. Clin Pract 2021; 11:728-746. [PMID: 34698129 PMCID: PMC8544484 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The respiratory system is one of the main entrance gates for infection. The aim of this work was to compare the appearance of specific mucosal pro-inflammatory and common anti-microbial defence factors in healthy lung tissue, from an ontogenetic point of view. Materials and methods: Healthy lung tissues were collected from 15 patients (three females and 12 males) in the age range from 18 to 86. Immunohistochemistry to human β defensin 2 (HBD-2), human β defensin 3 (HBD-3), human β defensin 4 (HBD-4), cathelicidine (LL-37) and interleukine 17A (IL-17A) were performed. Results: The lung tissue material contained bronchial and lung parenchyma material in which no histological changes, connected with the inflammatory process, were detected. During the study, various statistically significant differences were detected in immunoreactive expression between different factors in all lung tissue structures. Conclusion: All healthy lung structures, but especially the cartilage, alveolar epithelium and the alveolar macrophages, are the main locations for the baseline synthesis of antimicrobial proteins and IL-17A. Cartilage shows high functional plasticity of this structure, including significant antimicrobial activity and participation in local lung protection response. Interrelated changes between antimicrobial proteins in different tissue confirm baseline synergistical cooperation of all these factors in healthy lung host defence.
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Viksne RJ, Sumeraga G, Pilmane M. Characterization of Cytokines and Proliferation Marker Ki67 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060607. [PMID: 34208325 PMCID: PMC8231174 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a condition that affects as much as 10.9% of the population and, along with presence of nasal polyps, is associated with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. Studies on molecular pathways that have been activated in nasal polyp tissue are mainly based on cytokine concentration detection. Therefore, our aim is to investigate the complex appearance, relative distribution and interlinks of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and Ki 67 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) affected human nasal mucosa. Materials and Methods: Samples of nasal polyps were obtained from 12 patients with previously diagnosed CRSwNP and no prior surgery. Control group consisted of samples from 17 otherwise healthy individuals with isolated nasal septum deviation. Tissues were stained for IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and Ki67 immunohistochemically. Non-parametric statistic, Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used. Results: All factors, except connective tissue cytokine IL-10 and proliferation marker Ki-67, had increased presence in connective tissue and decreased presence in epithelium of nasal polyps when compared to controls. Very strong and strong positive correlations between factors were observed. Conclusions: Decreased appearance of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 positive structures in the nasal epithelium with selective increase of IL-1α and IL-12 in nasal subepithelial connective tissue characterize the cytokine endotype with dysfunctional epithelial barrier and local stimulation of immune response in the connective tissue in case of chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps. Decrease of IL-6 in both—epithelium and connective tissue with strong correlation between it and IL-7 and IL-10 in connective tissue suggests significant stimulation of this regulatory cytokine and, possibly, the important role in pathogenesis of the development in nasal polyps. Correlations between Ki67 and cytokines indicate possible involvement of IL-4, IL-7 and IL-12 in regulation of cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolfs Janis Viksne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-2834-1657
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia;
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Podlesnaja M, Pilmane M, Sumeraga G. Cytokines, Proliferation Markers, Antimicrobial Factors and Neuropeptide-Containing Innervation in Human Nasal Mucosa after Rhinoseptoplasty Procedure. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9020025. [PMID: 33919374 PMCID: PMC8167725 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal cavity lined by nasal mucosa, is a significant part of respiratory system of human. However, there are no studies aimed to detect a molecular phenotype of healthy and normal functioning nasal mucosa, obtained after rhinoseptoplasty procedure, to understand its physiology and growth and inflammation processes. Thus, our aim is to identify human healthy nasal mucosa cytokines, neuropeptide-containing innervation and cell proliferation markers to form a control group for further tissue investigation of human nasal polyposis as the next step of our research. The study included surgery materials from 17 healthy humans. Biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry was performed for detection of tissue PGP9.5, Ki-67, β-Defensin 2, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12. Results were evaluated semi-quantitatively and by Friedman ANOVA and Spearman rang correlation tests. All factors were more widely expressed by superficial epithelium than by glandular one. Abundance of ILs-8, -10 and -12 positive cells was detected in comparison with moderate to numerous distributions of IL-1, IL-6 and β-Defensin 2. Moderate number of PGP 9.5-containing nerve fibers and only few to moderate Ki-67 positive cells were found in healthy nasal mucosa. We revealed statistically significant difference between Ki-67 and ILs-4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -12 both in healthy nasal mucosa superficial and glandular epithelium. From nasal epithelia, commonly the surface one displays more cytokines and β-Defensin 2 in comparison to the glandular one. Numerous to abundant expression of ILs-4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -12 and β-Defensin 2 in nasal superficial and glandular epithelia proves probably these factors' role into the common immune response of tissue and stimulation of immune cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Podlesnaja
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Gunta Sumeraga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia;
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Balode E, Pilmane M. Characteristics of Neuropeptide-Containing Innervation, Tissue Remodeling, Growth, and Vascularity in Noses of Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 57:948-956. [PMID: 32066266 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620904519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the appearance and distribution of factors regulating remodeling, innervation, growth, and vascularity of the nasal tissue affected by cleft lip and palate (CLP). DESIGN Morphological analysis of human tissue. SETTING Cleft and craniofacial center. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen patients who underwent CLP rhinoplasty, 7 control patients. INTERVENTIONS Rhinoplasty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Immunohistochemistry was performed with protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2). The results were evaluated semiquantitatively. Spearman rank order correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Cleft lip and palate-affected tissue revealed dense and loose connective tissue, adipose cells, and hyaline cartilage, along with numerous CD34-positive endotheliocytes and regions of VEGF-positive neoangiogenesis. We observed moderate to numerous PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers. Transforming growth factor β1, MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP2 were found in cartilage and connective tissue. Cleft lip and palate-affected tissue compared to control samples showed a statistically significant difference in PGP 9.5 (P = .006), VEGF (P = .001), MMP2 (P = .002), MMP9 (P = .013), and TIMP2 (P < .001) expression. We observed a strong, positive correlation between VEGF and MMP9 (P = .027; r S = 0.705). CONCLUSIONS The moderate expression of TGFβ1 and increased distribution of VEGF, MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP2 demonstrate an active extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis, performed by proteases. The cartilaginous septum of the nose is an example of balance between tissue degradation and its suppression, demonstrated by the relationship between MMPs and TIMPs and the presence of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evija Balode
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Rogowska-Tylman J, Locs J, Salma I, Woźniak B, Pilmane M, Zalite V, Wojnarowicz J, Kędzierska-Sar A, Chudoba T, Szlązak K, Chlanda A, Święszkowski W, Gedanken A, Łojkowski W. In vivo and in vitro study of a novel nanohydroxyapatite sonocoated scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2019; 99:669-684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jermakova I, Rezeberga D, Liepniece-Karele I, Zodzika J, Pilmane M, Kroica J, Plisko O, Utorova M, Sivina D, Kunicina D. Correlation between abnormal cytology, HPV E6/E7 expression and cervical precancerous lesions severity. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.08.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vartina E, Pilmane M, Lacis R. Inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides in acquired heart diseases. Histol Histopathol 2019; 34:889-897. [PMID: 30734265 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease is inflammation. The role that it plays in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease remains a topic of ongoing research. The aim of this study was to identify the appearance and distribution of inflammatory markers, interleukins 1α (Il-1α) and 10 (Il-10) and β defensins 2 (βD2), 3 (βD3), and 4 (βD4), in the right atrial tissue from different acquired heart diseases. METHODS During cardiac surgery, right atrial tissue fragments were taken from 23 patients with acquired heart diseases. Tissue fragments were stained for immunohistochemical detection of Il-1α, Il-10, βD2, βD3 and βD4. RESULTS Few to a moderate number of Il-1α-positive cells and a moderate to great number of Il-10-, βD2- and βD3-positive cells were detected in right atrial tissue. There was a positive correlation between the level of CRP and the number of βD3-positive cardiomyocytes (r(s) 0.463; p .026). We found a negative correlation between the left ventricular ejection fraction and the number of βD2-positive cells in connective tissue (r(s) -0.524; p 0.012). CONCLUSIONS The rich expression of antimicrobial peptides and its association with CRP support the idea that an inflammatory process is involved in the pathogenesis of acquired heart diseases. The worst preoperative condition is associated with increased antimicrobial peptide expression in the right atrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edite Vartina
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
| | | | - Romans Lacis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Abstract
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most common defect affecting the face. The treatment consists of surgical reconstruction of the anatomical structures of the cleft. Part of the surgical treatment is reconstruction of the alveolar bone by means of autogenic bone grafting (osteoplasty). This study aimed to evaluate the levels of expression of extracellular matrix remodeling factors in the facial tissue of children with a complete unilateral (CU) and a complete bilateral (CB) CLP to assess whether the wound healing process is adequate. Twenty-two CLP patients were enrolled in this study. Tissue samples were collected during alveolar osteoplasty for unilateral (n = 12) or bilateral (n = 10) cleft palate, (age range from 6 years 8 months to 12 years 2 months). Control material was obtained in the case of tooth extraction (age range from 6 years 9 months to 14 years 5 months). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP2/4), and transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3). Numbers of positively stained cells were graded semi-quantitatively. Data were analysed using the Kraskel-Wallis rank test and the Bonferroni correction. The total number of MMP2-positive cells was significantly lower in the CBCLP and in the control group than in the CUCLP (p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The total number of TIMP2-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group (p < 0.001; p < 0.003 after the Bonferroni correction). The overall number of BMP2/4, TGFβ3-positive cells was significantly higher in the CUCLP than in the CBCLP and in the control group (p < 0.001 after the Bonferroni correction). The decrease of the relative amount of statistically significant BMP2/4, TGFβ3, MMP-2, TIMP-2 containing bone cells in CBCLP patients identifies affected alveolar bone regeneration and remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene Smane
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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Sidhom E, Pilmane M. Expression of Nestin, Transcription Factor SOX3 and Homeobox Protein DLX-4 in the Facial Tissue of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate. INT J MORPHOL 2018. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-95022018000300991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zarins J, Pilmane M, Sidhoma E, Salma I, Locs J. Immunohistochemical evaluation after Sr-enriched biphasic ceramic implantation in rabbits femoral neck: comparison of seven different bone conditions. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2018; 29:119. [PMID: 30030632 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Strontium (Sr) has shown effectiveness for stimulating bone remodeling. Nevertheless, the exact therapeutic values are not established yet. Authors hypothesized that local application of Sr-enriched ceramics would enhance bone remodeling in constant osteoporosis of rabbits' femoral neck bone. Seven different bone conditions were analyzed: ten healthy rabbits composed a control group, while other twenty underwent ovariectomy and were divided into three groups. Bone defect was filled with hydroxyapatite 30% (HAP) and tricalcium phosphate 70% (TCP) granules in 7 rabbits, 5% of Sr-enriched HAP/TCP granules in 7, but sham defect was left unfilled in 6 rabbits. Bone samples were obtained from operated and non-operated legs 12 weeks after surgery and analyzed by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry (IMH). Mean trabecular bone area in control group was 0.393 mm2, in HAP/TCP - 0.226 mm2, in HAP/TCP/Sr - 0.234 mm2 and after sham surgery - 0.242 mm2. IMH revealed that HAP/TCP/Sr induced most noticeable increase of nuclear factor kappa beta 105 (NFkB 105), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OC), bone morphogenetic protein 2/4 (BMP 2/4), collagen type 1α (COL-1α), interleukin 1 (IL-1) with comparison to intact leg; NFkB 105 and OPG rather than pure HAP/TCP or sham bone. We concluded that Sr-enriched biomaterials induce higher potential to improve bone regeneration than pure bioceramics in constant osteoporosis of femoral neck bone. Further studies on bigger osteoporotic animals using Sr-substituted orthopedic implants for femoral neck fixation should be performed to confirm valuable role in local treatment of osteoporotic femoral neck fractures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Zarins
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Microsurgery Centre of Latvia, Brivibas Street 410, Riga, Latvia.
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda bulvaris 9, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda bulvaris 9, Riga, Latvia
| | - Elga Sidhoma
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda bulvaris 9, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Salma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 20, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Locs
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of Riga Technical University, Pulka Street 3, Riga, Latvia
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Abstract
Lung tissue remodeling requires complex interactions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), transforming growth factor (TGF) family and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). We evaluated the appearance and distribution of MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1 and Hsp70 in lung tissue using immunohistochemistry. Stained structures were graded semiquantitatively. Overall, more MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1 and Hsp70 were observed in bronchial cartilage, bronchial and alveola repithelium, and among alveolar macrophages. We evaluated mostly alveolar macrophages, bronchial epithelial cells and mucosal fibroblasts stained for TGF-β1, MMP-2 and TIMP-2. We also assessed strong or moderate correlations between numbers of cells containing TGF-β1, MMP-2, TIMP-2 in patients ≥ 60 years old. The presence of less TGF-β1 and more MMP-2, TIMP-2 and Hsp70 containing cells in all tissue groups indicated that local regulation was more dependent on MMP-2, TIMP-2 and Hsp70 distribution. Fewer TIMP-2, Hsp70 and TGF-β1 immunoreactive cells in younger individuals and increased expression of Hsp70 in elderly individuals demonstrated the influence of aging in lung remodeling. Findings of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and TGF-β1 immunoreactive cells in elderly individuals indicate lung remodeling due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Vitenberga
- a Riga Stradins University , Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Department of Morphology , Riga , Latvia
| | - M Pilmane
- a Riga Stradins University , Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Department of Morphology , Riga , Latvia
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Zarins J, Pilmane M, Sidhoma E, Salma I. Does Local Application of Strontium Increase Osteogenesis and Biomaterial Osteointegration in Osteoporotic and Other Bone Tissue Conditions: Review of Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/chilat-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Summary
Osteoporosis and other pathological bone conditions can impair bone regeneration properties, consuming in increased morbidity and decreased quality of life. Changes of bone healing can result in poor osteointegration and surgical failures if implants are used. To overcome and facilitate bone regeneration, more attempts are made to develop an ideal synthetic scaffold with better biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, bioactivity, osteoinductivity and interconnected porosity. It is considered that strontium, being similar to calcium, can be incorporated into the mineral phase of the bone remodeling. This quality had led strontium to be used as an osteoporotic medication to improve quality of bone and to reduce the risk of bone fractures. Also local application of strontium has been widely used within different biomaterials in tissue engineering researches.
In this review authors wanted to provide an overview about strontium, its mechanisms of action in bone tissue and initiated changes of bone remodeling within biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Zarins
- Department of Hand and Plastic surgery , Microsurgery Centre of Latvia
- Riga Stradins University , Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology , Riga Stradins University , Latvia
| | - Elga Sidhoma
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology , Riga Stradins University , Latvia
| | - Ilze Salma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Riga Stradins University , Latvia
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Vitenberga Z, Pilmane M. Inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in relatively healthy lung tissue as an essential part of the local immune system. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2017. [PMID: 28627525 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate and adaptive immune systems in lungs are maintained not only by immune cells but also by non-immune tissue structures, locally providing wide intercellular communication networks and regulating the local tissue immune response. AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the appearance and distribution of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in relatively healthy lung tissue samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated lung tissue specimens obtained from 49 patients aged 9-95 years in relatively healthy study subjects. Tissue samples were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were detected by an immunohistochemistry (IMH) method. The number of positive structures was counted semiquantitatively by microscopy. Non-parametric tests were used to analyse the data. RESULTS IL-1-positive cells were mostly found in the bronchial cartilage and alveolar epithelium. Immunoreactive lung macrophages were also found. The numbers of IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-10 containing cells were also found in the bronchial epithelium (in addition to those previously listed). The number of positive structures varied from occasional to moderate, but was graded higher in cartilage. Overall, fewer IL-1-positive cells and more IL-10-positive cells were found. Almost no positive structures for all examined cytokines were found in connective tissue and bronchial glands. CONCLUSIONS Relatively healthy lung tissue exhibits anti-inflammatory response patterns. The cytokine distribution and appearance suggest persistent stimulation of cytokine expression in lung tissue and indicate the presence of local regulatory and modulating patterns. The pronounced cytokine distribution in bronchial cartilage suggests the involvement of a compensatory local immune response in the supporting tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Vitenberga
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia
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Pilmane M, Salma-Ancane K, Loca D, Locs J, Berzina-Cimdina L. Strontium and strontium ranelate: Historical review of some of their functions. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2017; 78:1222-1230. [PMID: 28575961 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The review covers historical and last decade's scientific literature on the biological and clinical role of strontium (Sr) and strontium ranelate (Sr RAN). It enrols the description of the main effects of Sr on supportive tissue, its proven and possible morphopathogenetical mechanisms and the interaction with the bone, and especially focuses on the Sr ability to inhibit osteoclasts and affect the programmed cell death. The main experimental and clinical experience regarding the Sr RAN influence in the treatment of osteoporosis and the search for correct doses is also highlighted. The review gives insight into the role of Sr/Sr RAN on stem cells, apoptosis, animal and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Str., Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - K Salma-Ancane
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Pulka Str., Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - D Loca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Pulka Str., Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - J Locs
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Pulka Str., Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - L Berzina-Cimdina
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 3 Pulka Str., Riga LV-1007, Latvia
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Saulite
- Faculty of Continuing Education, Rīga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis vulgaris is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by dramatic biochemical and immunological changes. AIMS The aim of the study was to evaluate antimicrobial response, tissue degeneration reactions and distribution of inflammatory cytokines in untreated psoriatic skin as well as the correlations between these factors and influence on the course of the disease. METHODS We evaluated skin samples obtained from routine punch biopsies in 40 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. All tissue specimens were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for human beta defensin 2 (HBD-2), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8. The staining intensity was semi-quantitatively graded. RESULTS Numerous keratinocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages expressed HBD-2 while the number of MMP-2-positive macrophages, fibroblasts and epitheliocytes varied. TNF-alpha-positive cells varied from a few to numerous in each microscopic field. IL-6-positive cells varied from a few to abundant and IL-8-positive cells from numerous to abundant in each field. LIMITATIONS This study had a rather small patient number. CONCLUSIONS Psoriatic skin shows a strong correlative increase in skin antimicrobial proteins and enzymes mediating tissue degeneration suggesting that the skin maintains compensatory mechanisms during persistent remodeling. While individual notable decrease in antimicrobial proteins was observed in some tissue samples, generally the increased human beta defensin associated with psoriasis is likely to be due to an altered immune status. TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 are common cytokines expressed in psoriatic skin plaques to maintain the inflammatory cycle. HBD-2, MMP-2 and TNF-alpha positively correlate with the severity of psoriasis. Meanwhile, the expression of IL-8 significantly decreases with clinically more severe psoriasis, perhaps making these factors candidate prognostic factors for psoriatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elga Sidhom
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga, Latvia
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Jankovska I, Pilmane M, Akota I. Expression of gene proteins, interleukins and β-defensin in cleft-affected tissue. Stomatologija 2017; 19:103-108. [PMID: 29806648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate cleft - affected tissues in children with cleft lip and palate in order to detect appearance of β-defensin, interleukins (IL) and gene proteins. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group included 10 patients with cleft lip and palate. During nose surgery tissue samples from bone and cartilage have been taken, and stained with immunohistochemistry for β-defensin 2, IL4, IL6, IL7, IL8, IL10 and MSX1, RYK, PAX9, IRF6 gene proteins. RESULTS Results showed prominent expression of IL10 (mean value 47.28±4.26 in visual field) followed by IL7 (35.62±11.18) in cartilage of patients, but slightly less pronounced expression of IL8 (30.14±8.74), IL6 (22.52±10.88) and IL4 (14.81±6.94). The expression of β-defensin 2 was prominent (34.52±11.79) and similar to expression of IL7 in tissue samples of cartilage. MSX1, PAX9, RYK and IRF6 (17.67±5.94; 16.14±5.52; 16.57±5.22 and 11.86±4.21) in cartilage was less pronounced than interleukins and β-defensin 2. MSX1 (12.44±3.34), PAX9 (6.89±2.14), RYK (11.0±5.92) and IRF6 (9.1±4.76) gene proteins expression in bone showed mostly rare occurrence of positive structures. CONCLUSIONS Significant expression of IL7 and β-defensin 2 and IL10 in cartilage proves the prominent immune response in cleft affected hard tissue. Mostly indistinct MSX1, PAX9, RYK and IRF6 gene proteins expression in bone might be an indicator of not complete cellular differentiation, proliferation and migration events in cleft disordered hard tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Jankovska
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, 20 Dzirciema Street, Riga, Latvia.
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Jankovska I, Pilmane M, Urtane I. Signalling molecules in jaw bones and gingival tissues of patients with Class II and Class III dentofacial deformities. Stomatologija 2017; 19:71-77. [PMID: 29339669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To detect signalling molecule specificities in jaw bone growth zones in skeletal class II and class III patients and compare them to those of a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty skeletal Class II and 20 skeletal Class III patients who underwent orthognathic surgery treatment were in the study group and five skeletal Class I patients who had impacted third molars extracted were in the control group. During the orthognathic surgery, tissue samples were taken from the tuber maxillae, ramus mandibulae anterior and posterior part together with mucosa from the gingival transitory fold in the second molar region of the lower jaw. The samples were stained to detect TGF-β, BMP2/4, FGFR1, VEGF, OC, OP and MMP2 expression. The distributions of these factors were assessed semiquantitatively. RESULTS We observed significant expression of TGF-β, BMP2/4, OC and OP in the bone tissue of the study group. FGFR1 expression was more pronounced only in mucosa. VEGF and MMP2 were found only in some tissue samples. More apoptotic cells were observed in the bone tissue and soft tissue of the control patients than in those of the skeletal Class II and Class III patients, in which apoptotic cell frequencies were relatively equal. CONCLUSION From bone tissue in tuber maxillae region the greater TGF-β and BMP2/4 expression is seen in Class III and control groups, comparing to Class II. In ramus mandibulae anterior part the expression of significant factors in bone tissue growth (TGF-β un BMP2/4) is higher in the control group and Class II patients, while in ramus mandibulae posterior part higher expression of TGF-β and BMP2/4 is in Class III patients, comparing to Class II, which indicates to a preserved growth potential in these jaw bone regions. More active bone extracellular matrix protein (osteocalcin and osteopontin) expression in tuber maxillae region both in class II and class III patient groups and different expression in ramus mandibulae anterior part, prove to the bone mineralization and metabolism activity changes, which, perhaps, characterize just these dentofacial deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Jankovska
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, 20 Dzirciema Street, Riga, Latvia.
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Smane-Filipova L, Pilmane M, Akota I. MMPs and TIMPs expression in facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:538-542. [PMID: 27876897 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphogenesis of the upper lip and palate is a complex process involving highly regulated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in cleft lip palate (CLP) aetiology. This study investigated whether expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4, which are essential for the upper lip and palate fusion, is dysregulated in children with CLP. METHODS Oral mucosa tissue samples were obtained from patients with complete unilateral (CU) CLP (n = 25) and complete bilateral (CB) CLP (n = 19) during corrective plastic surgery and in unaffected control subjects (n = 10). MMPs and TIMPs expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the data were analyzed using the Kruskal - Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS In CLP patients, MMP-2, TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in the oral mucosa was seen to have a few to abundant structures, but the overall number of MMP-2, TIMP-2-positive structures was greater than that in controls (P < 0.01). The total number of TIMP-4, MMP-9-positive cells showed a significant decrease in the CBCLP compared with that of CUCLP (P < 0.001). MMP-8 expression trends in the CLP group were similar to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that TIMP-4 and MMP-9 are the main ECM remodeling regulatory proteins expressed in CUCLP affected tissues of the oral mucosa. The increased expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in CLP tissues implicates these factors in the regulation of cell migration during ECM turnover independently of different types of clefts. Investigation of MMP and TIMP expression in tissue samples from patients with CLP appears to be a promising approach to the etiopathogenesis of CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene Smane-Filipova
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Saulite
- Faculty of Continuing Education; Rīga Stradiņš University; Riga Latvia
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology; Rīga Stradiņš University; Riga Latvia
| | - M. Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology; Rīga Stradiņš University; Riga Latvia
| | - E. Guenova
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Kisis
- Department of Infectology and Dermatology; Rīga Stradiņš University; Riga Latvia
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Aksu F, Topacoglu H, Arman C, Atac A, Tetik S, Hasanovic A, Kulenovic A, Mornjakovic Z, Pikula B, Sarac-Hadzihalilovic A, Voljevica A, Bamac B, Colak T, Alemdar M, Dundar G, Selekler M, Dincer O, Colak E, Ozbek A, Kilic C, Kamburoglu K, Ozen T, Kavak V, Kirici Y, Oztas E, Soysal HA, Unur E, Ekinci N, Karaca O, Malakhova O, Kocaoglu M, Toker S, Taser F, Kilincoglu V, Yurtgun MF, Dalcik C, Zeybek A, Baroncini M, Peltier J, Jissendi P, Pruvo JP, Francke JP, Prevot V, Kosif R, Arifoglu Y, Diramali M, Sarsilmaz M, Kose E, Ogeturk M, Akpinar B, Kus I, Meydan S, Kara A, Kurtoglu Z, Tekdemir I, Elhan A, Bas O, Odaci E, Mollaoglu H, Ucok K, Kaplan S, Senoglu M, Nacitarhan V, Kurutas EB, Senoglu N, Altun I, Atli Y, Ozbag D, Karakas S, Bilgin MD, Tellioglu AM, Ozlem S, Akcanal B, Yildiz Y, Gunes H, Kose H, Uzum I, Gundogmus UN, Caglayan C, Pavlova V, Dimitrova M, Georgieva L, Nikolova E, Uzmansel D, Ozturk NC, Saylam CY, Ozgiray E, Orhan M, Cagli S, Zileli M, Ozkan D, Akkaya T, Comert A, Balikci N, Ozdemir E, Gumus H, Ergul Z, Kaya O, Altun S, Unlu RE, Orbay H, Kim DI, Han SH, Kim YS, Kim HJ, Lee KS, Elcioglu O, Ozden H, Guven G, Imre N, Yalcin B, Ozan H, Akyer P, Guvencer M, Karatosun V, Sagoo MG, Aland RC, Ustuner D, Ustuner MC, Ai J, Ghazi SR, Mansouri SH, Tuncer MC, Aluclu MU, Karabulut O, Hatipoglu ES, Nazaroglu H, Icke C, Akbay E, Gunay T, Icke S, Yildiz S, Yazar F, Barlas BO, Zahoi DE, Kavakli A, Tas U, Dabak DO, Sapmaz HI, Kocabiyik N, Ozer CM, Ozcan A, Elevli L, Desdicioglu K, Alanbay I, Govsa F, Saylam CY, Akdogan I, Kiroglu Y, Onur S, Evcil EH, Cankara N, Malas MA, Kalcioglu MT, Duman S, Ulcay T, Uzun A, Karabulut Z, Barut C, Sevinc O, Yurdakan G, Kacar D, Erdogan AR, Kurt H, Demir B, Saltan M, Burukoglu D, Ustuner MC, Degirmenci I, Erdogan A, Damar O, Is M, Bayramoglu G, Kabay S, Uysal O, Senturk H, Bayramoglu A, Ozbayar C, Kutlu A, Canbek M, Cevli SC, Hancerlioglu O, Koplay M, Aksakalli E, Dikici F, Kale A, Gayretli O, Gurses IA, Ozdemir ST, Ercan I, Baskan EB, Yilmaz M, Ozkaya G, Saricaoglu H, Erturk M, Kayalioglu G, Uzel M, Kahraman G, Tanyeli E, Soyluoglu AI, Tacar O, Demirant A, Bilgin M, Karadede A, Aktas A, Evcil EH, Koyuncu E, Sulak O, Albay S, Ozguner G, Ozbek A, Ozbek E, Ozturk AH, Demirci T, Ciftcioglu E, Demir MT, Kopuz C, Eroglu E, Gedikli S, Ozyurek H, Nural MS, Incesu L, Ogur G, Kara E, Celebi B, Yildiz A, Altunkaynak BZ, Kuvat SV, Tagil SM, Ertekin C, Uysal H, Bademkiran F, Albayrak N, Esmer AF, Coskun NK, Sindel M, Kizilay F, Yalin S, Karapinar N, Tokdemir M, Karakurt L, Tumkaya L, Korkmaz A, Ayas B, Ciftci N, Terzi Y, Baran O, Nergiz Y, Akkus M, Aluclu U, Topal AE, Yuksel D, Acar HI, Kendir S, Hekimoglu E, Basman D, Duman S, Ozener B, Pelin C, Zagyapan R, Kurkcuoglu A, Koc M, Erdinc M, Erdinc L, Kelle I, Sancakdar E, Cetin N, Tunik S, Yildirim A, Kaplanoglu I, Ayaz E, Ilhan N, Okumus M, Yuksel KZ, Ciralik H, Yilmaz Z, Gumusalan Y, Gamsizkan M, Kazkayasi M, Dogan NU, Uysal II, Karalezli A, Fazliogullari Z, Buyukmumcu M, Bozkurt MC, Cicekcibasi AE, Demiryurek D, Ozsoy MH, Bayramoglu A, Tuccar E, Baran OP, Soker S, Bahceci S, Nasir Y, Yilmaz MT, Cicekcibasi EA, Ulusoy M, Gunaslan P, Bilge N, Akkaya M, Genc A, Akcer S, Gonul Y, Cosar E, Koken G, Ari I, Bakirci S, Kafa IM, Uysal M, Karabulut AK, Keles B, Emlik D, Uyar Y, Ozturk K, Yilmaz NA, Salbacak A, Kacira BK, Arazi M, Demirci S, Kiresi D, Gumus S, Seker M, Uyar M, Astaneh ME, Khorshid A, Uygur R, Songur A, Sonmez OF, Dogan KH, Kolcu G, Iliescu M, Bordei P, Iliescu D, Ciobotaru C, Lucescu V, Covaleov A, Ionescu C, Guirao M, Páramo E, Mutuberria R, Sánchez-Montesinos I, Roda O, Girón F, Lopez-Soler M, Roda O, Campos-López R, Guirao-Piñeiro M, Pascual-Morenilla MT, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Pascual MT, Garzon I, Serrato D, Nieto-Aguilar R, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Sanchez-Quevedo M, Ozdemir MB, Ozean RH, Bagdatli D, Adiguzel E, Dogan Z, Aycan O, Vardi N, Erkal HS, Ozturk H, Mocanu S, Stefanescu C, Ionescu A, Talpes R, Sapte E, Dina C, Surdu L, Bulbuc I, Medina MT, Medina J, López-Soler M, Martin-Oviedo C, Lowy-Benoliel A, Maranillo E, Martinez-Guirado T, Sañudo J, Scola B, Vazquez T, Arráez-Aybar LA, Conejo-Menor JL, Gonzáles-Gómez CC, Torres-García AJ, Nasu H, Chiba S, Gutierrez-Semillera M, Paksoy Y, Kalaycioglu A, Yildirim M, Ozyasar A, Ozdogmus O, Cakmak YO, Verimli U, Cavdar S, Yildizhan B, Aktan Ikiz ZA, Ucerler H, Ozgur Z, Yilmaz S, Demirtas A, Mavili E, Hacialiogullari M, Susar H, Arslan S, Aycan K, Ozkaya V, Pilmane M, Boka S, Ortug G, Ramirez C, Pascual-Font A, Valderrama-Canales F, Kucukalic A, Kapur E, Talovic E, Baca V, Grill R, Horak Z, Kachlik D, Dzupa V, Konarik M, Knize J, Veleminsky P, Smrzova T, Otcenasek M, Chmelova J, Kheck M, Kheck M, Cupka T, Hnatek L, van der Meijs F, Cech P, Musil V, Ozkan HM, Muratli SK, Tayefi H, Ergur I, Kiray A, Toktas M, Alkoc O, Acar T, Uzun I, Ozen OA, Aycicek A, Alkoc OA, Unlu M, Corumlu U, Ikiz IC, Oygucu IH, Sendemir E, Kaner T, Caglar V, Eser O, Demir MT, Iyigun O, Pirzirenli G, Kaya AH, Aydin ME, Celik F, True H, Ozkaya S, Ergur BU, Zeybek G, Bacakoglu K, Tadjalli M, Poostpasand A, Mansouiri SH, Allahvaisi O, Soleimanirad J, Nikkhoo B, Nagato Y, Haruki Y, Yazawa K, Okazaki T, Haida M, Imai Y, Peirouvi T, Mahzad-Sadaghiani M, Noroozinia F, Siamak S, Farjah G, Mola S, Biegaj E, Skadorwa T, Pawlewicz K, Kapolka R, Chachulska A, Zabicka J, Krasowska A, Prusik A, Jaczewski G, Kolesnik A, Taghavi MM, Alavi SH, Moallem SA, Safikhani Z, Panahi M, Dabiri S, Shekaari MA, Latorre R, Soria F, Lopez-Albors O, Sarria R, Ayala I, Serrano I, Perez-Cuadrado E, Musienko V, Tkachenko D, Colakoglu N, Kus MA, Jalali M, Nikravesh MR, Moeen AA, Karimfar MH, Rafighdoost H, Mohammadi S, Korneeva M, Rafighdoust H, Lovasova K, Bolekova A, Kluchova D, Sulla I, Kapitonova MY, Syed Ahmad Fuad SB, Jayakaran F, Shams AR, Aghaee F, Baqer Z, Faroki M, Das S, Kassim N, Latiff A, Suhaimi F, Ghafar N, Hlaing KPP, Maatoq I, Othman F, Kiray M, Bagriyanik HA, Pekcetin C, Ozogul C, Fidan M, Suhaimi F, Sun F, Sanchez-Margallo F, Gil F, Crisostomo V, Uson J, Ramirez G, Turamanlar O, Kirpiko O, Haktanir A, Climent S, Losilla S, Climent M, Sarikcioglu L, Senol Y, Yildirim FB, Utuk A, Kunicki J, Pasbakhsh P, Omidi N, Omidi H, Nazhvani FD, Ghalebi SR, Javan N, Mohagery A, Bideskan ARE, Taheri MMH, Fazel AR, Tiengo C, Macchi V, Stecco C, Porzionato A, Mazzoleni F, De Caro R, Clemente A, Morra A, Greco P, Pavan P, Natali A, Demir M, Dokur M, Acer N, Mavi A, Matveeva N, Lazarova D, Korneti K, Jovevska S, Jurkovik D, Papazova M, Havasi M, Alboghobeish N, Savari A, Salamat N, Sharifi M, Kwak HH, Hu KS, Kim GC, Park BS, Kim HJ, Sinav A, Gulati AK, Gulati NK, Alshammary H, Nazhvani SD, Vafafar A, Esmaeilpour T, Bahmanpour S, Elyasi L, Monabbati A, Ghanadi M, Paryani MR, Gilanpour H, Amirsam B, Omaña RE, López SG, De la Garza Castro O, Vega EU, Lopez SG, Talebpour F, Golmohammadi R, Dashti G, Atlasi MA, Mehdizadeh M, Bahadori MH, Joghataei MT, Hatami L, Boroujeni MB, Estakhr J, Esfandiary E, Marzban M, Bakhtiary M, Modiry N, Jafarpur M, Mofidpur H, Alavi SH, Mahmoudian A, Taghavi MM, Jafarpour M, Mahmoudian AR, Sanjarmousavi N, Doassans I, Sorrenti N, Decuadro G, Saibene A, Poumayrac M, Laza S, Almiron C, Vergara ME, Soria V, Lasa S, Perez A, Castro G, Maria AS, Soleimani M, Katebi M, Bakhshayesh M, Oner M, Halici M, Yikilmaz A, Guney A, Turk Y, Edizer M, Beden U, Icten N, Afshar M, Hasanzadeh Taheri MM, Moalem A, Golalipour MJ, Tamizi A, Ahi M, Mohammadpour S, Maiery A, Acikel C, Ulkur E, Karagoz H, Celikoz B, Bedi K, Ginus P, Golalipoor MJ, Mohammadi MR, Jhand P, Mansourian AR, Hosseinpoor K, Keshtkar AA, Alsaffar R, Balajadeh BK, Ghafari S, Azarhosh R, Fazeli SA, Jahanshahi M, Gharravi AM, Alicioglu B, Karakas HM, Harma A, Yang HM, Won SY, Lee JG, Lee JY, Lee JY, Kim YR, Song WC, Koh KS, Hwang EN, Choi HG, Kim SH, Kim SY, Hur MS, Ulucam E, Celbis O, Kim DH, Hong HS, Kim HJ, Choi JH, Park JT, Kim HC, Abbasi H, Hosseinipanah SM, Hosseini M, Amani A, Ashrafi HR, Sadeghimehr M, Kim HJ, Sheverdin V, Amani Z, Ashrafi A, Ashrafi AR, Javad H, Kachap MJ, Laza S, Poumayrac MC, Doassans I, Vergara ME, Almirón C, Soria V, Rivara A, Sirilo A, Freire D, Cirillo A, Veragara ME, Krmek V, Krmek N, Jo-Osvatic A, Nikolic V, Radic R, Tubbs RS, Loukas M, Fogg Q, Ashwood N, Cilingiroglu S, Ozbakir C, Mazoochi T, Sabanciogullari V, Gumus C, Erdil FH, Cimen M, Moodi H, Ghiasi F, Akbari A, Hami J, Khazei M, Haghparast E, Mitsakis I, Anastasiou A, Mitsakis M, Sianou K, Hainoglou R, Francisco M, Mitsaki C, Konstantinidi M, Prapa S, Leksan I, Mrcela T, Selthofer R, Kermanian F, Mahmoudian A, Ahmadpoor ME, Dalili N, Elian AH, Moaiery A, Jamalpour Z, Nourani MR, Asgari A, Hassanzadeh Taheri MM, Ebrahimzadeh A, Eftekharvaghefi SH, Mohammadi A, Sheibani V, Nematollahi-Mahani SN, Latifpour M, Deilami M, Soroure-Azimzadeh B, Nabipour F, Najafipour H, Nakhaee N, Yaghoobi M, Eftekharvaghefi R, Salehinejad P, Azizi H, Riasi HR, Nobakht M, Asalgoo S, Rahbar R, Najafzadeh N, Moosavizadeh K, Ezzatabadypour M, Majidi M, Malekpor-Afshar R, Karimzade F, Hoseini M, Bayat M, Gorgi A, Nezhadi A, Bakhtiari M, Jazi HR, Jafaryan M, Haghir H, Hosseini M, Rahimi S, Rassouli FB, Gorji A, Habibi A, Pouya F, Dabiri S, Mousavi A, Rajabalian S, Abolidokht A, Khanlarkhani N, Naderian H, Berjis N, Namavar MR, Talaei T, Mazaheri Z, Monabati A, Kosar MI, Karacan K, Chegini H, Nikzad H, Ayhan E, Ustundag S, Akkin SM, Ogut T, Rayegan P, Meibodi MAE, Ghaem RM, Zargarpoor R, Eftekhar Vaghefi SH, Moshkdanian G, Poya F, Kohestani H, Abarghoeai RR, Abarghoeai PR, Eftekhar Vaghefi SH, Mahmodi AA, Poraboli A, Kohestani HR, Vaghefi RE, Eftekhar Vaghefy SH, Vaghefy RE, Abarghoeai PR, Saba M, Gharravi AM, Javadnia F, Zhaleh M, Nezhad DB, Gholami MR, Piagkou M, Aikaterini VK, Piagkos G, Douvetzemis S, Skandalakis P, Anagnostopoulou S, Papadopoulos N, Celik HH, Tatar I, Tatar EC, Mocan BO, Sargon MF, Denk CC, Rasoolijazi H, Joghataie MT, Roghani M, Akkin SM, Dinc G, Kurklu M, Ozboluk S, Komurcu M, Koebke J, Balioglu MB, Kaygusuz MA, Bozkus FS, Korkmaz O, Bayram SB, Can MA, Nasiri E, Jafar-Kazemi K, Hosseini M, Maghoul S, Soleimani M, Amini A, Hassanzade MM, Davari MH, Van Hoof T, Gomes GT, Audenaert E, Verstraete K, Kerckaert I, D’Herde K, Benninger B, Hedley G, Filipoiu FM, Tarta E, Enyedi M, Pantu C, Stanciulescu R, Skobowiat C, Calka J, Majewski M, Rezaian M, Yaghoobfar A, Hamedi S, Shomali T. Poster presentations. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 31 Suppl 1:95-229. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03371486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Smane-Filipova L, Pilmane M, Akota I. Immunohistochemical analysis of nestin, CD34 and TGFβ3 in facial tissue of children with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate. Stomatologija 2016; 18:98-104. [PMID: 28386053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate levels of expression of nestin, CD34 and transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3) in facial tissue of children with complete unilateral (CU) and complete bilateral (CB) cleft lip and palate (CLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine CLP patients were enrolled in this study (18 boys and 11 girls). Tissue samples were collected during primary and repeated plastic surgery correction for CU (n=10) or CB (n=19) cleft palate (age range 3 months - 9 years, 6 months). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess levels of nestin, CD34 and TGFβ3. Positively stained cells were graded semi-quantitatively. Data were analyzed to compare cell counts between CUCLP and CBCLP, and CLP at an age before and during primary dentition and CLP in mixed dentition age patients using the Mann Whitney U-test (P<0.05). RESULTS Moderate to abundant numbers of nestin immunoreactive structures were observed in the oral mucosa. CD34 antibodies labeled all microvessels in lamina propria of the CLP affected tissue, while low numbers of TGFβ3 positive cells were scattered in the connective tissue. There were no statistically significant differences between the study groups. CONCLUSION Expression of nestin in complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate affected soft tissue indicates a potential increase of tissue regeneration. CD34 positive oral mucosa cells suggest increased angiogenesis, while the sporadic expression of TGFβ3 indicates an insignificant role in the maintenance and growth of cleft affected oral mucosa stem or progenitor cells. Nevertheless, scarce expression of TGFβ3 suggests a role in cleft morphopathogenesis.
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Krivicka-Uzkurele B, Pilmane M. Expression of interferon regulatory factor 6, muscle segment homeobox 1, paired box gene 9, homeo box B3, and related to tyrosine kinases in human cleft-affected tissue. J Orofac Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/0975-8844.181931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Smane L, Pilmane M, Akota I. Expression of non‐collagenous proteins in facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.765.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liene Smane
- Department of MorphologyRiga Stradins UniversityInstitute of Anatomy and AnthropologyRigaLatvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of MorphologyRiga Stradins UniversityInstitute of Anatomy and AnthropologyRigaLatvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Riga Stradins UniversityInstitute of StomatologyRigaLatvia
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Vamze J, Pilmane M, Skagers A. Biocompatibility of pure and mixed hydroxyapatite and α-tricalcium phosphate implanted in rabbit bone. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2015; 26:73. [PMID: 25631269 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphates and hydroxyapatite, in particular, are used as substitute materials in experimental implantology. These materials are primarily used in hard tissue replacement because their chemical and crystallographic characteristics are considered to be similar to the mineral content, osteoconductivity and bioactivity of normal bone. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and antimicrobial protein β-defensin-2 (βDef-2), are used as biomarkers of non-specific reactogenicity. Other biomarkers, including bone morphogenetic protein-2/4 (BMP-2/4), bone regeneration protein osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone matrix protein osteopontin (OP) and osteocalcin (OC), are regarded as specific factors of reactogenicity in bone substitution. The aim of our study was to assess the changes in the distribution and expression of the aforementioned proteins in the lower jaws of rabbits following implantation with pure hydroxyapatite (HAP), α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) or a mix of the two (HAP/α-TCP) manufactured under different temperatures. Our results reveal osteoblast proliferation and regions of granulation tissue formation between biomaterial granules close to the original implantation site, but in the control tissue these changes were less noticeable. Our study showed low variability in the distribution of βDef-2, OPG and all of the tested interleukins and these proteins were less expressed than BMP2/4, OP and OC. But across all experiments, no statistically significant difference in mean βDef-2, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, OP, OC, BMP-2/4 and OPG expression in osteocytes was detected between experimental and control groups. We concluded that pure and mixed HAP and α-TCP sintered at different temperatures do not affect the production of cytokines and bone-specific proteins; regions with osteoblast proliferation and low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 indicates better biocompatibility for HAP/α-TCP and α-TCP-2 biomaterials and the moderate number of BMP-2/4- and a prevalence of OC- and OP-positive osteocytes in experimental tissues implanted with HAP at 3 months after implantation indicates potential bone regeneration stimulated by pure HAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Vamze
- Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema str.16, Riga, 1007, Latvia,
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Kavak V, Pilmane M, Kazoka D. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip-ratio in the prediction of obesity in Turkish teenagers. Coll Antropol 2014; 38:445-451. [PMID: 25144972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the usefulness of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in screening for obesity in teenagers by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). To select the sample set in this cross-sectional study, a stratified random sampling approach was utilized. Weight, height, WC, hip circumference and body fat percentage (BFP) were measured in 1118 children of both genders (597 boys and 521 girls), aged from 10 to 15 years old. Percentiles of BMI and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-United States (CDC-US)-growth chart for boys and girls aged from 10 to 15 years old were presented. ROC analyses were then used to evaluate the performances of three anthropometric indices; BMI, WC and WHR had strong positive correlations with BFP (r = 0.49-0.77) in both girls and boys within indicated age group. The area under the curves (AUCs) were high in both girls and boys for BMI, 0.795 and 0.893, respectively, and WC, 0.767 and 0.853, respectively, and were a little lower, 0.747 and 0.783, respectively, for WHR. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the prevalence of being overweight and obese among teenagers of both sexes in our data set does not differ from CDC-US-growth chart. In addition, BMI and WC are two important predictors for teenagers to become overweight and obese, while WHR is less useful for this purpose.
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Zaikovska O, Pilmane M, Kisis J. Morphopathological aspects of healthy nails and nails affected by onychomycosis. Mycoses 2014; 57:531-6. [PMID: 24661598 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients of onychomycosis are common in the dermatology practice. Contemporary morphology creates opportunities to study the functional units of the nail when such infections occur from morphopathological point of view. There were 22 nails biopsies from onychomycosis patients taken for the research of morphopathological changes in the thickened nail plate affected by onychomycosis. Samples of cadaverous' nails were used as a control material. The material was stained with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical methods. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling reaction and periodic acid-Schiff reaction were also performed. We found patchy hypertrophy in the granulose layer of the epidermis, with focal acanthosis. In the horn layer, we identified nests of parakeratosis of various sizes, with incorporations of homogenous and eosinophil masses. We found high levels of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 positive cells in the nail bed and in the bloodstream. Interleukin 1, however, was not a part of any of the functional units of any of the nails. Significant amount of fibres containing human beta defensin-2 were found in the bed and plate of the nail. Therefore one can conclude that as regards the nails affected by onychomycosis, the most effective morphopathogenical processes include cytokine and defensin excretion occurrence in the nail bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zaikovska
- RSU Doctoral Department, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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