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Shamszadeh S, Shirvani A, Torabzadeh H, Asgary S. Effects of Growth Factors on the Differentiation of Dental Stem Cells: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Part I). Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:523-543. [PMID: 35762556 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220628125048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the biological interaction between dental stem cells (DSCs) and different growth factors in the field of regenerative endodontics. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases up to October 2021. This study followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Ex vivo studies evaluating the biological interactions of DSCs and growth factors were included. The meta-analysis was performed according to the type of growth factor. The outcomes were cell viability/ proliferation and mineralization. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were estimated using the random-effect maximum-likelihood method (P < .05). Additional analysis was performed to find any potential source of heterogeneity. RESULTS Twenty articles were included in the systematic review; meta-analysis was performed for fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-β1) (n = 5). Results showed that use of FGF-2 significantly increased cell proliferation on day 1-(SMD = 3.56, P = 0.00), 3-(SMD = 9.04, P = 0.00), 5-(SMD = 8.37, P = 0.01), and 7 (SMD=8.51, P=0.00) than the control group. TGF-ß1 increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity more than control only on day 3 (SMD = 3.68, P = 0.02). TGF-β1 had no significant effect on cell proliferation on days 1 and 3 (P > 0.05) and on ALP activity on days 5 and 7 (P > 0.05). Meta-regression analysis showed that different covariates (i.e., cell type, passage number, and growth factors' concentration) could significantly influence the effect sizes at different follow- ups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Specific growth factors might enhance the proliferation and mineralization of DSCs; however, the obtained evidence was weak. Due to the high heterogeneity among the included studies, other growth factors' inhibitory/stimulatory effects on DSCs could not be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayna Shamszadeh
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirvani
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Torabzadeh
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Asgary
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pugdee K, Klaisiri A, Phumpatrakom P. The viability of human dental pulp cells and apical papilla cells after treatment with conventional calcium hydroxide and nanoparticulate calcium hydroxide at various concentrations. Saudi Dent J 2023; 35:1000-1006. [PMID: 38107041 PMCID: PMC10724347 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 had greater antibacterial effect than conventional Ca(OH)2. Conversely, a study reported that nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 had toxicity against murine fibroblast. However, the study of nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2, involving human dental pulp cells (DPCs) and apical papilla cells (APCs) is lacking. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of conventional Ca(OH)2 and nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 on the viability of DPCs and APCs. Methods Primary human DPCs/APCs from the 3rd to 5th passage were divided into control and experimental groups. In the control group, cells were cultured in complete media. In the experimental group, cells were cultured in complete media containing 10, 100, or 1000 μg/mL of either conventional Ca(OH)2 or nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. After the treatment period, the cells were tested for viability using MTT assay. Results DPCs treated with conventional Ca(OH)2 in all concentrations at day 5 revealed significantly higher proliferation compared to nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 treated groups. In additions, DPCs treated with 1000 µg/ml nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 at day7 were significantly lower proliferation compared to DPCs treated with conventional Ca(OH)2. In contrast, APCs treated with 1000 µg/ml nanoparticulated Ca(OH)2 were significantly higher proliferation than APCs treated with 1000 µg/ml conventional Ca(OH)2 at day7. Conclusions Nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 increased the viability of APCs and can be an alternative choice of intracanal medication for regenerative endodontic procedures. However, Nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 exerted some effects on DPCs. The use of nanoparticulate Ca(OH)2 has no advantages over the conventional Ca(OH)2 for vital pulp therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolparn Pugdee
- Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Awiruth Klaisiri
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Panupat Phumpatrakom
- Division of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Svandova E, Vesela B, Kratochvilova A, Holomkova K, Oralova V, Dadakova K, Burger T, Sharpe P, Lesot H, Matalova E. Markers of dental pulp stem cells in in vivo developmental context. Ann Anat 2023; 250:152149. [PMID: 37574172 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Teeth and their associated tissues contain several populations of mesenchymal stem cells, one of which is represented by dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). These cells have mainly been characterised in vitro and numerous positive and negati ve markers for these cells have been suggested. To investigate the presence and localization of these molecules during development, forming dental pulp was examined using the mouse first mandibular molar as a model. The stages corresponding to postnatal (P) days 0, 7, 14, and 21 were investigated. The expression was monitored using customised PCR Arrays. Additionally, in situ localization of the key trio of markers (Cd73, Cd90, Cd105 coded by genes Nt5e, Thy1, Eng) was performed at prenatal and postnatal stages using immunohistochemistry. The expression panel of 24 genes assigned as in vitro markers of DPSCs or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) revealed their developmental dynamics during formation of dental pulp mesenchyme. Among the positive markers, Vcam1, Fgf2, Nes were identified as increasing and Cd44, Cd59b, Mcam, Alcam as decreasing between perinatal vs. postnatal stages towards adulthood. Within the panel of negative DPSC markers, Cd14, Itgb2, Ptprc displayed increased and Cd24a decreased levels at later stages of pulp formation. Within the key trio of markers, Nt5e did not show any significant expression difference within the investigated period. Thy1 displayed a strong decrease between P0 and P7 while Eng increased between these stages. In situ localization of Cd73, Cd90 and Cd105 showed them overlap in differentiated odontoblasts and in the sub-odontoblastic layer that is speculated to host odontoblast progenitors. The highly prevalent expression of particularly Cd73 and Cd90 opens the question of potential multiple functions of these molecules. The results from this study add to the in vitro based knowledge by showing dynamics in the expression of DPSC/MSC markers during dental pulp formation in an in vivo context and thus with respect to the natural environment important for commitment of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vesela
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Veronika Oralova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tom Burger
- Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Sharpe
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Herve Lesot
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic; Veterinary University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Yu S, Zheng Y, Guo Q, Li W, Ye L, Gao B. Mechanism of Pulp Regeneration Based on Concentrated Growth Factors Regulating Cell Differentiation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050513. [PMID: 37237583 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrated growth factors (CGF) is the newest generation platelet concentrate product, which has been reported to promote the proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). However, the effect of liquid phase of CGF (LPCGF) has not been reported. This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of LPCGF on the biological properties of hDPCs, and to explore the in vivo mechanism of dental pulp regeneration based on the hDPCs-LPCGF complex transplantation. It was found that LPCGF could promote the proliferation, migration and odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs, and 25% LPCGF induced the most mineralization nodule formation and the highest DSPP gene expression. The heterotopic transplantation of the hDPCs-LPCGF complex resulted in the formation of regenerative pulp tissue with newly formed dentin, neovascularization and nerve-like tissue. Together, these findings provide key data on the effect of LPCGF on the proliferation, migration, odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation of hDPCs, and the in vivo mechanism of hDPCs-LPCGF complex autologous transplantation in pulp regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Ohshima H, Mishima K. Oral biosciences: The annual review 2022. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:1-12. [PMID: 36740188 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to advancing and disseminating fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences. HIGHLIGHT This review features review articles in the fields of "Bone Cell Biology," "Tooth Development & Regeneration," "Tooth Bleaching," "Adipokines," "Milk Thistle," "Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition," "Periodontitis," "Diagnosis," "Salivary Glands," "Tooth Root," "Exosome," "New Perspectives of Tooth Identification," "Dental Pulp," and "Saliva" in addition to the review articles by the winner of the "Lion Dental Research Award" ("Plastic changes in nociceptive pathways contributing to persistent orofacial pain") presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology. CONCLUSION The review articles in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired its readers to broaden their knowledge about various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Tayanloo-Beik A, Nikkhah A, Roudsari PP, Aghayan H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Nasli-Esfahani E, Mafi AR, Nikandish M, Shouroki FF, Arjmand B, Larijani B. Application of Biocompatible Scaffolds in Stem-Cell-Based Dental Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:83-110. [PMID: 35999347 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering as an important field in regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic approach to replace or regenerate injured tissues. It consists of three vital steps including the selection of suitable cells, formation of 3d scaffolds, and adding growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are mentioned as two main sources for this approach that have been used for the treatment of various types of disorders. However, the main focus of literature in the field of dental tissue engineering is on utilizing MSCs. On the other hand, biocompatible scaffolds play a notable role in this regenerative process which is mentioned to be harmless with acceptable osteoinductivity. Their ability in inhibiting inflammatory responses also makes them powerful tools. Indeed, stem cell functions should be supported by biomaterials acting as scaffolds incorporated with biological signals. Naturally derived polymeric scaffolds and synthetically engineered polymeric/ceramic scaffolds are two main types of scaffolds regarding their materials that are defined further in this review. Various strategies of tissue bioengineering can affect the regeneration of dentin-pulp complex, periodontium regeneration, and whole teeth bioengineering. In this regard, in vivo/ex vivo experimental models have been developed recently in order to perform preclinical studies of dental tissue engineering which make it more transferable to be used for clinic uses. This review summarizes dental tissue engineering through its different components. Also, strategies of tissue bioengineering and experimental models are introduced in order to provide a perspective of the potential roles of dental tissue engineering to be used for clinical aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Nikkhah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Aghayan
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Rezazadeh Mafi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikandish
- AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA- CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fazeli Shouroki
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Development of Growth Factor Releasing Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogel for Pulp Regeneration: A Preliminary Study. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120825. [PMID: 36547349 PMCID: PMC9778203 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors play essential roles as signaling molecules in pulp regeneration. We investigated the effect of a hyaluronic acid (HA)-collagen hybrid hydrogel with controlled release of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB on human pulp regeneration. The cell interaction and cytotoxicity of the HA-collagen hybrid hydrogel, the release kinetics of each growth factor, and the effects of the released growth factors on pulp cell proliferation were examined. The vitality of pulp cells was maintained. The amounts of FGF-2 and PDGF-BB released over 7 days were 68% and 50%, respectively. Groups with a different concentration of growth factor (FGF-2: 100, 200, 500, and 1000 ng/mL; PDGF-BB: 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 ng/mL) were experimented on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Considering FGF-2 concentration, significantly increased pulp cell proliferation was observed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 in the 100 ng/mL group and on days 3, 5, and 7 in the 200 ng/mL group. In the case of PDGF-BB concentration, significantly increased pulp cell proliferation was observed at all four time points in the 100 ng/mL group and on days 3, 5, and 7 in the 50, 200, and 500 ng/mL groups. This indicates that the optimal concentration of FGF-2 and PDGF-BB for pulp cell proliferation was 100 ng/mL and that the HA-collagen hybrid hydrogel has potential as a controlled release delivery system for FGF-2 and PDGF-BB.
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8
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Neural Regeneration in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment: An Overview and Current Trends. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415492. [PMID: 36555133 PMCID: PMC9779866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpal and periapical diseases are the most common dental diseases. The traditional treatment is root canal therapy, which achieves satisfactory therapeutic outcomes-especially for mature permanent teeth. Apexification, pulpotomy, and pulp revascularization are common techniques used for immature permanent teeth to accelerate the development of the root. However, there are obstacles to achieving functional pulp regeneration. Recently, two methods have been proposed based on tissue engineering: stem cell transplantation, and cell homing. One of the goals of functional pulp regeneration is to achieve innervation. Nerves play a vital role in dentin formation, nutrition, sensation, and defense in the pulp. Successful neural regeneration faces tough challenges in both animal studies and clinical trials. Investigation of the regeneration and repair of the nerves in the pulp has become a serious undertaking. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the key stem cells, signaling molecules, and biomaterials that could promote neural regeneration as part of pulp regeneration. We also discuss the challenges in preclinical or clinical neural regeneration applications to guide deep research in the future.
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Towards Induction of Angiogenesis in Dental Pulp Stem Cells Using Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Releasing Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5401461. [PMID: 35198635 PMCID: PMC8860569 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5401461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that attracted enormous attention in biomedical fields. The main components of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs), as well as tissue engineering, are scaffolds, stem cells, and growth factors. As one of the basic factors in the REPs is maintaining vascularization, this study was aimed at developing basic fibroblast growth factor- (bFGF-) loaded scaffolds and investigating their effects on the angiogenic induction in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methods. Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/chitosan- (CS-) based highly porous scaffold (PCL/CS) was prepared and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. The adhesion and survival potency of seeded cells were assessed by SEM and MTT assays, respectively. The amount of angiogenic markers was investigated in gene and protein levels by real-time PCR and western blotting assays, respectively. Results. Based on our findings, the SEM and FTIR tests confirmed the appropriate structure of synthesized scaffolds. Besides, the adhesion and survival rate of cells and the levels of VEGFR-2, Tie2, and Angiopoietin-1 genes were increased significantly in the PCL/CS/bFGF group. Also, the western blotting results showed the upregulation of these markers at protein levels, which were considerably higher at the PCL/CS/bFGF group (
). Conclusions. On a more general note, this study demonstrates that the bFGF-loaded PCL/CS scaffolds have the potential to promote angiogenesis of hDPSCs, which could provide vitality of dentin-pulp complex as the initial required factor for regenerative endodontic procedures.
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Zhang SY, Ren JY, Yang B. Priming strategies for controlling stem cell fate: Applications and challenges in dental tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1625-1646. [PMID: 34909115 PMCID: PMC8641023 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted intense interest in the field of dental tissue regeneration. Dental tissue is a popular source of MSCs because MSCs can be obtained with minimally invasive procedures. MSCs possess distinct inherent properties of self-renewal, immunomodulation, proangiogenic potential, and multilineage potency, as well as being readily available and easy to culture. However, major issues, including poor engraftment and low survival rates in vivo, remain to be resolved before large-scale application is feasible in clinical treatments. Thus, some recent investigations have sought ways to optimize MSC functions in vitro and in vivo. Currently, priming culture conditions, pretreatment with mechanical and physical stimuli, preconditioning with cytokines and growth factors, and genetic modification of MSCs are considered to be the main strategies; all of which could contribute to improving MSC efficacy in dental regenerative medicine. Research in this field has made tremendous progress and continues to gather interest and stimulate innovation. In this review, we summarize the priming approaches for enhancing the intrinsic biological properties of MSCs such as migration, antiapoptotic effect, proangiogenic potential, and regenerative properties. Challenges in current approaches associated with MSC modification and possible future solutions are also indicated. We aim to outline the present understanding of priming approaches to improve the therapeutic effects of MSCs on dental tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Yin Ren
- Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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11
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Birjandi AA, Sharpe P. Wnt Signalling in Regenerative Dentistry. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.725468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth are complex structures where a soft dental pulp tissue is enriched with nerves, vasculature and connective tissue and encased by the cushioning effect of dentin and the protection of a hard enamel in the crown and cementum in the root. Injuries such as trauma or caries can jeopardise these layers of protection and result in pulp exposure, inflammation and infection. Provision of most suitable materials for tooth repair upon injury has been the motivation of dentistry for many decades. Wnt signalling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway, plays key roles during pre- and post-natal development of many organs including the tooth. Mutations in the components of this pathway gives rise to various types of developmental tooth anomalies. Wnt signalling is also fundamental in the response of odontoblasts to injury and repair processes. The complexity of tooth structure has resulted in diverse studies looking at specific compartments or cell types of this organ. This review looks at the current advances in the field of tooth development and regeneration. The objective of the present review is to provide an updated vision on dental biomaterials research, focusing on their biological properties and interactions to act as evidence for their potential use in vital pulp treatment procedures. We discuss the outstanding questions and future directions to make this knowledge more translatable to the clinics.
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Liu K, Yu S, Ye L, Gao B. The Regenerative Potential of bFGF in Dental Pulp Repair and Regeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680209. [PMID: 34354584 PMCID: PMC8329335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontic therapy intends to induce the host’s natural wound-healing process, which can restore the vitality, immunity, and sensitivity of the inflammatory or necrotic pulp tissue destroyed by infection or trauma. Myriads of growth factors are critical in the processes of pulp repair and regeneration. Among the key regulatory factors are the fibroblast growth factors, which have turned out to be the master regulators of both organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Fibroblast growth factors, a family composed of 22 polypeptides, have been used in tissue repair and regeneration settings, in conditions as diverse as burns, ulcers, bone-related diseases, and spinal cord injuries. Meanwhile, in dentistry, the basic fibroblast growth factor is the most frequently investigated. Thereby, the aim of this review is 2-fold: 1) foremost, to explore the underlying mechanisms of the bFGF in dental pulp repair and regeneration and 2) in addition, to shed light on the potential therapeutic strategies of the bFGF in dental pulp–related clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Song W, Li S, Tang Q, Chen L, Yuan Z. In vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate‑based bioceramics in endodontics (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:128. [PMID: 34013376 PMCID: PMC8136140 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based bioceramics have been applied in endodontics as advantageous materials for years. In addition to excellent physical and chemical properties, the biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate-based bioceramics also serve an important role in endodontics according to previous research reports. Firstly, bioceramics affect cellular behavior of cells such as stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts and immune cells. On the other hand, cell reaction to bioceramics determines the effect of wound healing and tissue repair following bioceramics implantation. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of calcium silicate-based bioceramics currently applied in endodontics, including mineral trioxide aggregate, Bioaggregate, Biodentine and iRoot, focusing on their in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity. Understanding their underlying mechanism may help to ensure these materials are applied appropriately in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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14
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Jauković A, Kukolj T, Trivanović D, Okić-Đorđević I, Obradović H, Miletić M, Petrović V, Mojsilović S, Bugarski D. Modulating stemness of mesenchymal stem cells from exfoliated deciduous and permanent teeth by IL-17 and bFGF. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7322-7341. [PMID: 33934350 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified within dental pulp tissues of exfoliated deciduous (SHEDs) and permanent (DPSCs) teeth. Although differences in their proliferative and differentiation properties were revealed, variability in SHEDs and DPSCs responsiveness to growth factors and cytokines have not been studied before. Here, we investigated the influence of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on stemness features of SHEDs and DPSCs by analyzing their proliferation, clonogenicity, cell cycle progression, pluripotency markers expression and differentiation after 7-day treatment. Results indicated that IL-17 and bFGF differently affected SHEDs and DPSCs proliferation and clonogenicity, since bFGF increased proliferative and clonogenic potential of both cell types, while IL-17 similarly affected SHEDs, exerting no effects on adult counterparts DPSCs. In addition, both factors stimulated NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 pluripotency markers expression in SHEDs and DPSCs showing diverse intracellular expression patterns dependent on MSCs type. As for the differentiation capacity, both factors displayed comparable effects on SHEDs and DPSCs, including stimulatory effect of IL-17 on early osteogenesis in contrast to the strong inhibitory effect showed for bFGF, while having no impact on SHEDs and DPSCs chondrogenesis. Moreover, bFGF combined with IL-17 reduced CD90 and stimulated CD73 expression on both types of MSCs, whereas each factor induced IL-6 expression indicating its' role in IL-17/bFGF-modulated properties of SHEDs and DPSCs. All these data demonstrated that dental pulp MSCs from primary and permanent teeth exert intrinsic features, providing novel evidence on how IL-17 and bFGF affect stem cell properties important for regeneration of dental pulp at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jauković
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Drenka Trivanović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,IZKF Research Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Okić-Đorđević
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hristina Obradović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Miletić
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vanja Petrović
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavko Mojsilović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Diana Bugarski
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Novais A, Chatzopoulou E, Chaussain C, Gorin C. The Potential of FGF-2 in Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040932. [PMID: 33920587 PMCID: PMC8073160 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a hard-vascularized tissue, which renews itself continuously to adapt to the mechanical and metabolic demands of the body. The craniofacial area is prone to trauma and pathologies that often result in large bone damage, these leading to both aesthetic and functional complications for patients. The "gold standard" for treating these large defects is autologous bone grafting, which has some drawbacks including the requirement for a second surgical site with quantity of bone limitations, pain and other surgical complications. Indeed, tissue engineering combining a biomaterial with the appropriate cells and molecules of interest would allow a new therapeutic approach to treat large bone defects while avoiding complications associated with a second surgical site. This review first outlines the current knowledge of bone remodeling and the different signaling pathways involved seeking to improve our understanding of the roles of each to be able to stimulate or inhibit them. Secondly, it highlights the interesting characteristics of one growth factor in particular, FGF-2, and its role in bone homeostasis, before then analyzing its potential usefulness in craniofacial bone tissue engineering because of its proliferative, pro-angiogenic and pro-osteogenic effects depending on its spatial-temporal use, dose and mode of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Novais
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Eirini Chatzopoulou
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
- Département de Parodontologie, Université de Paris, UFR Odontologie-Garancière, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Gorin
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +33-(0)1-5807-6724
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16
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Bergamo MT, Vitor LLR, Dionísio TJ, Marques NCT, Oliveira RC, Ambrosio ECP, Sakai VT, Santos CF, Lourenço Neto N, Machado MAAM, Oliveira TM. Could the photobiomodulation therapy induce angiogenic growth factors expression from dental pulp cells? Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1751-1758. [PMID: 33796964 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different photobiomodulation (PBM) radiant exposures on the viability, proliferation, and gene expression of pulp fibroblasts from human primary teeth (HPF) involved in the pulp tissue repair. HPF were irradiated with Laser InGaAlP (Twin Flex Evolution, MMOptics®) at 660-nm wavelength (red); single time, continuous mode, 0.04-cm2 laser tip area, and 0.225-cm laser tip diameter, keeping the distance of 1 mm between the laser beam and the cell culture. The doses used were between 1.2 and 6.2 J/cm2 and were evaluated at the 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after PBM. MTT and crystal violet assays evaluated the cell viability and proliferation. RT-PCR verified VEGF and FGF-2 mRNA expression. A blinded examiner analyzed the data through two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p < 0.05). The groups with higher powers (10 mW, 15 mW, 20 mW, and 25 mW), shortest application periods (10 s), and radiant exposures between 2.5 and 6.2 J/cm2 exhibited statistically higher viability than that of the groups with small power (5 mW), longer application period (50 s), and radiant exposure of 6.2 J/cm2 (p < 0.05). VEGF and FGF-2 mRNA expression were observed at the three evaluated periods (6 h, 12 h, and 24 h) and the highest expression was in the shortest period (p < 0.05). All radiant exposures maintained HPF viable. The period of 6 h after irradiation showed statistically greater gene expression for both growth factors than other periods. VEGF mRNA had no differences among the dosimetries studied. The best radiant exposures for FGF-2 gene expression were 2.5 J/cm2 and 3.7 J/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Tavares Bergamo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biology Science, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Biology Science, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Eloá Cristina Passucci Ambrosio
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Vivien Thiemy Sakai
- Department of Clinics and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130 000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biology Science, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Natalino Lourenço Neto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira Machado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchini Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil.
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17
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Mohammadipour HS, Forouzanfar F, Forouzanfar A. The Role of Type 2 Fibroblast Growth Factor in Periodontal Therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:310-317. [PMID: 33153420 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201105152639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of periodontitis is around 20-50% in the global population. If it is not treated, it can cause tooth loss. Periodontal treatment aims at preserving the patient's teeth from various damages, including infection control and restoring lost periodontal tissue. The periodontium has great biological regenerative potential, and several biomaterials can be used to improve the outcome of periodontal treatment. To achieve the goal of periodontal tissue regeneration, numerous studies have used fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) to stimulate the regeneration of both the soft tissue and bone. FGF2 induced a significant increment in the percentage of bone fill, bone mineral levels of the defect sites, length of the regenerated periodontal ligament, angiogenesis, connective tissue formation on the root surface, formation of dense fibers bound to the alveolar bone and newly synthesized cementum in teeth. This review will open further avenues to better understand the FGF2 therapy for periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Forouzanfar
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Luo L, Zhang Y, Chen H, Hu F, Wang X, Xing Z, Albashari AA, Xiao J, He Y, Ye Q. Effects and mechanisms of basic fibroblast growth factor on the proliferation and regenerative profiles of cryopreserved dental pulp stem cells. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12969. [PMID: 33332682 PMCID: PMC7848956 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various factors could interfere the biological performance of DPSCs during post-thawed process. Yet, little has been known about optimization of the recovery medium for DPSCs. Thus, our study aimed to explore the effects of adding recombinant bFGF on DPSCs after 3-month cryopreservation as well as the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS DPSCs were extracted from impacted third molars and purified by MACS. The properties of CD146+ DPSCs (P3) were identified by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. After cryopreservation for 3 months, recovered DPSCs (P4) were immediately supplied with a series of bFGF and analysed cellular proliferation by CCK-8. Then, the optimal dosage of bFGF was determined to further identify apoptosis and TRPC1 channel through Western blot. The succeeding passage (P5) from bFGF pre-treated DPSCs was cultivated in bFGF-free culture medium, cellular proliferation and stemness were verified, and pluripotency was analysed by neurogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. RESULTS It is found that adding 20 ng/mL bFGF in culture medium could significantly promote the proliferation of freshly thawed DPSCs (P4) through suppressing apoptosis, activating ERK pathway and up-regulating TRPC1. Such proliferative superiority could be inherited to the succeeding passage (P5) from bFGF pre-stimulated DPSCs, meanwhile, stemness and pluripotency have not been compromised. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated a safe and feasible cell culture technique to rapidly amplify post-thawed DPSCs with robust regenerative potency, which brightening the future of stem cells banking and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Luo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo Women and Children Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Fengting Hu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenjie Xing
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Abbass MMS, El-Rashidy AA, Sadek KM, Moshy SE, Radwan IA, Rady D, Dörfer CE, Fawzy El-Sayed KM. Hydrogels and Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration: From the Benchtop to Clinical Translation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2935. [PMID: 33316886 PMCID: PMC7763835 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin-pulp complex is a term which refers to the dental pulp (DP) surrounded by dentin along its peripheries. Dentin and dental pulp are highly specialized tissues, which can be affected by various insults, primarily by dental caries. Regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex is of paramount importance to regain tooth vitality. The regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) is a relatively current approach, which aims to regenerate the dentin-pulp complex through stimulating the differentiation of resident or transplanted stem/progenitor cells. Hydrogel-based scaffolds are a unique category of three dimensional polymeric networks with high water content. They are hydrophilic, biocompatible, with tunable degradation patterns and mechanical properties, in addition to the ability to be loaded with various bioactive molecules. Furthermore, hydrogels have a considerable degree of flexibility and elasticity, mimicking the cell extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly that of the DP. The current review presents how for dentin-pulp complex regeneration, the application of injectable hydrogels combined with stem/progenitor cells could represent a promising approach. According to the source of the polymeric chain forming the hydrogel, they can be classified into natural, synthetic or hybrid hydrogels, combining natural and synthetic ones. Natural polymers are bioactive, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable by naturally occurring enzymes or via hydrolysis. On the other hand, synthetic polymers offer tunable mechanical properties, thermostability and durability as compared to natural hydrogels. Hybrid hydrogels combine the benefits of synthetic and natural polymers. Hydrogels can be biofunctionalized with cell-binding sequences as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), can be used for local delivery of bioactive molecules and cellularized with stem cells for dentin-pulp regeneration. Formulating a hydrogel scaffold material fulfilling the required criteria in regenerative endodontics is still an area of active research, which shows promising potential for replacing conventional endodontic treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M. S. Abbass
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Aiah A. El-Rashidy
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Khadiga M. Sadek
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sara El Moshy
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Israa Ahmed Radwan
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Dina Rady
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Christof E. Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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20
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Zhang H, Wang K, Gao T, Zhang R, Cai Z, Liu J, Ma H, Zhang W. Controlled release of bFGF loaded into electrospun core–shell fibrous membranes for use in guided tissue regeneration. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:035021. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab7979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Chang MC, Chen CY, Chang YC, Zhong BH, Wang YL, Yeung SY, Chang HH, Jeng JH. Effect of bFGF on the growth and matrix turnover of stem cells from human apical papilla: Role of MEK/ERK signaling. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:1666-1672. [PMID: 31932202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) exhibits multiple biological functions in various tissues. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) can be isolated from human apical papilla tissues in developmental teeth of children. The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression of FGF receptors (FGFRs) and the effects of bFGF on SCAP and related MEK/ERK signaling. METHODS SCAP cells were treated under different concentrations of bFGF with or without U0126 (an inhibitor of MEK/ERK). Expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in SCAP was analyzed by RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The expressions of type I collagen, cdc 2, cyclin B1, TIMP-1 and p-ERK proteins were examined by Western blot. RESULTS SCAP cells expressed FGFR1 and FGFR2. Exposure of SCAP to bFGF enhanced cell proliferation, and the expression cyclinB1, cdc 2, and TIMP-1, but not type I collagen. U0126 pretreatment and co-incubation attenuated the bFGF-induced proliferation, cdc2, cyclin B1 and TIMP-1 proteins' expression, but not type I collagen in SCAP. CONCLUSION SCAP cells express FGFRs. bFGF may stimulate proliferation and affect the matrix turnover of SCAP cells, possibly via stimulation of FGFRs and MEK/ERK signaling pathway. These results are useful for clinical therapies for apexogenesis and regeneration of pulpo-dentin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Hao Zhong
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Chang
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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22
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The possible role of basic fibroblast growth factor in dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 109:104574. [PMID: 31585238 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are growth factors that play an important role in tooth development, repair, and regeneration. Of the FGF families, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been the most frequently investigated in dentistry. Numerous studies have reported advantages of bFGF, while others did not find any additional benefit. This review gives a comprehensive summary of the potential role of bFGF in dental pulp wound healing and regeneration in connection with cell proliferation and differentiation, angiogenesis, and neural differentiation from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the possible underlying mechanisms associated with bFGF in promoting dental pulp wound healing are discussed in this review.
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Potential for Drug Repositioning of Midazolam for Dentin Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030670. [PMID: 30720745 PMCID: PMC6387224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning promises the advantages of reducing costs and expediting approval schedules. An induction of the anesthetic and sedative drug; midazolam (MDZ), regulates inhibitory neurotransmitters in the vertebrate nervous system. In this study we show the potential for drug repositioning of MDZ for dentin regeneration. A porcine dental pulp-derived cell line (PPU-7) that we established was cultured in MDZ-only, the combination of MDZ with bone morphogenetic protein 2, and the combination of MDZ with transforming growth factor-beta 1. The differentiation of PPU-7 into odontoblasts was investigated at the cell biological and genetic level. Mineralized nodules formed in PPU-7 were characterized at the protein and crystal engineering levels. The MDZ-only treatment enhanced the alkaline phosphatase activity and mRNA levels of odontoblast differentiation marker genes, and precipitated nodule formation containing a dentin-specific protein (dentin phosphoprotein). The nodules consisted of randomly oriented hydroxyapatite nanorods and nanoparticles. The morphology, orientation, and chemical composition of the hydroxyapatite crystals were similar to those of hydroxyapatite that had transformed from amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles, as well as the hydroxyapatite in human molar dentin. Our investigation showed that a combination of MDZ and PPU-7 cells possesses high potential of drug repositioning for dentin regeneration.
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Morotomi T, Washio A, Kitamura C. Current and future options for dental pulp therapy. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 55:5-11. [PMID: 30733839 PMCID: PMC6354285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp is a connective tissue and has functions that include initiative, formative, protective, nutritive, and reparative activities. However, it has relatively low compliance, because it is enclosed in hard tissue. Its low compliance against damage, such as dental caries, results in the frequent removal of dental pulp during endodontic therapy. Loss of dental pulp frequently leads to fragility of the tooth, and eventually, a deterioration in the patient’s quality of life. With the development of biomaterials such as bioceramics and advances in pulp biology such as the identification of dental pulp stem cells, novel ideas for the preservation of dental pulp, the regenerative therapy of dental pulp, and new biomaterials for direct pulp capping have now been proposed. Therapies for dental pulp are classified into three categories; direct pulp capping, vital pulp amputation, and treatment for non-vital teeth. In this review, we discuss current and future treatment options in these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Morotomi
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Science of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Ayako Washio
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Science of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kitamura
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Science of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
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Giraud T, Jeanneau C, Bergmann M, Laurent P, About I. Tricalcium Silicate Capping Materials Modulate Pulp Healing and Inflammatory Activity In Vitro. J Endod 2018; 44:1686-1691. [PMID: 30217466 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On stimulation by lipoteichoic acid or by a physical injury, fibroblasts have been shown to play a major role in the initiation of the pulp inflammatory reaction and healing through secretion of complement proteins and growth factors. The application of direct pulp-capping materials on these cells may interfere with the inflammatory and the healing processes within the pulp's inextensible environment. This work was designed to study in vitro the effects of silicate-based materials on pulp fibroblast modulation of the initial steps of pulp inflammation and healing. METHODS The effects of Biodentine, TheraCal, and Xeno III eluates were studied on lipoteichoic acid-stimulated and physically injured fibroblasts. Cytokine secretion (interleukin 6, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and transforming growth factor-β1) was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inflammatory THP-1 adhesion to endothelial cells and their migration and activation were studied in vitro. Human pulp fibroblast proliferation was investigated with the MTT test, and their migration to the injury site was studied with the scratch healing assay. RESULTS Interleukin 6 and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion increased with all materials but to a lesser extent with Biodentine. Fibroblast growth factor-2 and transforming growth factor-β1 secretion was significantly higher with Biodentine than with all other materials. THP-1 cell adhesion to endothelial cells and their activation were reduced by Biodentine and TheraCal. However, their migration decreased only with Biodentine. Fibroblast proliferation significantly increased with Biodentine but significantly decreased with Xeno III after day 6. Finally, only Biodentine induced fibroblast migration to the injury site in the scratch assay. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that pulp-capping materials affect the early steps of pulp inflammation and healing. They show that Biodentine had the highest pulp healing and anti-inflammatory potential when compared with the resin-containing materials. This highlights the interest of the material choice for direct pulp-capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Giraud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France; APHM, Hôpital Timone, Service d'Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | | | - Madison Bergmann
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Laurent
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France; APHM, Hôpital Timone, Service d'Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | - Imad About
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France.
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Yamakawa S, Niwa T, Karakida T, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto R, Chiba R, Yamakoshi Y, Hosoya N. Effects of Er:YAG and Diode Laser Irradiation on Dental Pulp Cells and Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082429. [PMID: 30126087 PMCID: PMC6121961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is to preserve the nerve and maintain healthy dental pulp tissue. Laser irradiation (LI) is beneficial for VPT. Understanding how LI affects dental pulp cells and tissues is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of reparative dentin and dentin regeneration. Here, we show how Er:YAG-LI and diode-LI modulated cell proliferation, apoptosis, gene expression, protease activation, and mineralization induction in dental pulp cells and tissues using cell culture, immunohistochemical, genetic, and protein analysis techniques. Both LIs promoted proliferation in porcine dental pulp-derived cell lines (PPU-7), although the cell growth rate between the LIs was different. In addition to proliferation, both LIs also caused apoptosis; however, the apoptotic index for Er:YAG-LI was higher than that for diode-LI. The mRNA level of odontoblastic gene markers-two dentin sialophosphoprotein splicing variants and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)20 were enhanced by diode-LI, whereas MMP2 was increased by Er:YAG-LI. Both LIs enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that they may help induce PPU-7 differentiation into odontoblast-like cells. In terms of mineralization induction, the LIs were not significantly different, although their cell reactivity was likely different. Both LIs activated four MMPs in porcine dental pulp tissues. We helped elucidate how reparative dentin is formed during laser treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjiro Yamakawa
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Niwa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Takeo Karakida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Tsurumi Junior College, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Risako Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Hosoya
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
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Orti V, Collart-Dutilleul PY, Piglionico S, Pall O, Cuisinier F, Panayotov I. Pulp Regeneration Concepts for Nonvital Teeth: From Tissue Engineering to Clinical Approaches. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2018; 24:419-442. [PMID: 29724156 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Following the basis of tissue engineering (Cells-Scaffold-Bioactive molecules), regenerative endodontic has emerged as a new concept of dental treatment. Clinical procedures have been proposed by endodontic practitioners willing to promote regenerative therapy. Preserving pulp vitality was a first approach. Later procedures aimed to regenerate a vascularized pulp in necrotic root canals. However, there is still no protocol allowing an effective regeneration of necrotic pulp tissue either in immature or mature teeth. This review explores in vitro and preclinical concepts developed during the last decade, especially the potential use of stem cells, bioactive molecules, and scaffolds, and makes a comparison with the goals achieved so far in clinical practice. Regeneration of pulp-like tissue has been shown in various experimental conditions. However, the appropriate techniques are currently in a developmental stage. The ideal combination of scaffolds and growth factors to obtain a complete regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex is still unknown. The use of stem cells, especially from pulp origin, sounds promising for pulp regeneration therapy, but it has not been applied so far for clinical endodontics, in case of necrotic teeth. The gap observed between the hope raised from in vitro experiments and the reality of endodontic treatments suggests that clinical success may be achieved without external stem cell application. Therefore, procedures using the concept of cell homing, through evoked bleeding that permit to recreate a living tissue that mimics the original pulp has been proposed. Perspectives for pulp tissue engineering in the near future include a better control of clinical parameters and pragmatic approach of the experimental results (autologous stem cells from cell homing, controlled release of growth factors). In the coming years, this therapeutic strategy will probably become a clinical reality, even for mature necrotic teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Orti
- LBN, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Orsolya Pall
- LBN, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier, France
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Tsikandelova R, Mladenov P, Planchon S, Kalenderova S, Praskova M, Mihaylova Z, Stanimirov P, Mitev V, Renaut J, Ishkitiev N. Proteome response of dental pulp cells to exogenous FGF8. J Proteomics 2018; 183:14-24. [PMID: 29758290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FGF8 specifies early tooth development by directing the migration of the early tooth founder cells to the site of tooth emergence. To date the effect of the FGF8 in adult dental pulp has not been studied. We have assessed the regenerative potential of FGF8 by evaluating changes in the proteome landscape of dental pulp following short- and long-term exposure to recombinant FGF8 protein. In addition, we carried out qRT PCR analysis to determine extracellular/adhesion gene marker expression and assessed cell proliferation and mineralization in response to FGF8 treatment. 2D and mass spectrometry data showed differential expression of proteins implicated in cytoskeleton/ECM remodeling and migration, cell proliferation and odontogenic differentiation as evidenced by the upregulation of gelsolin, moesin, LMNA, WDR1, PLOD2, COPS5 and downregulation of P4HB. qRT PCR showed downregulation of proteins involved in cell-matrix adhesion such as ADAMTS8, LAMB3 and ANOS1 and increased expression of the angiogenesis marker PECAM1. We have observed that, FGF8 treatment was able to boost dental pulp cell proliferation and to enhance dental pulp mineralization. Collectively, our data suggest that, FGF8 treatment could promote endogenous healing of the dental pulp via recruitment of dental pulp progenitors as well as by promoting their angiogenic and odontogenic differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE Dental pulp cells (DP) have been studied extensively for the purposes of mineralized tissue repair, particularly for the reconstruction of hard and soft tissue maxillofacial defects. Canonical FGF signaling has been implicated throughout multiple stages of tooth development by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, survival as well as cellular migration. FGF8 expression is indispensible for normal tooth development and particularly for the migration of early tooth progenitors to the sites of tooth emergence. The present study provides proteome and qRT PCR data with regard to the future application and biological relevance of FGF8 in dental regenerative medicine. AUTHORS WITH ORCID Rozaliya Tsikandelova - 0000-0003-0178-3767 Zornitsa Mihaylova - 0000-0003-1748-4489 Sébastien Planchon - 0000-0002-0455-0574 Nikolay Ishkitiev - 0000-0002-4351-5579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaliya Tsikandelova
- Medical University Sofia, Dept. of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Zdrave Str. Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Petko Mladenov
- Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, Dr. Tsankov Blvd 8, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Kalenderova
- Medical University Sofia, Dept. of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Zdrave Str. Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Praskova
- Medical University Sofia, Dept. of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Zdrave Str. Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Zornitsa Mihaylova
- Medical University Sofia, Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1 G. Sofiyski str. Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Stanimirov
- Medical University Sofia, Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1 G. Sofiyski str. Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Vanyo Mitev
- Medical University Sofia, Dept. of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Zdrave Str. Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nikolay Ishkitiev
- Medical University Sofia, Dept. of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2 Zdrave Str. Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria.
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Zavan B, Ferroni L, Gardin C, Sivolella S, Piattelli A, Mijiritsky E. Release of VEGF from Dental Implant Improves Osteogenetic Process: Preliminary In Vitro Tests. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091052. [PMID: 28885574 PMCID: PMC5615707 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: During osseointegration process, the presence of an inflammatory event could negatively influence the proper osteogenetic ability of the implant surface. In order to reduce this possibility, an implementation of angiogenetic event through the release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) can be a tool as co-factor for osteoblastic differentiation. In this paper, novel dental implant surfaces enriched with VEGF have been tested. Material and methods: The ability of VEGF-enriched titanium implants to improve the osteogenetic properties of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), also in the presence of an inflammatory environment, have been in vitro tested. Molecular biology, morphological analyses, and biochemical tests have been performed in order to confirm biological properties of these surfaces. Results: Our results confirm that the presence of VEGF onto the implant surface is able not only to protect the cells from in vitro aging and from Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) damage, but it also improves their osteogenic and endothelial differentiation, even in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: This study establishes a biologically powerful novel tool that could enhance bone repair in dental implant integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zavan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Sivolella
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Eitan Mijiritsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weitzman Street, 64239 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Paduano F, Marrelli M, Alom N, Amer M, White LJ, Shakesheff KM, Tatullo M. Decellularized bone extracellular matrix and human dental pulp stem cells as a construct for bone regeneration. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:730-748. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1301770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noura Alom
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mahetab Amer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa J. White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Marco Tatullo
- Tecnologica Research Institute, Biomedical Section, Crotone, Italy
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Yukita A, Hara M, Hosoya A, Nakamura H. Relationship between localization of proteoglycans and induction of neurotrophic factors in mouse dental pulp. J Oral Biosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yu HC, Huang FM, Lee SS, Yu CC, Chang YC. Effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 on cell proliferation of cementoblasts. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:463-467. [PMID: 30895013 PMCID: PMC6395243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 is known as a signaling molecule that induces tissue regeneration. Little is known about the effect of FGF-2 on cementoblasts for periodontal and periapical regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of FGF-2 on murine immortalized cementoblast cell line (OCCM.30). Materials and methods Cell growth and proliferation was judged by using alamar blue reduction assay. Flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate Stro-1 positive cells expression with or without FGF-2. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of phosphorylated serine–threonine kinase Akt (p-Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (p-ERK) in cementoblasts. Results FGF-2 was found to increase cell growth in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The concentration of 10 ng/mL FGF-2 enhanced cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In addition, 10 ng/mL FGF-2 significantly increased the number of Stro-1 positive cells in the first 24 hours (P < 0.05). Moreover, 10 ng/mL FGF-2 was found to upregulate p-Akt and p-ERK in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusion Taken together, FGF-2 could increase cementoblast growth, proliferation, and Stro-1 positive cells. These enhancements are associated with the upregulation of p-Akt and p-ERK expression. The application of FGF-2 may provide benefit for periodontal and periapical regeneration during the early phase of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chieh Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Mei Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chieruzzi M, Pagano S, Moretti S, Pinna R, Milia E, Torre L, Eramo S. Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering In Dentistry. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6070134. [PMID: 28335262 PMCID: PMC5224610 DOI: 10.3390/nano6070134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tissue engineering (TE) of dental oral tissue is facing significant changes in clinical treatments in dentistry. TE is based on a stem cell, signaling molecule, and scaffold triad that must be known and calibrated with attention to specific sectors in dentistry. This review article shows a summary of micro- and nanomorphological characteristics of dental tissues, of stem cells available in the oral region, of signaling molecules usable in TE, and of scaffolds available to guide partial or total reconstruction of hard, soft, periodontal, and bone tissues. Some scaffoldless techniques used in TE are also presented. Then actual and future roles of nanotechnologies about TE in dentistry are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Chieruzzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering-UdR INSTM-University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima, 4-05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Stefano Pagano
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences-University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Perugia Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Science-University of Sassari viale San Pietro 43/C -07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Egle Milia
- Department of Biomedical Science-University of Sassari viale San Pietro 43/C -07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Luigi Torre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering-UdR INSTM-University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima, 4-05100 Terni, Italy.
| | - Stefano Eramo
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences-University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156 Perugia, Italy.
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Kawashima N, Okiji T. Odontoblasts: Specialized hard-tissue-forming cells in the dentin-pulp complex. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:144-53. [PMID: 27131345 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts are specialized cells that produce dentin and exhibit unique morphological characteristics; i.e., they extend cytoplasmic processes into dentinal tubules. While osteoblasts, which are typical hard-tissue-forming cells, are generated from mesenchymal stem cells during normal and pathological bone metabolism, the induction of odontoblasts only occurs once during tooth development, and odontoblasts survive throughout the lives of healthy teeth. During the differentiation of odontoblasts, signaling molecules from the inner enamel epithelium are considered necessary for the differentiation of odontoblast precursors, i.e., peripheral dental papilla cells. If odontoblasts are destroyed by severe external stimuli, such as deep caries, the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells into odontoblast-like cells is induced. Various bioactive molecules, such as non-collagenous proteins, might be involved in this process, although the precise mechanisms responsible for odontoblast differentiation have not been fully elucidated. Recently, our knowledge about the other functional activities of odontoblasts (apart from dentin formation) has increased. For example, it has been suggested that odontoblasts might act as nociceptive receptors, and surveillance cells that detect the invasion of exogenous pathogens. The regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex has recently gained much attention as a promising future treatment modality that could increase the longevity of pulpless teeth. Finally, congenital dentin anomalies, which are concerned with the disturbance of odontoblast functions, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Current Advance and Future Prospects of Tissue Engineering Approach to Dentin/Pulp Regenerative Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9204574. [PMID: 27069484 PMCID: PMC4812497 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9204574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in biomaterial science and tissue engineering technology have greatly spurred the development of regenerative endodontics. This has led to a paradigm shift in endodontic treatment from simply filling the root canal systems with biologically inert materials to restoring the infected dental pulp with functional replacement tissues. Currently, cell transplantation has gained increasing attention as a scientifically valid method for dentin-pulp complex regeneration. This multidisciplinary approach which involves the interplay of three key elements of tissue engineering—stem cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules—has produced an impressive number of favorable outcomes in preclinical animal studies. Nevertheless, many practical hurdles need to be overcome prior to its application in clinical settings. Apart from the potential health risks of immunological rejection and pathogenic transmission, the lack of a well-established banking system for the isolation and storage of dental-derived stem cells is the most pressing issue that awaits resolution and the properties of supportive scaffold materials vary across different studies and remain inconsistent. This review critically examines the classic triad of tissue engineering utilized in current regenerative endodontics and summarizes the possible techniques developed for dentin/pulp regeneration.
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Wang JJ, Liu YL, Sun YC, Ge W, Wang YY, Dyce PW, Hou R, Shen W. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Stimulates the Proliferation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137712. [PMID: 26375397 PMCID: PMC4574107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely known that the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is one of the most endangered species in the world. An optimized platform for maintaining the proliferation of giant panda mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is very necessary for current giant panda protection strategies. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a member of the FGF family, is widely considered as a growth factor and differentiation inducer within the stem cell research field. However, the role of bFGF on promoting the proliferation of MSCs derived from giant panda bone marrow (BM) has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of bFGF on the proliferation of BM-MSCs derived from giant panda. MSCs were cultured for cell proliferation analysis at 24, 48 and 72 hrs following the addition of bFGF. With increasing concentrations of bFGF, cell numbers gradually increased. This was further demonstrated by performing 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay, 5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrdU) labeling and cell cycle testing. Furthermore, the percentage of MSCs that were OCT4 positive increased slightly following treatment with 5 ng/ml bFGF. Moreover, we demonstrated that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway may play an important role in the proliferation of panda MSCs stimulated by bFGF. In conclusion, this study suggests that giant panda BM-MSCs have a high proliferative capacity with the addition of 5 ng/ml bFGF in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Yu-Liang Liu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Yuan-Chao Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Yong-Yong Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, United States of America
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610081, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
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Lee TH, Kim WT, Ryu CJ, Jang YJ. Optimization of treatment with recombinant FGF-2 for proliferation and differentiation of human dental stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and osteoblasts. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:298-305. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2) is widely used to modulate the proliferation and differentiation of certain cell types. An expression and purification system for recombinant human FGF-2 in Escherichia coli was established for the purpose of securing a continuous supply of this protein. The purified recombinant FGF-2 significantly increased the population of human embryonic stem cells. The optimal concentrations of FGF-2 for cell proliferative induction in various adult stem cells including human dental pulp stem cells, full term human periodontal ligament stem cells, human gingival fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and osteogenic oseosarcoma were established in a dose-dependent manner. When cells were treated with recombinant FGF-2 for 6 days before osteogenic induction, the mRNA expression of the bone markers was upregulated in cells originated from human dental pulp tissue, indicating that pretreatment with FGF-2 during culture increase stem cell/progenitor population and osteogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 29 Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Won-Tae Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Chun Jeih Ryu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 29 Anseo-Dong, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
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Sagomonyants K, Mina M. Stage-specific effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 on the differentiation of dental pulp cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 199:311-28. [PMID: 25823776 DOI: 10.1159/000371343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentinogenesis is a complex and multistep process, which is regulated by various growth factors, including members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. Both positive and negative effects of FGFs on dentinogenesis have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms of these conflicting results are still unclear. To gain a better insight into the role of FGF2 in dentinogenesis, we used dental pulp cells from various transgenic mice, in which fluorescent protein expression identifies cells at different stages of odontoblast differentiation. Our results showed that the continuous exposure of pulp cells to FGF2 inhibited mineralization and revealed both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of FGF2 on the expression of markers of dentinogenesis and various transgenes. During the proliferation phase of in vitro growth, FGF2 increased the expression of markers of dentinogenesis and the percentages of dentin matrix protein 1/green fluorescent protein (DMP1-GFP)-positive functional odontoblasts and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)-Cerulean-positive odontoblasts. Additional exposure to FGF2 during the differentiation/mineralization phase of in vitro growth decreased the extent of mineralization and the expression of markers of dentinogenesis and of the DMP1-GFP and DSPP-Cerulean transgenes. Recovery experiments showed that the inhibitory effects of FGF2 on dentinogenesis were related to the blocking of the differentiation of cells into mature odontoblasts. These observations together showed the stage-specific effects of FGF2 on dentinogenesis by dental pulp cells, and they provide critical information for the development of improved treatments for vital pulp therapy and dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sagomonyants
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn., USA
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Yang JW, Zhang YF, Sun ZY, Song GT, Chen Z. Dental pulp tissue engineering with bFGF-incorporated silk fibroin scaffolds. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:221-9. [PMID: 25791684 DOI: 10.1177/0885328215577296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The clinical translation of regenerative endodontics demands further development of suitable scaffolds. Here, we assessed the possibility of using silk fibroin scaffold for pulp regeneration with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in ectopic root canal transplantation model. Porous silk fibroin scaffolds were fabricated using freeze-drying technique (with or without bFGF incorporation), and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. DPSCs were isolated, characterized, seeded onto scaffolds, and inserted into the tooth root fragments. Cell viability and morphology were tested in the 3D model in vitro using CCK8 assay and SEM. Furthermore, the ectopic transplantation model was used to verify the generation of pulp-like tissue in DPSCs seeded silk fibroin scaffold with bFGF, as examined by histological analysis. DPSCs seeded in silk fibroin scaffold survived, exhibited cytoplasmic elongation in scaffolds at least 4 weeks in culture. bFGF promoted DPSCs viability in tooth fragments/scaffolds (TSS) between 7 and 28 days. Pulp-like tissue was generated in the bFGF-incorporated TSS with DPSCs. Histologically, the generated tissue was shown to be with well vascularity, have new matrix deposition and dentin-like tissue formation, and consist of both the transplanted and host-derived cells. Collectively, these data support the use of bFGF-incorporated silk fibroin scaffold as a highly promising scaffold candidate for future treatment concepts in regenerative endodontics to save teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhe-Yi Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Guang-Tai Song
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Daud S, Nambiar P, Hossain MZ, Rahman MRA, Bakri MM. Changes in cell density and morphology of selected cells of the ageing human dental pulp. Gerodontology 2014; 33:315-21. [PMID: 25266855 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the changes in cell density and morphology of selected cells of the ageing human dental pulp. BACKGROUND Changes in cell density and morphology of dental pulp cells over time may affect their capability to respond to tooth injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred thirty-one extracted teeth were obtained from individuals between the ages of 6 and 80 years. The apical 1/3 of the root region was removed from all teeth prior to routine processing for producing histological slides. The histology slides were used to study the changes in cell density and morphology of selected pulp cells; odontoblasts, subodontoblasts and fibroblasts in the crown and root regions of the dental pulp. Student's t-test and one-way anova were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS In all age groups, the cell density for all types of cells was found to be higher in the crown than in the root (p < 0.05). In general, the pulp cell density was found to decrease with age in both the crown and root regions. However, it was noted that the reduction of coronal odontoblasts occurred later in life (40-49 years) when compared to that of subodontoblasts or fibroblasts (30-39 years). CONCLUSIONS The density of the coronal pulp cells reduces and these cells undergo morphological changes with ageing of individuals and this may affect the pulp's ability to resist tooth injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulinda Daud
- Dental Faculty, Segi University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Prabhakaran Nambiar
- Department of Diagnostic Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mas Rizal Ab Rahman
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marina M Bakri
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Qian J, Jiayuan W, Wenkai J, Peina W, Ansheng Z, Shukai S, Shafei Z, Jun L, Longxing N. Basic fibroblastic growth factor affects the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in a treatment-dependent manner. Int Endod J 2014; 48:690-700. [PMID: 25112839 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine how basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF) affected the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. METHODOLOGY Basic fibroblastic growth factor stimulation of DPSCs was divided into a pre-treatment period and an osteogenic differentiation period. Alizarin red quantification experiments and alkaline phosphatase activity quantification assay were performed to examine the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs after different bFGF stimulation. Quantification reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the osteogenic gene expression of DPSCs after different bFGF stimulation. In addition, DPSCs that received the 1 and 2 weeks bFGF pre-treatments as in the in vitro experiments were mineralized for 1 week and seeded into hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) pills and subcutaneously transplanted into naked mice for 2 or 3 months. The transplants were removed, sliced and stained using Modified Ponceau Trichrome Stain to observe the formation of mineralized tissue. RESULTS Basic fibroblastic growth factor stimulation in the osteogenic differentiation period decreased the in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs. One week pre-treatment with bFGF increased the in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs, whereas 2 weeks pre-treatment with bFGF decreased the in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs. The pre-treatment period was vital for the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in vitro. The in vivo results were similar to the in vitro results. CONCLUSIONS Basic fibroblastic growth factor affected the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in a treatment-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - W Jiayuan
- Hospital of Stomatology, The Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - J Wenkai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - W Peina
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Ansheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - S Shukai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Shafei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Jun
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N Longxing
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Nath SG, Raveendran R. An insight into the possibilities of fibroblast growth factor in periodontal regeneration. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014; 18:289-92. [PMID: 25024539 PMCID: PMC4095618 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.134560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is caused by bacterial biofilms and is modulated by a variety of risk factors. The periodontal ligament comprises heterogeneous cell populations which are lost in the disease process. A variety of regenerative therapies, such as bone grafts, guided tissue regeneration treatment, application of enamel matrix derivative, have been introduced, with some success in periodontal tissue regeneration. Topical application of recombinant cytokines is now one of the most effective methods to stimulate stem cells. Researchers are now exploring the potential applications and uses of fibroblast growth factor in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjith Raveendran
- Department of Orthodontics, Kerala State Co-operative Hospital Complex, Academy of Medical Sciences, Pariyaram Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India
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Yamada S, Tauchi T, Awata T, Maeda K, Kajikawa T, Yanagita M, Murakami S. Characterization of a novel periodontal ligament-specific periostin isoform. J Dent Res 2014; 93:891-7. [PMID: 25012810 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514543015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin is a mesenchymal cell marker predominantly expressed in collagen-rich fibrous connective tissues, including heart valves, tendons, perichondrium, periosteum, and periodontal ligament (PDL). Knockdown of periostin expression in mice results in early-onset periodontitis and failure of cardiac healing after acute myocardial infarction, suggesting that periostin is essential for connective tissue homeostasis and regeneration. However, its role(s) in periodontal tissues has not yet been fully defined. In this study, we describe a novel human isoform of periostin (PDL-POSTN). Isoform-specific analysis by reverse-transcription polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that PDL-POSTN was predominantly expressed in the PDL, with much lower expression in other tissues and organs. A PDL cell line transfected with PDL-POSTN showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and calcified nodule formation, compared with cells transfected with the full-length periostin isoform. A neutralizing antibody against integrin-αv inhibited both ALPase activity and calcified nodule formation in cells transfected with PDL-POSTN. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PDL-POSTN bound to integrin αvβ3 more strongly than the common isoform of periostin, resulting in strong activation of the integrin αvβ3-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway. These results suggest that PDL-POSTN positively regulates cytodifferentiation and mineralization in PDL cells through integrin αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Tauchi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Awata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Maeda
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kajikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Althumairy RI, Teixeira FB, Diogenes A. Effect of Dentin Conditioning with Intracanal Medicaments on Survival of Stem Cells of Apical Papilla. J Endod 2014; 40:521-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Takeuchi N, Hayashi Y, Murakami M, Alvarez FJ, Horibe H, Iohara K, Nakata K, Nakamura H, Nakashima M. Similar in vitro effects and pulp regeneration in ectopic tooth transplantation by basic fibroblast growth factor and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Oral Dis 2014; 21:113-22. [PMID: 24495211 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to have combinatorial trophic effects with dental pulp stem cells for pulp regeneration. The aim of this investigation is to examine the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in vitro and in vivo compared with those of G-CSF and to assess the potential utility of bFGF as an alternative to G-CSF for pulp regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five different types of cells were examined in the in vitro effects of bFGF on cell migration, proliferation, anti-apoptosis, neurite outgrowth, angiogenesis, and odontogenesis compared with those of G-CSF. The in vivo regenerative potential of pulp tissue including vasculogenesis and odontoblastic differentiation was also compared using an ectopic tooth transplantation model. RESULTS Basic fibroblast growth factor was similar to G-CSF in high migration, proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects and angiogenic and neurite outgrowth stimulatory activities in vitro. There was no significant difference between bFGF and G-CSF in the regenerative potential in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The potential utility of bFGF for pulp regeneration is demonstrated as a homing/migration factor similar to the influence of G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takeuchi
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Obu, Japan; Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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Yamamoto M, Kawashima N, Takashino N, Koizumi Y, Takimoto K, Suzuki N, Saito M, Suda H. Three-dimensional spheroid culture promotes odonto/osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp cells. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:310-7. [PMID: 24581854 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture is a method for creating 3D aggregations of cells and their extracellular matrix without a scaffold mimicking the actual tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3D spheroid culture on the phenotype of immortalized mouse dental papilla cells (MDPs) that have the ability to differentiate into odontoblasts. METHODS We cultured MDPs for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days in 96-well low-attachment culture plates for 3D spheroid culture or flat-bottomed plates for two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3, respectively. Hypoxia was measured by the hypoxia probe LOX-1. Odonto/osteoblastic differentiation marker gene expression was evaluated by quantitative PCR. We also determined mineralized nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and dentine matrix protein-1 (DMP1) expression. Vinculin and integrin signalling-related proteins were detected immunohistochemically. RESULTS Odonto/osteoblastic marker gene expression and mineralized nodule formation were significantly up-regulated in 3D spheroid-cultured MDPs compared with those in 2D monolayer-cultured MDPs (p<0.05). Histologically, 3D spheroid colonies consisted of two compartments: a cell-dense peripheral zone and cell-sparse core zone. Proliferating cells with high ALP activity and DMP1 expression were found mainly in the peripheral zone that also showed strong expression of vinculin and integrin signalling-related proteins. In contrast, apoptotic and hypoxic cells were detected in the core zone. CONCLUSION 3D spheroid culture promotes odonto/osteoblastic differentiation of MDPs, which may be mediated by integrin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioko Yamamoto
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Nami Takashino
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yu Koizumi
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Koyo Takimoto
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideaki Suda
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Conditioned medium from periapical follicle cells induces the odontogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla in vitro. J Endod 2013; 39:1015-22. [PMID: 23880269 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the biological effects of conditioned medium (CM) from periapical follicle cells (PAFCs) of root-developing tooth on the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) in vitro. METHODS Human SCAP and PAFCs were isolated and expanded. CM from PAFCs was prepared with the primary cells. Cell cycle analysis, methyl-thiazol-diphenyltetrazolium assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization behavior, and gene expression of odontoblast phenotype SCAP cultured with or without CM from PAFCs were evaluated. RESULTS In the CM-treated group, the cell growth, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization of SCAP were up-regulated. The expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin mRNA progressively increased in SCAP treated with CM from PAFCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CM from PAFCs is able to provide a favorable odontogenic microenvironment to induce differentiation of SCAP along the odontoblast lineage.
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Kim JC, Park JC, Kim SH, Im GI, Kim BS, Lee JB, Choi EY, Song JS, Cho KS, Kim CS. Treatment of FGF-2 on stem cells from inflamed dental pulp tissue from human deciduous teeth. Oral Dis 2013; 20:191-204. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JC Kim
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - J-C Park
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - S-H Kim
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - G-I Im
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Ilsan Hospital; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - B-S Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Bio-MAX Institute; Institute of Chemical Processes; Engineering Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - J-B Lee
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - E-Y Choi
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - J-S Song
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Oral Science Research Center; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - K-S Cho
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - C-S Kim
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
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50
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Characterisation of dental pulp stem cells: A new horizon for tissue regeneration? Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1439-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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