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Khumalo GP, Nguyen T, Van Wyk BE, Feng Y, Cock IE. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines by selected southern African medicinal plants in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117268. [PMID: 37797874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bark is frequently used in southern African traditional medicine to treat inflammation, yet it remains to be rigorously examined for its immunological and anti-inflammatory activity. AIM OF THE STUDY Barks obtained from ten important and popular southern Africa plants were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties against the secretion of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as well as chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2) in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts were determined using cytokine multiplex-bead assays in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and unstimulated RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS Overall, the ethanol extracts were more potent cytokine inhibitors compared to the aqueous extracts. The LPS-stimulated cells treated with the ethanol extracts of Erythrina lysistemon Hutch., Pterocelastrus rostratus Walp. Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex Krauss and Warburgia salutaris (G. Bertol.) Chiov., demonstrated significant (p < 0.005) inhibition up to 85% of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion compared to the LPS control. Additionally, P. rostratus and S. cordatum aqueous bark extracts substantially decreased the secretion of all the tested cytokines and chemokines. Chemical investigation of the S. cordatum extract resulted in the identification of four ellagic acid derivatives: ellagic acid 4-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (1), ellagic acid 4-O-α-4″-acetylrhamnopyranoside (2), 3-O-methylellagic acid 4'-O-α-3″-O-acetylrhamnopyranoside (3) and 3-O-methylellagic acid 4'-O-α-4″-O-acetylrhamnopyranoside (4), along with mixtures of ellagic acid 4-O-α-2″-acetylrhamnopyranoside (5), ellagic acid 4-O-α-3″-acetylrhamnopyranoside (6) and ellagic acid (7). Their structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and comparison with data from literature. CONCLUSION The cytokine inhibition properties of most of the medicinal plants screened herein are reported for the first time. Our results provide insights into the mechanism of action by which the selected southern African medicinal plants regulate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugulethu P Khumalo
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Ben-Erik Van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Ian E Cock
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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Gribner C, Barbosa V, Monteiro LM, Swiech JND, Raman V, Manfron J, Miguel OG, Montrucchio DP, de Fátima Gaspari Dias J. Microscopic investigations of Ocotea paranaensis-A Brazilian endemic and endangered species. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3316-3324. [PMID: 35751588 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the morpho-anatomies of the leaves and stems of Ocotea paranaensis Brotto, Baitello, Cervi & Santos (Lauraceae) using light and scanning electron microscopy. The main anatomical features characterizing the species are the presence of simple non-glandular trichomes in the leaves and stems, large secretory cells in the leaves, flat-convex petioles with two small lateral ribs, brachysclereids in the stem cortex and pith, and the presence of starch grains and various types of calcium oxalate crystals in the pith. Histochemical tests indicated the presence of lignin in stone cells, fibers, and xylem. Lipophilic contents were found in the secretory cells. Phenolic compounds were detected in the epidermis, hypodermis, phloem, and xylem. The present study's findings can contribute to the taxonomy and authentication of O. paranaensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gribner
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luciane Mendes Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | - Vijayasankar Raman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jane Manfron
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Obdulio Gomes Miguel
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Deise Prehs Montrucchio
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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Spínola V, Castilho PC. Assessing the In Vitro Inhibitory Effects on Key Enzymes Linked to Type-2 Diabetes and Obesity and Protein Glycation by Phenolic Compounds of Lauraceae Plant Species Endemic to the Laurisilva Forest. Molecules 2021; 26:2023. [PMID: 33916292 PMCID: PMC8037948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanolic leaf extracts of four Lauraceae species endemic to Laurisilva forest (Apollonias barbujana, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens and Persea indica) were investigated for the first time for their potential to inhibit key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, aldose reductase) and obesity (pancreatic lipase), and protein glycation. Lauraceae extracts revealed significant inhibitory activities in all assays, altough with different ability between species. In general, P. indica showed the most promissing results. In the protein glycation assay, all analysed extracts displayed a stronger effect than a reference compound: aminoguanidine (AMG). The in vitro anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anti-glycation activities of analysed extracts showed correlation with their flavonols and flavan-3-ols (in particular, proanthocyanins) contents. These Lauraceae species have the capacity to assist in adjuvant therapy of type-2 diabetes and associated complications, through modulation of the activity of key metabolic enzymes and prevention of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula C. Castilho
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;
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Laurel Wilt: Current and Potential Impacts and Possibilities for Prevention and Management. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, outbreaks of nonnative invasive insects and pathogens have caused significant levels of tree mortality and disturbance in various forest ecosystems throughout the United States. Laurel wilt, caused by the pathogen Raffaelea lauricola (T.C. Harr., Fraedrich and Aghayeva) and the primary vector, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff), is a nonnative pest-disease complex first reported in the southeastern United States in 2002. Since then, it has spread across eleven southeastern states to date, killing hundreds of millions of trees in the plant family Lauraceae. Here, we examine the impacts of laurel wilt on selected vulnerable Lauraceae in the United States and discuss management methods for limiting geographic expansion and reducing impact. Although about 13 species belonging to the Lauraceae are indigenous to the United States, the highly susceptible members of the family to laurel wilt are the large tree species including redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees), with a significant economic impact on the commercial production of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), an important species native to Central America grown in the United States. Preventing new introductions and mitigating the impact of previously introduced nonnative species are critically important to decelerate losses of forest habitat, genetic diversity, and overall ecosystem value.
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Gribner C, Rech KS, Moura PF, Ruscheweyh Rigoni AA, Gatto LJ, Veiga A, Kerber VA, Miguel MD, Miguel OG, Dias JDFG. Characterization and identification of chemical constituents of Ocotea paranaensis Brotto, Baitello, Cervi, & E.P. Santos and their biological properties. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:2379-2385. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1826476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gribner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Katlin Suellen Rech
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Larissa Junqueira Gatto
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Andressa Veiga
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vitor Alberto Kerber
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marilis Dallarmi Miguel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Obdulio Gomes Miguel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Mbaoji FN, Onwuka AM, Onu S, Peter IE, Nweze JA, Okonta LE. Evaluation of Methanol-Dichloromethane Extract of Stemonocoleus micranthus Harms (Fabaceae) Stem Bark for Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:1738163. [PMID: 32454848 PMCID: PMC7229546 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1738163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stem bark decoction of Stemonocoleus micranthus Harms (Fabaceae) is most widely used traditionally as a remedy for various diseases such as malaria and boil. In this study, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the methanol-dichloromethane extract (MDE) from the stem bark of the plant in rodents were evaluated. METHODS The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rat, and xylene-induced ear oedema in mice were used to study the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol-dichloromethane extract of Stemonocoleus micranthus (MDESm) (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). The effects of MDESm (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression, neutrophil adhesion, carbon clearance, and haematological and biochemical parameters were carried out to study its immunomodulatory activity in mice. RESULT MDESm (100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited carrageenan-induced oedema by 57.1% at 5th h posttreatment compared with control. At 100 mg/kg, p.o., MDESm significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cotton pellet-induced granuloma by 39.28% and nonsignificantly reduced xylene-induced ear oedema by 34.1%. Treatment with MDESm (100 and 400 mg/kg) nonsignificantly abolished the neutropenia caused by cyclophosphamide with a percentage neutrophil reduction of 0 and -14.86%, respectively, while MDESm (200 mg/kg) and levamisole (50 mg/kg) had a nonsignificant reduction in neutrophil count (10.16 and 31.40%), respectively, all compared to the distilled water-treated group with a neutrophil count of -9.82%. MDESm at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg increased phagocytic index by 0.0447 ± 0.00762 and 0.0466 ± 0.00703, respectively, although not significantly when compared to the control group with a value of 0.0226 ± 0.02117. There was a decrease in WBC and lymphocyte counts in MDESm- (200 mg/kg) treated group, suggesting immunosuppressive potential at this dose. MDESm caused a dose-dependent decrease in ALT and core liver enzymes, suggesting a hepatoprotective effect. The acute toxicity test revealed that MDESm is safe in mice with an oral lethal dose (LD50) of >5 g/kg. CONCLUSION The methanol-dichloromethane extract of Stemonocoleus micranthus Harms possesses mild anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities which may be more pronounced upon fractionation and purification. Therefore, more investigations are needed to explore these activities further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nwakaego Mbaoji
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Akachukwu Marytheresa Onwuka
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Onu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Emmanuel Peter
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Justus Amuche Nweze
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Lilian Eleje Okonta
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
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Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Antioxidant Activity of Ocotea minarum (Nees & Mart.) Mez. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5736919. [PMID: 31182994 PMCID: PMC6512025 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5736919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocotea minarum is a native plant from Brazil, popularly known as “canelinha” or “canela vassoura.” The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the extracts of the bark and the leaves of O. minarum and to evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tanins, were quantified with the reagents Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, and vanillin. The chemical profile was performed by HPLC-DAD. The minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated by the microdilution in a broth method. The antioxidant activity was measured by the capture of free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). In addition, protection against oxidative hemolysis and generation of malondialdehyde were evaluated in human erythrocytes. The composition of the extracts included the caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid, besides the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin. The EEL showed bacteriostatic action of 1000 μg/mL for all evaluated Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis, and the EHEB had a moderate antifungal action against Candida krusei and Cryptococcus gattii (250 μg/mL). IC50 values of 8.19 (EEL) and 4.51 μg/mL (EEB) in the assay with DPPH and 6.25 (EEL) and 2.87 μg/mL (EEB) in the assay with ABTS were obtained. Up to the 3rd hour of oxidative hemolysis testing induced by AAPH, the EEB and EEL had a protective action, reducing the malondialdehyde. In conclusion, the data indicate that the O. minarum extracts can be evaluated as bioactive supplies for the development of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress and microbial infections.
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