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Tu B, Zhu Z, Lu P, Fang R, Peng C, Tong J, Ning R. Proteomic and lipidomic landscape of the infrapatellar fat pad and its clinical significance in knee osteoarthritis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159513. [PMID: 38788831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disease that can be exacerbated by lipid metabolism disorders. The intra-articular fat pad (IFP) has emerged as an active participant in the pathological changes of knee OA (KOA). However, the proteomic and lipidomic differences between IFP tissues from KOA and control individuals remain unclear. Samples of IFP were collected from individuals with and without OA (n = 6, n = 6). Subsequently, these samples underwent liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomic and lipidomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and lipid metabolites (DELMs). The DEPs were further subjected to enrichment analysis, and hub DEPs were identified using multiple algorithms. Additionally, an OA diagnostic model was constructed based on the identified hub DEPs or DELMs. Furthermore, CIBERSORT was utilized to investigate the correlation between hub protein expression and immune-related modules in IFP of OA. Our results revealed the presence of 315 DEPs and eight DELMs in IFP of OA patients compared to the control group. Enrichment analysis of DEPs highlighted potential alterations in pathways related to coagulation, complement, fatty acid metabolism, and adipogenesis. The diagnostic model incorporating four hub DEPs (AUC = 0.861) or eight DELMs (AUC = 0.917) exhibited excellent clinical validity for diagnosing OA. Furthermore, the hub DEPs were found to be associated with immune dysfunction in IFP of OA. This study presents a distinct proteomic and lipidomic landscape of IFP between individuals with OA and those without. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular changes associated with potential mechanisms underlying OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhi Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Peizhi Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China; Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City 233000, China
| | - Run Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China
| | - Rende Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), 390 Huaihe Road, Hefei 230061, Anhui, China; Department of Orthopedics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City 233000, China.
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Arjun A, Chellamuthu G, Jeyaraman N, Jeyaraman M, Khanna M. Metabolomics in Osteoarthritis Knee: A Systematic Review of Literature. Indian J Orthop 2024; 58:813-828. [PMID: 38948380 PMCID: PMC11208384 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-024-01169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disorder of the synovial joints and is usually an age-related disease that occurs due to continuous wear and tear of the cartilage in the joints. Presently, there is no proven medical management to halt the progression of the disease in the early stages. The purpose of our systematic review is to analyze the possible metabolites and metabolic pathways that are specifically involved in OA pathogenesis and early treatment of the disease. Materials and Methods The articles were collected from PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus databases. "Knee", "Osteoarthritis", "Proteomics", "Lipidomics", "Metabolomics", "Metabolic Methods", and metabolic* were employed for finding the articles. Only original articles with human or animal OA models with healthy controls were included. Results From the initial screening, a total of 458 articles were identified from the 5 research databases. From these, 297 articles were selected in the end for screening, of which 53 papers were selected for full-text screening. Finally, 50 articles were taken for the review based on body fluid: 6 urine studies, 15 plasma studies, 16 synovial fluid studies, 11 serum studies, 4 joint tissue studies, and 1 fecal study. Many metabolites were found to be elevated in OA. Some of these metabolites can be used to stage the OA Three pathways that were found to be commonly involved are the TCA cycle, the glycolytic pathway, and the lipid metabolism. Conclusion All these studies showed a vast array of metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with OA. Metabolites like lysophospholipids, phospholipids, arginine, BCCA, and histidine were identified as potential biomarkers of OA but a definite association was not identified, Three pathways (glycolytic pathway, TCA cycle, and lipid metabolic pathways) have been found as highly significant in OA pathogenesis. These metabolic pathways could provide novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and progression of the disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-024-01169-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Arjun
- Department of Orthopaedics, KIMS Health Hospital, Kollam, Kerala India
- Dr RML National Law University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Girinivasan Chellamuthu
- Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077 India
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077 India
| | - Manish Khanna
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dr KNS Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
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Ye T, Wang C, Yan J, Qin Z, Qin W, Ma Y, Wan Q, Lu W, Zhang M, Tay FR, Jiao K, Niu L. Lysosomal destabilization: A missing link between pathological calcification and osteoarthritis. Bioact Mater 2024; 34:37-50. [PMID: 38173842 PMCID: PMC10761323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcification of cartilage by hydroxyapatite is a hallmark of osteoarthritis and its deposition strongly correlates with the severity of osteoarthritis. However, no effective strategies are available to date on the prevention of hydroxyapatite deposition within the osteoarthritic cartilage and its role in the pathogenesis of this degenerative condition is still controversial. Therefore, the present work aims at uncovering the pathogenic mechanism of intra-cartilaginous hydroxyapatite in osteoarthritis and developing feasible strategies to counter its detrimental effects. With the use of in vitro and in vivo models of osteoarthritis, hydroxyapatite crystallites deposited in the cartilage are found to be phagocytized by resident chondrocytes and processed by the lysosomes of those cells. This results in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsin B (CTSB) into the cytosol. The cytosolic CTSB, in turn, activates NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes and subsequently instigates chondrocyte pyroptosis. Inhibition of LMP and CTSB in vivo are effective in managing the progression of osteoarthritis. The present work provides a conceptual therapeutic solution for the prevention of osteoarthritis via alleviation of lysosomal destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Jianfei Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Tangdu Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Zixuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Wenpin Qin
- Department of Stomatology, Tangdu Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Qianqian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Weicheng Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Tangdu Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Stomatology, Tangdu Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
| | - Lina Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China
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Wu S, Guo W, Chen L, Lin X, Tang M, Lin C, Guo H, Zhang T, Gao Y. Downregulation of Gadd45β alleviates osteoarthritis by repressing lipopolysaccharide-induced fibroblast-like synoviocyte inflammation, proliferation and migration. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111202. [PMID: 37988908 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gadd45β have a regulatory role in cellular inflammation, proliferation and migration. However, the role of Gadd45β in synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA) remains to be explored. This study aimed to ascertain whether Gadd45β is involved in OA synovial inflammation. METHODS The rat model was induced by sodium iodoacetate and the cellular model was constructed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). siRNA was applied to interfere with the expression of intracellular Gadd45β. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were used to detect the expression of Gadd45β mRNA and protein. The inflammation, proliferation, and migration of OA-FLSs were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell scratch assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay, etc. The effect of downregulation of Gadd45β on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was investigated. RESULTS Expression of Gadd45β in OA rat synovial tissues and OA-FLSs was increased, and LPS treatment promoted cell proliferation and enhanced cell migration. Gadd45β interference inhibited the inflammation, proliferation and migration of cells induced by LPS. LPS promoted P65 expression in the nucleus and activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas si-Gadd45β reversed this situation. CONCLUSIONS si-Gadd45β inhibited the inflammatory response, proliferation and migration of FLSs, and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which could delay the progression of OA. Hence, it may become a potential therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Wu
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Chen
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China; Department of Pathology, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China
| | - Minjie Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- The School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Hanzhi Guo
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Tianwen Zhang
- Fujian Fishery Resources Monitoring Center, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Yao Gao
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Technology for Precision Medicine (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian, China.
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Hu K, Shu Y, Feng Z, Zou M, Luo J, Wei Z, Peng J, Hao L. Role of lipid metabolism gene KLF4 in osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2024; 43:453-464. [PMID: 37608136 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease of joints, which can appear in almost any joint of the body. Therefore, the widespread occurrence of this disease has a huge impact on the lives of patients around the world. As an important part of metabolism, lipid metabolism is closely related to the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. METHOD We screened UGCG and KLF4 based on weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and SVM-REF analysis. The data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and single-cell data verified the expression of these two genes. We analyzed KLF4-related genes and established a diagnosis model of OA related to lipid metabolism through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis. RT-PCR was used to verify the expression of KLF4 in osteoarthritis. RESULTS Ten important lipid metabolism related genes (LMRGs) in OA were obtained. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that they are involve in the formation of immune microenvironment in osteoarthritis. CIBERSORT analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the immune microenvironment between osteoarthritis patients and normal controls. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of KLF4 in OA samples was lower than that in normal samples. The diagnostic model can be used to diagnose OA patients well. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we demonstrated the potential relationship between the abnormal lipid metabolism and the pathological process of OA. Finally, we identified KLF4 as our significant LMRG and constructed a KLF4-related scoring model to accurately diagnose OA. In conclusion, therapy strategies targeting on regulating lipid metabolism may become a key factor in treating OA. Key Points (a) We identified the significant LMRG KLF4 and constructed a novel KLF4-related scoring model for the accuracy diagnosis of OA. (b) The potential relationship between lipid metabolism and the immune microenvironment in OA was demonstrated in our research. (c) The relationship of lipid metabolism and OA has been further improved in our research and provided novel insight for the diagnosis and therapy for OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibo Hu
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yuan Shu
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zuxi Feng
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mi Zou
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jiazhe Luo
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ziyue Wei
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Hao
- Departments of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Xue Y, Zhou L, Wang J. Classification of distinct osteoarthritis subtypes with different knee joint tissues by gene expression profiles. Bone Joint Res 2023; 12:702-711. [PMID: 38035595 PMCID: PMC10689063 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1212.bjr-2023-0021.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Knee osteoarthritis (OA) involves a variety of tissues in the joint. Gene expression profiles in different tissues are of great importance in order to understand OA. Methods First, we obtained gene expression profiles of cartilage, synovium, subchondral bone, and meniscus from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Several datasets were standardized by merging and removing batch effects. Then, we used unsupervised clustering to divide OA into three subtypes. The gene ontology and pathway enrichment of three subtypes were analyzed. CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells in different subtypes. Finally, OA-related genes were obtained from the Molecular Signatures Database for validation, and diagnostic markers were screened according to clinical characteristics. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the effectiveness of markers. Results C1 subtype is mainly concentrated in the development of skeletal muscle organs, C2 lies in metabolic process and immune response, and C3 in pyroptosis and cell death process. Therefore, we divided OA into three subtypes: bone remodelling subtype (C1), immune metabolism subtype (C2), and cartilage degradation subtype (C3). The number of macrophage M0 and activated mast cells of C2 subtype was significantly higher than those of the other two subtypes. COL2A1 has significant differences in different subtypes. The expression of COL2A1 is related to age, and trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2 is related to the sex of OA patients. Conclusion This study linked different tissues with gene expression profiles, revealing different molecular subtypes of patients with knee OA. The relationship between clinical characteristics and OA-related genes was also studied, which provides a new concept for the diagnosis and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic, Lianshui County People’s Hospital, Huai‘an, China
| | - Jiaqian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liao Z, Han X, Wang Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Zhang L, Jiang M, Liu M. Differential Metabolites in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:4191. [PMID: 37836475 PMCID: PMC10574084 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Many studies have attempted to utilize metabolomic approaches to explore potential biomarkers for the early detection of osteoarthritis (OA), but consistent and high-level evidence is still lacking. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of differential small molecule metabolites between OA patients and healthy individuals to screen promising candidates from a large number of samples with the aim of informing future prospective studies. (2) Methods: We searched the EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Wan Fang Data, VIP Date, and CNKI up to 11 August 2022, and selected relevant records based on inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. We performed qualitative synthesis by counting the frequencies of changing directions and conducted meta-analyses using the random effects model and the fixed-effects model to calculate the mean difference and 95% confidence interval. (3) Results: A total of 3798 records were identified and 13 studies with 495 participants were included. In the 13 studies, 132 kinds of small molecule differential metabolites were extracted, 58 increased, 57 decreased and 17 had direction conflicts. Among them, 37 metabolites appeared more than twice. The results of meta-analyses among four studies showed that three metabolites increased, and eight metabolites decreased compared to healthy controls (HC). (4) Conclusions: The main differential metabolites between OA and healthy subjects were amino acids (AAs) and their derivatives, including tryptophan, lysine, leucine, proline, phenylalanine, glutamine, dimethylglycine, citrulline, asparagine, acetylcarnitine and creatinine (muscle metabolic products), which could be potential biomarkers for predicting OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Liao
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xu Han
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Yuhe Wang
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jingru Shi
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yuanyue Zhang
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- National Data Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Miao Jiang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Meijie Liu
- Medical Experimental Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Z.L.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (H.Z.)
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Chen GY, Liu XY, Yan XE, Yu X, Liu Y, Luo J, Tao QW. Total Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae Treat Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Arachidonic Acid Metabolites Through AMPK/NFκB Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4123-4140. [PMID: 37750171 PMCID: PMC10518150 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s418345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous clinical studies have found that total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae (TFRD) have a good therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis (OA), but its therapeutic mechanism needs further research. Methods OA rat model was established by Hulth method and was intervened by TFRD. Pathological assessments were conducted to assess the protective effect of TFRD on cartilage. Serum metabolomics and network pharmacology were detected to predict the mechanism of TFRD treating OA. In further experiments, molecular biology experiment was carried out to confirm the predicted mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Results TFRD can effectively reduce chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degeneration in OA model rats. Serum metabolomics revealed that the intervention effect may be closely related to arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. Network pharmacologic prediction showed that COX-2 was the key target of TFRD in treating OA, and its mechanism might be related with NFκB, apoptosis, AMPK and arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. In vivo experiments indicated that TFRD can inhibit the abnormal expression of COX-2 mRNA in OA model rats. In the in vitro studies, the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein increased, AMPK phosphorylation was inhibited, and NFκB signaling pathway was activated in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes, and these changes can be reversed by TFRD. After the activation of AMPK signaling pathway or the block-down of NFκB signaling pathway, the effect of TFRD on COX-2 mRNA expression was significantly weakened. Conclusion TFRD can inhibit COX-2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolites, and its mechanism is closely related to AMPK/NFκB pathway, which may be a key mechanism in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yao Chen
- Department of TCM Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Er Yan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - XinBo Yu
- Department of TCM Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Humanities School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of TCM Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wen Tao
- Department of TCM Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Cao X, Wu S, Wang X, Huang J, Zhang W, Liang C. Receptor tyrosine kinase C-kit promotes a destructive phenotype of FLS in osteoarthritis via intracellular EMT signaling. Mol Med 2023; 29:38. [PMID: 36959556 PMCID: PMC10037859 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation, mainly derived from fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), plays a central role in the pathomechanism of osteoarthritis (OA). Recently, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling was found to be activated in OA-derived FLSs with a pro-inflammatory phenotype. However, the role of EMT signaling in regulating FLS function and OA-related inflammation remains unknown. METHODS The synovium of OA patients were evaluated for EMT and inflammation markers. The FLSs with activated EMT signaling were co-cultured with chondrocytes (chond). Gene expression of OA synovial samples were analyzed. The role of receptor tyrosine kinase C-kit was investigated in OA-FLSs and an OA rat model. The downstream pathways driven by C-kit were explored in OA-FLSs. RESULTS EMT marker N-cadherin (N-CDH) was upregulated in 40.0% of the OA samples. These N-CDH+ OA samples showed higher expression of pro-inflammatory factors. In co-culture, FLSs derived from N-CDH+ OA samples induced a typical degenerative phenotype of chonds and stimulated their production of matrix degrading enzymes. C-kit was significantly upregulated and spatially co-localized with N-CDH in N-CDH+ OA samples. In OA-FLSs, C-kit activated intracellular EMT signaling and induced destructive features of OA-FLSs. In OA rat model, C-kit largely promoted synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction, whereas knocking-down C-kit significantly restored the health of OA joints. Using GSK3β S9A mutant, we demonstrated that C-kit drives EMT signaling in OA-FLS by promoting phosphorylation of GSK3β and nuclear retention of the EMT transcription factor Snail. CONCLUSION C-kit drives EMT signaling in OA-FLSs and promotes a destructive FLS phenotype, leading to synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China.
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10
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van Gemert Y, Blom AB, Di Ceglie I, Walgreen B, Helsen M, Sloetjes A, Vogl T, Roth J, Kruisbergen NNL, Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PLEM, van den Bosch MHJ. Intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment reduces synovial inflammation during early collagenase-induced osteoarthritis, but not pathology at end-stage disease in female dyslipidemic E3L.CETP mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023:S1063-4584(23)00703-3. [PMID: 36898656 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.01.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and osteoarthritis (OA) development has become increasingly recognized. In this context, the exact role of cholesterol and cholesterol-lowering therapies in OA development has remained elusive. Recently, we did not observe beneficial effects of intensive cholesterol-lowering treatments on spontaneous OA development in E3L.CETP mice. We postulated that in the presence of local inflammation caused by a joint lesion, cholesterol-lowering therapies may ameliorate OA pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female ApoE3∗Leiden.CETP mice were fed a cholesterol-supplemented Western type diet. After 3 weeks, half of the mice received intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment consisting of atorvastatin and the anti-PCSK9 antibody alirocumab. Three weeks after the start of the treatment, OA was induced via intra-articular injections of collagenase. Serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were monitored throughout the study. Knee joints were analyzed for synovial inflammation, cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone sclerosis and ectopic bone formation using histology. Inflammatory cytokines were determined in serum and synovial washouts. RESULTS Cholesterol-lowering treatment strongly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Mice receiving cholesterol-lowering treatment showed a significant reduction in synovial inflammation (P = 0.008, WTD: 95% CI: 1.4- 2.3; WTD + AA: 95% CI: 0.8- 1.5) and synovial lining thickness (WTD: 95% CI: 3.0-4.6, WTD + AA: 95% CI: 2.1-3.2) during early-stage collagenase-induced OA. Serum levels of S100A8/A9, MCP-1 and KC were significantly reduced after cholesterol-lowering treatment (P = 0.0005, 95% CI: -46.0 to -12.0; P = 2.8 × 10-10, 95% CI: -398.3 to -152.1; P = 2.1 × 10-9, -66.8 to -30.4, respectively). However, this reduction did not reduce OA pathology, determined by ectopic bone formation, subchondral bone sclerosis and cartilage damage at end-stage disease. CONCLUSION This study shows that intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment reduces joint inflammation after induction of collagenase-induced OA, but this did not reduce end stage pathology in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y van Gemert
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I Di Ceglie
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - B Walgreen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Helsen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Sloetjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - N N L Kruisbergen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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11
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Li J, Zhang H, Han Y, Hu Y, Geng Z, Su J. Targeted and responsive biomaterials in osteoarthritis. Theranostics 2023; 13:931-954. [PMID: 36793867 PMCID: PMC9925319 DOI: 10.7150/thno.78639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and chronic inflammation, involving multiple cellular dysfunctions and tissue lesions. The non-vascular environment and dense cartilage matrix in the joints tend to block drug penetration, resulting in low drug bioavailability. There is a desire to develop safer and more effective OA therapies to meet the challenges of an aging world population in the future. Biomaterials have achieved satisfactory results in improving drug targeting, prolonging the duration of action, and achieving precision therapy. This article reviews the current basic understanding of the pathological mechanisms and clinical treatment dilemmas of OA, summarizes and discusses the advances for different kinds of targeted and responsive biomaterials in OA, seeking to provide new perspectives for the treatment of OA. Subsequently, limitations and challenges in clinical translation and biosafety are analyzed to guide the development of future therapeutic strategies for OA. As the need for precision medicine rises over time, emerging multifunctional biomaterials based on tissue targeting and controlled release will become an irreplaceable part of OA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yafei Han
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhen Geng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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12
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Liang C, Wu S, Xia G, Huang J, Wen Z, Zhang W, Cao X. Engineered M2a macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054938. [PMID: 36582221 PMCID: PMC9792488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage is a central regulator of innate immunity. Its M2 subsets, such as interstitial synovial macrophages, have been found to play critical roles in suppressing chronic inflammation and maintaining homeostasis within the joint. These macrophages have great potential as a disease-modifying cell therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). However, this has not yet been studied. Methods Macrophages were isolated from the bone marrow of rats. We constructed a stable macrophage that "locked" in anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative M2a polarity (L-M2a) by simultaneously knocking out tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and overexpressing IL-4 using Cas9-ribonuclear proteins (Cas9-RNP) and electroporation. In vitro, these L-M2a macrophages were treated with OA synovial fluid or co-cultured with OA chondrocytes or fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). In vivo, L-M2a macrophages were injected intra-articularly to evaluate their homing and engrafting abilities and therapeutic effects on OA progression using a rat model. Results L-M2a macrophages displayed a typical anti-inflammatory phenotype similar to that of M2 macrophages in vitro. In OA microenvironment, L-M2a macrophages maintained a stable anti-inflammatory phenotype, whereas unmodified M2 macrophages lost their phenotype and switched to M1 polarity. L-M2a macrophages demonstrated a potent anti-inflammatory effect in crosstalk with OA-FLSs and an anti-degenerative effect in crosstalk with senescent OA chondrocytes. In vivo, compared with M2 macrophages and exosomes, L-M2a macrophages exhibited significantly superior therapeutic effects in OA by successfully resolving inflammation, restoring tissue homeostasis, and promoting cartilage regeneration. Conclusion The engineered L-M2a macrophages maintained a superior anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative capacity in the inflammatory OA microenvironment and represents an ideal new strategy for the disease-modifying therapy of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zi Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Xu Cao,
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13
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Tan C, Li L, Han J, Xu K, Liu X. A new strategy for osteoarthritis therapy: Inhibition of glycolysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1057229. [PMID: 36438808 PMCID: PMC9685317 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1057229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease of the joints. It is primarily caused by age, obesity, mechanical damage, genetics, and other factors, leading to cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral sclerosis with osteophyte formation. Many recent studies have reported that glycolysis disorders are related lead to OA. There is a close relationship between glycolysis and OA. Because of their hypoxic environment, chondrocytes are highly dependent on glycolysis, their primary energy source for chondrocytes. Glycolysis plays a vital role in OA development. In this paper, we comprehensively summarized the abnormal expression of related glycolytic enzymes in OA, including Hexokinase 2 (HK2), Pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2), Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2, 6-Bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and discussed the potential application of glycolysis in treating OA. Finally, the natural products that can regulate the glycolytic pathway were summarized. Targeting glucose transporters and rate-limiting enzymes to glycolysis may play an essential role in treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kang Xu
- *Correspondence: Kang Xu, ; Xianqiong Liu,
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14
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Yamazaki A, Tomo Y, Eto H, Tanegashima K, Edamura K. A pilot study of microRNA assessment as a means to identify novel biomarkers of spontaneous osteoarthritis in dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18152. [PMID: 36307470 PMCID: PMC9616959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of intercellular signaling and are promising biomarkers in osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, comprehensive analysis was performed to identify miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous OA in dogs. Dogs diagnosed with OA based on radiography and arthroscopy of the stifle joint were included in the OA group. Dogs without any evidence of orthopedic disease were included in the unaffected group. To investigate miRNA expression levels, RNA sequencing analysis (RNA-seq) was performed in synovial tissue (OA group: n = 3, Unaffected group: n = 3) and RT-qPCR was performed in synovial tissue, synovial fluid and serum (OA group: n = 17, Unaffected group: n = 6), and compared between the two groups. The RNA-seq results showed that 57 miRNAs were significantly upregulated and 42 were significantly downregulated in the OA group. Specifically, miR-542 and miR-543 expression levels in the synovial tissue, synovial fluid, and serum were consistently higher in the OA group than in the unaffected group, suggesting that these miRNAs may be used as biomarkers for detecting canine OA. This is the first report to comprehensively analyze the expression patterns of miRNAs in the synovial tissue of dogs with spontaneous OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamazaki
- grid.260969.20000 0001 2149 8846Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yuma Tomo
- grid.260969.20000 0001 2149 8846Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hinano Eto
- grid.260969.20000 0001 2149 8846Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Koji Tanegashima
- grid.260969.20000 0001 2149 8846Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kazuya Edamura
- grid.260969.20000 0001 2149 8846Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Japan
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