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Román-Calderón JP, Krikorian A, Ruiz E, Romero AM, Lemos M. Compassion and Self-Compassion: Counterfactors of Burnout in Medical Students and Physicians. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1032-1049. [PMID: 36219581 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between self-compassion, compassion for others and Burnout in medical students and physicians. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. Medicine students and general physicians from two Colombian cities participated (n = 359). The Compassion Scales and the Maslach Inventory were administered. An Exploratory Structural Equation approach was used for validating new measures and testing for relationships between latent variables. RESULTS Most participants were students (85.9%), mean age was 22 years (SD = 7), 55.2% were female, 62,6% dedicated more than 48 weekly hours to study or practice, while physicians had worked a mean of 10.34 years (SD = 8.67). Self-compassion and Compassion for others action subscales were validated, but engagement subscales of were not. Participant´s compassion actions for others and self-compassion actions are negatively related to depersonalization and emotional exhaustion, respectively. Additionally, compassion dimensions were positively associated with professional accomplishment. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that compassion and self-compassion actions inversely relate to different components of Burnout and could constitute protective factors against the stress of healthcare. Compassion and self-compassion training programs for medical students and physicians might be an alternative to avoid Burnout, diminishing physicians' depersonalization and emotional exhaustion while enhancing their professional accomplishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Krikorian
- Pain and Palliative Care Group, School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Erika Ruiz
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Montería, Colombia
| | - Ana M Romero
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Montería, Colombia
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Lains I, Johnson TJ, Johnson MW. Compassionomics: The Science and Practice of Caring. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 259:15-24. [PMID: 37923101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the scientific evidence that compassion can measurably improve patient outcomes, health care quality and safety, and the well-being of health care providers, and to consider specific strategies for cultivating compassion and better communicating it to patients. DESIGN Perspective. METHODS We selectively reviewed the literature on compassion in health care, including obstacles to its expression and the demonstrated effects of provider compassion on patient outcomes, health care quality and cost, and provider well-being. We also review evidence regarding the trainability of compassion, discuss proven methods for cultivating individual compassion, and recommend strategies for incorporating it into routine medical practice. RESULTS Compassion is the emotional response to another's pain or suffering, accompanied by a desire to alleviate it. Review of the literature shows that compassionate health care measurably improves physical and psychological patient outcomes, increases patient adherence, improves health care quality and safety, increases financial margins, and prevents physician burnout. Psychophysiological research shows that empathy and compassion can be actively cultivated through intentional practice. Validated models of compassion-based interactions can facilitate the consistent expression of compassion in daily medical practice. CONCLUSIONS Given its many proven benefits to patients, health care organizations, and providers, compassion should be cultivated by health care providers and systems and considered an essential component of optimal medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lains
- From the Massachusetts Eye and Ear (I.L.), Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taylor J Johnson
- University of Utah School of Medicine (T.J.J.), Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark W Johnson
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center (M.W.J.), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Pavlova A, Paine SJ, Cavadino A, O'Callaghan A, Consedine NS. Do I care for you more when you really need help? An experimental test of the effect of clinical urgency on compassion in health care. Br J Health Psychol 2024; 29:59-79. [PMID: 37648902 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To experimentally investigate whether more urgent patient presentations elicit greater compassion from health care professionals than less urgent, facilitating future research and thinking to address systemic barriers to compassion in health care. DESIGN This is a pre-registered online study with an experimental, within-subjects repeated-measure study design. Two clinical vignettes that systematically varied the urgency of patient presentation were utilized. Both vignettes depicted a patient with difficult behaviours typically associated with lower compassion. METHODS Health care professionals (doctors, nurses and allied health practitioners) recruited from all 20 District Health Boards across Aotearoa/New Zealand completed two vignettes in a counterbalanced order. Paired-sample t-tests were used to test the effect of the presentation urgency on indices of compassion. RESULTS A total of 939 participants completed the vignettes (20% doctors, 47%, nurses and 33% allied health professionals). As expected, participants reported greater care and motivation to help the more urgent patient. However, the more urgent patient was also perceived as less difficult, and exploratory analyses showed that perceived patient difficulty was associated with lower caring and motivation to help, particularly in the less urgent patient. CONCLUSIONS This is the first work to experimentally test the relationship between the urgency of patient presentation and compassion in health care. Although the association between urgency and difficulty is complex, our findings are consonant with evolutionary views in which urgent distress elicits greater compassion. A system-wide orientation towards efficiency and urgency may exacerbate this 'bias' which must be addressed to ensure more equitable compassion in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Pavlova
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Te Whatu Ora Counties Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Jane Paine
- Te Kupenga Hauora Maori, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne O'Callaghan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Renz M, Gloggner C, Bueche D, Renz U. Compassionate Presence in Seriously Ill Cancer Patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2024:10499091241226629. [PMID: 38243633 DOI: 10.1177/10499091241226629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Compassion is a relational response to patients' suffering. Palliative care focuses not only on skills but also on compassion. Nevertheless, incorporated patient perspectives are largely missing from existing research. Aim: Our mixed-method exploratory study in a major Swiss cancer center sought to better understand compassionate presence, its benefits and challenges for patients and providers (ie, close relatives, close friends, and professionals-all referred to here as providers). It also investigated providers' motivation. Method: Twelve multidisciplinary, specially trained professionals interviewed 50 patients who had received compassionate presence. All patients had advanced cancer with risk of death. Providers were also interviewed. Data on the positive and burdensome effects of compassionate presence on patients and providers were gathered using a specific protocol. This also served to record patients' characteristics and providers' motivations to give compassion and whether providers felt sustained (eg, by nature). Results: The study suggests a high impact of compassionate presence with benefits on patients (50/50) and on providers (49/50). Enhanced connectedness was evident not only in the patient-provider relationship (38/50) but also, for instance, in an increased ability to love (8/50) or in an intensified solidarity (29/50). A considerable number of patients and providers experienced mental-spiritual change but also burdensome effects (eg, ambivalences). Providers showed a range of motivations. Conclusion: Compassion is not only necessary in existential crises and near death, but also happens and takes considerable effects precisely in such situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renz
- Psychooncology, Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - C Gloggner
- Psychooncology, Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - D Bueche
- Kliniken Valens, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - U Renz
- Department of Philosophy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Pilkey J. Palliative care, COVID-19, and the suffering quotient. Palliat Support Care 2024:1-4. [PMID: 38178277 DOI: 10.1017/s147895152300192x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic presented many challenges for patients with palliative care needs and their care providers. During the early days of the pandemic, visitors were restricted on our palliative care units. These restrictions separated patients from their families and caregivers and led to considerable suffering for patients, families, and health-care providers. Using clinical vignettes that illustrate the suffering caused by visiting restrictions during the pandemic, the introduction of a new concept to help predict when health-care providers might be moved to advocate for their patients is introduced. METHODS We report 3 cases of patients admitted to a palliative care unit during the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss the visiting restrictions placed on their families. In reviewing the cases, we coined a new concept, the "Suffering Quotient" (SQ), to help understand why clinical staff might be motivated to advocate for an exemption to the visiting restrictions in one situation and not another. RESULTS This paper uses 3 cases to illustrate a new concept that we have coined the Suffering Quotient. The Suffering Quotient (SQ) = Perceived Individual (or small group) Suffering/Perceived Population Suffering. This paper also explores factors that influence perceived individual suffering (the numerator) and perceived population suffering (the denominator) from the perspective of the health-care provider. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS The SQ provides a means of weighing perceived patient and family suffering against perceived contextual population suffering. It reflects the threshold beyond which health-care providers, or other outside observers, are moved to advocate for the patient and ultimately how far they might be prepared to go. The SQ offers a potential means of predicting observer responses when they are exposed to multiple suffering scenarios, such as those that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pilkey
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Family Medicine, Section of Palliative Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Palliative Care Program, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Martin JT, Anderson JR, Chapman KR, Kayani N, Drost J, Spitznagel MB. Predicting Caregiver Communications in a Geriatric Clinic. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024; 37:39-48. [PMID: 37539781 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231195223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the use of a machine learning model to determine benefit of medical record variables in predicting geriatric clinic communication requirements. Patient behavioral symptoms and global cognition, medical information, and caregiver intake assessments were extracted from 557 patient records. Two independent raters reviewed the subsequent 12 months for documented (1) incoming caregiver contacts, (2) outgoing clinic contacts, and (3) clinic communications. Random forest models' average explained variance in training sets for incoming, outgoing, and clinic communications were 7.42%, 3.65%, and 6.23%, respectively. Permutation importances revealed the strongest predictors across outcomes were patient neuropsychiatric symptoms, global cognition, and body mass, caregiver burden, and age (caregiver and patient). Average explained variance in out-of-sample test sets for incoming, outgoing, clinic communications were 6.17%, 2.78%, and 4.28%, respectively. Findings suggest patient neuropsychiatric symptoms, caregiver burden, caregiver and patient age, patient body mass index, and global cognition may be useful predictors of communication requirements for patient care in a geriatric clinic. Future studies should consider additional caregiver variables, such as personality characteristics, and explore modifiable factors longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, OH, USA
| | - Jason R Anderson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly R Chapman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, RI, USA
| | - Natalie Kayani
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Drost
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA
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Jiang H, Wang W, Mei Y, Zhao Z, Lin B, Zhang Z. A scoping review of the self-reported compassion measurement tools. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2323. [PMID: 37996796 PMCID: PMC10668436 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compassion is closely linked to psychological well-being, and several assessment tools have been developed and studied to assess the level of compassion in different populations and for more precise measurement. There is currently a scarcity of comprehensive knowledge about compassion-related assessment tools, and our research provides an overview of these tools. AIMS To identify scales used to measure compassion from different flows, and to assess their measurement properties and quality. METHODS Focusing on compassion assessment tools, the authors conducted a thorough search of 10 Chinese and English databases from their establishment until August 14, 2022. Data extracted included the author, year, country, objectives, target population, as well as the primary evaluation content. Using the COSMIN checklist, the methodological quality and measurement properties of the included studies were appraised. This scoping review was registered with the Open Science Framework and followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. RESULTS There were 15,965 papers searched, and 36 compassion-related measurement tools were identified in this study. None of the 36 studies provided possessed all nine psychometric properties, as outlined by the COSMIN criteria. On the basis of a systematic evaluation of quality, measurement qualities were ranked. The results for internal consistency and content validity were relatively favorable, whereas the results for structural validity were variable and the results for the remaining attributes were either uncertain or negative. A Venn diagram was used to illustrate the overlapping groups of compassion measurement tools based on the three-way flow of compassion. An overview of the reference instrument and theoretical basis for the included studies was provided, and half of them did not contain any theoretical or scale-based evidence. CONCLUSION In this study, 36 compassion-related measuring instruments were identified, and the methodological quality and measurement properties of the included studies were acceptable. The included measurements were consistent with flows of compassion. A further focus of further research should be on developing theories in the compassion domain and developing instruments for measuring compassion that are multidimensional, multi-populations, and culturally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Jiang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
- Nursing Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, China
| | - Wenna Wang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Yongxia Mei
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Zhixin Zhao
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Beilei Lin
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
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Wang CXY, Pavlova A, Boggiss AL, O'Callaghan A, Consedine NS. Predictors of Medical Students' Compassion and Related Constructs: A Systematic Review. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2023; 35:502-513. [PMID: 35930256 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2022.2103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Compassion, and related constructs such as empathy, are core values in healthcare, with known benefits for both patients and staff. Yet research on the factors that affect compassion and compassion-related constructs remains scattered. This review systematizes and synthesizes studies investigating the predictors of compassion and related constructs among medical students, allowing for a better understanding of the factors that both positively and negatively contribute to the development of compassionate future physicians. Approach: A systematic review of 12 databases for studies from database inception up until April 2020 was conducted. Non-peer-reviewed literature and studies in which >50% of the sample were non-medical students were excluded. Intervention studies were also out of the scope of this review. We assessed risk of bias and confidence in the findings using standardized tools. Data were categorized within the Transactional Model of Physician Compassion, a framework in which compassion is influenced by personal (student), environmental, patient/family, and clinical factors. Findings: Of 14,060 retrieved articles, 222 studies were included. Of these, 95% studied student factors, but only 25% studied environmental, 9% studied patient, and 6% studied clinical factors. Predictors of greater compassion included maturity; work and life experiences; personality traits of openness to experience and agreeableness; skills such as perspective taking, reflection, and mindfulness; and positive role modeling. Conversely, negative attitudes/emotions, burnout, stress, detachment, operating in cultures prioritizing knowledge and efficiency over humanistic care, negative role models, time constraints, and heavy workloads predicted lower compassion. Patient-related factors included "difficult" and "noncompliant" patients or those perceived as responsible for their illness. Overall, 60% of studies had a serious risk of bias, particularly confounding and participant selection biases. Insights: Medical student compassion is predicted by a wide range of factors relating to the student, their training environment, their patients, and the clinical situation. However, existing research has largely focused on student factors (e.g., sociodemographic and dispositional traits), many of which are not amenable to intervention. Skills such as perspective taking, reflection, and mindfulness are associated with higher compassion and may present opportunities for intervention. There is also strong evidence that environmental factors shape students' compassion. Researchers and educators should continue to explore the impact of patient and clinical factors on students' compassion. Studies remain at high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair X Y Wang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alina Pavlova
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna L Boggiss
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne O'Callaghan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yu H, Chen J, Dardaine B, Yang F. Moral barrier to compassion: How perceived badness of sufferers dampens observers' compassionate responses. Cognition 2023; 237:105476. [PMID: 37150155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Compassion has been theorized as a desirable prosocial emotion due to its potential to transcend arbitrary boundaries (e.g., race, physical distance) and motivate us to alleviate the suffering of all human beings. Our paper nevertheless examines a potential moral barrier to compassion--whether and how moral evaluations of the suffering and the sufferer hinder our compassion and prosocial motivation. In four pre-registered studies (total N = 421, within-participant design), we demonstrated that adult U.S. participants withheld their compassion and willingness to help when they perceived moral badness of the sufferer, even when the perceived moral badness did not directly cause the suffering. The effects were found in terms of diverse types of moral judgments, including the sufferers' immoral intention (e.g., harming another; Study 1), bad moral character (e.g., being a dishonest person; Study 2), and even mere associations with groups perceived as deserving of suffering based on moral status (Studies 3-4). Deservedness judgment--how much the sufferer was viewed as deserving the suffering--mediated the effect between moral judgment and compassionate responses. Importantly, participants judged withholding compassion based on moral deservedness as what should be done and what morally good people would do, suggesting that people hold a normative view of the tendency that might make it difficult to overcome. Our findings thus reveal moral judgment as a barrier that prevents us from alleviating the suffering of all human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yu
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bernadette Dardaine
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Pavlova A, Paine SJ, Sinclair S, O'Callaghan A, Consedine NS. Working in value-discrepant environments inhibits clinicians' ability to provide compassion and reduces well-being: A cross-sectional study. J Intern Med 2023; 293:704-723. [PMID: 36843313 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of compassion in healthcare leads to better patient and clinician outcomes. However, compassion in healthcare is increasingly lacking, and the rates of professional burnout are high. Most research to date has focused on individual-level predictors of compassion and burnout. Little is known regarding how organizational factors might impact clinicians' ability to express compassion and well-being. The main study objective was to describe the association between personal and organizational value discrepancies and compassion ability, burnout, job satisfaction, absenteeism and consideration of early retirement among healthcare professionals. METHODS More than 1000 practising healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses and allied health professionals) were recruited in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The study was conducted via an online cross-sectional survey and was preregistered on AsPredicted (75407). The main outcome measures were compassionate ability and competence, burnout, job satisfaction and measures of absenteeism and consideration of early retirement. RESULTS Perceived discrepancies between personal and organizational values predicted lower compassion ability (B = -0.006, 95% CI [-0.01, -0.00], p < 0.001 and f 2 = 0.05) but not competence (p = 0.24), lower job satisfaction (B = -0.20, 95% CI [-0.23, -0.17], p < 0.001 and f 2 = 0.14), higher burnout (B = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.03], p < 0.001 and f 2 = 0.06), absenteeism (B = 0.004, 95% CI [0.00, 0.01], p = 0.01 and f 2 = 0.01) and greater consideration of early retirement (B = 0.02, 95% CI [0.00, 0.03], p = 0.04 and f 2 = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Working in value-discrepant environments predicts a range of poorer outcomes among healthcare professionals, including hindering the ability to be compassionate. Scalable organizational and systems-level interventions that address operational processes and practices that lead to the experience of value discrepancies are recommended to improve clinician performance and well-being outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Pavlova
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Jane Paine
- Te Kupenga Hauora Maori, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shane Sinclair
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Compassion Research Lab, Calgary, Canada.,Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anne O'Callaghan
- Hospital Palliative Care Service, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Chen F, Ge Y, Xu W, Yu J, Zhang Y, Xu X, Zhang S. Changing Kindergarten Teachers' Mindsets Toward Children to Overcome Compassion Fatigue. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:521-533. [PMID: 36855598 PMCID: PMC9968431 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s398622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kindergarten teachers who empathize with toddlers experience a great risk of burnout and emotional disturbance. This is referred to as compassion fatigue, in which teachers' empathy experience is reduced. This study proposed a moderated mediation model to identify the risks of compassion fatigue and its protective factors for developing evidence-based clinical interventions. Methods In this cross-sectional study, self-report measures were administered to 1049 kindergarten teachers to observe their mindsets toward children, motivation for teacher empathy, job stress, social support, and compassion fatigue. The PROCESS macro (SPSS 23.0) was used to assess the moderated mediation model. Results The results demonstrated that motivation for teacher empathy mediated the negative relationship between kindergarten teachers' mindsets toward children and compassion fatigue. Moreover, job stress and social support moderated the relationship between kindergarten teachers' mindsets toward children and motivation for teacher empathy. However, this effect was not observed in the negative relationship between kindergarten teachers' mindsets toward children and compassion fatigue. Conclusion The proposed moderated mediation model was found to be valid. Furthermore, the study findings have practical implications for developing evidence-based interventions for addressing kindergarten teachers' compassion fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Chen
- Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yabo Ge
- Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China,College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junshuai Yu
- Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingjian Xu
- Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiong Zhang
- Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Shuqiong Zhang, Institute of Child Development, Jinhua Polytechnic, 1188 Wuzhou Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321007, People’s Republic of China, Email
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12
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Morrow E, Zidaru T, Ross F, Mason C, Patel KD, Ream M, Stockley R. Artificial intelligence technologies and compassion in healthcare: A systematic scoping review. Front Psychol 2023; 13:971044. [PMID: 36733854 PMCID: PMC9887144 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, together with the availability of big data in society, creates uncertainties about how these developments will affect healthcare systems worldwide. Compassion is essential for high-quality healthcare and research shows how prosocial caring behaviors benefit human health and societies. However, the possible association between AI technologies and compassion is under conceptualized and underexplored. Objectives The aim of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive depth and a balanced perspective of the emerging topic of AI technologies and compassion, to inform future research and practice. The review questions were: How is compassion discussed in relation to AI technologies in healthcare? How are AI technologies being used to enhance compassion in healthcare? What are the gaps in current knowledge and unexplored potential? What are the key areas where AI technologies could support compassion in healthcare? Materials and methods A systematic scoping review following five steps of Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Presentation of the scoping review conforms with PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews). Eligibility criteria were defined according to 3 concept constructs (AI technologies, compassion, healthcare) developed from the literature and informed by medical subject headings (MeSH) and key words for the electronic searches. Sources of evidence were Web of Science and PubMed databases, articles published in English language 2011-2022. Articles were screened by title/abstract using inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data extracted (author, date of publication, type of article, aim/context of healthcare, key relevant findings, country) was charted using data tables. Thematic analysis used an inductive-deductive approach to generate code categories from the review questions and the data. A multidisciplinary team assessed themes for resonance and relevance to research and practice. Results Searches identified 3,124 articles. A total of 197 were included after screening. The number of articles has increased over 10 years (2011, n = 1 to 2021, n = 47 and from Jan-Aug 2022 n = 35 articles). Overarching themes related to the review questions were: (1) Developments and debates (7 themes) Concerns about AI ethics, healthcare jobs, and loss of empathy; Human-centered design of AI technologies for healthcare; Optimistic speculation AI technologies will address care gaps; Interrogation of what it means to be human and to care; Recognition of future potential for patient monitoring, virtual proximity, and access to healthcare; Calls for curricula development and healthcare professional education; Implementation of AI applications to enhance health and wellbeing of the healthcare workforce. (2) How AI technologies enhance compassion (10 themes) Empathetic awareness; Empathetic response and relational behavior; Communication skills; Health coaching; Therapeutic interventions; Moral development learning; Clinical knowledge and clinical assessment; Healthcare quality assessment; Therapeutic bond and therapeutic alliance; Providing health information and advice. (3) Gaps in knowledge (4 themes) Educational effectiveness of AI-assisted learning; Patient diversity and AI technologies; Implementation of AI technologies in education and practice settings; Safety and clinical effectiveness of AI technologies. (4) Key areas for development (3 themes) Enriching education, learning and clinical practice; Extending healing spaces; Enhancing healing relationships. Conclusion There is an association between AI technologies and compassion in healthcare and interest in this association has grown internationally over the last decade. In a range of healthcare contexts, AI technologies are being used to enhance empathetic awareness; empathetic response and relational behavior; communication skills; health coaching; therapeutic interventions; moral development learning; clinical knowledge and clinical assessment; healthcare quality assessment; therapeutic bond and therapeutic alliance; and to provide health information and advice. The findings inform a reconceptualization of compassion as a human-AI system of intelligent caring comprising six elements: (1) Awareness of suffering (e.g., pain, distress, risk, disadvantage); (2) Understanding the suffering (significance, context, rights, responsibilities etc.); (3) Connecting with the suffering (e.g., verbal, physical, signs and symbols); (4) Making a judgment about the suffering (the need to act); (5) Responding with an intention to alleviate the suffering; (6) Attention to the effect and outcomes of the response. These elements can operate at an individual (human or machine) and collective systems level (healthcare organizations or systems) as a cyclical system to alleviate different types of suffering. New and novel approaches to human-AI intelligent caring could enrich education, learning, and clinical practice; extend healing spaces; and enhance healing relationships. Implications In a complex adaptive system such as healthcare, human-AI intelligent caring will need to be implemented, not as an ideology, but through strategic choices, incentives, regulation, professional education, and training, as well as through joined up thinking about human-AI intelligent caring. Research funders can encourage research and development into the topic of AI technologies and compassion as a system of human-AI intelligent caring. Educators, technologists, and health professionals can inform themselves about the system of human-AI intelligent caring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teodor Zidaru
- Department of Anthropology, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Ross
- Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy Mason
- Artificial Intelligence Researcher (Independent), Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Melissa Ream
- Kent Surrey Sussex Academic Health Science Network (AHSN) and the National AHSN Network Artificial Intelligence (AI) Initiative, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rich Stockley
- Head of Research and Engagement, Surrey Heartlands Health and Care Partnership, Surrey, United Kingdom
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13
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Wang CXY, Pavlova A, Fernando AT, Consedine NS. Beyond empathy decline: Do the barriers to compassion change across medical training? ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022; 27:521-536. [PMID: 35389152 PMCID: PMC9117337 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being a mandated, foundational value in healthcare, research on compassion remains limited. Studying the individual, patient, clinical, and contextual factors that interfere with compassion-the "barriers"-may clarify our understanding of the origins of compassion and identify potential targets for improving patient-centred care. Studies of the related construct of empathy have suggested that medical students report declines with increasing clinical experience. In contrast, when comparing physicians with medical students, increased clinical experience predicts lower barriers to compassion. Whether-and how-a similar experience-related decline in the factors that interfere with compassion occurs across medical training remains unknown. AIMS To describe how the barriers to compassion vary across clinical training in medical students. METHOD New Zealand medical students (N = 351) in their clinical years (Years 4-6) completed measures of the Barriers to Physician Compassion (BPCQ) and potential covariates such as demographics, work burden factors, and dispositional factors. The BPCQ indexes the extent to which barriers in four domains (individual, patient, clinical, and contextual) interfere with a physician/student's compassion towards patients. Analyses of variance and regression analyses were used to explore the effect of year level on the four types of barriers. RESULTS Year 4 students reported slightly lower student-related, environmental and patient/family-related (but not clinical) barriers than Year 6 students (effect size: ɷ2 < 0.05); all barriers increased comparably across training. Controlling for relevant confounds, regression analyses confirmed that lower year level predicted lower barriers to compassion. Higher self-compassion, but not gender, predicted lower barriers. CONCLUSIONS In extending studies of empathy decline, this report suggests that students experience higher barriers to compassion as clinical training progresses. This is in contrast to existing studies contrasting physicians with medical students, where greater experience was associated with lower perceived barriers to compassion. Self-compassion may offset increases in barriers to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair X Y Wang
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alina Pavlova
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Building 507, Room 3008, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Antonio T Fernando
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Building 507, Room 3008, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Building 507, Room 3008, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Predictors of Physician Compassion, Empathy, and Related Constructs: a Systematic Review. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:900-911. [PMID: 34545471 PMCID: PMC8452146 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compassion in healthcare provides measurable benefits to patients, physicians, and healthcare systems. However, data regarding the factors that predict care (and a lack of care) are scattered. This study systematically reviews biomedical literature within the Transactional Model of Physician Compassion and synthesizes evidence regarding the predictors of physician empathy, compassion, and related constructs (ECRC). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, OvidJournals, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Scopus using search terms relating to ECRC and its predictors. Eligible studies included physicians as participants. Methodological quality was assessed based on the Cochrane Handbook, using ROBINS-I risk of bias tool for quantitative and CASP for qualitative studies. Confidence in findings was evaluated according to GRADE-CERQual approach. RESULTS One hundred fifty-two included studies (74,866 physicians) highlighted the diversity of influences on compassion in healthcare (54 unique predictors). Physician-related predictors (88%) were gender, experience, values, emotions and coping strategies, quality of life, and burnout. Environmental predictors (38%) were organizational structure, resources, culture, and clinical environment and processes. Patient-related predictors (24%) were communication ease, and physicians' perceptions of patients' motives; compassion was also less forthcoming with lower SES and minority patients. Evidence related to clinical predictors (15%) was scarce; high acuity presentations predicted greater ECRC. DISCUSSION The growth of evidence in the recent years reflects ECRC's ongoing importance. However, evidence remains scattered, concentrates on physicians' factors that may not be amenable to interventions, lacks designs permitting causal commentary, and is limited by self-reported outcomes. Inconsistent findings in the direction of the predictors' effects indicate the need to study the relationships among predictors to better understand the mechanisms of ECRCs. The current review can guide future research and interventions.
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Scarth B, Pavlova A, Hetrick SE, Witt KG, Hawton K, Fortune S. Service users’ experiences of emergency care following an episode of self-harm: a mixed evidence synthesis. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Scarth
- WellSouth, Primary Care Organisation; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Alina Pavlova
- Psychological Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Sarah E Hetrick
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Children and Young People Satellite, Cochrane Common Mental Disorders; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Katrina G Witt
- Orygen; Parkville, Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Keith Hawton
- Centre for Suicide Research, Department of Psychiatry; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Sarah Fortune
- Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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16
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First responder, clinician, and non‐clinical support staff knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours towards people presenting for emergency care following self‐harm: a mixed evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 2021:CD014939. [PMCID: PMC8668017 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (qualitative). The objectives are as follows: The objectives of this review are threefold, as follows. Firstly, to assess the content of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of first responders, clinicians, and non‐clinical support staff towards service users with SH presentations. Secondly, to understand how service user and staff characteristics (e.g. age, gender, sociodemographic background), type of SH presentation (e.g. method, repetition), and contextual factors (e.g. hospital environment, presence of bystanders) affect the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of first responders, clinicians, and non‐clinical support staff in providing acute care. Thirdly, to assess whether clinicians' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours have evolved over time.
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17
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Assaf RR, Pham PK, Schmidt AR, Gorab A, Chang TP, Liu DR. Pediatric emergency department shift experiences and moods: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods study. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:e10572. [PMID: 34124518 PMCID: PMC8171774 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the impact of affective, social, behavioral, and cognitive factors on pediatric emergency department (PED) provider mood changes during clinical shifts, with the introduction of a novel on-shift measure. METHODS The nominal group technique was used to generate the ED experience survey (EDES), encompassing factors that may influence PED provider mood. Providers were alerted via experience sampling method to complete the EDES and positive and negative affect schedule at randomly generated times. Analyses were conducted using multilevel modeling of moods within shifts within persons. RESULTS Measures were completed 221 times during 137 shifts by 52 PED providers. Positive mood tended to increase with higher self-rated capacity to deal with challenging patient situations (p < 0.001). Having to repeat patient assessments was negatively associated with positive mood during the beginning, but not rest of shift (p = 0.01). Changes in positive mood varied across provider groups (p < 0.001). Negative mood tended to decrease with higher self-rated quality of interactions with patients/families (p < 0.001). Needing a restroom break during any time on duty was associated with negative mood (p < 0.001). Furthermore, negative mood was associated with the need to process emotions during the shift beginning (p = 0.01). Finally, not knowing about patients' outcomes was associated with negative mood during the shift end (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PED providers' mood during shifts are impacted by ED-specific factors spanning physical, social, behavioral, affective, and cognitive features. Future research may explore potential entry points for mitigation of clinician stress to support provider well-being and ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymen R. Assaf
- Pediatric Emergency DepartmentHarbor UCLA Medical CenterTorranceCaliforniaUSA
| | - Phung K. Pham
- Division of Emergency and Transport MedicineChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anita R. Schmidt
- Division of Emergency and Transport MedicineChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Todd P. Chang
- Division of Emergency and Transport MedicineChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsKeck School of Medicine at University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Deborah R. Liu
- Division of Emergency and Transport MedicineChildren's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsKeck School of Medicine at University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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18
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Sinclair S, Bouchal SR, Schulte F, M T Guilcher G, Kuhn S, Rapoport A, Punnett A, Fernandez CV, Letourneau N, Chung J. Compassion in pediatric oncology: A patient, parent and healthcare provider empirical model. Psychooncology 2021; 30:1728-1738. [PMID: 34021652 PMCID: PMC8518637 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Compassion has long been considered a cornerstone of quality pediatric healthcare by patients, parents, healthcare providers and systems leaders. However, little dedicated research on the nature, components and delivery of compassion in pediatric settings has been conducted. This study aimed to define and develop a patient, parent, and healthcare provider informed empirical model of compassion in pediatric oncology in order to begin to delineate the key qualities, skills and behaviors of compassion within pediatric healthcare. Methods Data was collected via semi‐structured interviews with pediatric oncology patients (n = 33), parents (n = 16) and healthcare providers (n = 17) from 4 Canadian academic medical centers and was analyzed in accordance with Straussian Grounded Theory. Results Four domains and 13 related themes were identified, generating the Pediatric Compassion Model, that depicts the dimensions of compassion and their relationship to one another. A collective definition of compassion was generated–a beneficent response that seeks to address the suffering and needs of a person and their family through relational understanding, shared humanity, and action. Conclusions A patient, parent, and healthcare provider informed empirical pediatric model of compassion was generated from this study providing insight into compassion from both those who experience it and those who express it. Future research on compassion in pediatric oncology and healthcare should focus on barriers and facilitators of compassion, measure development, and intervention research aimed at equipping healthcare providers and system leaders with tools and training aimed at improving it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sinclair
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Division of Palliative Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Compassion Research Lab, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Fiona Schulte
- Department of Oncology, Division of Psychosocial Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gregory M T Guilcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Susan Kuhn
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Adam Rapoport
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Emily's House Children Hospice, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Punnett
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Kids, Toronto, Canada
| | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Joanna Chung
- Medical Psychology and Hematology/Oncology/BMT Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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19
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Page J, Robertson N. Extent and predictors of work-related distress in community correction officers: a systematic review. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 29:155-182. [PMID: 35755153 PMCID: PMC9225775 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1894259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates that indirect exposure to trauma can have a detrimental psychological impact on professionals working within, and interfacing with, law enforcement and the criminal justice system. This systematic review aimed to explore the extent and predictors of work-related distress amongst community corrections personnel. A search of five databases identified 19 papers eligible for inclusion; 16 addressed burnout, and the remainder investigated secondary trauma, vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue. Synthesis revealed that community corrections personnel reported burnout at levels akin to those of other professions working in forensic contexts, though reports of secondary trauma appeared higher. Predictive factors encompassed personal, role-based and organisational factors. Research reporting work-related distress in correctional officers is focused on burnout but uses divergent models of stress, reveals methodological weaknesses, and to date has little examined responses to indirect trauma. The limitations of this review are discussed, alongside clinical implications and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Noelle Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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20
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Tane E, Fletcher I, Bensa S. Staff compassion in acute mental health wards: a grounded theory investigation. J Ment Health 2021; 31:657-665. [PMID: 33612064 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1875402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staff working on acute inpatient mental health wards face unique challenges in terms of short admissions, acuity, complexity and exposure to violence, suicide and self-harm. They experience high levels of stress and burnout, which can impact compassion. AIM To qualitatively explore staff's understanding and conceptualisation of the development, loss and restoration of compassion within acute inpatient environments. METHOD Eleven participants from a variety of professional backgrounds currently working on acute wards were interviewed. Using constructivist grounded theory, data were synthesised into theoretical categories and sub-categories. RESULTS A conceptual model of the facilitators and inhibitors of compassionate care was developed, based on five categories that emerged from the data: A compassionate stance; the challenges of acute wards; feeling under threat; restoring compassion; and a compassionate organisation. CONCLUSIONS Findings outline the process whereby staff compassion can be challenged or depleted, leading to a negative appraisal of the patient. Colleague support, knowing and understanding patients, and accessing a reflective space all supported the restoration of compassion. Staff reported lack of organisational compassion influenced their ability to maintain a compassionate stance. The importance of appropriate training and support structures is discussed, alongside recommendations to support the development of compassionate acute mental health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tane
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ian Fletcher
- Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Sian Bensa
- Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK
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21
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Eng L, Nordström J, Schad E. Incorporating compassion into compassion fatigue: The development of a new scale. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:2109-2129. [PMID: 33482028 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although theory supports compassion fatigue as a separate condition, compassion fatigue, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress (STS) are terms often used interchangeably. We aim to create a compassion fatigue scale while comparing it to burnout and STS. METHOD Survey data were collected from 651 psychologists working in Sweden using a Compassion Fatigue Inventory (CFI), the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, and the STS Scale. RESULTS An exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate the CFI resulting in high internal consistency generating three subfactors: Reduced Compassion, Social Life, and Workplace. Even though Compassion fatigue had a high correlation with both burnout and STS, the results suggest a narrower conceptualization of compassion fatigue. The only background variable related to compassion fatigue was years of work experience. CONCLUSION This new CFI can be useful in examining reduced compassion in health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Eng
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Elinor Schad
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Vogus TJ, McClelland LE, Lee YS, McFadden KL, Hu X. Creating a compassion system to achieve efficiency and quality in health care delivery. JOURNAL OF SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/josm-05-2019-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PurposeHealth care delivery is experiencing a multi-faceted epidemic of suffering among patients and care providers. Compassion is defined as noticing, feeling and responding to suffering. However, compassion is typically seen as an individual rather than a more systemic response to suffering and cannot match the scale of the problem as a result. The authors develop a model of a compassion system and details its antecedents (leader behaviors and a compassionate human resource (HR) bundle), its climate or the extent that the organization values, supports and rewards expression of compassion and the behaviors and practices through which it is enacted (standardization and customization) and its effects on efficiently reducing suffering and delivering high quality care.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a conceptual approach that synthesizes the literature in health services, HR management, organizational behavior and service operations to develop a new conceptual model.FindingsThe paper makes three key contributions. First, the authors theorize the central importance of compassion and a collective commitment to compassion (compassion system) to reducing pervasive patient and care provider suffering in health care. Second, the authors develop a model of an organizational compassion system that details its antecedents of leader behaviors and values as well as a compassionate HR bundle. Third, the authors theorize how compassion climate enhances collective employee well-being and increases standardization and customization behaviors that reduce suffering through more efficient and higher quality care, respectively.Originality/valueThis paper develops a novel model of how health care organizations can simultaneously achieve efficiency and quality through a compassion system. Specific leader behaviors and practices that enable compassion climate and the processes through which it achieves efficiency and quality are detailed. Future directions for how other service organizations can replicate a compassion system are discussed.
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23
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Baguley SI, Dev V, Fernando AT, Consedine NS. How Do Health Professionals Maintain Compassion Over Time? Insights From a Study of Compassion in Health. Front Psychol 2020; 11:564554. [PMID: 33447247 PMCID: PMC7802760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although compassion in healthcare differs in important ways from compassion in everyday life, it provides a key, applied microcosm in which the science of compassion can be applied. Compassion is among the most important virtues in medicine, expected from medical professionals and anticipated by patients. Yet, despite evidence of its centrality to effective clinical care, research has focused on compassion fatigue or barriers to compassion and neglected to study the fact that most healthcare professionals maintain compassion for their patients. In contributing to this understudied area, the present report provides an exploratory investigation into how healthcare professionals report trying to maintain compassion. In the study, 151 professionals were asked questions about how they maintained compassion for their patients. Text responses were coded, with a complex mixture of internal vs. external, self vs. patient, and immediate vs. general strategies being reported. Exploratory analyses revealed reliable individual differences in the tendency to report strategies of particular types but no consistent age-related differences between older and younger practitioners emerged. Overall, these data suggest that while a range of compassion-maintaining strategies were reported, strategies were typically concentrated in particular areas and most professionals seek to maintain care using internal strategies. A preliminary typology of compassion maintaining strategies is proposed, study limitations and future directions are discussed, and implications for the study of how compassion is maintained are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie I. Baguley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vinayak Dev
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Nathan S. Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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McEwan K, Minou L, Moore H, Gilbert P. Engaging with distress: Training in the compassionate approach. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2020; 27:718-727. [PMID: 32187418 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Mental health nurses provide care within an environment that is often threatening. The environment is often threatening because: (a) patients' needs are complex and highly emotional, (b) nurses often do not have the time and resources they would wish for and (c) caring for patients can be emotionally exhausting and distressing. Compassionate care involves providing a welcoming environment, promoting bidirectional compassion, providing training in compassion and creating supportive organizations. To date, there is no study evaluating compassion interventions for the high-threat profession of mental health nursing and no study qualitatively evaluating compassion training and implementation. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This study looked at what happens if compassion training delivered by the originator of Gilbert's model of compassion is given to mental health nurses. Nurses were interviewed 1 year later to see how relevant and useful the training was, and whether they had been able to use it in their daily work. Consistent with previous studies, the study found a reduction in professionals' self-criticism and an increase in self-compassion, which in this study extended to increased compassion and reduced criticism of colleagues and patients; and professionals applying the training directly to reduce patient self-criticism. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Nurses felt that more training and supervision was needed to build the confidence to use the training regularly at work. They felt it had been difficult to use the training because of the threatening environment in which they worked. Nurses recommended that the whole organization would need the training to make it part of their everyday work. ABSTRACT: Introduction Compassionate care involves providing a welcoming environment, promoting bidirectional compassion, providing training in compassion and creating supportive organizations. To date, there has not been a study evaluating compassion interventions for the high-threat profession of mental health nursing. Neither has there been a study providing an in-depth qualitative evaluation of training and implementation. The current study aims to address these gaps in the literature. Aim The aims were to evaluate Compassionate Mind Training-CMT for mental health nurses and to assess implementation. Method Focus groups were conducted (N = 28) 1 year later to evaluate CMT and implementation. Results Content analysis revealed four training themes: (a) Useful framework; (b) Thought-provoking and exciting; (c) Appreciation of person-centred approach; and (d) Need for ongoing training and supervision. Three implementation themes emerged: (a) Applied approach with patients and staff themselves; (b) Environmental challenges to implementation; and (c) Attitudinal challenges to implementation. Discussion Consistent with previous studies, professionals experienced reduced self-criticism and an increased self-compassion, which extended to increased compassion and reduced criticism of colleagues and patients; and professionals applying training directly to reduce patient self-criticism. Implications For successful implementation, formal adoption of compassion approaches is needed with strategic integration at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten McEwan
- College of Health and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Lina Minou
- College of Health and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | | | - Paul Gilbert
- College of Health and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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Mascaro JS, Florian MP, Ash MJ, Palmer PK, Frazier T, Condon P, Raison C. Ways of Knowing Compassion: How Do We Come to Know, Understand, and Measure Compassion When We See It? Front Psychol 2020; 11:547241. [PMID: 33132956 PMCID: PMC7561712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, empirical research on compassion has burgeoned in the biomedical, clinical, translational, and foundational sciences. Increasingly sophisticated understandings and measures of compassion continue to emerge from the abundance of multidisciplinary and cross-disciplinary studies. Naturally, the diversity of research methods and theoretical frameworks employed presents a significant challenge to consensus and synthesis of this knowledge. To bring the empirical findings of separate and sometimes siloed disciplines into conversation with one another requires an examination of their disparate assumptions about what compassion is and how it can be known. Here, we present an integrated theoretical review of methodologies used in the empirical study of compassion. Our goal is to highlight the distinguishing features of each of these ways of knowing compassion, as well as the strengths and limitations of applying them to specific research questions. We hope this will provide useful tools for selecting methods that are tailored to explicit objectives (methods matching), taking advantage of methodological complementarity across disciplines (methods mixing), and incorporating the empirical study of compassion into fields in which it may be missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Mascaro
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Marcia J. Ash
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Patricia K. Palmer
- Department of Spiritual Health, Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tyralynn Frazier
- Center for Contemplative Science and Compassion-Based Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Paul Condon
- Department of Psychology, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR, United States
| | - Charles Raison
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Salmond E, Salmond S, Ames M, Kamienski M, Holly C. Experiences of compassion fatigue in direct care nurses: a qualitative systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 17:682-753. [PMID: 31091199 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to describe the experiences of direct care nurses with work-related compassion fatigue. INTRODUCTION The cumulative demands of experiencing and helping others through suffering have been considered to contribute to the potential of compassion fatigue. However, there is a lack of clarity on what specifically contributes to and constitutes compassion fatigue. Nurses suffering from compassion fatigue experience physical and emotional symptoms that leave them disconnected from patients and focused on the technical rather than the compassionate components of their role. This disconnect can also affect personal relationships outside of work. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review included any qualitative studies describing the experiences of direct care nurses from any specialty or any nursing work setting. METHODS This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) approach for qualitative systematic reviews. Studies included in this review include those published in full text, English and between 1992, when the concept of compassion fatigue was first described, and May 2017, when the search was completed. The main databases searched for published and unpublished studies included: PubMed, CINAHL, Academic Search Premiere, Science Direct, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science and the Virginia Henderson Library. RESULTS Twenty-three papers, representing studies conducted in seven countries and 821 total nurse participants, met the criteria for inclusion. From these, a total of 261 findings were extracted and combined to form 18 categories based on similarity in meaning, and four syntheses were derived: i) Central to the work of nursing and the professional environment in which nurses work are significant psychosocial stressors that contribute to compassion stress and, if left unchecked, can lead to compassion fatigue; ii) Protection against the stress of the work and professional environment necessitates that the individual and team learn how to respond to "the heat of the moment"; iii) Nurses and other administrative and colleague staff should be alert to the symptoms of compassion fatigue that present as profound, progressive, physical and emotional fatigue: a feeling that the nurse just can't go on and a sense of being disconnected and drained, like a gas tank on empty; and iv) Keeping compassion fatigue at bay requires awareness of the threat of compassion fatigue, symptoms of compassion fatigue, and the need for work-life balance and active self-care strategies. CONCLUSIONS The major conclusions of this review are that compassion fatigue prevention and management must be acknowledged, and both personal and organizational coping strategies and adaptive responses are needed to keep nurses balanced, renewed and able to continue compassionate connection and caring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Salmond
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, USA.,Jersey City Medical Center, RWJ/Barnabas Health, Jersey City, USA
| | - Susan Salmond
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, USA.,The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence
| | - Margaret Ames
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, USA.,Jersey City Medical Center, RWJ/Barnabas Health, Jersey City, USA
| | - Mary Kamienski
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, USA.,The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence
| | - Cheryl Holly
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, USA.,The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence
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Sinclair S, Hack TF, McClement S, Raffin-Bouchal S, Chochinov HM, Hagen NA. Healthcare providers perspectives on compassion training: a grounded theory study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:249. [PMID: 32758216 PMCID: PMC7403566 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little concrete guidance on how to train current and future healthcare providers (HCPs) in the core competency of compassion. This study was undertaken using Straussian grounded theory to address the question: "What are healthcare providers' perspectives on training current and future HCPs in compassion?" METHODS Fifty-seven HCPs working in palliative care participated in this study, beginning with focus groups with frontline HCPs (n = 35), followed by one-on-one interviews with HCPs who were considered by their peers to be skilled in providing compassion (n = 15, three of whom also participated in the initial focus groups), and end of study focus groups with study participants (n = 5) and knowledge users (n = 10). RESULTS Study participants largely agreed that compassionate behaviours can be taught, and these behaviours are distinct from the emotional response of compassion. They noted that while learners can develop greater compassion through training, their ability to do so varies depending on the innate qualities they possess prior to training. Participants identified three facets of an effective compassion training program: self-awareness, experiential learning and effective and affective communication skills. Participants also noted that healthcare faculties, facilities and organizations play an important role in creating compassionate practice settings and sustaining HCPs in their delivery of compassion. CONCLUSIONS Providing compassion has become a core expectation of healthcare and a hallmark of quality palliative care. This study provides guidance on the importance, core components and teaching methods of compassion training from the perspectives of those who aim to provide it-Healthcare Providers-serving as a foundation for future evidence based educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sinclair
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Compassion Research Lab, University of Calgary, .
| | - Thomas F Hack
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 89 Curry Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Psychosocial Oncology & Cancer Nursing Research, I.H. Asper Clinical Research Institute, 369 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, R2H 2A6, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Susan McClement
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 89 Curry Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shelley Raffin-Bouchal
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Harvey Max Chochinov
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3N4, Canada
| | - Neil A Hagen
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Gerace A. Roses by other names? Empathy, sympathy, and compassion in mental health nursing. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2020; 29:736-744. [PMID: 32190970 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Empathy and related concepts such as sympathy and compassion are considered fundamental to mental health nurses' work with consumers. However, there is often little consensus on the relationship between these interpersonal interaction factors and their similarities and differences. In this paper, these three concepts are discussed. Theoretical frameworks of empathy, sympathy, and compassion are presented with a social psychological model of empathy focused upon. From this, discussion is undertaken of how the mental health nursing process may be explained by such frameworks, as well as what unique aspects of the nursing relationship need to be considered. It is contended that precise definitions and understandings of empathy, sympathy, and compassion are vital, and the use of models allows researchers to consider where gaps are in current knowledge, and to identify what might be important to consider from a nurse education perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gerace
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lack L, Yielder J, Goodyear-Smith F. Evaluation of a compulsory reflective group for medical students. J Prim Health Care 2020; 11:227-234. [PMID: 32171375 DOI: 10.1071/hc18030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability to reflect - reflection - taking time to stop, think and evaluate is an important professional skill to develop. AIM To evaluate a compulsory reflective group activity to determine whether compulsory participation enabled students to constructively share emotional clinical experiences and develop ethical and professional behaviour. METHODS This was a case study with mixed methodology. Participants were Years 5 and 6 medical students at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Data collection included pre- and post-reflective group questionnaires with Year 5 and 6 students, questionnaires with general practice academic facilitators, and audiotapes of the reflection group discussions. RESULTS Students shared emotional experiences that were organised into three themes: (i) witnessing unprofessional behaviour; (ii) meeting difficult clinical scenarios for the first time; and (iii) the hierarchy of medicine. They reported positive learning experiences relevant to their future practice and valued the opportunity to share their experiences safely. Facilitators thought the groups provided unique educational opportunities that students appreciated. Eighty-two percent of participants would like to repeat the activity during their medical school training. CONCLUSION Self-reflection is an essential condition for professionalism. Use of reflective groups can help students become ethical and professional doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Lack
- Department of General Practice & Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, PB 92019 Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jill Yielder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Felicity Goodyear-Smith
- Department of General Practice & Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, PB 92019 Auckland 1142, New Zealand; and Corresponding author.
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Glover-Stief M, Jannen S, Cohn T. An exploratory descriptive study of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction: Examining potential risk and protective factors in advanced nurse practitioners. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2020; 33:143-149. [PMID: 32195776 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larger patient caseloads and increased workplace responsibility for nurse practitioners (NPs) may exacerbate factors leading to compassion fatigue (CF). PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to analyze the rate of burnout in practicing NPs by looking at contributing factors that play a role in CF and compassion satisfaction (CS). METHODS A NP social media platform was used to distribute a survey to a convenience sample of 208 NPs. Data included the Professional Quality of Life Scale V (ProQOL V) tool, demographic data, and protective factor questions. The data were dissected for CF and protective factors of CS. RESULTS The relationship of mindfulness practices and levels of CS was statistically significant. The relationship between support from family, coworkers, and administration and levels of CS was also found statistically significant. A large association was found between the correlation of burnout and support from coworkers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Findings showed an average to high level of CS with a low-to-average burnout rate among the NPs surveyed. There was a direct impact between the amount of support participants received from individual support systems and their level of CS. These findings could be beneficial for new NP graduates in establishing a sense of community while reducing the risk for burnout.
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Dev V, Fernando AT, Consedine NS. Self-compassion as a Stress Moderator: A Cross-sectional Study of 1700 Doctors, Nurses, and Medical Students. Mindfulness (N Y) 2020; 11:1170-1181. [PMID: 32435318 PMCID: PMC7223415 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Work stress is common in healthcare and reliably predicts negative outcomes, including burnout and lower quality of life (QOL). However, few studies have investigated factors that might attenuate the impact of stress on these negative outcomes. We investigated whether the tendency to be kind to the self during times of difficulty—self-compassion—might buffer the effect of work stress on outcomes. Methods Registered nurses (n = 801), physicians (n = 516), and medical students (n = 383) were recruited using convenience sampling in New Zealand. Following consent, participants (N = 1700) completed a survey including the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form. Results Across groups, greater work stress consistently predicted greater burnout and lower QOL, while greater self-compassion predicted lower burnout and better QOL. Self-compassion moderated the relationship between stress and burnout in nurses (albeit in the opposite direction to what had been predicted), but not in doctors or medical students. Conclusions While self-compassion predicted better outcomes (and may thus represent a target to enhance wellbeing), it strengthened the association between stress and burnout in nurses. How self-compassion impacts the experience of stress and its correlates and why it does so differently in different groups of professionals remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Dev
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Antonio T Fernando
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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32
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Weller J, Jowsey T. Can we go too far with empathy? Shifting from empathy to compassion. Br J Anaesth 2020; 124:129-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Reynolds LM, Powell P, Lin YS, Ravi K, Chung CK, Consedine NS. Fighting the flinch: Experimentally induced compassion makes a difference in health care providers. Br J Health Psychol 2019; 24:982-998. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Reynolds
- Department of Psychological Medicine The University of Auckland New Zealand
| | - Philip Powell
- Department of Economics The University of Sheffield UK
| | - Yee Sing Lin
- Department of Psychological Medicine The University of Auckland New Zealand
| | - Kripa Ravi
- Department of Psychological Medicine The University of Auckland New Zealand
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Babineau T, Thomas A, Wu V. Physician Burnout and Compassion Fatigue: Individual and Institutional Response to an Emerging Crisis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40746-019-00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dev V, Fernando AT, Kirby JN, Consedine NS. Variation in the barriers to compassion across healthcare training and disciplines: A cross-sectional study of doctors, nurses, and medical students. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 90:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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36
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Bickford B, Daley S, Sleater G, Hebditch M, Banerjee S. Understanding compassion for people with dementia in medical and nursing students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:35. [PMID: 30683079 PMCID: PMC6347776 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compassion is an essential component of good quality care. Compassion towards people with dementia in health systems is often suboptimal, which can have negative impacts on clinical outcomes and patient experience. Attitudes are formed early in training and the literature on healthcare student compassion towards those with dementia is limited. This study aimed to understand how undergraduate medical and nursing students understand compassion towards people with dementia and factors influencing the delivery of compassionate care. METHODS Nine individual in-depth interviews and two focus groups were undertaken with 23 medical and nursing students. A topic guide was developed, and transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The analysis identified three themes which students used to define compassion: (i) connection, (ii) care, and (iii) respect. Three factors were identified as being either facilitators or barriers to delivering compassionate care to people with dementia: (i) patient factors, (ii) student factors, and (iii) connection. Patient factors related to the presence of behaviours which might be challenging to manage. Student factors included student exposure to dementia, as well as student knowledge and skills. Connection focussed on whether there was an awareness and understanding of the person behind the diagnosis. CONCLUSION Undergraduate healthcare students are the future workforce for patients with dementia, and understanding how compassion develops within them is important. We found medical and nursing students had a broad understanding of compassion, and identified factors influence their compassion towards people with dementia. These novel data can be used to shape healthcare education programmes aimed at improving dementia care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bickford
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Univeristy of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9RY UK
| | - Stephanie Daley
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Univeristy of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9RY UK
| | - Gillian Sleater
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Univeristy of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9RY UK
| | - Molly Hebditch
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Univeristy of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9RY UK
| | - Sube Banerjee
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Univeristy of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9RY UK
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Dev V, Fernando AT, Lim AG, Consedine NS. Does self-compassion mitigate the relationship between burnout and barriers to compassion? A cross-sectional quantitative study of 799 nurses. Int J Nurs Stud 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Sinclair S, Hack TF, Raffin-Bouchal S, McClement S, Stajduhar K, Singh P, Hagen NA, Sinnarajah A, Chochinov HM. What are healthcare providers' understandings and experiences of compassion? The healthcare compassion model: a grounded theory study of healthcare providers in Canada. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019701. [PMID: 29540416 PMCID: PMC5857658 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare providers are considered the primary conduit of compassion in healthcare. Although most healthcare providers desire to provide compassion, and patients and families expect to receive it, an evidence-based understanding of the construct and its associated dimensions from the perspective of healthcare providers is needed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate healthcare providers' perspectives and experiences of compassion in order to generate an empirically derived, clinically informed model. DESIGN Data were collected via focus groups with frontline healthcare providers and interviews with peer-nominated exemplary compassionate healthcare providers. Data were independently and collectively analysed by the research team in accordance with Straussian grounded theory. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 57 healthcare providers were recruited from urban and rural palliative care services spanning hospice, home care, hospital-based consult teams, and a dedicated inpatient unit within Alberta, Canada. RESULTS Five categories and 13 associated themes were identified, illustrated in the Healthcare Provider Compassion Model depicting the dimensions of compassion and their relationship to one another. Compassion was conceptualised as-a virtuous and intentional response to know a person, to discern their needs and ameliorate their suffering through relational understanding and action. CONCLUSIONS An empirical foundation of healthcare providers' perspectives on providing compassionate care was generated. While the dimensions of the Healthcare Provider Compassion Model were congruent with the previously developed Patient Model, further insight into compassion is now evident. The Healthcare Provider Compassion Model provides a model to guide clinical practice and research focused on developing interventions, measures and resources to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sinclair
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas F Hack
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Psychosocial Oncology and Cancer Nursing Research, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Susan McClement
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kelli Stajduhar
- School of Nursing and Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pavneet Singh
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil A Hagen
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aynharan Sinnarajah
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Palliative/End of Life Care, Calgary Zone, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harvey Max Chochinov
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Coetzee SK, Laschinger HK. Toward a comprehensive, theoretical model of compassion fatigue: An integrative literature review. Nurs Health Sci 2017; 20:4-15. [DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siedine K. Coetzee
- School of Nursing Science; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Heather K.S. Laschinger
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
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Scanagatta P. Empathy, Compassion, and Beyond: The Lesson Learned From a Child Patient. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 54:e10-e11. [PMID: 28803077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Scanagatta
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Anderson PF, Wescom E, Carlos RC. Difficult Doctors, Difficult Patients: Building Empathy. J Am Coll Radiol 2017; 13:1590-1598. [PMID: 27888946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective doctor-patient communication facilitates the therapeutic relationship, promotes patient physical and mental health, and improves physician satisfaction. Methods of teaching effective communication use a range of techniques, typically combining didactic instruction with simulated communication encounters and reflective discussion. Rarely are patients and physicians exposed to these instructions as colearners. The evidence for the utility of graphic stories, comics, and cartoons to improve patient comprehension and self-regulation is small but encouraging. The authors describe the use of graphic medicine as a teaching tool for engendering empathy from both the physician and the patient for the other during a shared clinical encounter. This use of educational comics in a colearning experience represents a new use of the medium as a teaching tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Anderson
- Taubman Health Science Library, University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elise Wescom
- Taubman Health Science Library, University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ruth C Carlos
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Institute for Health Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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42
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Baumgardner DJ. Every Word, Every Gesture. J Patient Cent Res Rev 2017; 4:136-138. [PMID: 31413980 DOI: 10.17294/2330-0698.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Baumgardner
- Department of Family Medicine, Aurora University of Wisconsin Medical Group, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI
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Fernando AT, Consedine NS. Barriers to Medical Compassion as a Function of Experience and Specialization: Psychiatry, Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Surgery, and General Practice. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 53:979-987. [PMID: 28062342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.12.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Compassion is an expectation of patients, regulatory bodies, and physicians themselves. Most research has, however, studied compassion fatigue rather than compassion itself and has concentrated on the role of the physician. The Transactional Model of Physician Compassion suggests that physician, patient, external environment, and clinical factors are all relevant. Because these factors vary both across different specialities and among physicians with differing degrees of experience, barriers to compassion are also likely to vary. OBJECTIVES We describe barriers to physician compassion as a function of specialization (psychiatry, general practice, surgery, internal medicine, and pediatrics) and physician experience. METHODS We used a cross-sectional study using demographic data, specialization, practice parameters, and the Barriers to Physician Compassion Questionnaire. Nonrandom convenience sampling was used to recruit 580 doctors, of whom 444 belonged to the targeted speciality groups. The sample was characterized before conducting a factorial Multivariate Analysis of Covariance and further post hoc analyses. RESULTS A 5 (speciality grouping) × 2 (more vs. less physician experience) Multivariate Analysis of Covariance showed that the barriers varied as a function of both speciality and experience. In general, psychiatrists reported lower barriers, whereas general practitioners and internal medicine specialists generally reported greater barriers. Barriers were generally greater among less experienced doctors. CONCLUSION Documenting and investigating barriers to compassion in different speciality groups have the potential to broaden current foci beyond the physician and inform interventions aimed at enhancing medical compassion. In addition, certain aspects of the training or practice of psychiatry that enhance compassion may mitigate barriers to compassion in other specialities.
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Mills J, Wand T, Fraser JA. Palliative care professionals' care and compassion for self and others: a narrative review. Int J Palliat Nurs 2017; 23:219-229. [DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2017.23.5.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Mills
- PhD Candidate. Lecturer, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, QLD Australia
| | - Timothy Wand
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Jennifer A Fraser
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Sydney, NSW Australia
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Sinclair S, Raffin-Bouchal S, Venturato L, Mijovic-Kondejewski J, Smith-MacDonald L. Compassion fatigue: A meta-narrative review of the healthcare literature. Int J Nurs Stud 2017; 69:9-24. [PMID: 28119163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compassion fatigue describes a work-related stress response in healthcare providers that is considered a 'cost of caring' and a key contributor to the loss of compassion in healthcare. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to critically examine the construct of compassion fatigue and to determine if it is an accurate descriptor of work-related stress in healthcare providers and a valid target variable for intervention. DESIGN Meta-narrative review. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases, Google Scholar, the grey literature, and manual searches of bibliographies. REVIEW METHODS Seminal articles and theoretical and empirical studies on compassion fatigue in the healthcare literature were identified and appraised for their validity and relevance to our review. Sources were mapped according to the following criteria: 1) definitions; 2) conceptual analyses; 3) signs and symptoms; 4) measures; 5) prevalence and associated risk factors; and 6) interventions. A narrative account of included studies that critically examines the concept of compassion fatigue in healthcare was employed, and recommendations for practice, policy and further research were made. RESULTS 90 studies from the nursing literature and healthcare in general were included in the review. Findings emphasized that the physical, emotional, social and spiritual health of healthcare providers is impaired by cumulative stress related to their work, which can impact the delivery of healthcare services; however, the precise nature of compassion fatigue and that it is predicated on the provision of compassionate care is associated with significant limitations. The conceptualization of compassion fatigue was expropriated from crisis counseling and psychotherapy and focuses on limited facets of compassion. Empirical studies primarily measure compassion fatigue using the Professional Quality of Life Scale, which does not assess any of the elements of compassion. Reported risk factors for compassion fatigue include job-related factors, fewer healthcare qualifications and less years experience; however, there is no research demonstrating that exemplary compassionate carers are more susceptible to 'compassion fatigue'. CONCLUSION In the last two decades, compassion fatigue has become a contemporary and iconic euphemism that should be critically reexamined in favour of a new discourse on healthcare provider work-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sinclair
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Palmer-Smith V. An Alternative Narrative. Acad Emerg Med 2016; 23:1293-1294. [PMID: 27276506 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Palmer-Smith
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine; Department of Emergency Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN
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Snell DL, Martin R, Surgenor LJ, Siegert RJ, Hay-Smith EJC. What’s wrong with me? seeking a coherent understanding of recovery after mild traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil 2016; 39:1968-1975. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1213895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Snell
- Concussion Clinic, Burwood Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rachelle Martin
- Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lois J. Surgenor
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Siegert
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E. Jean C. Hay-Smith
- Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Fernando AT, Arroll B, Consedine NS. Enhancing compassion in general practice: it's not all about the doctor. Br J Gen Pract 2016; 66:340-1. [PMID: 27364652 PMCID: PMC4917021 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp16x685741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Schrijver I. Pathology in the Medical Profession?: Taking the Pulse of Physician Wellness and Burnout. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2016; 140:976-82. [PMID: 26828114 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2015-0524-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT -In the past decades, physician wellness has diminished in every aspect of professional life. Burnout symptoms in the United States affect 30% to 68% of physicians overall-exceeding the levels of any other professional group. The ramifications of burnout present an underrecognized crisis in the health care system that carries the consequences of personal, professional, institutional, and societal costs. OBJECTIVE -To bring to light the elements of current medical practice that contribute to physician professional fulfillment and burnout. Intervention measures, steps toward burnout prevention, and the present limitations thereof are also addressed. DATA SOURCES -This narrative literature review was performed by using studies in PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and large online physician surveys, published through December 2015. Because of geographic differences, the review is primarily concentrated on physicians across specialties in the United States. Small studies and those of single disciplines were excluded. CONCLUSIONS -Many physicians learn to tolerate burnout symptoms despite negative personal consequences. Long-term work-related stress, however, may lead to the potential for negative effects on the quality of patient care, and to attrition. Interestingly, the factors that enhance physician fulfillment and those that may precipitate burnout symptoms are distinct. Optimization of physician well-being, therefore, requires tailored approaches in each of these 2 dimensions and is most likely to succeed if it includes approaches that are customized to career phase, physician specialty, and practice setting. Importantly, organization leaders must prioritize this issue and provide sustained support for wellness initiatives, to foster a culture that is conducive to physician well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Schrijver
- From the Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Existential distress among healthcare providers caring for patients at the end of life. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2015; 9:77-86. [PMID: 25581453 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Existential distress is well documented among patients at end of life (EOL) and increasingly recognized among informal caregivers. However, less information is known about existential concerns among healthcare providers working with patients at EOL, and the impact that such concerns may have on professionals. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature documents five key existential themes for professionals working in EOL care: (1) opportunity for introspection; (2) death anxiety and potential to compromise patient care; (3) risk factors and negative impact of existential distress; (4) positive effects such as enhanced meaning and personal growth; and (5) the importance of interventions and self-care. SUMMARY EOL work can be taxing, yet also highly rewarding. It is critical for healthcare providers to make time for reflection and prioritize self-care in order to effectively cope with the emotional, physical, and existential demands that EOL care precipitates.
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