1
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Dou R, Chen K, Chi G, Luo J, Wong CF, Zhou B. Why heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl)-β-cyclodextrin can separate terbutaline enantiomers better than β-cyclodextrin: nonbonding and hydrophobic interactions. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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2
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Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 256:117517. [PMID: 33483038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs) play an important role in chiral analysis due to the additional electrostatic effect beyond the host-guest inclusion, especially in enantioanalysis of positively charged and electrically neutral analytes. This review presents recent advances in application of anionic CDs for enantioanalysis during the past five years. Firstly, the synthesis approaches of random substitution and single isomers of anionic CDs are briefly discussed. The main part focuses on the chiral analysis using anionic CDs in various analytical techniques, including capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, counter current chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Particular attention is given to the capillary electrophoresis application since charged CDs could be used as a carrier of enantiomers by virtue of their self-mobility and offer an easy adjustment of the enantiomer migration order. Finally, future opportunities are also discussed in the conclusion of this review.
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3
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Single isomer cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461375. [PMID: 32823120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since decades, cyclodextrins are one of the most powerful selectors in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of diverse organic compounds. This review concerns papers published over the last decade (from 2009 until nowadays), dealing with the capillary electrophoretic application of single isomer cyclodextrin derivatives in chiral separations. Following a brief overview of their synthetic approaches, the inventory of the neutral, negatively and positively charged (including both permanently ionic and pH-tunable ionizable substituents) and zwitterionic CD derivatives is presented, with insights to underlying structural aspects by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. CE represents an ideal tool to study the weak, non-covalent supramolecular interactions. The published methods are reviewed in the light of enantioselectivity, enantiomer migration order and the fine-tuning of enantiodiscrimination by the substitution pattern of the single entity selector molecules, which is hardly possible for their randomly substituted counterparts. All the reviewed publications herein support that cyclodextrin-based chiral capillary electrophoresis seems to remain a popular choice in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
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Preclinical evidence of enhanced analgesic activity of duloxetine complexed with succinyl-β-cyclodextrin: A comparative study with cyclodextrin complexes. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:391-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Cucinotta V, Messina M, Contino A, Maccarrone G, Orlandini S, Giuffrida A. Chiral separation of terbutaline and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by using a new lysine-bridged hemispherodextrin in capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:734-741. [PMID: 28806570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for the separation of a mixture of terbutaline and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was developed using capillary electrophoresis with a new hemispherodextrin, ad hoc designed, the lysine - bridged hemispherodextrin (THLYSH). The use of lysine residues to bridge the trehalose capping unit moiety to the cyclodextrin cavity gives rise to a receptor with two long chains with amine nitrogen atoms, whose charge can be easily tuned as a function of the solution pH. The new hemispherodextrin was accurately characterised by ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy, also highlighting its protonation behaviour. Circular dichroism and ESR spectroscopy measurements were also carried out to test its inclusion ability towards anthraquinone-3-sulfonate and its metal coordination ability towards copper(II) ion, respectively. Analogously to the other hemispherodextrins, the main skill of this new derivative lies in its chiral selector properties, as shown by the separation of the enantiomeric pairs of terbutaline and ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, suprofen and tiaprofenic acid by capillary electrophoresis. The focused use of the solution equilibria involved in the separations made it possible to understand the phenomena occurring in solution, and to finely tune the charge status of the receptor. In this way the chiral separation of the racemic mixture was successfully obtained, even if the receptor was individually used, differently by the other hemispherodextrins previously studied whose chiral separation capabilities are present only if used as binary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cucinotta
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
| | - M Messina
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
| | - A Contino
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
| | - G Maccarrone
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
| | - S Orlandini
- Dept. of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - A Giuffrida
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy.
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6
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García A, Leonardi D, Lamas MC. Promising applications in drug delivery systems of a novel β-cyclodextrin derivative obtained by green synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:602-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Giuffrida A, Cucinotta V, Maccarrone G, Messina M, Rizzarelli E, Vecchio G. Coordination Properties of 3-Functionalised β-Cyclodextrins: Thermodynamic Stereoselectivity of Copper(II) Complexes of the 3-Histamine Derivative and Its Exploitation in Ligand-Exchange Capillary Electrophoresis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Giuffrida A, Messina M, Contino A, Cucinotta V. Optimisation methodology in the chiral and achiral separation in electrokinetic chromatography in the case of a multicomponent sample of dansyl amino acids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Furlanetto S, Orlandini S, Pasquini B, Del Bubba M, Pinzauti S. Quality by Design approach in the development of a solvent-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography method: finding the design space for the determination of amitriptyline and its impurities. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 802:113-24. [PMID: 24176512 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A solvent-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was set up for the simultaneous determination of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (AMI) and its main impurities. The method was developed following Quality by Design (QbD) principles according to ICH Guideline Q8(R2). QbD approach made it possible to find the design space (DS), where quality was assured. After a scouting phase, aimed at selecting a suitable capillary electrophoresis pseudostationary phase, risk assessment tools were employed to define the critical process parameters (CPPs) to be considered in a screening phase (applied voltage, concentration and pH of the background electrolyte, concentration of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate, of the cosurfactant n-butanol and of the organic modifiers acetonitrile and urea). The effects of the seven selected CPPs on critical quality attributes (CQAs), namely resolution values between critical peak pairs and analysis time, were investigated throughout the knowledge space by means of a symmetric screening matrix. Response surface study was then carried out on four selected CPPs by applying a Doehlert Design. Monte-Carlo simulations were performed in order to estimate the probability of meeting the desired specifications on CQAs, and thus to define the DS by means of a risk of failure map. Additional points at the edges of the DS were tested in order to verify the requirements for CQAs to be fulfilled. A control strategy was implemented by defining system suitability tests. The developed method was validated following ICH Guideline Q2(R1), including robustness assessment by Plackett-Burman design, and was applied to the analysis of real samples of amitriptyline coated tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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10
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A novel polyrotaxane-based delivery system for scutellarin: preparation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation. Carbohydr Res 2013; 380:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Kartsova LA, Alekseeva AV. Ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811050066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Huang L, Lin Q, Chen Y, Chen G. Transient isotachophoresis with field-amplified sample injection for on-line preconcentration and enantioseparation of some β-agonists. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:294-298. [PMID: 32938027 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transient isotachophoresis with field-amplified sample injection (FASI), using β-CD as the chiral selector and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) as the additive, was applied for on-line preconcentration and enantioseparation of three β-agonists, namely, cimaterol, clenbuterol and terbutaline. The experimental conditions for both simultaneous enantioseparation and on-line preconcentration methods have been investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits (defined as S/N = 3) of this method were found to be 1 ng mL-1 for all three pairs of β-agonists enantiomers. Compared with conventional electrokinetic injection, the enhancement factors were greatly improved to be 250-fold. Finally, the proposed method has been applied for the analysis of human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yiting Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Guonan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Fuzhou University), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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13
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Application of charged single isomer derivatives of cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis for chiral analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:953-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Kim H, Choi Y, Lim J, Paik SR, Jung S. Chiral separation of catechin by capillary electrophoresis using mono-, di-, tri-succinyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selectors. Chirality 2009; 21:937-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Castro-Puyana M, Drewnowska R, Pérez-Fernández V, Ángeles García M, Crego AL, Marina ML. Simultaneous separation of epinephrine and norepinephrine enantiomers by EKC: Application to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2947-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Bellia F, La Mendola D, Pedone C, Rizzarelli E, Saviano M, Vecchio G. Selectively functionalized cyclodextrins and their metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2756-81. [PMID: 19690752 DOI: 10.1039/b718436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligomers of alpha-1,4-linked D-glucopyranose. Due to their unique structure, marked by a chiral and hydrophobic cavity, CDs have been extensively used as chiral selectors and drug delivery systems. The functionalization both improve the CD applications and widen their use in many other fields, such as molecular recognition and enzyme mimicking. Moreover, the functionalization highly increases the metal binding properties of the CDs. This critical review is a report of recent applications concerning the CD derivatives and their metal complexes. The metal ion assists the host-guest interaction often increasing the properties of CDs to act as chiral receptors. Furthermore, it can act as a catalytic center in the mimicking of metalloenzymes based on functionalized CDs (164 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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17
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Electrochemical selectivity enhancement by using monosuccinyl β-cyclodextrin as a dopant for multi-wall carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode in simultaneous determination of quercetin and rutin. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1739-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Molecular Modeling Studies on the Chiral Separation of (±)-Catechins by Mono-succinyl-β-cyclodextrin. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.6.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Giuffrida A, León C, García-Cañas V, Cucinotta V, Cifuentes A. Modified cyclodextrins for fast and sensitive chiral-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1734-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Inclusion complexes of γ-cyclodextrin and carboxyl-modified γ-cyclodextrin with C60: synthesis, characterization and controlled release application via microgels. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Scriba GKEV. Cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations--recent developments and applications. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1991-2011. [PMID: 18491357 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Capillary EKC has been established as a versatile and robust CE method for the separation of enantiomers. Within the chiral selectors added to the BGE CDs continue as the most widely used selectors due to their structural variety and commercial availability. This is reflected in the large number of practical applications of CDs to analytical enantioseparations that have been reported between January 2006 and January 2008, the period of time covered by this review. Most of these applications cover aspects of life sciences such as drug analysis, bioanalysis, environmental analysis, or food analysis. Moreover, new CD derivatives have been developed in an attempt to achieve altered enantioselectivities and to further broaden the application range. Finally, efforts will be summarized that aim at an understanding of the molecular level of the chiral recognition between CDs and the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E V Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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22
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Juvancz Z, Kendrovics RB, Iványi R, Szente L. The role of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1701-12. [PMID: 18421743 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The members of the enantiomeric pairs frequently show rather different biological effects, so their chiral selective synthesis, pharmacological studies and analysis are necessary. CE has unique advantages in chiral analysis. The most frequently used chiral selectors are CDs in this field. This paper gives a short view on the advantages on CE in direct chiral separations, emphasizing the role of CDs. The reason for the broad selectivity spectra of CDs is discussed in detail. The physical background of chiral selective separations is briefly shown in CE. Their interaction mechanisms are shortly defined. The general trend of their use is statistically evaluated. Most frequently used CDs and CD derivatives are characterized. Advantages of ionizable CDs and single-isomer derivatives are shown. The general trend of their use is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Juvancz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Budapest Tech. Polytechnical Institution, Budapest, Hungary.
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23
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Kahle KA, Foley JP. Review of aqueous chiral electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) with an emphasis on chiral microemulsion EKC. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2503-26. [PMID: 17657766 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The separation of enantiomers using electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) with chiral microemulsions is comprehensively reviewed through December 1, 2006. Aqueous chiral EKC separations based on other pseudostationary phases such as micelles and vesicles or on other chiral selectors such as CDs, crown ethers, glycopeptides, ligand exchange moeities are also reviewed from both mechanistic and applications perspective for the period of January 2005 to December 1, 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Kahle
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Cucinotta V, Giuffrida A, Maccarrone G, Messina M, Puglisi A, Vecchio G. Synthesis and NMR characterization of β-alanine-bridged hemispherodextrin, a very efficient chiral selector in EKC. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2580-8. [PMID: 17607805 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A capped derivative of beta-CD (THALAH) was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy at different pH values. A trehalose moiety, bonded through beta-alanine bridges to the CD cavity, is included in the capping unit, giving peculiar properties to this molecule. The hemispherodextrin thus obtained was tested as a chiral selector in EKC. At neutral pH, the monocationic species of THALAH behaves as a very efficient selector separating successfully all the 11 tested enantiomeric pairs of dansyl-derivatives of amino acids, some of them even at concentrations as low as 0.15 mM. The differences observed in the migration order among the different systems give suggestions about the mechanism of molecular recognition between the selector and the analytes.
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25
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Cucinotta V, Giuffrida A, Grasso G, Maccarrone G, Messina M, Vecchio G. High selectivity in new chiral separations of dansyl amino acids by cyclodextrin derivatives in electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1155:172-9. [PMID: 17320887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric pairs of 11 dansyl derivatives of alpha-amino acids were used as analytes in electrokinetic chromatography to test the ability as chiral selectors of two pure derivatives of beta-cyclodextrin: the ethylendiamine derivative in primary position (CDen) and a member of a new class of receptors, the cysteamine-bridged hemispherodextrin THCMH. The selectivity obtained by the presence of the hemispherodextrin, appears particularly promising as shown by the large values of resolution obtained. The importance of a detailed analysis of these data is discussed in terms of suggestions for a rational approach to separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cucinotta
- Department Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory, University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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27
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Advances in chiral separation using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:114-26. [PMID: 17136739 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of recent developments in CZE, EKC, and CEC covering the literature since the year 2004. Since there appeared a special issue on applications, this review focuses on the progress in electromigration techniques and new methodological developments. New techniques, new chiral selectors as well as new chiral stationary phases for CEC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
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28
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Ha PTT, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A. Recent advances in pharmaceutical applications of chiral capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1-11. [PMID: 16516428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes developments and applications of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the pharmaceutical field published from January 2004 to June 2005. Due to the tremendous number of publications, this article is aimed to focus on major developments in chiral separations and some selected applications rather than to provide a descriptive overview of all published papers. Valuable information is also collected from several excellent reviews published during this period. Developments are classified according to CE modes, namely capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC). In the CZE section, different types of chiral selectors including cyclodextrins, oligo- and polysaccharides, crown ethers, macrocyclic antibiotics, ligand exchange systems and proteins are described. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis is also included in this section. Coupling CE to MS is discussed in a separate part, followed by a summary of selected pharmaceutical applications of enantioselective CE. Finally, some conclusions are drawn and prospects of CE in chiral analysis are also drafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi Thanh Ha
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Cucinotta V, Giuffrida A, Maccarrone G, Messina M, Vecchio G. Ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis by cyclodextrin derivatives, a powerful tool for enantiomeric separations. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1471-80. [PMID: 16555341 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Five pure CD derivatives synthesized in our laboratory were used as chiral selectors in the presence of copper(II) ion. Three enantiomeric pairs of amino acids were submitted to separation experiments in CE, by exploiting the ligand exchange mechanism. The results obtained in the investigated systems, together with those of the analogous systems previously studied, clearly show the usefulness of this technique in chiral separations. By comparing the ligand exchange CE results with potentiometric results, either reported elsewhere or studied here for the first time (system Cu/CDampy/tyrosine), it has been possible to rationalise the separation results. The importance of the availability of pure selectors, and to characterise them both spectroscopically and thermodynamically is discussed.
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Wei S, Song G, Lin JM. Separation and determination of norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoprinaline enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical formulation and human serum. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1098:166-71. [PMID: 16314174 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed and optimized for the enantiomer separation of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP) and isoprenaline (IP) using dual cyclodextrins (CDs) of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) and heptakis (2,6-di-o-methyl)-beta-CD (DM-beta-CD) as chiral selectors. Optimal separation was obtained using a running buffer of 50mM phosphate containing 30mM HP-beta-CD and 5mM DM-beta-CD at pH 2.90 and a field strength of 20kV in 45cmx75mum (40cm effective length) uncoated capillary. The UV absorbance detection was set at 205nm. A 0.1% (w/w) polyethylene glycol or 0.1% (v/v) acetonitrile was used to enhance the detection sensitivity. There was a wide and excellent linear calibration graph for each enantiomer in the range 1.0x10(-3) to 1.0x10(-6)M and the detection limit (S/N=3) was found from 8.5x10(-7) to 9.5x10(-7)M. The method has been applied for the determination of isoprenaline in isoprenaline hydrochloride aerosol and to the analysis of serum samples. The recoveries of NE and EP in serum and IP in drug were ranged from 90 to 110%. The relative standard deviations of all the analyte peaks were less than 2.8% for migration time and less than 4.8% for peak area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulian Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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