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Schmidtkunz C, Gries W, Küpper K, Leng G. A "dilute-and-shoot" column-switching UHPLC-MS/MS procedure for the rapid determination of branched nonylphenol in human urine: method optimisation and some fundamental aspects of nonylphenol analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:975-989. [PMID: 36633620 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Technical grade branched nonylphenol (NP) was determined in human urine by online solid phase extraction-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS). Prior to analysis, urine specimens were simply diluted and enzymatically deconjugated. The run time of the chromatography, including SPE and re-equilibration, was 9 min per injection. The enzymatic cleavage of NP conjugates was optimised with incurred sample material from a human metabolism study: the highest recoveries were obtained with β-glucuronidase from E. coli K 12 in 0.1 M ammonium acetate at pH 6.5, within a minimal hydrolysis time of 30 to 60 min. Using sodium acetate instead of ammonium acetate led to systematically decreased recovery rates. The analytical method was validated regarding its precision (coefficients of variation: 2.9-7.4%), accuracy (relative recovery rates: 93-105%), robustness (relative recovery rates in individual urine matrices: 92-117%), selectivity, and limit of quantification (1.0 μg L-1). Fundamental aspects in the analysis of technical product mixtures such as NP, comprising various isomers and homologues, were considered. Validation results, an exposure scenario and the application of the procedure to real samples, show that it enables a rugged monitoring of NP exposures above, at, and significantly below health-based guidance values, corresponding to daily NP intakes in the low μg kg-1 d-1 range. On the other hand, background levels in non-specifically exposed populations cannot be detected with this method. Hence, while alternative approaches should be pursued for NP analysis at environmental trace level, the speed and simplicity of our method are ideal for high-throughput human biomonitoring in occupational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmidtkunz
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Gries
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany.,Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Environmental Analytics, Chempark Gebäude R 800, 47829, Krefeld-Uerdingen, Germany
| | - Katja Küpper
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leng
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
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Shen Y, Dong YM, Lu Q, Xu J, Wu YT, Yun SS, Ren ML. Phenolic environmental estrogens in urine and blood plasma from women with uterine leiomyoma: Epidemiological survey. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:440-5. [PMID: 26842765 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine; Southeast University; Nanjing China
| | - Yi-Min Dong
- Departments of Pathology; University Medical Center, University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine; Southeast University; Nanjing China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital; Suzhou China
| | - Yan-Ting Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine; Southeast University; Nanjing China
| | - Seong Seok Yun
- Department of Medicine; University Medical Center, University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Mu-Lan Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine; Southeast University; Nanjing China
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Shamsipur M, Hashemi B. Extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) followed by HPLC-UV. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed method offers advantages, such as low consumption of organic solvents, high enrichment factors and good linearity, over the investigated concentration range.
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Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Determination of phenol compounds in surface water matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Molecules 2014; 19:9369-79. [PMID: 24995922 PMCID: PMC6271164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bar adsorptive microextraction combined with liquid desorption followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (BAµE-LD/HPLC-DAD) is proposed for the determination of trace levels of five phenol compounds (3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, bisphenol-A, 4-n-octylphenol and 4-n-nonylphenol) in surface water matrices. By using a polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (PS-DVB) sorbent phase, high selectivity and efficiency is achieved even against polydimethylsiloxane through stir bar sorptive extraction. Assays performed by BAµE(PS-DVB)-LD/HPLC-DAD on 25 mL water samples spiked at the 10.0 µg/L levels yielded recoveries over 88.0%±5.7% for all five analytes, under optimized experimental conditions. The analytical performance showed good precision (RSD<15%), detection limits of 0.25 µg/L and linear dynamic ranges (1.0-25.0 μg/L) with determination coefficient higher than 0.9904. By using the standard addition method, the application of the present method to surface water matrices allowed very good performances at the trace level. The proposed methodology proved to be a suitable alternative to monitor phenol compounds in surface water matrices, showing to be easy to implement, reliable, sensitive and requiring a low sample volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Neng
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Center of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - José M F Nogueira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Center of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Nakazawa H. [Pharmaceutical analysis of chemicals related with daily life products for safe and secure]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:413-26. [PMID: 24584023 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An association between exposure to trace hazardous chemicals such as endocrine disrupting chemicals and an increased incidence of human endocrine disease might be continued to study. The accurate and sensitive analytical methods for determination of various chemicals in human biospecimen such as urine, blood and breast milk have been studied by techniques including chromatography. In order to obtain the safe and secure life, the pharmaceutical analytical approaches might be applicable with the hopes of realizing scientific risk assessment of the chemicals derived from daily life products as regulatory sciences.
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NAKAZAWA H, IWASAKI Y, ITO R. Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Bisphenol A, Alkylphenols, Phthalate Esters, and Perfluoronated Chemicals in Biological Samples. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:25-34. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki NAKAZAWA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
| | - Yusuke IWASAKI
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
| | - Rie ITO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
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Measurement of phenolic environmental estrogens in women with uterine leiomyoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79838. [PMID: 24255718 PMCID: PMC3821850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the effect of phenolic environmental estrogens on uterine leiomyoma from the perspective of clinical epidemiology. Methods Urine and blood samples were collected from Han women with uterine leiomyoma and women without uterine leiomyoma, living in Nanjing, China, between September 2011 and February 2013. A total of 156 urine samples and 214 blood samples were collected from the uterine leiomyoma group and 106 urine samples and 126 blood plasma samples from the control group. Bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) concentrations were determined by solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results Phenolic environmental estrogens in the uterine leiomyoma and control groups were compared based on: gravida>3 and gravida ≤ 3. In participants with gravida>3, urine OP concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the uterine leiomyoma group than in the control group. In participants with gravida ≤ 3, urine NP concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the uterine leiomyoma group compared to controls. Despite obstetric history, urine BPA mean exposure concentration was significantly (P<0.05) different between uterine leiomyoma group and control group. The urine BPA concentration was not significantly (P>0.05) different between gravida>3 and gravida ≤ 3 patients. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in plasma concentrations of BPA, OP and NP between the leiomyoma group and control group. Mean exposure concentration and range of distribution of BPA, OP and NP plasma concentration differed between the uterine leiomyoma and control group. Conclusion Exposure level of phenolic environmental estrogens in human was related with leiomyoma tumorigenesis.
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Recent Research Progress in Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stir bar sorptive extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of carvedilol in human serum using two different polymeric phases and an ionic liquid as desorption solvent. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Asimakopoulos AG, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA. Recent trends in biomonitoring of bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol. Toxicol Lett 2011; 210:141-54. [PMID: 21888958 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) are man-made alkylphenolic environmental contaminants possessing controversial endocrine disruption properties. Nowadays, an increased interest is raised for their accurate determination in biological media in order to estimate the exposure to these compounds and the associated health risk. The aim of this review is to present the available analytical methodologies for biomonitoring these three EDCs in human population. In non-occupational human exposure, they are detected in human matrices in trace level concentrations, commonly lower than 1ng/mL. The use of mass spectrometry based methods is particularly emphasized due to their well known superiority over sensitivity, selectivity and precision, even in difficult matrices, such as blood plasma and serum. Recent and most applicable sample preparation techniques are thoroughly presented. The benefits of solid phase extraction (SPE) and expected developments are demonstrated. Recent results from exposure assessment and epidemiologic studies for BPA, 4-t-OP and 4-NP are summarized and future trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Kole PL, Venkatesh G, Kotecha J, Sheshala R. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:199-217. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Prieto A, Basauri O, Rodil R, Usobiaga A, Fernández L, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Stir-bar sorptive extraction: A view on method optimisation, novel applications, limitations and potential solutions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2642-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rifampicin determination in plasma by stir bar-sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:1078-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction based HPLC-FLD method for the quantification of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in plasma, urine and brain tissue samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nováková L, Vlčková H. A review of current trends and advances in modern bio-analytical methods: Chromatography and sample preparation. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 656:8-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kawaguchi M, Fujii SI, Itoh N, Ito R, Nakazawa H, Takatsu A. Development of vial wall sorptive extraction and its application to determination of progesterone in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7553-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Freire C, Arrebola JP, Navea N, Taoufiki J, Fernandez MF, Ballesteros O, Prada R, Olea N. Nonylphenol and octylphenol in adipose tissue of women in Southern Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:847-852. [PMID: 19409598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenols (APs) and AP ethoxylates are environmental contaminants with endocrine disrupting activities in wildlife and humans. They have been largely used in industrial, agricultural, and domestic applications. Despite strong concerns about the consequences of human exposure to endocrine disrupters, little information is available on the presence in humans of compounds such as APs. The aim of the present study was to determine 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-octylphenol (OP) residues in adipose tissue of non-occupationally exposed women living in Southern Spain. NP was detected in 100% (n=20/20) and OP in 23.5% (n=4/20) of samples, with median levels of 57 and 4.5 ng g(-1) adipose tissue, respectively. Body mass index emerged as a determinant of exposure since it was associated with NP levels (p=0.041). Adipose tissue NP and OP levels are similar to the few data previously published in other countries. This is the first report on NP and OP levels in a population in Southern Spain. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to these compounds and to investigate their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lopez-Espinosa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 18071 Granada, Spain
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Queiroz RHC, Bertucci C, Malfará WR, Dreossi SAC, Chaves AR, Valério DAR, Queiroz MEC. Quantification of carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, phenytoin and phenobarbital in plasma samples by stir bar-sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:428-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chaves AR, Silva SM, Queiroz RHC, Lanças FM, Queiroz MEC. Stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography with UV detection for determination of antidepressants in plasma samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:295-302. [PMID: 17188948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography (SBSE/LC-UV) method is described for the determination of sertraline, mirtazapine, fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, imipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyne, and desipramine in plasma samples. Important factors in the optimization of SBSE efficiency are discussed, such as extraction time, pH, ionic strength, influence of plasma proteins, and desorption conditions: solvents, modes (magnetic stir, ultrasonic), time, and number of desorption steps. The SBSE/LC-UV method showed to be linear in a concentration ranging from the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 1000.0 ng mL(-1). The LOQ values ranged from 10.0 ng mL(-1) to 40.0 ng mL(-1). The inter-day precision of the SBSE/LC-UV method presented coefficient of the variation lower than 15%. Based on figures of the merit results, the SBSE/LC-UV methodology showed to be adequate to the antidepressants analyses from therapeutic to toxic therapeutic levels. In order to evaluate the proposed method for clinical use, the SBSE/LC-UV method was applied to the analysis of plasma samples from elderly depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Rodrigues Chaves
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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Kawaguchi M, Ito R, Sakui N, Okanouchi N, Saito K, Seto Y, Nakazawa H. Stir-bar-sorptive extraction, with in-situ deconjugation, and thermal desorption with in-tube silylation, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for measurement of urinary 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol glucuronides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:391-8. [PMID: 17356815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method, stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), with in-situ deconjugation and thermal desorption (TD) with in-tube silylation, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for determination of trace amounts of 4-nonylphenol glucuronide (NP-G) and 4-tert-octylphenol glucuronide (OP-G) in human urine, is described. The method involved correction by use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards 4-(1-methyl)octylphenol-d5 (NP-d) and deuterium 4-tert-octylphenol (OP-d). A human urine sample to which beta-glucuronidase had been added was extracted for 90 min at 37 degrees C using a stir bar coated with a 500-microm-thick layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). NP-G and OP-G were deconjugated, becoming free 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP). The analytes were then extracted with the PDMS stir bar and the stir bar was subjected to TD with in-tube silylation; this was followed by GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. To optimize the conditions for SBSE with in-situ deconjugation and to test recovery, NP-G and OP-G were synthesized by a biochemical technique in our laboratory. Average recoveries from human urine samples spiked with NP-G and OP-G were between 91.9 and 95.6% with correction using the added surrogate standards. Limits of detection were 0.11 ng mL-1 for NP and 0.01 ng mL-1 for OP. We also measured background levels of NP-G and OP-G in six urine samples from healthy volunteers. NP and OP were detected in the samples at concentrations of 0.62-1.95 ng mL-1 and <0.04-0.18 ng mL-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migaku Kawaguchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1520-1531. [PMID: 17103385 DOI: 10.1002/jms.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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