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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe epidemiologic and toxicological literature investigating how endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect mammary gland development and function, thereby impacting lactation duration. RECENT FINDINGS Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances appear to reduce breastfeeding duration through impaired mammary gland development, lactogenesis, and suppressed endocrine signaling. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons have differing associations with lactation duration, likely because of the variety of signaling pathways that they affect, pointing to the importance of complex mixtures in epidemiologic studies. Although epidemiologic literature suggests that pesticides and fungicides decrease or have no effect on lactation duration, toxicology literature suggests enhanced mammary gland development through estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic pathways. Toxicological studies suggest that phthalates may affect mammary gland development via estrogenic pathways but no association with lactation duration has been observed. Bisphenol A was associated with decreased duration of breastfeeding, likely through direct and indirect action on estrogenic pathways. SUMMARY EDCs play a role in mammary gland development, function, and lactogenesis, which can affect breastfeeding duration. Further research should explore direct mechanisms of EDCs on lactation, the significance of toxicant mixtures, and transgenerational effects of EDCs on lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn A. Crawford
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
- Environmental Studies Program, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
| | - Hana Bucinca
- Research and Quality Improvement Program, Action for Mothers and Children, Prishtina, Kosovo
- Department of Pharmacy, Rezonanca College of Medical Sciences, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Megan E. Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
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Mansur A, Israel A, Combelles CMH, Adir M, Racowsky C, Hauser R, Baccarelli AA, Machtinger R. Bisphenol-A exposure and gene expression in human luteinized membrana granulosa cells in vitro. Hum Reprod 2016; 32:409-417. [PMID: 27979917 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does bisphenol-A (BPA) affect gene expression in human membrana granulosa cells (MGC)? SUMMARY ANSWER In vitro, short exposure to supra-physiological concentrations of BPA alters human MGC gene expression. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Exposure to BPA may interfere with reproductive endocrine signaling. In vitro studies, mostly in animal models, have shown an inverse correlation between exposure to BPA and follicular growth, meiosis, and steroid hormone production in granulosa cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Primary cultures of MGC obtained from 24 patients undergoing IVF (for PGD, male factor infertility or unexplained infertility) were exposed to various concentrations of BPA (0, 0.02, 0.2, 2 or 20 µg/ml) for 48 h. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The study was conducted in a university-affiliated hospital. Microarray analysis was used to identify genes exhibiting expression changes following BPA exposure. Genes significantly altered were identified based on changes greater than 2-fold relative to the control group (not treated by BPA) and a Student's t-test P-value <0.05. Statistical significance was adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Alterations in the expression of genes that are involved in the enriched functional annotations altered by BPA at the concentration of 20 µg/ml were confirmed by real-time PCR. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A distinct pattern of gene expression was observed in primary cultures of MGC exposed to the highest BPA concentration compared with untreated cells. We identified 652 genes that exhibited at least 2-fold differences in expression after BPA exposure (all P < 0.05 versus untreated). These genes were significantly enriched for annotations related to cell cycle progression, segregation of chromosomes, steroid metabolism, apoptosis, lipid synthesis, oocyte maturation and chromosomal alignment. No significant changes in gene expression were found at the lower doses of BPA most relevant to human exposure. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Human exposure to BPA in vivo occurs over long periods of time. In this in vitro model, cells were exposed to the chemical for 48 h only. Thus, the effects of BPA on the human follicle might be underestimated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS As BPA exposure is ubiquitous, understanding the effects of the chemical on the ovary, specifically in women of reproductive age, has public health significance. The clinical evidence to date points to an association between BPA exposure and impaired IVF outcome, although not all studies have shown negative effects. Our study adds valuable mechanistic information showing that exposure to BPA alters granulosa cell gene expression at high and supra-physiological doses. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported by grant number 1936/12 from the ISF. The authors have nothing to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Mansur
- Infertility and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Hashomer 52561, Israel
| | - Ariel Israel
- Infertility and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Hashomer 52561, Israel.,Department of Family Medicine, Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Michal Adir
- Infertility and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Hashomer 52561, Israel
| | - Catherine Racowsky
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronit Machtinger
- Infertility and IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Hashomer 52561, Israel
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Savastano S, Tarantino G, D'Esposito V, Passaretti F, Cabaro S, Liotti A, Liguoro D, Perruolo G, Ariemma F, Finelli C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Valentino R. Bisphenol-A plasma levels are related to inflammatory markers, visceral obesity and insulin-resistance: a cross-sectional study on adult male population. J Transl Med 2015; 13:169. [PMID: 26021871 PMCID: PMC4467609 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current increase of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) focuses attention on bisphenol-A (BPA), "obesogen" endocrine disruptor, main plastic component. Aim was to verify the role of BPA in metabolic alterations, insulin resistance, low grade inflammation and visceral obesity. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in 76 out of 139 environmentally exposed adult males, unselected Caucasian subjects, enrolled by routine health survey at the "Federico II" University of Naples outpatient facilities. BPA plasma levels (ELISA), metabolic risk factors, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were performed. Clinical and biochemical parameters have been compared with BPA and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. RESULTS In total 24 subjects out of 76 (32%) presented with waist circumference (WC) >102 cm, 36 (47%) had impaired fasting glucose and 24 (32%) subjects had insulin resistance [11 out 52 (21%) with WC ≤102 cm and 13 out of 24 with WC >102 cm (54%), χ(2) 6.825, p = 0.009]. BPA and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly higher in subjects with visceral adiposity (WC > 102 cm). BPA correlated with WC, triglycerides, glucose homeostasis and inflammatory markers. At the multivariate analysis WC and IL-6 remained the main predictors of BPA. CONCLUSIONS Detectable BPA plasma levels have been found also in our population. The strictly association between BPA and WC, components of MS, and inflammatory markers, further supports the BPA role in visceral obesity-related low grade chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Savastano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- INT "Fondazione Pascale", Cancer Research Center of Mercogliano, 83013, Mercogliano, AV, Italy.
| | - Vittoria D'Esposito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Passaretti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Liotti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Domenico Liguoro
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Council of Research (CNR), "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Council of Research (CNR), "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Ariemma
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorders, Stella Maris Mediterraneum Foundation, C/da S. Lucia, Chiaromonte, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Council of Research (CNR), "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Council of Research (CNR), "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rossella Valentino
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Council of Research (CNR), "Federico II" University of Naples, via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Neng NR, Nogueira JMF. Determination of phenol compounds in surface water matrices by bar adsorptive microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Molecules 2014; 19:9369-79. [PMID: 24995922 PMCID: PMC6271164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bar adsorptive microextraction combined with liquid desorption followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (BAµE-LD/HPLC-DAD) is proposed for the determination of trace levels of five phenol compounds (3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, bisphenol-A, 4-n-octylphenol and 4-n-nonylphenol) in surface water matrices. By using a polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (PS-DVB) sorbent phase, high selectivity and efficiency is achieved even against polydimethylsiloxane through stir bar sorptive extraction. Assays performed by BAµE(PS-DVB)-LD/HPLC-DAD on 25 mL water samples spiked at the 10.0 µg/L levels yielded recoveries over 88.0%±5.7% for all five analytes, under optimized experimental conditions. The analytical performance showed good precision (RSD<15%), detection limits of 0.25 µg/L and linear dynamic ranges (1.0-25.0 μg/L) with determination coefficient higher than 0.9904. By using the standard addition method, the application of the present method to surface water matrices allowed very good performances at the trace level. The proposed methodology proved to be a suitable alternative to monitor phenol compounds in surface water matrices, showing to be easy to implement, reliable, sensitive and requiring a low sample volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Neng
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Center of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - José M F Nogueira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Center of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Robledo C, Peck JD, Stoner JA, Carabin H, Cowan L, Koch HM, Goodman JR. Is bisphenol-A exposure during pregnancy associated with blood glucose levels or diagnosis of gestational diabetes? J Toxicol Environ Health A 2013; 76:865-73. [PMID: 24053363 PMCID: PMC3801171 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.824395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies indicate bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic chemical used in production of epoxy, polycarbonate, and plastic may increase risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Exposure to BPA during pregnancy may contribute to development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a precursor to type 2 diabetes in women. This pilot study examined the association between BPA exposure, fasting blood glucose levels (FBG), and GDM diagnosis during pregnancy. Banked urine samples from 22 cases of GDM and 72 controls were analyzed for total (free BPA + conjugates) urinary BPA concentrations (μg/L). FBG levels (mg/dl) were obtained from 1-h 50-g glucose tolerance tests (GTT) that women underwent for routine GDM screening (mean gestational age = 26.6 weeks, SD = 3.8). Those with an initial screening value ≥ 135 mg/dl underwent 3-h 100 g oral GTT. GDM diagnoses were made when the initial screening value was ≥ 200 mg/dl or when values at ≥ 2 time points exceeded 3-h oral GTT thresholds. Among controls, median FBG levels (mg/dL) did not differ across exposure tertiles, defined according to the distribution of total specific-gravity-adjusted urinary BPA concentrations. Logistic regression models controlling for race/ethnicity did not provide evidence of association between BPA exposure and case status across increasing tertiles of BPA exposure (number of GDM cases/controls in tertile1: 13/24; in tertile 2: 6/24; in tertile 3: 3/24). Findings do not support a relationship between total urinary BPA concentrations and altered glucose metabolism during pregnancy. However, due to study limitations, findings need to be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Robledo
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13 St., Room 309 Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Peck
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13 St., Room 309 Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Julie A. Stoner
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13 St., Room 309 Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hélène Carabin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13 St., Room 309 Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Linda Cowan
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13 St., Room 309 Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jean R. Goodman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Health System, 2160 South First Avenue, Building 103, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA
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Mahoney MM, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programming: impact of fetal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals on gonadotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen receptor mRNA in sheep hypothalamus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 247:98-104. [PMID: 20621667 PMCID: PMC2914852 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) and methoxychlor (MXC), two endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with estrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, disrupt the reproductive system. BPA has profound effects on luteinizing hormone (LH) surge amplitude, and MXC has profound effects on on LH surge timing in sheep. The neural mechanisms involved in the differential disruption of the LH surge by these two EDCs remain to be elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that the differential effects of BPA and MXC on LH surge system involved changes in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and estrogen receptors (ESR), ESR1 and ESR2, mRNA expression. Pregnant sheep were given daily injections of cottonseed oil (controls), MXC, or BPA (5mg/kg/day) from day 30 to 90 of gestation (term 147d). Offspring from these animals were euthanized as adults, during the late follicular phase following synchronization of estrus with prostaglandin F(2alpha), just before the expected onset of preovulatory LH surge and changes in mRNA expression of hypothalamic GnRH, ESR1, and ESR2 quantified following in situ hybridization. GnRH mRNA expression was significantly lower in both groups of EDC-treated females compared to controls. ESR1 expression was increased in prenatal BPA- but not MXC-treated females in medial preoptic area relative to controls. In contrast, ESR2 expression was reduced in the medial preoptic area of both EDC-treated groups. Differences in expression of ESR1/ESR2 receptors may contribute to the differential effects of BPA and MXC on the LH surge system. These findings provide support that prenatal exposure to EDCs alters the neural developmental trajectory leading to long-term reproductive consequences in the adult female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Mahoney
- Veterinary Biosciences and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Abstract
Racial disparities in pregnancy outcome in the United States are significant, persistent and costly, but the causes are poorly understood. We propose that disproportionate exposure of African-American women to environmental endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) may contribute to birth outcome disparities. Marked racial segregation, as well as health behaviors associated with poverty could result in differences in exposure to particular EDCs. One EDC that has aroused concern in recent years is bisphenol-A (BPA), a widely used industrial plasticizer with known estrogenic properties. Published studies indicate that excessive BPA exposure is associated with reduced fetal survival, as well as reductions in maternal weight and fetal body weight. Related findings include adverse effects of BPA exposure on ovarian function, mammary gland development, earlier age of puberty onset and some metabolic parameters. However, these findings are largely limited to experimental animal studies, and need to be validated in human populations. Our review supports the need to move beyond the currently dominant toxicological approach to examining the effects of BPA exposure, and rely more on observational human studies and epidemiological methods. Many of the risk factors for racial disparities in pregnancy outcome are global or difficult to modify, but exposure to BPA is a potentially malleable risk factor. If BPA contributes to racial disparities in pregnancy outcome, there are important implications for prevention. It is our hope that this review will stimulate further research in this important and neglected area.
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