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Xu Z, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Cheng Z, Wan M, Qin W, Li P, Feng J, Shao S, Xue W, Guo H, Liu B. Recent pharmacological advances in the treatment of cardiovascular events with Astragaloside IV. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115752. [PMID: 37875045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and disability globally. A wide range of CVDs have been reported, each of which diverges significantly, exhibiting sophisticated types of pathogenesis (e.g., inflammatory, oxidative stress, and disorders in cardiomyocyte metabolism). Compared with conventional treatments in modern medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can exhibit comparative advantages in the treatment of CVDs. TCM can be utilized to develop effective strategies for addressing the challenges of CVD, with fewer side effects and higher therapeutic efficiency. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been confirmed as one of the major active ingredients found in Astragalus membranaceus (a Chinese herbal medicine that has been extensively employed clinically for the treatments of CVDs). Since recent studies have shown that AS-IV in CVD treatments has achieved promising results, the substance has aroused great attention and further discussions in the field. The present review aims to summarize the recent pharmacological advances in employing AS-IV in the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Xu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Houle Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziji Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Melisandre Wan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wanting Qin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaming Feng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuijin Shao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenlong Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Haidong Guo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Baonian Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Yu S, Peng W, Qiu F, Zhang G. Research progress of astragaloside IV in the treatment of atopic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Wang P, Jiang S, Zhao Y, Sun S, Wen X, Guo X, Jiang Z. A UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Six Bioactive Compounds in Rat Plasma, and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies of Naoshuantong Granule in Rats. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180409143452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
It is urgently needed to clarify the pharmacokinetic mechanism for the multibioactive
constituents in Traditional Chinese Medicines for its clinical applications. A rapid, sensitive
and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed
and validated for the simultaneous determination of Danshensu, Ferulic acid, Astragaloside IV,
Naringin, Neohesperidin and Puerarin after oral administration of Naoshuantong Granule using Carbamazepine
as internal standard (IS).
Methods:
The plasma samples were pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction method using ethyl acetate
after acidification, and separated on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (50×2.1 mm, i.d.,
1.7 µm) by gradient elution with a mobile phase composing of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and
acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with both positive
and negative ion mode was operated using an electrospray ionization (ESI) to detect the six compounds.
Result:
All calibration curves showed good linearity (r>0.99) over a wide concentration range. The
intra- and inter-day precision (RSD%) was below 8.4% and the accuracy (RE%) ranged from 91.1% to
107.5%. The extraction recoveries of the six analytes and IS in the plasma were more than 77.9% and
no severe matrix effect was observed.
Conclusion:
The fully validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics of Naoshuantong
Granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shenmeng Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Fan DD, Lin S, Song YP, Wang ZY, Liu B, Gao SN, Fan YH, Zhu S, Li S, Jiang L. Astragaloside IV protects rat gastric mucosa against aspirin-induced damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:47-55. [PMID: 27816726 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin (Asp) is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory drug, but the long-term usage of Asp can lead to severe gastrointestinal damage. Thus the co-administering of Asp with another drug that can suppress its side effect while having no impact on its anti-inflammatory activity would be ideal. Astragaloside IV (AST-IV) is a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has been shown to protect rat gastric mucosa from anhydrous ethanol-inflicted damage. In this study, we investigated whether AST-IV could protect rat gastric mucosa against Asp-induced gastric mucosal damage. Wistar rats administered 150mg/kg Asp showed significant damage to the gastric mucosa, as revealed by gastric damage score and histological evaluation. However, this was largely abolished by co-administering Asp and 25mg/kg or 50mg/kg AST-IV. The protective mechanism of AST-IV involved the suppression of Asp-induced inhibition of cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1) expression, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production. AST-IV blocked Asp-induced inhibition of SOD activity through preventing Asp from inhibiting the expression of SOD-1, both at the mRNA and protein levels. AST-IV did not appear to interfere with the anti-inflammatory activity of Asp since COX-2 level in model gastritis rats treated with Asp plus AST-IV was equally suppressed as in model gastritis rats treated with Asp alone. The results clearly showed that AST-IV could neutralize the toxicity of Asp while having no impact on its anti-inflammatory activity. AST-IV could therefore be considered as a potential drug for relieving the side effect associated with the long-term usage of Asp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yan-Ping Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ze-Yu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Sai-Nan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yu-Hua Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China.
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Lin F, Guo X, Lu W. Efficient biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd by isolated Aspergillus versicolor, excreting β-glucosidase in the spore production phase of solid culture. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1117-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jin Y, Guo X, Yuan B, Yu W, Suo H, Li Z, Xu H. Disposition of Astragaloside IV via Enterohepatic Circulation Is Affected by the Activity of the Intestinal Microbiome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6084-6093. [PMID: 26066785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (ASIV) is a typical bioactive constituent of Radix Astragali. The study aimed to investigate the enterohepatic circulation of ASIV and evaluate the impact of activity of intestinal microbiota on the deposition of ASIV. The amounts of ASIV and its metabolites were quantified by an LC-MS/MS method. ASIV was metabolized by intestinal bacteria to form brachyoside B (Bra B), cyclogaleginoside B (Cyc B), cycloastragenol (CA), iso-cycloastragenol (iso-CA), and dehydrogenated metabolite of CA (CA-2H). CA and iso-CA circulated in blood besides ASIV when rats received ASIV intragastrically or intravenously. After rats were intragastrically administered 10 mg/kg ASIV, the AUC0-t values of ASIV, CA, and iso-CA were 109 ± 55, 26.8 ± 17.9, and 77.9 ± 35.1 nM·h, respectively. The plasma distribution of ASIV was significantly affected by bile duct drainage when ASIV was administered through the duodenum. ASIV, Bra B, and Cyc B were secreted from bile after duodenal administration of ASIV. Antibiotics markedly inhibited the metabolism of ASIV in intestinal microbiota. After rats were pretreated with antibiotics, the AUC0-t of iso-CA was 4.8 times less than that in control rats and the concentration of CA became undetectable. Variations in intestinal microbiota may change the disposition of ASIV and subsequently influence its potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenhong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hao Suo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Oh HJ, Shin KC, Oh DK. Production of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1 by hydrolyzing the outer glycoside at the C-6 position in protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides using β-glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:113-9. [PMID: 24078126 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The specific activity of a recombinant β-glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus for protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides followed the order Rf > R1 > Re > R2 > Rg2, which were converted to Rh1, Rg1, Rg1, Rh1, and Rh1, respectively. No activity was observed with Rg1 and Rh1. Thus, P. furiosus β-glucosidase hydrolyzed the outer glycoside at the C-6 position in PPT-type ginsenosides whereas the enzyme did not hydrolyze the inner glucoside at the C-6 position and the glucoside at the C-20 position. The activity for Rf was optimal at 95 °C, pH 5.5, 5 mM ginsenoside, and 32 U enzyme l−1. Under these conditions, P. furiosus β-glucosidase completely converted from R1 to Rg1 after 10 h, with a productivity of 0.4 g l−1 h−1 and completely converted Rf to Rh1 after 1.2 h, with a productivity of 2.74 g l−1 h−1.
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Sun X, Zhang P, Wu X, Wu Q, Zhang M, An Y, Shi G. Simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, calycosin, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1118-25. [PMID: 24652759 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of the five main bioactive components, calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin in rat plasma after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets. Plasma samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction separated on a CEC18 column and detected by MS with an electrospray ionization interface in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Calibration curves offered linear ranges of two orders of magnitude with r > 0.995. The method had a lower limit of quantitation of 0.1, 0.02, 0.1, 1 and 0.1 ng/mL for calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation) for all analytes ranged from 0.97 to 7.63% and from 3.45 to 10.89%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the five compounds in rats after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China
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9
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Highly selective hydrolysis for the outer glucose at the C-20 position in ginsenosides by β-glucosidase from Thermus thermophilus and its application to the production of ginsenoside F2 from gypenoside XVII. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Production of aglycone protopanaxatriol from ginseng root extract using Dictyoglomus turgidum β-glycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes the xylose at the C-6 position and the glucose in protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Comparative tissue distribution profiles of five major bio-active components in normal and blood deficiency rats after oral administration of Danggui Buxue Decoction by UPLC-TQ/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 88:207-15. [PMID: 24076576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) were frequently combined and used in China as herbal pair called as Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD) for treatment of blood deficiency syndrome, such as women's ailments. This study is to investigate the tissue distribution profiles of five major bio-active constituents (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, calycosin-7-O-β-glucoside, ononin and astragaloside IV) in DBD after oral administration of DBD in blood deficiency rats, and to compare the difference between normal and blood deficiency rats. The blood deficiency rats were induced by bleeding from orbit at the dosages of 5.0mLkg(-1) every day, and the experimental period was 12 days. At the finally day of experimental period, both normal and blood deficiency rats were orally administrated with DBD, and then the tissues samples were collected at different time points. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, calycosin-7-O-β-glucoside, ononin and astragaloside IV in different tissues were detected simultaneously by UPLC-TQ/MS, and the histograms were drawn. The results showed that the overall trend was CLiver>CKidney>CHeart>CSpleen>CLung, CC-30min>CM-30min>CM-60min>CC-5min>CM-5min>CC-60min>CM-240min>CC-240min. The contents of the detected compounds in liver were more than that in other tissues no matter in normal or blood deficiency rats. Compared to normal rats, partial contents of the compounds in blood deficiency rats' tissues at different time points had significant difference (P<0.05). This study was the first report about tissue distribution investigation in blood deficiency animals which is conducted by bleeding. And the results demonstrated that the five DBD components in normal and blood deficiency rats had obvious differences in some organs and time points, suggesting that the blood flow and perfusion rate of the organ were altered in blood deficiency animals.
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β-Glucosidase from Penicillium aculeatum hydrolyzes exo-, 3-O-, and 6-O-β-glucosides but not 20-O-β-glucoside and other glycosides of ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6315-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Guan X, Chang H, Sun F, Chen X, Zhang W, Fan G. Determination of esculentoside A in dog plasma by LC–MS/MS method: Application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 72:261-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Production of rare ginsenosides (compound Mc, compound Y and aglycon protopanaxadiol) by β-glucosidase from Dictyoglomus turgidum that hydrolyzes β-linked, but not α-linked, sugars in ginsenosides. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1679-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Astragaloside IV prevents MPP⁺-induced SH-SY5Y cell death via the inhibition of Bax-mediated pathways and ROS production. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 364:209-16. [PMID: 22278385 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Oxidative stress and neural degeneration are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Previous studies have revealed that Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) can reduce inflammation and oxidation, making it a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we investigated whether AS-IV protect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridnium ion (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and determined the mechanism of AS-IV neuroprotection. We found that pretreatment with AS-IV significantly reversed the loss of cell viability, nuclear condensation, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the activity of caspase-3 induced by MPP(+). Our study suggests that the neuroprotective effect of AS-IV is related to mechanisms including ROS production and the inhibition of Bax-mediated pathway. The present study supports the notion that AS-IV may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD.
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Determination of astragalin and astragaloside content in Radix Astragali using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1232:212-7. [PMID: 22209546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Astragalin and astragalosides were measured in Radix Astragali using reversed-phase chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection. Because the target compounds showed poor stability in aqueous solutions, they were extracted in 100% methanol under reflux. All compounds were detected with high sensitivity under highly alkaline conditions using sodium hydroxide as a post-column eluent. The limits of detection and quantification of target compounds were 0.02-0.36 μg/mL and 0.06-1.09 μg/mL, respectively, and the linear regression coefficients were 0.9982-1.0000. The intra- and inter-day precisions were <0.92% in retention time and <4.78% in calculated contents. Average recoveries were >91.33%. Astragalin and astragaloside contents between Radix Astragali at different ages and in different parts were successfully determined without sample purification or concentration.
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Kim YS, Yoo MH, Lee GW, Choi JG, Kim KR, Oh DK. Ginsenoside F1 production from ginsenoside Rg1 by a purified β-glucosidase from Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:2457-61. [PMID: 21826401 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans was selected from among 100 strains of fungi for producing ginsenoside F(1) from ginsenoside Rg(1). The enzyme responsible was purified as a single 85 kDa band with a specific activity of 136 U mg(-1). It hydrolysed glucose-linked ginsenosides Rb(1), Rd and Rg(1) but not for other monosaccharide-linked ginsenosides, Rb(2), Rc, R(1), and Re. Under the optimum conditions of pH 6.0, 50 °C, 30 U l(-1) of enzyme, and 5 mg Rg(1) ml(-1), 4 mg F(1) ml(-1) was produced after 4 h, with a molar yield of 100% and a productivity of 1 g l(-1) h(-1). This represents the highest productivity and conversion yield of F(1) yet reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Chien CF, Wu YT, Tsai TH. Biological analysis of herbal medicines used for the treatment of liver diseases. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:21-38. [PMID: 21204110 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines have been used to treat liver disorders for thousands of years in the East and have now become a promising therapy internationally for pathological liver conditions. Biological analysis of hepatoprotective herbs is an important issue from the pharmacokinetic perspective in developing new therapeutic managements for liver disease. The biological analysis focuses on the pretreatment methods, separation and quantification of herbal medicines in biological samples. We have compiled and discuss the biological analytical method of six herbal medicines for liver protection containing Silybum marianum(silymarin), Glycyrrhiza glabra, Scutellaria baicalensis, Schisandra chinensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Astragalus membranaceus. This review provides a convenient reference for researchers to reduce time-consuming method optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Feng Chien
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yoo MH, Yeom SJ, Park CS, Lee KW, Oh DK. Production of aglycon protopanaxadiol via compound K by a thermostable β-glycosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:1019-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Application of Q-TOF and IT-TOF Mass Spectrometry Technology in Identifying the Natural Products and their Biological Metabolites. Chin J Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1009.2009.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Qi-Shao-Shuang-Gan, a Combination of Astragalus membranaceus Saponins with Paeonia lactiflora Glycosides, Ameliorates Polymicrobial Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture in Mice. Inflammation 2010; 34:10-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Noh KH, Oh DK. Production of the rare ginsenosides compound K, compound Y, and compound Mc by a thermostable beta-glycosidase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1830-5. [PMID: 19881292 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rare ginsenosides compound K, compound Y, and compound Mc were produced from the major ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, and Rd by a thermostable beta-glycosidase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius via three pathways: Rb(1)-->Rd-->compound K, Rb(2)-->compound Y-->compound K, and Rc-->compound Mc. Each of the ginsenosides was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography using standards and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based on their molecular weights. The catalytic efficiency of the enzyme for ginsenosides followed the order Rb(1) (4.8)>Rc (4.5)>Rd (1.0)>Rb(2) (0.77 mM(-1) min(-1)). The enzyme converted 1 mg/ml reagent-grade Rb(1), Rb(2), and Rc to 0.53 mg/ml compound K, 0.56 mg/ml compound Y, and 0.70 mg/ml compound Mc, respectively, at pH 5.5 and 85 degrees C after 180 min, corresponding to mole conversion yields of 94, 80, and 100% (mol/mol), respectively. The enzyme converted the major ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, and Rd in 10% (w/v) ginseng root extract to the rare ginsenosides with a mole yield of 99% after 24 h. These results suggest that beta-glycosidase from S. acidocaldarius can be used to produce compound K, compound Y, and compound Mc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Hwan Noh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Gao XH, Xu XX, Pan R, Li Y, Luo YB, Xia YF, Murata K, Matsuda H, Dai Y. Saponin fraction from Astragalus membranaceus roots protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture by inhibiting inflammation and upregulating protein C pathway. J Nat Med 2009; 63:421-9. [PMID: 19548065 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-009-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis remains the leading cause of death in intensive care units. Uncontrolled systemic inflammation and an impaired protein C pathway are two important contributors to sepsis pathophysiology. Based on the beneficial effects of the saponin fraction from Astragalus membranaceus roots (SAM) against inflammation, liver dysfunction, and endothelium injury, we investigated the potential protective roles and underlying mechanisms of SAM on polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. SAM, orally administered 1 h before and after CLP, significantly elevated the survival rate of mice. At 96 h after CLP operation, all mice in the model group died, whereas 33.3% of mice in the SAM (400 mg/kg)-treated group survived. SAM attenuated both inflammatory factors and their abilities to induce tissue dysfunction, which was mainly evidenced by decreased infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, tissue edema, and lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, lowered levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum, as well as downregulated expressions of iNOS and IL-1beta mRNA in livers. Furthermore, we addressed the effects of SAM on the protein C (PC) pathway, closely linked with sepsis. In CLP-induced septic mice, SAM elevated the impaired expression of PC mRNA in livers. In vitro, SAM reversed the decreased expressions of thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial PC receptor (EPCR) mRNA induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in endothelial cells. These findings suggest that SAM is able to restore the impaired protein C pathway. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that SAM has protective effects on polymicrobial sepsis in mice. The mechanisms of action involve anti-inflammation and upregulation of the PC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-hua Gao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shennong Road, 210038 Nanjing, China
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Zu Y, Yan M, Fu Y, Liu W, Zhang L, Gu C, Efferth T. Determination and quantification of astragalosides in Radix Astragali and its medicinal products using LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:517-25. [PMID: 19160368 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the separation and simultaneous quantification of astragalosides I-IV in samples of Radix Astragali and a medicinal product thereof (Jinqi Jiangtang tablets). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Eclipse XDB (ODS)-C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.05% formic acid aqueous solution by use of an efficient 17-min program. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in positive ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring for the detection of four astragalosides. The saponin ginsenoside Rg1 (similar structure to astralagosides) was used as an internal standard. All calibration curves showed excellent linear regressions (r(2) greater, not dbl equals 0.9912) within the range of tested concentrations. The intra- and inter-day variations were below 4.57% in terms of RSD. The recoveries were 94.38-103.53% with RSD of 1.39-3.58% for spiked Radix Astragali samples. The method was successfully used for the analysis of samples of Radix Astragali and Jinqi Jiangtang tablets. In conclusion, we have developed a rapid, efficient, and accurate LC-MS/MS method for the detection of astragalosides, which can be applied for quality control of Radix Astragali and related medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
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Ginsenoside compound K production from ginseng root extract by a thermostable beta-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:316-21. [PMID: 19202288 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K was produced from ginseng root extract using a thermostable recombinant beta-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus. The pH and temperature for maximum production were 5.5 and 90 degrees C. The half-lives of the enzyme were 66, 30, and 1.7 h at 80, 85, and 90 degrees C respectively. The ginsenoside-hydrolyzing activity (Rd>Rb(1)>Rc>Rb(2)) and compound K-producing activity (Rd>Rc>Rb(1)>Rb(2)) of the beta-glycosidase were also determined. At pH 5.5 at 85 degrees C, 1.63 mg/ml of compound K was produced within 12 h by 40 U/ml of enzyme from 1.9 mg/ml of ginsenoside Rb(1), 0.52 mg/ml of ginsenoside Rb(2), 0.92 mg/ml of ginsenoside Rc, and 0.23 mg/ml of ginsenoside Rd in a 10% (w/v) ginseng root extract via two transformation pathways, Rb(1) or Rb(2) --> Rd --> F(2) --> compound K, and Rc --> compound Mc --> compound K.
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Song JZ, Yiu HH, Qiao CF, Han QB, Xu HX. Chemical comparison and classification of Radix Astragali by determination of isoflavonoids and astragalosides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Son JW, Kim HJ, Oh DK. Ginsenoside Rd production from the major ginsenoside Rb1 by β-glucosidase from Thermus caldophilus. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:713-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xing J, Xie C, Lou H. Recent applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in natural products bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:368-78. [PMID: 17317073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and sesquiterpenoids have been extensively investigated because of their biological and physiological significances, as well as their promising clinical uses. It is necessary to monitor them or their metabolites in biological fluids for both pre-clinical studies and routine clinical uses. The successful hyphenation of LC and MS, which was thought as "the bird wants to marry with fish", has been conducted widely in biological samples analysis. This present paper reviewed the feasibility of LC-MS techniques in the identification and quantification of natural products (flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and sesquiterpenoids) in biological fluids, dealing with sample preparation, LC techniques, suitability of different MS techniques. Perspective of LC-MS was also discussed to show the potential of this technology. The citations cover the period 2002-2006. We conclude that LC-MS is an extremely powerful tool for the analysis of natural products in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1654-1665. [PMID: 17136768 DOI: 10.1002/jms.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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