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Krishna KV, Ulhas RS, Malaviya A. Bioactive compounds from Cordyceps and their therapeutic potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:753-773. [PMID: 37518188 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2231139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The Clavicipitaceae family's largest and most diverse genus is Cordyceps. They are most abundant and diverse in humid temperate and tropical forests and have a wide distribution in: Europe, North America, and East and Southeast Asian countries, particularly: Bhutan, China, Japan, Nepal, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Tibet, and the Himalayan region of India, and Sikkim. It is a well-known parasitic fungus that feeds on insects and other arthropods belonging to 10 different orders. Over 200 bioactive metabolites, that include: nucleotides and nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, sterols, and fatty acids, among others have been extracted from Cordyceps spp. demonstrating the phytochemical richness of this genus. These components have been associated with a variety of pharmacological effects, including: anti-microbial, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. In this paper, the bioactivity of various classes of metabolites produced by Cordyceps spp., and their therapeutic properties have been reviewed in an attempt to update the existing literature. Furthermore, one of its nucleoside and a key bioactive compound, cordycepin has been critically elaborated with regard to its biosynthesis pathway and the recently proposed protector-protégé mechanism as well as various biological and pharmacological effects, such as: suppression of purine and nucleic acid biosynthesis, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation with their mechanism of action. This review provides current knowledge on the bioactive potential of Cordyceps spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondapalli Vamsi Krishna
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Christ (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rutwick Surya Ulhas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Jena (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena), Jena, Germany
| | - Alok Malaviya
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Christ (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Division of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
- QuaLife Biotech Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India
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2
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Yin Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang F, Wang Z. Evidence construction of Jinshuibao capsules against stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and network pharmacology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34572. [PMID: 39082031 PMCID: PMC11284407 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Jinshuibao capsules has been utilized in treating stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for a long time. While the evidence-based evidence and network pharmacology to clarify the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanisms of Jinshuibao capsules have remained elusive. Objectives Integrating evidence-based medicine and network pharmacology to explain the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanisms of Jinshuibao capsules for stable COPD. Methods Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, VIP Information Resource Integration Service Platform (CQVIP), and China Biomedicine (SinoMed) databases were searched. Studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 software (Cochrane, London, UK). In network pharmacology, components of Jinshuibao capsules were screened, stable COPD-related genes were then identified and the 'component-target-pathway' network constructed. Results Meta-analysis revealed that Jinshuibao capsules exerts therapeutic effects on stable COPD by increasing the levels of FEV1% pred, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEV1, FVC, and PaO2 while decreasing the level of PaCO2. In addition, Jinshuibao capsules could effectively increase the levels of CD3+, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, Th17/Treg ratio, and SOD while reduce the levels of IL-8 and TNF-α. Network pharmacology identified 22 active compounds and 419 intersection gene targets. AKT1, SRC, MAPK1, STAT3, and MAPK3 were top 5 key target proteins. Besides, 20 potential pathways of Jinshuibao capsules on stable COPD were identified, like endocrine resistance, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation. Conclusion Jinshuibao capsules could positively influence patients with stable COPD, while the efficacy and safety of Jinshuibao capsules in the treatment of COPD could not be reliably confirmed. These findings suggest that Jinshuibao capsules exerts effect on stable COPD through multi-target, multi-component and multi-pathway mechanism. Future studies may explore the active components of Jinshuibao capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610075, China
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Wang T, Tang C, Chen J, Liang J, Li Y, Li X. Accumulation Characteristics of Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis Metabolites Driven by Environmental Factors. Metabolites 2024; 14:414. [PMID: 39195510 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The environment is an important factor affecting the composition and abundance of metabolites in O. sinensis, which indirectly determines its edible function and medicinal potential. This study integrated metabolomics and redundancy analysis (RDA) to analyze the metabolite profile characteristics and key environmental factors influencing O. sinensis in various production areas. A total of 700 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, primarily comprising lipids, organic acids, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Results from hierarchical cluster analysis and KEGG indicated distinct accumulation patterns of these DAMs in O. sinensis from different regions, with enrichment in pathways such as tryptophan metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Environmental factors like annual mean precipitation, pH, temperature, and altitude were found to significantly influence metabolite composition, particularly lipids, organic acids, and nucleosides. Overall, this study highlights the impact of environmental factors on metabolite diversity in O. sinensis and sheds light on the evolutionary processes shaping its metabolic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Ningxia Zhihui Yuanshi Winery Co., Yinchuan 750000, China
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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Wang W. Polysaccharides as Quality Marker to Rapid Profile for Ophiocordyceps sinensis by PXRD. Molecules 2024; 29:3201. [PMID: 38999153 PMCID: PMC11243249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis has long been recognized as a mysterious and valuable traditional Chinese medicine but there has been little research on quality markers for O. sinensis. PURPOSE This study looked into the potential of using powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) to analyze polysaccharides as a quality marker for O. sinensis. STUDY DESIGN There were 16 different habitats of O. sinensis collected in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. In addition, five different types of Cordyceps species were collected. The characteristic diffraction peaks of O. sinensis were determined and then matched with the characteristic diffraction peaks of intracellular polysaccharides obtained from O. sinensis to determine the attribution relationship of the characteristic diffraction peaks. METHODS O. sinensis powder's X-ray diffraction pattern is determined by its composition, microcrystalline crystal structure, intramolecular bonding mechanism, and molecular configuration. After fractionation and alcohol precipitation of crude intracellular polysaccharide, mycelium crude intracellular polysaccharide (MCP) and fruiting body crude intracellular polysaccharide (FCP) were obtained and the fingerprint of O. sinensis was identified by the specific characteristic peaks of the X-ray diffraction pattern from intracellular polysaccharide. RESULTS The results indicated that the PXRD patterns of different populations of O. sinensis were overlaid well with 18 characteristic diffraction peaks obtained by microcrystalline diffraction. Moreover, the powder diffractograms as a fingerprint provided a practical identification of O. sinensis from other Cordyceps species. In addition, we detected that the powder diffractograms of intracellular polysaccharide MCP and MCP75 could be coupled with the PXRD of O. sinensis. Specifically, 18 characteristic diffraction peaks were identified as coming from MCP and MCP75 according to those interplanar crystal spacing, which matched well with those of PXRD of O. sinensis. CONCLUSIONS PXRD spectra combined with an updated multivariable discriminant model were found to be an efficient and sensitive method for O. sinensis quality control. According to the findings of this study, PXRD should be further investigated for quality control assessments and plant extract selection trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weien Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
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Wang T, Tang C, He H, Cao Z, Xiao M, He M, Qi J, Li Y, Li X. Evaluation of Cordyceps sinensis Quality in 15 Production Areas Using Metabolomics and the Membership Function Method. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:356. [PMID: 38786711 PMCID: PMC11122220 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is a precious medicinal and edible fungus, which is widely used in body health care and disease prevention. The current research focuses on the comparison of metabolite characteristics between a small number of samples and lacks a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of C. sinensis in a large-scale space. In this study, LC-MS/MS, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and the membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics and quality of metabolites in 15 main producing areas of C. sinensis in China. The results showed that a total of 130 categories, 14 supercategories, and 1718 metabolites were identified. Carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acyls, organo-oxygen compounds, benzene and substituted derivatives, prenol lipids, and glycerophospholipids were the main components of C. sinensis. The HCA analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of 559 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) showed that the accumulation models of fatty acids and conjugates and carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates in glycerophospholipid metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism may be one of the reasons for the quality differences in C. sinensis in different producing areas. In addition, a total of 18 biomarkers were identified and validated, which had a significant discrimination effect on the samples (p < 0.05). Overall, YS, BR, and ZD, with the highest membership function values, are rich and balanced in nutrients. They are excellent raw materials for the development of functional foods and provide scientific guidance for consumers to nourish health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Zhengfei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
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Wang R, Lan Z, Luo Y, Deng Z. The complete Chloroplast genome of Stachys geobombycis and comparative analysis with related Stachys species. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8523. [PMID: 38609472 PMCID: PMC11014926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Herb genomics, at the forefront of traditional Chinese medicine research, combines genomics with traditional practices, facilitating the scientific validation of ancient remedies. This integration enhances public understanding of traditional Chinese medicine's efficacy and broadens its scope in modern healthcare. Stachys species encompass annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, exhibiting simple petiolate or sessile leaves. Despite their wide-ranging applications across various fields, molecular data have been lacking, hindering the precise identification and taxonomic elucidation of Stachys species. To address this gap, we assembled the complete chloroplast (CP) genome of Stachys geobombycis and conducted reannotation and comparative analysis of seven additional species within the Stachys genus. The findings demonstrate that the CP genomes of these species exhibit quadripartite structures, with lengths ranging from 14,523 to 150,599 bp. Overall, the genome structure remains relatively conserved, hosting 131 annotated genes, including 87 protein coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Additionally, 78 to 98 SSRs and long repeat sequences were detected , and notably, 6 highly variable regions were identified as potential molecular markers in the CP genome through sequence alignment. Phylogenetic analysis based on Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods strongly supported the phylogenetic position of the genus Stachys as a member of Stachydeae tribe. Overall, this comprehensive bioinformatics study of Stachys CP genomes lays the groundwork for phylogenetic classification, plant identification, genetic engineering, evolutionary studies, and breeding research concerning medicinal plants within the Stachys genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University), Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Zheng Lan
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yongjian Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University), Enshi, 445000, China
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Zhijun Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization (Hubei Minzu University), Enshi, 445000, China.
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Hu G, Zhou Y, Mou D, Qu J, Luo L, Duan L, Xu Z, Zou X. Filtration effect of Cordyceps chanhua mycoderm on bacteria and its transport function on nitrogen. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0117923. [PMID: 38099615 PMCID: PMC10783027 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01179-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE During the natural growth of Cordyceps chanhua, it will form a mycoderm structure specialized from hyphae. We found that the bacterial membrane of C. chanhua not only filters environmental bacteria but also absorbs and transports nitrogen elements inside and outside the body of C. chanhua. These findings are of great significance for understanding the stable mechanism of the internal microbial community maintained by C. chanhua and how C. chanhua maintains its own nutritional balance. In addition, this study also enriched our understanding of the differences in bacterial community composition and related bacterial community functions of C. chanhua at different growth stages, which is of great value for understanding the environmental adaptation mechanism, the element distribution network, and the changing process of symbiotic microbial system after Cordyceps fungi infected the host. At the same time, it can also provide a theoretical basis for some important ecological imitation cultivation technology of Cordyceps fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongping Hu
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yeming Zhou
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Mou
- Department of Humanities, Business College of Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Qiannan, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Qu
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Tea College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Duan
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhongshun Xu
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Institute of Fungal Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Sharma H, Sharma N, An SSA. Unique Bioactives from Zombie Fungus ( Cordyceps) as Promising Multitargeted Neuroprotective Agents. Nutrients 2023; 16:102. [PMID: 38201932 PMCID: PMC10780653 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps, also known as "zombie fungus", is a non-poisonous mushroom that parasitizes insects for growth and development by manipulating the host system in a way that makes the victim behave like a "zombie". These species produce promising bioactive metabolites, like adenosine, β-glucans, cordycepin, and ergosterol. Cordyceps has been used in traditional medicine due to its immense health benefits, as it boosts stamina, appetite, immunity, longevity, libido, memory, and sleep. Neuronal loss is the typical feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) (Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) and neurotrauma. Both these conditions share common pathophysiological features, like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Cordyceps bioactives (adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol, active peptides, and polysaccharides) exert potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities and display beneficial effects in the management and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in vitro and in vivo. Although a considerable list of compounds is available from Cordyceps, only a few have been evaluated for their neuroprotective potential and still lack information for clinical trials. In this review, the neuroprotective mechanisms and safety profile of Cordyceps extracts/bioactives have been discussed, which might be helpful in the identification of novel potential therapeutic entities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niti Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
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Jaiswal J, Srivastav AK, Rajput PK, Yadav UCS, Kumar U. Integrating Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and In Silico Studies of Cordycepin-Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12225-12236. [PMID: 37526599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin gets rapidly metabolized in the body into inactive form due to its structural similarity to adenosine, thus inhibiting its development as a medicinal agent. This study was aimed to improve the solubility and stability of cordycepin, a potential drug with known antiproliferative activity, by encapsulating it in bovine serum albumin: β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. Cordycepin-loaded nanoparticles (CLNPs) were synthesized using the antisolvent method and characterized thoroughly using various techniques. Our dynamic light scattering measurement showed a particle size and zeta potential of 160 ± 2.75 nm and -20.21 ± 2.1 mV, respectively, for CLNPs. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that particles were spherical in morphology. These CLNPs showed sustained release of cordycepin with encapsulation and loading efficiency of 81.62 ± 1.5 and 27.02 ± 2.0%, respectively, based on high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-vis studies. Based on differential scanning calorimetry and zeta potential studies, CLNPs improve cordycepin stability and solubility. Our molecular simulations and binding energy calculation also showed favorable protein interaction between cordycepin, bovine serum albumin, and β-cyclodextrin, further supporting the notion of improved stability. In vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cellular uptake studies on breast cancer cells showed that the synthesized nanoparticles had greater cytotoxicity as compared to free cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Jaiswal
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastav
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Rajput
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
- Nutrition Biology Department, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India
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Wang S, Lu L, Song T, Xu X, Yu J, Liu T. Optimization of Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima process and the differences of metabolites before and after fermentation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12586. [PMID: 36636205 PMCID: PMC9830164 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explored the interaction of factors which influenced the Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn, a Dai (a national minority of China) medicine, and the optimal fermentation conditions. The differences of C. sinensis metabolites in normal state (CN) and products of two-way liquid fermentation of C. sinensis and Marsdenia tenacissima (CM) and Marsdenia tenacissima (MT). The interactive effect of factors was analyzed and the best conditions are obtained through the box-behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM). All metabolites were determined by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), analyzed and identified by metabonomics technology. Results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were the concentration of raw medicinal materials is 160 g/L, the fermentation time is 6 days, the inoculation volume is 9.5%, the rotating speed is 170 rpm. 197 metabolites were identified in both positive ion and negative ion. 119 metabolites were significantly different between CN and CM. 43 metabolites were significantly different between CM and MT. Differential metabolic pathways were enriched. In conclusion, this paper optimizes the bidirectional fermentation process of M. tenacissima and C. sinensis through response surface methodology, and analyzes the changes of components from the level of metabonomics, so as to provide reference for exploring medicinal fungi fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tongxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Corresponding author.
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Ding B, Tao Y, Xie J, Zeng G, Huang H. Traceability Evaluation of Wild and Cultivated Cordyceps sinensis by Elemental Analysis and GasBench II Coupled to Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Guo S, Lin M, Xie D, Zhang W, Zhang M, Zhou L, Li S, Hu H. Comparative metabolic profiling of wild Cordyceps species and their substituents by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036589. [PMID: 36506548 PMCID: PMC9729555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps is a genus of ascomycete fungi and used widely in fungal drugs. However, in-depth studies of the metabolites of wild Cordyceps species and their substituents are lacking. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics analysis was carried out to comprehensively profile the metabolites in wild Chinese Cordyceps species (Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones and Spatafora 2007) from Naqu (NCs) and Yushu (YCs) and their substituents including artificially cultivated Cordyceps species (CCs) and mycelia. A total of 901 metabolites were identified in these samples, including lipids, amino acids, nucleosides, carbohydrates, organic acids, coenzymes, vitamins, alkaloids and their derivatives. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed remarkable differences and significantly different metabolites among them. Seventy amino acid-relevant metabolites were analyzed quantitatively in four samples for the first time. The four samples contained abundant L-glutamic acid and oxidized glutathione as well as multiple unique amino acid-relevant metabolites (e.g., 3-chloro-L-tyrosine, 6-aminocaproic acid, L-theanine, anserine, γ-glutamyl-cysteine). Collectively, our study provides rich metabolic information of wild Cordyceps species and their substituents, which could facilitate their quality control and optimal utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Guo
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Manting Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Maluan Bay Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Li Zhou, ; Sheng Li, ; Hankun Hu,
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Li Zhou, ; Sheng Li, ; Hankun Hu,
| | - Hankun Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Li Zhou, ; Sheng Li, ; Hankun Hu,
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13
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Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW. Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196576. [PMID: 36235111 PMCID: PMC9572669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.
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14
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Li D, Zhu Z, Sun DW. Effects of high-pressure freezing and deep-frozen storage on cell structure and quality of cordyceps sinensis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Ding B, Li H, Huang H, Xie J, Wang Z, Chen W, Tao Y. Development of a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics workflow for traceability of wild and cultivated Cordyceps sinensis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1773-1784. [PMID: 36070448 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2118864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis, as an expensive traditional Chinese medicine and edible fungus mycelium, lacks an effective quality evaluation method, especially and cultivated Cordyceps sinensis. In this study, a feasible workflow method was developed for traceability evaluation of wild and cultivated Cordyceps sinensis, based on mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Mass spectrometry data were firstly acquired from Cordyceps sinensis, samples by liquid chromatography-quadrupole and time of flight mass spectrometry. Characteristic mass spectrometry peaks were extracted by applying the MZmine. Then significant markers were obtained from Cordyceps sinensis samples by orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis. Then, identification of significant markers were identified by MS-FINDER data analytics. The results showed that Changdu, the other four wild origins (Naqu, Xinghai, Yushu and Guoluo) and cultivated samples could be significantly distinguished. This identified significant markers of Cordyceps sinensis, including 174 special significant markers for the wild samples, 204 special significant markers for the cultivated samples and 87 share significant markers. Number of 87 shared significant markers were identified in the wild and cultivated Cordyceps sinensis, especially 28 confident significant compounds, such as adenosine, riboflavin, tyrosine, arginine and glutamine. These shared significant markers might support the quality control of multi-targets of Cordyceps sinensis, compared with a single target in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The special significant markers indicated that cultivated Cordyceps sinensis was different from the wild based on mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. In the comparison of chromatographic fingerprint technology, it was found that the established feasible workflow method was easy to acquire significant markers and traceability of Cordyceps sinensis. This feasible workflow method has great potential to be successful for comprehensive and traceability evaluation of the wild and cultivated Cordyceps sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Chen
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis Explores the Mechanisms of Cordyceps sinensis in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3156785. [PMID: 36072973 PMCID: PMC9444403 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3156785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Oral lichen planus (OLP) is the most common potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of Cordyceps sinensis in the treatment of OLP and provides a theoretical support for improving current treatment regimens for OLP. Methods The active components and therapeutic targets of Cordyceps sinensis were predicted and screened using the TCMSP, SymMap, PubMed, HIT 2.0, and PharmMapper databases, while the relevant OLP targets were predicted and screened using the DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were examined using the String database, and Cytoscape was used to combine and illustrate the findings. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were carried out using RStudio, and AutoDock Vina and Pymol were used for molecular docking and visualization, respectively. Results A total of 404 potential target genes were discovered after evaluating 21 active compounds from Cordyceps sinensis. Potential therapeutic targets included 67 targets that matched and overlapped with OLP, including TNF, IL-6, CD4, EGFR, and IL1B. Key targets were predominantly engaged in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway, according to the GO and KEGG analyses. These targets have a connection to biological processes including apoptosis signaling pathway regulation, T cell activation, and oxidative stress response. The molecular docking results showed that TNF, IL-6, CD4, EGFR, and IL1B could bind to their corresponding active components. Conclusions Cordyceps sinensis contains multiple components and acts on multiple targets and multiple pathways. Particularly, Cordyceps sinensis targets TNF, IL-6, CD4, EGFR, and IL1B, regulates PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as takes part in biological processes including apoptosis, T cell activation, and oxidative stress. Cordyceps sinensis could be a crucial choice in the therapy of OLP.
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17
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Sequential decision fusion pipeline for the high-throughput species recognition of medicinal caterpillar fungus by using ATR-FTIR. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Qu SL, Li SS, Li D, Zhao PJ. Metabolites and Their Bioactivities from the Genus Cordyceps. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1489. [PMID: 35893547 PMCID: PMC9330831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cordyceps genus is a group of ascomycete parasitic fungi, and all known species of this genus are endoparasites; they mainly feed on insects or arthropods and a few feed on other fungi. Fungi of this genus have evolved highly specific and complex mechanisms to escape their host's immune system and coordinate their life cycle coefficients with those of their hosts for survival and reproduction; this mechanism has led to the production of distinctive metabolites in response to the host's defenses. Herein, we review approximately 131 metabolites discovered in the genus Cordyceps (including mycelium, fruiting bodies and fungal complexes) in the past 15 years, which can be used as an important source for new drug research and development. We summarize chemical structures, bioactivity and the potential application of these natural metabolites. We have excluded some reports that originally belonged to Cordyceps, but whose taxonomic attribution is no longer the Cordyceps genus. This can and will serve as a resource for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (S.-L.Q.); (S.-S.L.); (D.L.)
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19
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Lin M, Guo S, Xie D, Li S, Hu H. Lipidomic profiling of wild cordyceps and its substituents by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Xia MC, Cai L, Xu F, Zhan Q, Feng J, Guo C, Li Q, Li Z. Whole-body chemical imaging of Cordyceps sinensis by TOF-SIMS to visualize spatial differentiation of ergosterol and other active components. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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SHARMA SHIVANI, MADAAN KASHISH, KAUR RAVNEET. Cordycepin: A hidden metabolite with pharmacological potential. Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:1-20. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Qian ZM, Wu Z, Huang Q, Wang CX, Tan GY, Li WJ, Sun WY, Lv GP, Gao H. Development of an eco-friendly and fast HPLC method for quantitative analysis of four nucleosides in Cordyceps and related products. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:954-960. [PMID: 34961593 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An eco-friendly and fast HPLC method was developed for the determination of adenosine, inosine, guanosine and uridine in Cordyceps and related products (fermented mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis andPaecilomyces hepiali). The sample was ultrasonically extracted using 0.5% phosphoric acid solutions for 2.5 min. Sample separation was performed on a Poroshell SB-Aq column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) using eco-friendly mobile phase consisting of formic acid and ammonium formate aqueous solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The detection wavelength was 260 nm. The developed HPLC method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients of 1.0000 in the test range. Good precision, repeatability and stability of this method were also observed (RSD ≤ 2.81%). The recovery ranged from 91.84%-105.19% (RSD ≤ 2.59%). Compared with reported methods, the current method did not use harmful organic solvent and took only 10.5 min. It obtained a high eco-score of 91 by the "Analytical Eco-Scale" tool. The developed method is eco-friendly and fast, which is suitable for the quality evaluation of Cordyceps and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ming Qian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Ruyuan HEC Pharm Co., Ltd., Shaoguan 512700, China
| | - Zi Wu
- Ruyuan HEC Pharm Co., Ltd., Shaoguan 512700, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Ruyuan HEC Pharm Co., Ltd., Shaoguan 512700, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guo-Yin Tan
- Ruyuan HEC Pharm Co., Ltd., Shaoguan 512700, China
| | - Wen-Jia Li
- Ruyuan HEC Pharm Co., Ltd., Shaoguan 512700, China
| | - Wan-Yang Sun
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gen-Pin Lv
- Ruyuan HEC Pharm Co., Ltd., Shaoguan 512700, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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24
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Li X, Yao C, Li Y, Qian Z, Wei W, Zhang J, Li J, Bi Q, Li W, Cui Y, Guo DA. Systematic screening and structural characterization of dipeptides using offline 2D LC-LTQ orbitrap MS: A case study of Cordyceps sinensis. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:263-269. [PMID: 35582402 PMCID: PMC9091903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) is a widely used and highly valuable traditional Chinese medicine. Several dipeptides have been detected in C. sinensis, but current scientific knowledge of its chemical makeup remains limited. In this study, an improved approach that integrates offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D LC) separation, precursor ion list, library screening, and diagnostic ion filtering was established to systematically screen and characterize dipeptides in C. sinensis. Offline 2D LC integrating hydrophilic interaction LC and reverse phase separations was established to eliminate interference and identify the target dipeptides. A library containing the potential 400 dipeptides was created, and a precursor ion list with all theoretical precursor ions was adopted to trigger the MS/MS scan with high sensitivity. To identify dipeptides, the type and connection sequence of amino acids were determined according to the product ions. Ile and Leu residues were differentiated for the first time according to the characteristic ion at m/z 69.07. Ultimately, 170 dipeptides were identified or tentatively characterized from C. sinensis, and most are reported for the first time in this species herein. In addition, the identified dipeptides were also applied for discrimination among the three Cordyceps species, and 11 markers were identified. The obtained results provide a deeper understanding of the chemical basis of C. sinensis. An enhanced targeted identification strategy is presented. It involves offline 2D-LC/MS, in-house library searching and diagnostic product ion filtering. 170 dipeptides were reported from Cordyceps sinensis. Characteristic ion was proposed for differentiation between Ile and Leu. Three Cordyceps species were differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodie Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengming Qian
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523850, China
| | - Wenlong Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qirui Bi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523850, China
| | - Yajun Cui
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - De-an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Corresponding author.
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25
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Emery H, Butt TM, Coates CJ. Nutraceutical intervention protects against bacterial and chemical-induced gastrotoxicity in a non-mammalian model, Galleria mellonella. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112354. [PMID: 34146620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preparations of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis and bovine colostrum are considered nutraceuticals due to their anti-inflammatory, repair and gut alimentation properties in mammalian models. To reduce the reliance on rodents in routine experimentation, we gauged the capacity of nutraceuticals to alleviate gastric damage in an insect surrogate, Galleria mellonella. Larvae were reared on standard or supplemented diets - 10% (w/w) colostrum, 10% (w/w) C. sinensis, or 5% + 5% each - prior to receiving an oral dose of the NSAID indomethacin (30 mg/kg) or challenged with the bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni (1-3 x106) via two inoculation routes. Insects reared on a cordyceps-supplemented diet proved most resistant to indomethacin-induced gut leakiness, and displayed stable health indices after C. jejuni challenge (~77% survival). Insects reared on a colostrum-supplemented diet also showed recalcitrance in the gut, but were more sensitive to C. jejuni when injected directly into the body cavity (50% survival). The nutraceutical blend yielded improved health outcomes when compared to the standard diet, but was not as effective as either nutraceutical alone. Our findings represent clear evidence that insects were more resistant to known chemical and microbial agitators when reared on nutraceutical-supplemented diets - toxicological endpoints that are shared with vertebrate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Emery
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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Su Q, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang F. The transcriptome analysis on urea response mechanism in the process of ergosterol synthesis by Cordyceps cicadae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10927. [PMID: 34035359 PMCID: PMC8149685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen source is required for the growth of Cordyceps cicadae and involved in the regulation of metabolite synthesis. In order to further investigate the regulatory effects of nitrogen sources on the ergosterol synthesis by C. cicadae. We first confirmed that urea could significantly increase the ergosterol synthesis. The transcriptome analysis showed that compared with biomass cultured in the control fermentation medium (CFM), 1340 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, and 312 DEGs were obtained by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation from the biomass cultured in CFM + CO(NH2)2. Urea up-regulated D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase gene transcription level and down-regulated enolase and L-serine/L-threonine ammonialyase gene transcription level, increased serine synthesis, allosterically activate pyruvate kinase, to promote the synthesis of pyruvate and CH3CO ~ SCOA, the primer of ergosterol; Urea increase the genes transcription related with ergosterol synthesis by up-regulating the steroid regulatory element binding protein gene transcription levels. The transcriptome results were provided by those of qRT-PCR. Collectively, our finding provided valuable insights into the regulatory effect of nitrogen source on the ergosterol synthesis by C. cicadae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Su
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicai Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Production Processing Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China. .,Zhenjiang Yemaikang Food Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaocui Liu
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
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Xia MC, Zhan Q, Cai L, Wu J, Yang L, Sun S, Liang H, Li Z. Investigation into the content change and distribution of active components in Cordyceps sinensis with growth cycle by direct TOF-SIMS detection. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Low Dose of Fluoride in the Culture Medium of Cordyceps militaris Promotes Its Growth and Enhances Bioactives with Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050342. [PMID: 33925091 PMCID: PMC8145312 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris possesses several compounds with medicinal properties, and is commonly used in traditional Chinese functional food and medicine for a variety of health benefits. Because of its rare occurrence in nature, the market demand for artificial C. militaris is on the rise. Furthermore, efforts to increase its bioactive ingredients have also been considered in research. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of fluoride on the growth and enrichment of bioactive compounds in C. militaris. A wide range of potassium fluoride concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM) were added to the culture media as a source of fluoride during the cultivation of C. militaris fruiting bodies. The contents of fluorine and bioactive substances of the fruiting bodies in normal (NM) and fluorine-supplemented (FM) media were measured and compared. C. militaris raised in the growth medium supplemented with 0.01 mM potassium fluoride led to a 44.86% (1.55 ± 0.14 g/bottle) increase in biomass and a 23.43% (3161.38 ± 35.71 µg/g) increase in total carotenoid content in the fruiting bodies. Furthermore, a remarkable increase in superoxide dismutase-like activity (84.75 U/mg) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.59 mg/mL) was recorded. In human cancer cell-based assays, C. militaris raised in FM caused stronger cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in human osteosarcoma cells. These results demonstrated that a low dose of fluoride could stimulate the growth of C. militaris fruiting bodies and enhance the production of bioactive ingredients that possess useful antioxidant and anticancer activities.
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Long H, Qiu X, Cao L, Liu G, Rao Z, Han R. Toxicological safety evaluation of the cultivated Chinese cordyceps. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113600. [PMID: 33220357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Thitarodes insect-Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus complex in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines and health food for ameliorating conditions associated with aging and for treating fatigue, night sweats, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, respiratory, renal and liver diseases, and hyposexuality. The natural Chinese cordyceps resource is rare due to its harsh growing environment, limited geographical distribution and global climate warming. Artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps has been successfully established to meet its high demand in market. AIMS OF THE STUDY The present study aims to evaluate the toxicological safety of the cultivated Chinese cordyceps and provide scientific data for subsequent development and utilization of this valuable biological resource. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Chinese cordyceps was cultivated by mimicking the habitat environment in low-altitude areas and identified by morphological and microscopic characteristics. Its phytochemical profile was determined by the HPLC. Toxicological studies based on the cultivated Chinese cordyceps were conducted, including chromosomal aberration test of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, Ames test, acute toxicity test and micronucleus (MN) test of bone marrow cells. RESULTS The Chinese cordyceps successfully cultivated in low-altitude areas exhibited the same morphological and microscopic characteristics as natural Chinese cordyceps. The adenosine content was in accordance with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). The HPLC fingerprint was determined and five main chromatographic peaks representing uracil, uridine, inosine, guanosine and adenosine were identified. No dose-dependent increase in the rates of chromosomal aberration was detected in the presence or absence of metabolic activation system. Ames test also demonstrated no dose-dependent increase in the number of reversion mutation for five bacterial strains, with or without rat liver microsomal enzyme mixture (S9) metabolic activation, at a quantity range of 128-5000 μg cultivated Chinese cordyceps per plate. The acute toxicity test with mice showed that after 20 g/kg oral administration of cultivated Chinese cordyceps, neither animal death nor any abnormal change in general dissection of various tissues and organs of the animals were found within 14 days. The median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 5 g/kg, which is regarded as a non-toxic level, and maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of cultivated Chinese cordyceps in ICR mice was more than 20 g/kg. MN test of mouse bone marrow cells indicated no significant differences among each sample dose and the negative control. CONCLUSION Based on the results from four toxicological tests, it was concluded that the cultivated Chinese cordyceps was classified as non-toxic in one single administration at high doses by intragastric route in mice. This study provides scientific experimental basis for its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Long
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xuehong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guiqing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongchen Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
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Nguyen TD, Vu MT, Nguyen MH, Duong HA, Mai TD, Pham HV. A Rapid and Simple Dual-Channeled Capillary Electrophoresis with Contactless Conductivity Detection Method for the Determination of Adenosine, Cordycepin, and Inosine in Ophiocordyceps sinensis-Based Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Khuntawee W, Amornloetwattana R, Vongsangnak W, Namdee K, Yata T, Karttunen M, Wong-Ekkabut J. In silico and in vitro design of cordycepin encapsulation in liposomes for colon cancer treatment. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8475-8484. [PMID: 35423402 PMCID: PMC8695206 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin or 3'-deoxyadenosine is an interesting anti-cancer drug candidate that is found in abundance in the fungus Cordyceps militaris. It inhibits cellular growth of many cancers including lung carcinoma, melanoma, bladder cancer, and colon cancer by inducing apoptosis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis and by arresting the cell cycle. Cordycepin has, however, poor stability and low solubility in water, resulting in loss of its bioactivity. Liposomes can be used to overcome these obstacles. Our aim is to improve cordycepin's anti-colon cancer activity by liposome encapsulation. Cordycepin-encapsulated liposomes were designed and fabricated based on a combination of theoretical and experimental studies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations suggest that phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid environment is favorable for cordycepin adsorption. Cordycepin passively permeates into PC lipid bilayers without membrane damage and strongly binds to the lipids' polar groups by flipping its deoxyribose sugar toward the bilayer center. Our fabricated liposomes containing 10 : 1 molar ratio of egg yolk PC : cholesterol showed encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of 99% using microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing (MHF) methods. In our in vitro study using the HT-29 colon cancer cell line, cordycepin was able to inhibit growth by induction of apoptosis. Cell viability was significantly decreased below 50% at 125 μg mL-1 dosage after 48 h treatment with non-encapsulated and encapsulated cordycepin. Importantly, encapsulation provided (1) a 2-fold improvement in the inhibition of cancer cell growth at 125 μg mL-1 dosage and (2) 4-fold increase in release time. These in silico and in vitro studies indicate that cordycepin-encapsulated liposomes could be a potent drug candidate for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasinee Khuntawee
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics (ThEP Center), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Rawiporn Amornloetwattana
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics (ThEP Center), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Katawut Namdee
- National Nanotechnology Centre (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Center for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario London ON N6K 3K7 Canada
| | - Jirasak Wong-Ekkabut
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics (ThEP Center), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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Abo Nouh FA, Gezaf SA, Abo Nahas HH, Abo Nahas YH, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Acosta RAS, Abdel-Azeem AM. Diversity of Cordyceps from Different Environmental Agroecosystems and Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wong Y, Or M, Lau H, Wong S, Fung W. Analysis of underivatized alditols in traditional Chinese medicines by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry based on ligand exchange chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiu‐Tung Wong
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Mei‐Sze Or
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Hoi‐Ho Lau
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Sau‐Chun Wong
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Hong Fung
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
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Kour H, Kour S, Sharma Y, Singh S, Sharma I, Kour D, Yadav AN. Bioprospecting of Industrially Important Mushrooms. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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35
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Anyu AT, Zhang WH, Xu QH. Cultivated Cordyceps: A Tale of Two Treasured Mushrooms. CHINESE MEDICINE AND CULTURE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/cmac.cmac_41_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Rakhee, Mishra J, Yadav RB, Meena DK, Arora R, Sharma RK, Misra K. Novel formulation development from Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) for management of high-altitude maladies. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:9. [PMID: 33442508 PMCID: PMC7778651 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is a fungus closely related to medicinal mushroom, which belongs to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is a well-known and rich herbal source of bioactive active constituents. The medicinal mushroom has garnered worldwide attention owing to its multifarious bioactivities. This mushroom grows on the larva of ghost moths (Hepialidae) and produces fruiting bodies, which serve as a vital natural source of medicine and supplementary diets. On account of the diverse pharmacological and bioactive constituents present in O. sinensis, it has been established as a potential antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory agent that has been successfully used for treating several health issues, including hypoxia-related problems encountered by mountaineers, pilgrims, tourists and soldiers occurring at high-altitude regions such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), frostbite, chilblains, hypothermia, etc. The most important pharmacologically active compounds present in the O. sinensis include nucleobases and its derivatives (adenosine, cordycepin, 3-deoxyadenosine, AMP, GMP, UMP, guanosine, uridine), polysaccharides (mannose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose), proteins, peptides and steroids. This article focuses on the various research endeavors undertaken to scientifically establish the medicinal properties of O. sinensis, highlighting the various principally active compounds, their pharmacological action, drug designing and development and future perspective for various health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Jigni Mishra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Renu Bala Yadav
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - D. K. Meena
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - R. K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Kshipra Misra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
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Xu Z, Li S, Chen L, Zhu Y, Xuan L, Cheng Z. Effects of fungus–host associations on nucleoside differences among Ophiocordyceps sinensis populations on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2323-2328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Qian Z, Wu Z, Li C, Tan G, Hu H, Li W. A green liquid chromatography method for rapid determination of ergosterol in edible fungi based on matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and a core-shell column. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3337-3343. [PMID: 32930220 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a green analytical method for the analysis of components in food samples is an important research aspect of liquid chromatography (LC). The traditional LC method usually consumes a lot of toxic solvent for sample extraction and LC separation. In the current study, a green analytical method for the rapid determination of ergosterol in edible fungi was established. The sample was extracted and purified by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) with a green solution (ethanol and water). The LC separation was performed using a Poroshell 120 SB-C18 (4.6 × 30 mm, 2.7 μm) column with a green mobile phase (94% ethanol) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 283 nm. The calibration curve of ergosterol showed good linearity (R = 0.9999) within the test range (4.21-25.27 μg mL-1). The RSD of precision was less than 2.0% and the recovery was 100.4% (RSD = 3.23%). The developed method was successfully applied to quantitative analysis of ergosterol in six edible fungi and the contents of ergosterol were in the range of 1.68-4.02 mg g-1. Only 11.5 mL ethanol water solution was used in the sample extraction and LC separation in the newly developed method, and no toxic organic solvents were used. The total analysis time was less than 15.5 min, about 12-14 min for sample extraction and 1.5 min for LC analysis. This method was environmentally friendly and time-saving, which is helpful to improve the quality evaluation of edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Qian
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Zi Wu
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
| | - Chunhong Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
| | - Guoying Tan
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
| | - Hankun Hu
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523850, China.
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Chou TY, Kuo HP, Tsai SF, Huang ST, Yang MJ, Lee SS, Chang CC. Doubled production of cordycepin analogs in cultured Cordyceps militaris by addition of Andrea droppings. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5459-5464. [PMID: 32594773 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1781112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine with various biological activities. With its limited natural supply, cultured C. militaris has become the major alternative source, and the culture conditions may affect the chemical compositions. To improve the production of chemical ingredients, C. militaris was cultured with three different media, including rice only, rice plus 3% tea leaves, and rice plus 3% droppings of Andraca theae. The fractions of dried C. militaris cultured with rice were chromatographic separated to afford ten compounds: phenylalanine, dimerumic acid, nicotinic acid, tryptophan, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, uracil, uridine, cordycepin, ergosterol, and mannitol. Of these, in the cultured medium of rice plus 3% Andraca droppings, the amount of one major compound cordycepin is about two folds than the highest reported data, and dimerumic acid and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine were isolated for the first time from this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yun Chou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Ping Kuo
- Bioresources Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Fa Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Shyue-Tsong Huang
- Bioresources Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Meei-Ju Yang
- Tea Research and Extension Station, Taoyuan, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Shoei-Sheng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chia-Chuan Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
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Boontiam W, Wachirapakorn C, Wattanachai S. Growth performance and hematological changes in growing pigs treated with Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate. Vet World 2020; 13:768-773. [PMID: 32546924 PMCID: PMC7245730 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.768-773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of dietary Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate (CMS) on growth performance, immunity, metabolic profiles, and antioxidant capacity in growing pigs. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 25.78±0.33 kg were allotted into two dietary treatments in six pens (six growing pigs each). Dietary treatments were (i) control and (ii) supplemented group with 2 g/kg CMS. Results: Growing pigs fed with 2 g/kg CMS showed improvements in final BW (p=0.034) and average daily weight gain (p=0.039). Moreover, there were positive changes in immunoglobulin A (p=0.013), immunoglobulin G (p=0.019), total antioxidant capacity (p=0.001), and glutathione peroxidase activity (p=0.003), whereas decreased leukocyte percentage (p=0.002), cholesterol (p=0.023), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (p=0.002) were noted in the CMS supplemented treatment. Average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed ratio, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were unaffected by the treatments. Conclusion: Supplementation of CMS at 2g/kg of diet increases growth performance, immunoglobulin secretion, and antioxidant capacity, whereas it lowers leukocyte percentage, cholesterol, and MDA concentrations in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waewaree Boontiam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chalong Wachirapakorn
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suchat Wattanachai
- Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Zhang J, Yu H, Li S, Zhong X, Wang H, Liu X. Comparative metabolic profiling of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its cultured mycelia using GC-MS. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109241. [PMID: 32517908 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis, one of the well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has multiple health-promoting effects. It is used as herbal remedy and health food in Asian countries, together with its cultured mycelia used as a substitute of natural O. sinensis. In the present study, natural O. sinensis collected from three geographical regions and its cultured mycelia derived from three strains were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with chemometrics. A total of 72 metabolites were identified from all samples with different metabolic profiles observed between natural O. sinensis and cultured mycelia. Among them, 50 metabolites showed significant differences between natural O. sinensis and cultured mycelia. Higher levels of trehalose, glycerol and citric acid in natural O. sinensis were found compared to those in cultured mycelia, while myo-inositol and some amino acids were more abundant in cultured mycelia. In addition, chemical compositions of natural O. sinensis varied depending on the geographical regions. Natural O. sinensis from three locations were clearly differentiated by the concentrations of meso-erythritol, D-mannitol, glucose and organic acids. The current study provides a comprehensive metabolic profiles of natural O. sinensis and its cultured mycelia, which is potentially important for understanding the metabolism of O. sinensis and facilitating the application of cultured mycelia as a supplement of natural O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China.
| | - Shaosong Li
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Qiu X, Cao L, Han R. Analysis of Volatile Components in Different Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Insect Host Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E1603. [PMID: 32244487 PMCID: PMC7181253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The artificial production of Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelia and fruiting bodies and the Chinese cordyceps has been established. However, the volatile components from these O. sinensis products are not fully identified. An efficient, convenient, and widely used approach based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-QTOFMS) was developed for the extraction and the analysis of volatile compounds from three categories of 16 products, including O. sinensis fungus, Thitarodes hosts of O. sinensis, and the Chinese cordyceps. A total of 120 volatile components including 36 alkanes, 25 terpenes, 17 aromatic hydrocarbons, 10 ketones, 5 olefines, 5 alcohols, 3 phenols, and 19 other compounds were identified. The contents of these components varied greatly among the products but alkanes, especially 2,5,6-trimethyldecane, 2,3-dimethylundecane and 2,2,4,4-tetramethyloctane, are the dominant compounds in general. Three categories of volatile compounds were confirmed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). This study provided an ideal method for characterizing and distinguishing different O. sinensis and insect hosts-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong, China; (X.Q.); (L.C.)
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Cordyceps polysaccharide ameliorates airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-induced mouse model of asthma via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 276:103412. [PMID: 32044448 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, and mucus overproduction. Cordyceps polysaccharide (CPS) is one of the main bioactive compounds of Cordyceps militarisis, a traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we established a mouse model of asthma using ovalbumin (OVA) challenge and evaluated the potential regulatory effect of CPS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) on asthmatic mice. These results showed that the asthmatic mice treated with CPS suppressed the secretion of eotaxin, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and decreased serum IgE levels compared to the vehicle-treated mice. CPS also alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, and the increases of inflammatory cells in the mouse model of asthma. In addition, OVA-induced AHR was inhibited by CPS treatment. Further analyses of protein expression revealed that CPS inhibited the activation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad pathway in mice with asthma. These findings indicated that CPS might serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the management of allergic asthma.
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Zhong X, Gu L, Xiong WT, Wang HZ, Lian DH, Zheng YM, Zhou S, Zhou W, Gu JL, Shen JH, Wang J, Zhang GR, Liu X. 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris in water-boiled and 50% ethanol-soaked extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang C, Feng J, Chen Y, Li D, Liu L, Wu Y, Zhang S, Du S, Zhang Y. Revealing mitogenome-wide DNA methylation and RNA editing of three Ascomycotina fungi using SMRT sequencing. Mitochondrion 2020; 51:88-96. [PMID: 31923469 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps militaris and Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycotina) are traditional Chinese medicines. Here, mitogenomes of these three Ascomycotina fungi were sequenced and de-novo assembled using single-molecule real-time sequencing. The results showed that their complete mitogenomes were 31,258, 31,854 and 157,584 bp, respectively, with sequencing depth approximately 278,760×, 326,283× and 69,385×. Types of repeat sequences were mainly (AA)n, (AAT)n, (TA)n and (TATT)n. DNA methylation motifs were revealed in DNA modifications of these three fungi. We discovered new models of RNA editing through analysis of transcriptomes from B. bassiana and C. militaris. These data lay a solid foundation for further genetic and biological studies about these three fungi, especially for elucidating the mitogenome evolution and exploring the regulatory mechanism of adapting environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxia Wang
- Management Center of Tianjin Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Base, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China; Tianjin Lakeside Powergene Science Development Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300309, China.
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Tianjin Lakeside Powergene Science Development Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- Tuke (Tianjing) Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Tianjin Lakeside Powergene Science Development Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Li Liu
- Tuke (Tianjing) Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- Gui'an Precision Medicine Academy Co. Ltd, GuiZhou 550029, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Research Center of Human Genome, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Simiao Du
- Zheng Yuan Tang (Tianjin) Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yaozhou Zhang
- Research Center of Human Genome, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300309, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedical, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Bibi S, Wang YB, Tang DX, Kamal MA, Yu H. Prospects for Discovering the Secondary Metabolites of Cordyceps Sensu Lato by the Integrated Strategy. Med Chem 2019; 17:97-120. [PMID: 31880251 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666191227120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some species of Cordyceps sensu lato are famous Chinese herbs with significant biological activities, often used as edible food and traditional medicine in China. Cordyceps represents the largest entomopathogenic group of fungi, including 40 genera and 1339 species in three families and incertae sedis of Hypocreales. OBJECTIVE Most of the Cordyceps-derivatives have been approved clinically for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, cancers, inflammation, cardiovascular, renal and neurological disorders and are used worldwide as supplements and herbal drugs, but there is still need for highly efficient Cordyceps-derived drugs for fatal diseases with approval of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. METHODS Computer-aided drug design concepts could improve the discovery of putative Cordyceps- derived medicine within less time and low budget. The integration of computer-aided drug design methods with experimental validation has contributed to the successful discovery of novel drugs. RESULTS This review focused on modern taxonomy, active metabolites, and modern drug design techniques that could accelerate conventional drug design and discovery of Cordyceps s. l. Successful application of computer-aided drug design methods in Cordyceps research has been discussed. CONCLUSION It has been concluded that computer-aided drug design techniques could influence the multiple target-focused drug design, because each metabolite of Cordyceps has shown significant activities for the various diseases with very few or no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Xiang Tang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
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Li Y, Liu Y, Han X, Jin H, Ma S. Arsenic Species in Cordyceps sinensis and Its Potential Health Risks. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1471. [PMID: 31866869 PMCID: PMC6910106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High arsenic residues make Cordyceps sinensis a concern in China. Arsenic toxicity is related to its species. Many studies have evaluated the toxicity of total arsenic, but few have studied its species. In this study, the species of arsenic in C. sinensis and its potential health risk were investigated. SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS was used to analysis of arsenic in C. sinensis and unknown arsenic (uAs) was discovered. Additionally, arsenic in C. sinensis was mainly found in alkali-soluble proteins. The trend of arsenic transformation indicated that unknown arsenic in C. sinensis may be converted into free inorganic arsenic, which enhanced toxicity. The result of risk assessment indicated that there were potential health risks of uAs. Hereon, we proposed recommendations for the use of C. sinensis and regulatory recommendations for arsenic standards. This study contributed to the toxicity reveal, safety evaluation, and risk assessment of arsenic in C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolei Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Zhou Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Huang Z, Ma J. Comparative study of the composition of cultivated, naturally grown Cordyceps sinensis, and stiff worms across different sampling years. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225750. [PMID: 31800596 PMCID: PMC6892553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Cordyceps sinensis, which is a valuable anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, and antiviral agent in Asia, has been overexploited in recent years. Therefore, it is important for cultivated C. sinensis to be recognized in the market. In this research, the main components of entirely cultivated, naturally grown C. sinensis, and stiff worms across different sampling years were detected and compared by HPLC-MS and UV spectrometry. The results indicated that the mean levels of adenosine and cordycepin were significantly higher, whereas the mean levels of mannitol and polysaccharides were remarkably lower in the cultivated type than in the natural type. No distinct difference in the average soluble protein content was observed. The composition of the stiff worms was similar to that of the natural herb, except that the total soluble protein content was higher, and that of mannitol was lower. In addition, the ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of the three types showed high similarity at 260 nm. This research indicates that the main nutritional composition of cultivated and natural C. sinensis is identical and that cultivated type can be used as an effective substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wang J, Chen S, Nie S, Cui SW, Wang Q, Phillips AO, Phillips GO, Xie M. Structural Characterization and Chain Conformation of Water-Soluble β-Glucan from Wild Cordyceps sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12520-12527. [PMID: 31634426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble β-d-glucan was obtained from wild Cordyceps sinensis by alkali solution and ethanol precipitation. The structure characteristics were determined using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), methylation combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and one-/two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results showed that β-d-glucan had a structure of every seven (1→3)-β-d-Glcp backbone residues with two (1→6)-β-d-Glcp branches. Additionally, conformation properties in different solvents were investigated by static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, and HPSEC with multiple detectors. It was found that β-d-glucan in 0.5 M NaOH had a narrow unimodal distribution of hydrodynamic radius displaying a spherical coil conformation, whereas it formed severe aggregation in dimethyl sulfoxide. In 0.1 M NaNO3, β-d-glucan mainly existed as a rod-like conformation corresponding to a helical structure together with small aggregates (10%). This work added more information to the understanding of C. sinensis polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Steve W Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
- Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario N1G 5C9 , Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West , Guelph , Ontario N1G 5C9 , Canada
| | - Aled O Phillips
- School of Medicine , University of Cardiff , Cardiff , Wales CF10 3AT , United Kingdom
| | - Glyn O Phillips
- Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre , Glyndwr University , Wrexham , Wales LL11 2AW , United Kingdom
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
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A novel nucleoside rescue metabolic pathway may be responsible for therapeutic effect of orally administered cordycepin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15760. [PMID: 31673018 PMCID: PMC6823370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adenosine and its analogues have been assessed in the past as potential drug candidates due to the important role of adenosine in physiology, only little is known about their absorption following oral administration. In this work, we have studied the oral absorption and disposition pathways of cordycepin, an adenosine analogue. In vitro biopharmaceutical properties and in vivo oral absorption and disposition of cordycepin were assessed in rats. Despite the fact that numerous studies showed efficacy following oral dosing of cordycepin, we found that intact cordycepin was not absorbed following oral administration to rats. However, 3′-deoxyinosine, a metabolite of cordycepin previously considered to be inactive, was absorbed into the systemic blood circulation. Further investigation was performed to study the conversion of 3′-deoxyinosine to cordycepin 5′-triphosphate in vitro using macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. It demonstrated that cordycepin 5′-triphosphate, the active metabolite of cordycepin, can be formed not only from cordycepin, but also from 3′-deoxyinosine. The novel nucleoside rescue metabolic pathway proposed in this study could be responsible for therapeutic effects of adenosine and other analogues of adenosine following oral administration. These findings may have importance in understanding the physiology and pathophysiology associated with adenosine, as well as drug discovery and development utilising adenosine analogues.
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