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Coelho MM, Lima R, Almeida AS, Fernandes PA, Remião F, Fernandes C, Tiritan ME. Binding studies of promethazine and its metabolites with human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography and molecular docking in the presence of codeine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4605-4618. [PMID: 38965103 PMCID: PMC11294390 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
"Purple Drank", a soft drink containing promethazine (PMZ) and codeine (COD), has gained global popularity for its hallucinogenic effects. Consuming large amounts of this combination can lead to potentially fatal events. The binding of these drugs to plasma proteins can exacerbate the issue by increasing the risk of drug interactions, side effects, and/or toxicity. Herein, the binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA) of PMZ and its primary metabolites [N-desmethyl promethazine (DMPMZ) and promethazine sulphoxide (PMZSO)], along with COD, was investigated by high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) though zonal approach. PMZ and its metabolites exhibited a notable binding affinity for HSA (%b values higher than 80%), while COD exhibited a %b value of 65%. To discern the specific sites of HSA to which these compounds were bound, displacement experiments were performed using warfarin and (S)-ibuprofen as probes for sites I and II, respectively, which revealed that all analytes were bound to both sites. Molecular docking studies corroborated the experimental results, reinforcing the insights gained from the empirical data. The in silico data also suggested that competition between PMZ and its metabolites with COD can occur in both sites of HSA, but mainly in site II. As the target compounds are chiral, the enantioselectivity for HSA binding was also explored, showing that the binding for these compounds was not enantioselective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguel Coelho
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Lima
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Almeida
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química E Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Porto de Leixões Cruise Terminal, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal.
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Sofia Almeida A, Cardoso T, Cravo S, Elizabeth Tiritan M, Remião F, Fernandes C. Binding studies of synthetic cathinones to human serum albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123836. [PMID: 37494753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA) of a series of fourteen synthetic cathinones, new psychoactive substances widely abused, was investigated by high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC). Zonal elution experiments were conducted to measure the retention times of each synthetic cathinone on an HSA column, which enabled the calculation of the percentage of the drug bound. For some synthetic cathinones, enantioselectivity on HSA was found. To gather information on the HSA binding sites and better understand the chiral recognition mechanisms, enantioresolution of selected cathinones was carried out at a milligram scale through liquid chromatography (LC) with carbamate polysaccharide-based columns. This work was followed by zonal displacement chromatography using known competitors with specific binding sites on HSA, namely (S)-ibuprofen and warfarin. Competition was observed between the tested drugs and both competitors (except for pentedrone with warfarin), which is consistent with an allosteric competition involving a non-cooperative binding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Almeida
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony Cardoso
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cravo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Haghighi Shishavan Y, Amjadi M. A new enhanced chemiluminescence reaction based on polymer dots for the determination of metronidazole. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 260:119992. [PMID: 34082355 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dots (PDs) with non-conjugated functional groups are attracting nanomaterials due to their ease of synthesis, the biocompatibility of precursors, and low toxicity. In this work, PDs with non-conjugated groups were synthesized with a simple and straightforward method by Schiff base reaction. Then their possible application in the chemiluminescence (CL) reactions was explored. Results were shown that PDs increased the CL intensity of the NaIO4-fluorescein system about 15 times. Regarding the CL mechanism, we proved that the emitting species is fluorescein, which can be excited by the energy transfer from the excited-state PDs. It was observed that CL emission is promoted by the interaction of metronidazole (MND) with the PDs. Therefore, we designed a novel and sensitive assay for MND based on its enhancing effect on NaIO4-fluorescein-PDs CL system. The introduced assay showed a linear response in the range of 5.0-300 nM with a detection limit of 1.5 nM. The method was used for the determination of MND in spiked plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Haghighi Shishavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amjadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran.
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Enantioseparation, recognition mechanisms and binding of xanthones on human serum albumin by liquid chromatography. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1255-1274. [PMID: 31298568 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a method for enantioseparation of several chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs) by LC using a human serum albumin-chiral stationary phase (HSA-CSP) and screening CDX-HSA affinity. Additionally, recognition mechanisms were investigated. Materials & methods: The influence of organic modifier, buffer type, pH and ionic strength of mobile phase, and temperature were explored. The affinity was determined by measuring the retention times and further calculation of bound percentage. Chiral recognition mechanisms were investigated by docking. Results: Enantioselectivity and resolution values ranged from 1.40 to 9.16 and 1.51 to 4.97. Bound percentages ranged from 79.02 to 99.99%. Conclusion: LC systematic study and binding affinity of CDXs on HSA-CSP are presented here for the first time, expanding the applications of HSA-CSP for this class of compounds.
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Liu G, Wang P, Li C, Wang J, Sun Z, Zhao X, Zheng X. Confirming therapeutic target of protopine using immobilized β 2 -adrenoceptor coupled with site-directed molecular docking and the target-drug interaction by frontal analysis and injection amount-dependent method. J Mol Recognit 2017; 30. [PMID: 28124461 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug-protein interaction analysis is pregnant in designing new leads during drug discovery. We prepared the stationary phase containing immobilized β2 -adrenoceptor (β2 -AR) by linkage of the receptor on macroporous silica gel surface through N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole method. The stationary phase was applied in identifying antiasthmatic target of protopine guided by the prediction of site-directed molecular docking. Subsequent application of immobilized β2 -AR in exploring the binding of protopine to the receptor was realized by frontal analysis and injection amount-dependent method. The association constants of protopine to β2 -AR by the 2 methods were (1.00 ± 0.06) × 105 M-1 and (1.52 ± 0.14) × 104 M-1 . The numbers of binding sites were (1.23 ± 0.07) × 10-7 M and (9.09 ± 0.06) × 10-7 M, respectively. These results indicated that β2 -AR is the specific target for therapeutic action of protopine in vivo. The target-drug binding occurred on Ser169 in crystal structure of the receptor. Compared with frontal analysis, injection amount-dependent method is advantageous to drug saving, improvement of sampling efficiency, and performing speed. It has grave potential in high-throughput drug-receptor interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chan Li
- Drug Certificate Center, Shaanxi Food and Drug Administration, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Chen D, Wang H, Zhang Z, Ci L, Zhang X. Chemiluminescence determination of cefotaxime sodium with flow-injection analysis of cerium (IV)-rhodamine 6G system and its application to the binding study of cefotaxime sodium to protein with on-line microdialysis sampling. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 78:553-557. [PMID: 21050805 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid flow-injection chemiluminescence (CL) method has been developed for the determination of cefotaxime sodium based on the chemiluminescence reaction of cefotaxime sodium with ceric sulfate and rhodamine 6G in nitric acid solution. The concentration of cefotaxime sodium was proportional with the CL intensity in the range of 4×10(-8)-8×10(-6) mol L(-1). The detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio=3) was 1×10(-8) mol L(-1). Coupled to the technique of on-line microdialysis sampling, this method was successfully applied to study cefotaxime sodium-protein interaction. The drug and protein were mixed in different molar ratios in Ringer's solution, pH 7.4, and incubated at 37°C in a water bath. The microdialysis probe was utilized to sample the mixed solution at a perfusion rate of 5 μL min(-1) and the recovery of cefotaxime sodium under experimental condition was 16.2%. The data obtained by the present Microdialysis-Flow Injection Analysis-CL method was analyzed with the Scatchard analysis and Klotz plot. The estimated association constant (K) and the number of the binding sites (n) on one of BSA molecule were 5.94×10(4) M(-1) and 1.29 (Klotz equation), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, PR China.
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Wang Z, Song Z. A valuable way for understanding the relationships between lysozyme and cephalosporin analogues by flow injection chemiluminescence. Analyst 2010; 135:2546-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00197j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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A new luminol chemiluminescence reaction using a tetravalent nickel-periodate complex as the oxidant. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Sun H, He P. Characterization of interaction between doxycycline and human serum albumin by capillary electrophoresis‐frontal analysis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1991-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang Z, Tan X, Chen D, Yue Q, Song Z. Study on the Binding Behavior of Lysozyme with Cephalosporin Analogues by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Fluoresc 2009; 19:801-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-009-0477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang JP, Li NB, Luo HQ. Chemiluminescence determination of ferulic acid by flow-injection analysis using cerium(IV) sensitized by rhodamine 6G. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 71:204-208. [PMID: 18242120 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid flow-injection chemiluminescence method has been developed for the determination of ferulic acid based on the chemiluminescence reaction of ferulic acid with rhodamine 6G and ceric sulfate in sulphuric acid medium. Strong chemiluminescence signal was observed when ferulic acid was injected into the acidic ceric sulfate solution in a flow-cell. The present method allowed the determination of ferulic acid in the concentration range of 8.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) and the detection limit for ferulic acid was 8.7 x 10(-9) mol l(-1). The relative standard deviation was 2.4% for 10 replicate analyses of 1.0 x 10(-5) mol l(-1) ferulic acid. The proposed method was applied to the determination of ferulic acid in Taita Beauty Essence samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Filanoski B, Rastogi SK, Cameron A, Cameron E, Mishra NN, Maki W, Maki G. Non-enzymatic aqueous peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence immune detection using a CCD camera and a CMOS device. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:296-302. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Hu Y, Zhang Z. Determination of free cholesterol based on a novel flow-injection chemiluminescence method by immobilizing enzyme. LUMINESCENCE 2008; 23:338-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Sun H, He P. Characterization of Interactions Between Fluoroquinolones and Human Serum Albumin by CE–Frontal Analysis. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hu Y, Zhang Z, Yang C. A sensitive chemiluminescence method for the determination of H2O2 in exhaled breath condensate. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:201-5. [PMID: 18270409 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method is proposed for the determination of picomolar L(-1) levels of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This method is based on the oxidation of a low concentration of luminol (10(-7) M) by H(2)O(2) at a low concentration level (< 10(-8) M) in an alkaline medium catalyzed by a complex, K(5)[Cu(HIO(6))(2)] (DPC), which is not interfered by other metal ions or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Under the optimum conditions, H(2)O(2) was determined over the range of 1.0 x 10(-10) to 1.0 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) with a detection limit of (3sigma) of 4.1 x 10(-11) mol L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.2% for 5 nmol L(-1) H(2)O(2) (n = 7). The proposed method offers the advantages of ultra-sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity and rapidity for H(2)O(2) determination. It was successfully applied to directly determine trace amounts of H(2)O(2) (nmol L(-1)) in human's EBC of both rheum and healthy volunteers. A statistically significant difference was found between patients with rheum (n = 11) and control subjects without rheum (n = 11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China
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Trainor GL. Chapter 31 Plasma Protein Binding and the Free Drug Principle: Recent Developments and Applications. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 42 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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