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Li SF, Zhang W, Zhang W, Huang A, Zhu JQ, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Analysis of Atorvastatin and its Intermediates. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:6063-6083. [PMID: 37828675 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673263728231004053704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Atorvastatin, a lipid-lowering drug that is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, has significant clinical significance. This article focuses on the synthetic procedures of atorvastatin, including Paal-Knorr synthesis and several new synthetic strategies. It also outlines chemical and chemo-enzymatic methods for synthesizing optically active side chain of atorvastatin. In addition, a comprehensive overview of the analytical monitoring techniques for atorvastatin and its metabolites and impurities is reported, alongside a discussion of their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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Wagmann L, Hemmer S, Caspar AT, Meyer MR. Method development for quantitative determination of seven statins including four active metabolites by means of high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry applicable for adherence testing and therapeutic drug monitoring. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:664-672. [PMID: 31665111 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Statins are used to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by reducing the total serum cholesterol concentration. Unfortunately, dose-related side effects and sub-optimal response, attributed to non-adherence amongst others, were described. Therefore, a fast and sensitive liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) method for adherence testing and therapeutic drug monitoring of all currently marketed statins and their active metabolites in human blood plasma should be developed, validated and tested for applicability. Methods Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin, as well as ortho- and para-hydroxy-atorvastatin, lovastatin hydroxy acid and simvastatin hydroxy acid were included and several internal standards (IS) tested. Validation was performed according to the guideline of the European Medicines Agency including selectivity, carry-over, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, dilution integrity and analyte stability. Finally, applicability was tested using 14 patient samples submitted for regular toxicological analysis. Results Due to an analytical interference of atorvastatin-d5, diazepam-d5 and pentobarbital-d5 were chosen as IS for positive and negative ionization mode, respectively. All statins and metabolites fulfilled the validation acceptance criteria except for fluvastatin, which could not be quantified reliably and reproducibly, most probably due to instability. Analyses of human plasma samples revealed concentrations of statins and metabolites below the reference plasma concentrations in the case of eight patients. However, nothing was known concerning patients' adherence and time between intake and sampling. Conclusions An LC-HRMS/MS method for identification and quantification of atorvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin and four active metabolites was successfully developed and applicability demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina Hemmer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Developed simvastatin chitosan nanoparticles co-crosslinked with tripolyphosphate and chondroitin sulfate for ASGPR-mediated targeted HCC delivery with enhanced oral bioavailability. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1851-1867. [PMID: 33424274 PMCID: PMC7783227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (SV) repurposing has emerged as an alternative approach for the treatment of cancer. In this study, SV chitosan nanoparticles co-crosslinked with tripolyphosphate and chondroitin sulfate (SVCSChSNPs) were developed in order to maximize SV therapeutic efficiency. The hepatic targeting was realized using N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues of ChS, which can be identified by the ASGPR receptors specifically expressed in hepatocytes. SV was repurposed as an anticancer agent against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NPs were fabricated by the ionic gelation method, and the formulation variables (CS concentration, CS:ChS ratio, and CS solution pH) were optimized using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. The optimized NPs were investigated for particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptotic effects against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and detection of intracellular localization. The NPs were further evaluated for in vitro release behavior of SV and pharmacokinetics using Wister albino rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging showed a spherical shape with regular surface NPs of < 100 nm diameter. In vitro cytotoxicity testing showed that the SVCSChSNPs exhibited greater inhibition of proliferation in HepG2 cells and high cellular uptake through ASGPR-mediated endocytosis. The in vitro dissolution profile was 2.1-fold greater than that of pure SV suspension. Furthermore, in vivo oral pharmacokinetics revealed that the obtained NPs enhanced the bioavailability of SV by up to 2- and 1.6-fold for SV and SVA, respectively, compared to the pure SV suspension. These findings demonstrated that hepatic-targeted CSChSNPs delivering SV could potentially serve as a promising platform for HCC and other liver-related diseases.
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Ricci G, Ciccone MM, Giordano P, Cortese F. Statins: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 17:213-221. [PMID: 29984667 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180706144824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases secondary to atherosclerosis are the primary causes of early death and disability worldwide and dyslipidaemia represents one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Among lipid abnormalities that define it, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the primary target of therapy, since multiple randomized controlled trials have shown the positive impact of its reduction on atherosclerosis development. For their ability to lower LDL-C levels, statins are the most studied drugs in cardiovascular disease prevention, of proven utility in slowing the progression or even determining regression of atherosclerosis. In addition, they have ancillary proprieties, with positive effects on the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, the so-called "pleiotropic mechanisms". Although sharing the same mechanism of action, the different chemical and pharmacological characteristics of each kind of statins affect their absorption, bioavailability, plasma protein binding properties, excretion and solubility. In this overview, we analysed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms of this class of drugs, specifying the differences among the molecules, along with the economic aspects. Detailed knowledge of characteristics and differences of each kind of available statin could help the physician in the correct choice, based also on patient's clinical profile, of this essential tool with a demonstrated high cost-effectiveness both in primary than in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ricci
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, "Monsignor Dimiccoli" Hospital, Barletta, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortese
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, "Monsignor Dimiccoli" Hospital, Barletta, Italy
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Courlet P, Spaggiari D, Desfontaine V, Cavassini M, Alves Saldanha S, Buclin T, Marzolini C, Csajka C, Decosterd LA. UHPLC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous determination of amlodipine, metoprolol, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin with its active metabolites in human plasma, for population-scale drug-drug interactions studies in people living with HIV. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121733. [PMID: 31374423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to highly active antiretroviral treatments, HIV infection is now considered as a chronic condition. Consequently, people living with HIV (PLWH) live longer and encounter more age-related chronic co-morbidities, notably cardiovascular diseases, leading to polypharmacy. As the management of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) constitutes a key aspect of the care of PLWH, the magnitude of pharmacokinetic DDIs between cardiovascular and anti-HIV drugs needs to be more thoroughly characterized. To that endeavour, an UHPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination in human plasma of amlodipine, metoprolol, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and its active metabolites. Plasma samples were subjected to protein precipitation with methanol, followed by evaporation at room temperature under nitrogen of the supernatant, allowing to attain measurable plasma concentrations down to sub-nanogram per milliliter levels. Stable isotope-labelled analytes were used as internal standards. The five drugs and two metabolites were analyzed using a 6-min liquid chromatographic run coupled to electrospray triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection. The method was validated over the clinically relevant concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 480 ng/mL for amlodipine, atorvastatin and p-OH-atorvastatin, and 0.4 to 480 ng/mL for pravastatin, 0.5 to 480 ng/mL for rosuvastatin and o-OH-atorvastatin, and 3 to 4800 ng/mL for metoprolol. Validation performances such as trueness (95.4-110.8%), repeatability (1.5-13.4%) and intermediate precision (3.6-14.5%) were in agreement with current international recommendations. Accuracy profiles (total error approach) were lying within the limits of ±30% accepted in bioanalysis. This rapid and robust UHPLC-MS/MS assay allows the simultaneous quantification in plasma of the major currently used cardiovascular drugs and offers an efficient analytical tool for clinical pharmacokinetics as well as DDIs studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Courlet
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dany Spaggiari
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Desfontaine
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Susana Alves Saldanha
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Catia Marzolini
- Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Chantal Csajka
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent-Arthur Decosterd
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Novosvětská L, Chocholouš P, Švec F, Sklenářová H. Fully automated method based on on-line molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction for determination of lovastatin in dietary supplements containing red yeast rice. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1219-1228. [PMID: 30617392 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated method for the determination of lovastatin in dietary supplements containing red yeast rice has been developed. It uses a sequential injection analysis system combined with solid-phase extraction applying highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent. A miniaturized column for on-line extraction was prepared by packing 4.5 mg of the sorbent in a 5.0 × 2.5-mm-i.d. cartridge, which was used in the flow manifold. Sequential injection analysis manifold enabled all steps of lovastatin extraction and continuous spectrophotometric detection at 240 nm. A limit of detection of 60 μg g-1, a limit of quantitation of 200 μg g-1, and a linear calibration range of 200-2000 μg g-1 were achieved. Intra-day and inter-day precision values (RSD) were ≤ 6.7% and ≤ 4.9%, respectively, and method recovery values of spiked red yeast rice extracts at 200, 1000, and 2000 μg g-1 concentration levels were 82.9, 95.2, and 87.7%. Our method was used for determination of lovastatin lactone in four dietary supplements containing red yeast rice as a natural source of lovastatin, also known as monacolin K. The extracted samples were subsequently analyzed by the reference UHPLC-MS/MS method. Statistical comparison of results (F test, t test, α = 0.05) obtained by both methods did not reveal significant difference. A substantial advantage of the new automated approach is high sample throughput thanks to the analysis time of 7.5 min, miniaturization via down-scaling the extraction column, and smaller sample and solvent consumption, as well as reduced generation of waste. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Novosvětská
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Di Donna L, Bartella L, Napoli A, Sindona G, Mazzotti F. Assay of lovastatin containing dietary supplement by LC-MS/MS under MRM condition. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:811-816. [PMID: 29770527 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Di Donna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lucia Bartella
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Anna Napoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sindona
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Fabio Mazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Ângelo ML, Moreira FDL, Morais Ruela AL, Santos ALA, Salgado HRN, de Araújo MB. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Rosuvastatin in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533074 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin calcium (ROS), ( Figure 1 ) belongs to the "statins" group, which is the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. This drug is indicated for dyslipidemias treatment and can help to decrease the level of "bad cholesterol" and can consequently reduce the development of atherosclerosis and the risk of heart diseases. ROS was developed by Astra-Zeneca and it was approved in 2003 by the FDA in the United States. In 2015, under the trade name Crestor®, it was the fourth largest selling drug in the United States with sales above $5 billion. This study presents a literature review of analytical methods for the quantification of ROS in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. The major analytical methods described in this study for ROS were spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ultraviolet (UV) detection, and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Lopes Ângelo
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas , Alfenas , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Lima Moreira
- b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - André Luís Morais Ruela
- c Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia , Vitória da Conquista , Bahia , Brazil
| | | | | | - Magali Benjamim de Araújo
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas , Alfenas , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Antal I, Koneracka M, Zavisova V, Kubovcikova M, Kormosh Z, Kopcansky P. Statins Determination: A Review of Electrochemical Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:474-489. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1332973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Antal
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
- Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
| | - M. Koneracka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V. Zavisova
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M. Kubovcikova
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zh. Kormosh
- Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
| | - P. Kopcansky
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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High resolution mass spectrometry based method applicable for a wide range of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in blood serum including intermediates and products of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:86-94. [PMID: 28209347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins belong to the major class of hypolipidemic drugs. They act as competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. This inhibition not only leads to the depletion of cholesterol and its fatty acid esters, but also to the depletion of the intermediates of this metabolic pathway (mainly pyrophosphates), which can play an important role in tumor proliferation. The aim of the current study was to establish a versatile multi-analyte method capable of quantitative determination of various currently-used statins, together with free cholesterol (FC), cholesterol esters (CEs), and some key intermediates of the mevalonate pathway occurring in human serum. Various methods of sample preparation were examined in order to minimize the content of potentially interfering serum proteins, and simultaneously to assure acceptable recovery of the target analytes. Following protein precipitation with 2-propanol, separation of the sample components using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem high resolution mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-HRMS/MS) was performed, employing a hyphenated quadrupole Orbitrap mass analyzer. The potential of the developed method was validated on human serum samples from patients treated with statins. This versatile method possesses wide applicability, in both clinical and experimental medicine.
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11
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Patel M, Kothari C. Critical review of statins: A bio-analytical perspective for therapeutic drug monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Meor Mohd Affandi MMR, Tripathy M, Shah SAA, Majeed ABA. Solubility enhancement of simvastatin by arginine: thermodynamics, solute-solvent interactions, and spectral analysis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:959-69. [PMID: 27041998 PMCID: PMC4780722 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s94701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the solubility of simvastatin in water in 0.01 mol·dm−3, 0.02 mol·dm−3, 0.04 mol·dm−3, 0.09 mol·dm−3, 0.18 mol·dm−3, 0.36 mol·dm−3, and 0.73 mol·dm−3 arginine (ARG) solutions. The investigated drug is termed the solute, whereas ARG the cosolute. Phase solubility studies illustrated a higher extent of solubility enhancement for simvastatin. The aforementioned system was subjected to conductometric and volumetric measurements at temperatures (T) of 298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K, and 313.15 K to illustrate the thermodynamics involved and related solute–solvent interactions. The conductance values were used to evaluate the limiting molar conductance and association constants. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0, ΔS0, and Es) for the association process of the solute in the aqueous solutions of ARG were calculated. Limiting partial molar volumes and expansibilities were evaluated from the density values. These values are discussed in terms of the solute–solvent and solute–cosolute interactions. Further, these systems were analyzed using ultraviolet–visible analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and 13C, 1H, and two-dimensional nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance to complement thermophysical explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M R Meor Mohd Affandi
- Laboratory of Fundamental Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; DDH Core, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Minaketan Tripathy
- Laboratory of Fundamental Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Core, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Core, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A B A Majeed
- Laboratory of Fundamental Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Core, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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13
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Danafar H, Hamidi M. Method validation of amlodipine and atorvastatin by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method in human plasma. COGENT MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2015.1129790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Danafar
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
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14
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Abstract
Background: Statins are the microsomal 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Some recent studies revealed also the extra-lipid effects and anticancer activities. Due to the wide incidence of cancer diseases, the number of studies dealing with anticancer statin activities has grown in recent years. Development of one universal multistatin method will be a very convenient way of providing practical and economical multiple statin analysis. Results/methodology: Fast and sensitive methods for determination of seven clinically relevant statins, their interconversion products and metabolites (17 analytes in total) in biological samples using microextraction by packed sorbent for sample preparation and UHPLC–MS/MS for subsequent analysis were developed and validated. Three MS platforms with different ion sources, transfer optics, collision cell technologies and scan speed parameters were compared. Conclusion: Significant differences among the methods were observed in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. Microextraction by packed sorbent was successful in the extraction of all 17 analytes from biological matrix.
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15
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Fayed AS, Hegazy MA, Abbas EE, Salama NN. Rapid and selective determination of pitavastatin calcium in presence of its degradation products and co-formulated drug by first-derivative micelle-enhanced and synchronous fluorimetric methods. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New, selective and rapid methods are presented for determination of PIT in the presence of its hydrolytic degradation products and co-formulated drug, EZE. These methods are derivative micelle enhanced native fluorescence and synchronous fluorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Fayed
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Maha A. Hegazy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Enas E. Abbas
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)
- Giza
- Egypt
| | - Nahla N. Salama
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)
- Giza
- Egypt
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16
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Abstract
The great impact of cardiovascular diseases in human health has led to the development of a huge number of drugs and therapies to improve the treatment of these diseases. Cardiovascular drug analysis in biological fluids constitutes an important challenge for analytical scientists. There is a clear need for reliable methods to carry out both qualitative and quantitative analysis in a short time of analysis. Different problems such as drug monitoring, analysis of metabolites, study of drugs interactions, drugs residues or degradation products, chiral separation, and screening and confirmation of drugs of abuse in doping control must be solved. New trends in sample preparation, instrumental and column technology advances in LC and innovations in MS are described in this work.
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17
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Saha A, Jangala H, Vats P, Thakur R, Khuroo A, Monif T. Stability indicating LC-MS/MS method for estimation of lovastatin in human plasma: application to a bioequivalence study. J Anal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-015-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Akabari AH, Shah DR, Shah SA, Suhagia BN. Kinetic Determinations of Pitavastatin Calcium by Stability Indicating HPTLC Method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.917665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok H. Akabari
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , C.K. Pithawalla Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research , Surat , Gujarat , India
| | - Dinesh R. Shah
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Maliba Pharmacy College , Bardoli , Gujarat , India
| | - Shailesh A. Shah
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Maliba Pharmacy College , Bardoli , Gujarat , India
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19
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Machado TC, Pizzolato TM, Arenzon A, Segalin J, Lansarin MA. Photocatalytic degradation of rosuvastatin: analytical studies and toxicity evaluations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:571-577. [PMID: 25300021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation of rosuvastatin, which is a drug that has been used to reduce blood cholesterol levels, was studied in this work employing ZnO as catalyst. The experiments were carried out in a temperature-controlled batch reactor that was irradiated with UV light. Preliminary the effects of the photocatalyst loading, the initial pH and the initial rosuvastatin concentration were evaluated. The experimental results showed that rosuvastatin degradation is primarily a photocatalytic process, with pseudo-first order kinetics. The byproducts that were generated during the oxidative process were identified using nano-ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-UPLC-MS/MS) and acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna were done to evaluate the toxicity of the untreated rosuvastatin solution and the reactor effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiele Caprioli Machado
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Engenheiro Luiz Englert s/n, CEP: 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Mara Pizzolato
- Chemical Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Arenzon
- Ecology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Segalin
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marla Azário Lansarin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Engenheiro Luiz Englert s/n, CEP: 90040-040 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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20
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Al-Badr AA, Mostafa GAE. Pravastatin sodium. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2014; 39:433-513. [PMID: 24794911 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800173-8.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Pravastatin sodium is an [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitor and is a lipid-regulating drug. This monograph includes the description of the drug: nomenclature, formulae, elemental composition, solubility, appearance, and partition coefficient. The uses and the methods that have been reported for the synthesis of this drug are described. The physical methods that were used to characterize the drug are the X-ray powder diffraction pattern, thermal methods, melting point, and differential scanning calorimetry. This chapter also contains the following spectra of the drug: the ultraviolet spectrum, the vibrational spectrum, the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and the mass spectrum. The compendial methods of analysis include the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia methods. Other methods of analysis that are included in this profile are spectrophotometric, electrochemical, polarographic, voltammetric and chromatographic, and immunoassay methods. The chapter also contains the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, stability, and articles that reviewed pravastatin sodium manufacturing, characterization, and analysis. One hundred and sixty-two references are listed at the end of this comprehensive profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A E Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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21
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Translational insight into statin-induced muscle toxicity: from cell culture to clinical studies. Transl Res 2014; 164:85-109. [PMID: 24530275 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins are lipid-lowering drugs used widely to prevent and treat cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases. These drugs are among the most commonly prescribed medicines intended for long-term use. In general, statins are well tolerated. However, muscular adverse effects appear to be the most common obstacle that limits their use, resulting in poor patient compliance or even drug discontinuation. In addition, rare but potentially fatal cases of rhabdomyolysis have been reported with the use of these drugs, especially in the presence of certain risk factors. Previous reports have investigated statin-induced myotoxicity in vivo and in vitro using a number of cell lines, muscle tissues, and laboratory animals, in addition to randomized clinical trials, observational studies, and case reports. None of them have compared directly results from laboratory investigations with clinical observations of statin-related muscular adverse effects. To the best of our knowledge this is the first review article that combines laboratory investigation with clinical aspects of statin-induced myotoxicity. By reviewing published literature of in vivo, in vitro, and clinically relevant studies of statin myotoxicity, we aim to translate this important drug-related problem to establish a clear picture of proposed mechanisms that explain the risk factors and describe the diagnostic approaches currently used for evaluating the degree of muscle damage induced by these agents. This review provides baseline novel translational insight that can be used to enhance the safety profile, to minimize the chance of progression of these adverse effects to more severe and potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis, and to improve the overall patient compliance and adherence to long-term statin therapy.
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22
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Sirén H, Kaijanen L, Kaartinen S, Väre M, Riikonen P, Jernström E. Determination of statins by gas chromatography – EI/MRM – Tandem mass spectrometry: Fermentation of pine samples with Pleurotus ostreatus. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 94:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Development of Stereoselective Method for the Quantification of Stereoisomers and Geometrical Isomer of Pitavastatin Calcium by Enhanced Approach. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Bews HJ, Carlson JC, Jha A, Basu S, Halayko AJ, Wong CS. Simultaneous quantification of simvastatin and simvastatin hydroxy acid in blood serum at physiological pH by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 947-948:145-50. [PMID: 24424299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin attenuates airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, hallmarks of asthma, in allergen-challenged mice. As such, it is under consideration as a novel therapeutic, thus it is important to quantify the levels of simvastatin and its pharmacologically active and interconvertible metabolite, simvastatin hydroxy acid, that can be attained in the body. Methods exist to measure the concentrations of these compounds in biological media; however they do not maintain a physiological pH, and as a result do not accurately measure the ratio of these two compounds that exists in vivo. We developed a new method to measure simvastatin and simvastatin hydroxy acid more accurately in serum from mice by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We minimized the time that the compounds were in aqueous solution, and buffered samples to a physiological pH value of 7.4. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.16 ng mL(-1) extract (1.3 ng mL(-1) serum) for simvastatin, and 8.3 ng mL(-1) extract (66 ng mL(-1) serum) for simvastatin hydroxy acid, respectively. No interconversion was observed, based on spike-and-recovery experiments of solutions containing both compounds. The method was applied using biological samples from mice challenged with house dust mite extract and simultaneously treated with subcutaneous simvastatin injection. Simvastatin hydroxy acid concentrations became significantly increased after a 2 week pre-treatment regime, whereas simvastatin concentrations were below the LOQ for all serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Bews
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9; Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9
| | - Jules C Carlson
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9; Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9
| | - Aruni Jha
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 0J9; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 513-715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 3P4
| | - Sujata Basu
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 0J9; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 513-715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 3P4
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 0J9; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 513-715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 3P4
| | - Charles S Wong
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9; Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 513-715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3E 3P4.
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25
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Hryniewicka M, Starczewska B, Syperek I. Micellar extractions with anionic surfactant SDS and the mixture of SDS/OSAS for determination lovastatin in river samples. J Mol Liq 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Arayne MS, Sultana N, Tabassum A. RP-LC simultaneous quantitation of co-administered drugs for (non-insulin dependent) diabetic mellitus induced dyslipidemia in active pharmaceutical ingredient, pharmaceutical formulations and human serum with UV-detector. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Mornar A, Sertić M, Nigović B. Development of a rapid LC/DAD/FLD/MS(n) method for the simultaneous determination of monacolins and citrinin in red fermented rice products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1072-1080. [PMID: 23305336 DOI: 10.1021/jf304881g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Red fermented rice is used worldwide by many patients as an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia; however, the discovery of a toxic fermentation byproduct, citrinin, causes much controversy about the safety of red mold rice products. A new and fast high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of cholesterol-lowering compounds monacolin K (lovastatin), monacolin K hydroxy acid, and other monacolins present in red fermented rice as well as nephrotoxic mycotoxin citrinin in a single run using connected diode array and fluorescence and mass spectrometric detectors. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of red fermented rice food samples and various dietary supplements also containing other natural lipid-lowering agents. The deviations between label content and levels of active compounds found in investigated samples as well as high batch-to-batch variation found in one product indicate that the regular quality control of red fermented rice products is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mornar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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28
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Silva TD, Oliveira MA, de Oliveira RB, Vianna-Soares CD. Development and validation of a simple and fast HPLC method for determination of lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:831-8. [PMID: 22689902 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are effective and often-prescribed drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. This study shows a simple and fast method validation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the linear range 28 to 52 µg/mL to quantify lovastatin, pravastatin sodium or simvastatin in bulk drug or dosage forms. Statins were determined using a C8 endcapped column (250 × 4 mm, 5 µm), isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid (65:35), 30°C, ultraviolet-diode array detection at λ 238 nm and 1.5 mL/min flow for lovastatin and simvastatin and 1.0 mL/min for pravastatin sodium. The developed method is fast, simple, reliable and shows appropriate linearity (r > 0.999), accuracy (98.8-101.6%), precision (relative standard deviation <2%) and selectivity toward placebo and/or degradation products in very similar chromatographic conditions for all statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taízia D Silva
- Pharmaceutical Products Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Pinheiro LF, França CN, Izar MC, Barbosa SP, Bianco HT, Kasmas SH, Mendes GD, Povoa RM, Fonseca FA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between clopidogrel and rosuvastatin: Effects on vascular protection in subjects with coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2012; 158:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Suárez Arango C, Nieto IJ. [Biotechnological cultivation of edible macrofungi: an alternative for obtaining nutraceutics]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2012; 30:1-8. [PMID: 22449697 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromycetes have been part of the human culture for thousand years, and have been reported as food in the most important civilizations in history. Many nutraceutical properties of macromycetes have been described, such as anti-cancer, anti-tumour, cholesterol lowering, antiviral, antibacterial, or immunomodulatory, among others. Given that production of mushrooms by traditional cultivation and extraction of bioactive metabolites is very difficult in some cases, biotechnology is essential for the development of profitable and productive techniques for obtaining these metabolites. It is the development of this technology, and the ease in which it enables the use of its variables that has allowed mycelium to be cultivated in liquid medium of macrofungi, with a significant reduction in time and an increased production of metabolites. This increased production has led to the study of compounds that have medicinal, nutriceutical and quasi-farmaceutical potential, in the exhausted media and the mycelium. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of liquid-state fermentation as a technological tool for obtaining edible fungi, and the study of these and their metabolites, by describing the different cultivation conditions used in recent years, as well as the results obtained. The relevance of Agaricus, Flammulina, Grifola, Pleurotus and Lentinula genera, will also be discussed, with emphasis on the last one, since Shiitake has been always considered as the ultimate medicinal mushroom.
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Validated spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of atorvastatin in pharmaceutical preparations. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:200-205. [PMID: 29403743 PMCID: PMC5760905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the estimation of atorvastatin. In this method, the native fluorescence characteristics of atorvastatin have been studied in both acidic and basic media. High sensitivity was obtained with 5% acetic acid at 389 nm using 276 nm for excitation. Regression analysis showed a good correlation coefficient (r=0.9995) between fluorescence intensity and concentration over the range of 1.5–4 μg/mL with detection limit of 0.012 μg/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of atorvastatin in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms with average recovery of 100.29±0.47%. The results were compared favorably with those of the reported method.
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Vlčková H, Rabatinová M, Mikšová A, Kolouchová G, Mičuda S, Solich P, Nováková L. Determination of pravastatin and pravastatin lactone in rat plasma and urine using UHPLC-MS/MS and microextraction by packed sorbent. Talanta 2012; 90:22-9. [PMID: 22340111 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reproducible method for the determination of pravastatin and pravastatin lactone in rat plasma and urine by means of ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) using deuterium labeled internal standards for quantification is reported. Separation of analytes was performed on BEH C(18) analytical column (50 mm × 2.1mm, 1.7 μm), using gradient elution by mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 1mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.0. Run time was 2 min. Quantification of analytes was performed using the SRM (selected reaction monitoring) experiment in ESI negative ion mode for pravastatin and in ESI positive ion mode for pravastatin lactone. Sample treatment consisted of a protein precipitation by ACN and microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) for rat plasma. Simple MEPS procedure was sufficient for rat urine. MEPS was implemented using the C8 sorbent inserted into a microvolume syringe, eVol hand-held automated analytical syringe and a small volume of sample (50 μl). The analytes were eluted by 100 μl of the mixture of acetonitrile: 0.01 M ammonium acetate pH 4.5 (90:10, v:v). The method was validated and demonstrated good linearity in range 5-500 nmol/l (r(2)>0.9990) for plasma and urine samples. Method recovery was ranged within 97-109% for plasma samples and 92-101% for the urine samples. Intra-day precision expressed as the % of RSD was lower than 8% for the plasma samples and lower than 7% for the urine samples. The method was validated with sensitivity reaching LOD 1.5 nmol/l and LOQ 5 nmol/l in plasma and urine samples. The method was applied for the measurement of pharmacokinetic plots of pravastatin and pravastatin lactone in rat plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Kumar KK, Rao CK, Lakshmi MV, Mukkanti K. A Validated Stability Indicating RP-UPLC Method for Atrovastain Calcium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.35052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Darwish IA, Al-Obaid ARM, Al-Malaq HA. Validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of rosuvastatin in plasma at picogram level. Drug Test Anal 2011; 5:334-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Darwish IA, Al-Obaid ARM, Al-Malaq HA. Generation of polyclonal antibody with high avidity to rosuvastatin and its use in development of highly sensitive ELISA for determination of rosuvastatin in plasma. Chem Cent J 2011; 5:38. [PMID: 21726466 PMCID: PMC3149564 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-5-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a polyclonal antibody with high avidity and specificity to the potent hypocholesterolaemic agent rosuvastatin (ROS) has been prepared and used in the development of highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of ROS in plasma. ROS was coupled to keyhole limpt hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using carbodiimide reagent. ROS-KLH conjugate was used for immunization of female 8-weeks old New Zealand white rabbits. The immune response of the rabbits was monitored by direct ELISA using ROS-BSA immobilized onto microwell plates as a solid phase. The rabbit that showed the highest antibody titer and avidity to ROS was scarified and its sera were collected. The IgG fraction was isolated and purified by avidity chromatography on protein A column. The purified antibody showed high avidity to ROS; IC50 = 0.4 ng/ml. The specificity of the antibody for ROS was evaluated by indirect ELISA using various competitors from the ROS-structural analogues and the therapeutic agents used with ROS in a combination therapy. The proposed ELISA involved a competitive binding reaction between ROS, in plasma sample, and the immobilized ROS-BSA for the binding sites on a limited amount of the anti-ROS antibody. The bound anti-ROS antibody was quantified with horseradish peroxidase-labeled second anti-rabbit IgG antibody (HRP-IgG) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate for the peroxidase enzyme. The concentration of ROS in the sample was quantified by its ability to inhibit the binding of the anti-ROS antibody to the immobilized ROS-BSA and subsequently the color intensity in the assay wells. The assay enabled the determination of ROS in plasma at concentrations as low as 40 pg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P,O, Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Darwish IA, Al-Obaid ARM, Al-Malaq HA. Generation of a specific polyclonal antibody with high affinity to atorvastatin and its employment in the development of ELISA for determination of atorvastatin in plasma. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2011; 32:57-69. [PMID: 21253970 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2010.538109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a polyclonal antibody with high affinity to atorvastatin (ATR) was generated. The high specificity of the antibody for ATR among its structural analogues and co-administered therapeutic agents was proved. The antibody was employed in the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of ATR in plasma. The assay was validated over a working range of 0.2-5 ng/mL. The intra- and interassay precisions were satisfactory; the coefficients of variations were ≤5%. The accuracy of the method was proved as the mean recovery was 96.4 ± 4.3%. The assay can be used in therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies for ATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Panchal HJ, Suhagia BN. Stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method for analysis of pitavastatin calcium in tablet dosage forms. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.23.2011.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Ghosh C, Jain I, Gaur S, Patel N, Upadhyay A, Chakraborty BS. Simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and its two metabolites from human plasma by ESI-LC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:352-62. [PMID: 21309001 DOI: 10.1002/dta.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A selective, sensitive, and fast high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with mass spectrometric (MS) detection mode has been developed and validated completely in human plasma. Atorvastatin (ATO), p-hydroxy atorvastatin (p-HATO), o-hydroxy atorvastatin (o-HATO) and internal standard (IS) are extracted from human plasma via solid phase extraction (SPE) technique. After elution, the solution is evaporated, then reconstituted with 250 µL of Mobile Phase and analyzed using HPLC/MS/MS system. An isocratic mode is used to separate interference peaks using a Symmetry C-18, 75 × 4.6 mm ID, 3.5 µ, column. The m/z of ATO, o-HATO and p-HATO are 559.2/440.2, 575.3/440.4 and 575.0/440.4 respectively. Linearity ranges are 0.05 to 252.92 ng/mL for ATO, p-HATO and o-HATO respectively. Calibration functions, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), stability, intra- and inter-day reproducibility, accuracy, and recovery are estimated. This method is free from matrix effects and any abnormal ionization. This method was successfully applied to a single dose 80 mg tablet bioequivalence (BE) study of Atorvastatin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Ghosh
- Bio-analytical Department, Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited, Dholka, Gujarat, India.
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Yu Q, Hu ZY, Zhu FY, Zhu JH, Wan LL, Li Y, Guo C. HPLC–MS–MS for the Simultaneous Determination of Atorvastatin and Amlodipine in Plasma of Hypertensive Patients. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Langford K, Thomas KV. Input of selected human pharmaceuticalmetabolites into the Norwegian aquatic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:416-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00342e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Mornar A, Damić M, Nigović B. Separation, Characterization, and Quantification of Atorvastatin and Related Impurities by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003763624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Use of cyclodextrins as solubilizing agents for simvastatin: effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on lactone/hydroxyacid aqueous equilibrium. Int J Pharm 2010; 404:49-56. [PMID: 21056648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical conversion of simvastatin from the lactone (SVL) to the hydroxyacid (SVA) form is becoming an intriguing issue associated with the pharmacological use of SVL. On this matter, recent findings suggest that SVL complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) may be a useful strategy to affect its aqueous solubility and chemical stability. In this work, a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method able to selectively identify and quantify SVL and SVA has been set up, validated and applied to follow SVL hydrolysis in the presence of HPβCD. The combination of stability results with simvastatin/HPβCD stability constants achieved from UV-vis measurements and solubility/dissolution studies allowed to get an insight into SVL/HPβCD, SVA/HPβCD and SVL/SVA equilibria taking place in aqueous solution. Results show that in the presence of HPβCD the aqueous SVL/SVA equilibrium is shifted versus the hydroxyacid form. UV-vis results, showing that the lactone and the open-ring form of simvastatin interact with HPβCD in a similar extent, suggest that hydrolysis occurs also on SVL/HPβCD complex, thus supporting a mode of interaction that does not involve the lactone ring. This hypothesis is strengthened by NMR analysis performed on SVA, HPβCD and their inclusion complex, which indicates that the lactone ring is not included in HPβCD hydrophobic cavity. Finally, results suggest that particular attention must be paid to SVL lactonization in aqueous solution when using CD-based formulations and in demonstrating their effective benefit for a specific therapeutic use.
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Sparidans RW, Iusuf D, Schinkel AH, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for pravastatin and two isomeric metabolites in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2751-9. [PMID: 20829130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytical assay for pravastatin and two isomeric metabolites, 3'α-isopravastatin and 6'-epipravastatin, was developed and validated. Mouse plasma and tissue homogenates from liver, kidney, brain and heart were pre-treated using protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing deuterated internal standards of the analytes. The extract was diluted with water and injected into the chromatographic system. This system consisted of a polar embedded octadecyl silica column using isocratic elution with formic acid in a water-acetonitrile mixture. The eluate was transferred to an electrospray interface using negative ionization and the analytes were detected and quantified with the selected reaction monitoring mode of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The assay was successfully validated in a 3.4-7100ng/ml concentration range for pravastatin, 1.3-2200ng/ml for 3'α-isopravastatin and 0.5-215ng/ml for 6'-epipravastatin using only plasma for calibration. For plasma samples, subjected to full validation, within and between day precisions were 1-7% (9-18% at the LLQ level) and accuracies were between 91% and 103%. For tissue homogenates, subjected to partial validation, within and between day precisions were 2-12% (6-19% at the LLQ level) and accuracies were between 87% and 113% (81 and 113% at the LLQ level). Drug and metabolites were shown to be chemically stable under most relevant analytical conditions. Finally, the assay was successfully applied for a pilot study in mice. After intravenous administration of the drug, all isomeric compounds were found in plasma; however, in liver and kidney homogenate only the parent drug showed levels exceeding the LLQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Sparidans
- Universiteit Utrecht, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Biomedical Analysis, Division of Drug Toxicology, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sharaf El-Din MMK, Attia KAM, Nassar MWI, Kaddah MMY. Colorimetric determination of simvastatin and lovastatin in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 76:423-428. [PMID: 20451441 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Simple, accurate and precise colorimetric method for the determination of simvastatin and lovastatin in tablets is described. The method is based on the reaction of simvastatin or lovastatin with hydroxylamine in alkaline medium to form the corresponding hydroxamic acid derivatives which, on treatment with ferric ion in acid medium, yield highly colored ferric-chelate complex with maximum absorption at 513nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 0.04-0.4mgml(-1) for both simvastatin and lovastatin, respectively. Molar absorptivity values, as calculated from Beer's law data, were found to be 1.15x10(3) and 1.09x10(3)lmol(-1)cm(-1) for simvastatin and lovastatin, respectively. Optimal experimental parameters for the reaction have been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results reflects that the proposed procedures are precise, accurate and easily applicable for the determination of simvastatin and lovastatin in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohie M K Sharaf El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Zhang Z, Bu H, Gao Z, Huang Y, Gao F, Li Y. The characteristics and mechanism of simvastatin loaded lipid nanoparticles to increase oral bioavailability in rats. Int J Pharm 2010; 394:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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A highly sensitive and specific polyclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of atorvastatin. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Zhang J, Rodila R, Gage E, Hautman M, Fan L, King LL, Wu H, El-Shourbagy TA. High-throughput salting-out assisted liquid/liquid extraction with acetonitrile for the simultaneous determination of simvastatin and simvastatin acid in human plasma with liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 661:167-72. [PMID: 20113731 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SS) is an effective cholesterol-lowering medicine, and is hydrolyzed to simvastatin acid (SSA) after oral administration. Due to SS and SSA inter-conversion and its pH and temperature dependence, SS and SSA quantitation is analytically challenging. Here we report a high-throughput salting-out assisted liquid/liquid extraction (SALLE) method with acetonitrile and mass spectrometry compatible salts for simultaneous LC-MS/MS analysis of SS and SSA. The sample preparation of a 96-well plate using SALLE was completed within 20 min, and the SALLE extract was diluted and injected into an LC-MS/MS system with a cycle time of 2.0 min/sample. The seamless interface of SALLE and LC-MS eliminated drying down step and thus potential sample exposure to room or higher temperature. The stability of SS and SSA in various concentration ratios in plasma was evaluated at room and low (4 degrees C) temperature and the low temperature (4 degrees C) was found necessary to maintain sample integrity. The short sample preparation time along with controlled temperature (2-4 degrees C) and acidity (pH 4.5) throughout sample preparation minimized the conversion of SS-->SSA to < or = 0.10% and the conversion of SSA-->SS to 0.00% The method was validated with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 0.094 ng mL(-1) for both SS and SSA and a sample volume of 100 microL. The method was used for a bioequivalence study with 4048 samples. Incurred sample reproducibility (ISR) analysis of 362 samples from the study exceeded ISR requirement with 99% re-analysis results within 100+/-20% of the original analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Drug Analysis, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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49
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Darwish IA, Al-Obaid ARM, Al-Malaq HAM. Preparation of a highly specific polyclonal antibody against and its use in development of ELISA for determination of in plasma. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:220-224. [PMID: 32938062 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of the potent hypocholesterolaemic agent fluvastatin (FLV), a specific antibody was required for the development of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the accurate determination of FLV in plasma. In this study, a highly specific polyclonal antibody against FLV has been prepared. FLV was coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using carbodiimide reagent. FLV-KLH conjugate was used as an immunogen. Female 8-weeks old New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with an emulsion of FLV-KLH with Freund's adjuvant. The immune response of the rabbits was monitored by direct ELISA using FLV-BSA immobilized onto microwell plates as a solid phase. The rabbit that showed the highest antibody titer and affinity to FLV was scarified and its sera were collected. The IgG fraction was isolated and purified by affinity chromatography on a protein A column. The specificity of the purified antibody for FLV was evaluated by indirect competitive ELISA using various competitors from the FLV-structural analogues and therapeutic agents used with FLV in a combination therapy. The high affinity of the antibody (IC50 = 150 pg ml-1) enabled the determination of FLV in plasma at concentrations as low as 20 pg ml-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ali Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul-Rahman Mohammad Al-Obaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamoud Abdul-Mohsin Al-Malaq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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50
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Mao T, Hao B, He J, Li W, Li S, Yu Z. Ultrasound assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase extraction of lovastatin and simvastatin: A new pretreatment procedure. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3029-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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