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Madani-Nejad E, Shokrollahi A, Shahdost-Fard F. A smartphone-based colorimetric assay using Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles as the nanoprobes for visual tracing of fluvoxamine in biofluids as a common suicide drug. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 296:122665. [PMID: 37011439 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of gold (AuNPs) as the core and silver (AgNPs) as the shell have been synthesized and applied as the nanoprobe for detection of fluvoxamine (FXM) as the anti-depression drug. The physicochemical properties of the prepared citrate-capped Au@Ag core-shell NPs have been characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. The design of the smartphone-based colorimetric FXM sensor relies on the fast hydrolysis of FXM under alkaline conditions by producing of 2-(Aminooxy)ethanamine without any significant peak at 400-700 nm. The interaction of the resulted molecule with the nanoprobe induced a red shift in the longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of the nanoprobe, which was accompanied by sharp and vivid color variations in the solution. A linear relationship between the absorption signal increasing by FXM concentration increasing from 1 µM to 10 µM presented a simple, low cost and minimally instrumented format for FXM quantification with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 nM. The collected visual data with the elegant colorimetric response of the nanoprobe in the presence of FXM from Indian red to light red violet and bluish-purple color offered simple detection of FXM with the naked eye. The satisfactory results of the proposed cost-effective sensor in the rapid assay of FXM in human serum, urine, saliva and pharmaceutical samples guarantee the potential of the nanoprobe for on-site and visual determination of FXM in actual samples. The proposed sensor as the first non-invasive FXM sensor for saliva sample analysis may hold great promise to provide the technical support for the rapid and valid detection of FXM for forensic medicine and clinical organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F Shahdost-Fard
- Department of Chemistry, Farhangian University, Tehran 19396-14464, Iran.
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2
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Sayed RA, El-Alfy W, Ismaiel OA, El-Mammli MY, Shalaby A. Non-extractive spectrophotometric determination of memantine HCl, clomipramine HCl and fluvoxamine maleate in pure form and in pharmaceutical products by ion-pair complex formation with rose bengal. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 79:375-386. [PMID: 33309604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this work is to develop a simple, sensitive and non-extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of memantine HCl (MEM), clomipramine HCl (CLM) and fluvoxamine maleate (FLV). MATERIAL AND METHODS The proposed method was based on the formation of colored ion-pair complexes between the basic nitrogen of the target drugs and rose bengal (RB) dye in a weak acidic medium. RESULTS The formed complexes were measured at 576nm for MEM, CLM and at 575nm for FLV. The reaction conditions were optimized to obtain the maximum color intensity. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 2-20, 1-16 and 6-30μg/mL for MEM, CLM and FLV, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.476, 0.185, 0.806 and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 1.443, 0.559 and 2.443 for MEM, CLM and FLV, respectively. The composition ratio of the ion-pair complexes was found to be 1:1 as determined by Job's method. CONCLUSION The proposed method was applied successfully for the analysis of the cited drugs in pure and dosage forms. Results of the proposed method were statistically compared with the reported methods by applying student's t- and F-tests and no significant differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - W El-Alfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - O A Ismaiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - M Y El-Mammli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - A Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Tyagi Y, Madhav NS. Inbuilt novel bioretardant feature of biopolymer isolated from cucumis sativa for designing drug loaded bionanosuspension. J Drug Assess 2020; 9:72-81. [PMID: 32341840 PMCID: PMC7170339 DOI: 10.1080/21556660.2020.1745210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The current research work has potential for delivery of fluvoxamine moiety in bio-nanosuspension mode for the effective treatment of depression. Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood and a feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Methods: The fluvoxamine loaded bio-nanosuspension was prepared using novel bio-retardant isolated from fruit pulp of Cucumis sativa by a novel method with different ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5) and the same ratios with standard polymer eudragit L-100. The bio-nanosuspensions were evaluated for pH stability studies, percentage entrapment efficacy, in vitro drug release, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and stability studies. Results: The bio-nanosuspension was subjected to the best formulation based on comparison of above mentioned evaluation parameters, and the Fc1 (1:1) formulation was found to be the best formulation. Cucumis sativa provided excellent stability for the formulation, and the resulting particle size was found to be 194 nm. The bio-nanosuspension had a Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.13 with zeta potential of -17.9 mV. Conclusion: The fluvoxamine loaded bio-nanosuspension using Cucumis sativa was found to be nontoxic and compatible with drug delivery systems for treatment of depression. This was the first report in which Cucumis sativa as a bioretardant demonstrated greater retardability over the standard polymer eudragit-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Tyagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India
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Makuc D, Švab Ž, Naumoska K, Plavec J, Časar Z. Determination of d-Cycloserine Impurities in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Comparison of the International Pharmacopoeia HPLC-UV Method and the DOSY NMR Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071684. [PMID: 32272592 PMCID: PMC7181288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
d-cycloserine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is currently being used as a secondary choice in the treatment of tuberculosis. In recent years, it has become more popular, due to its effect on the nervous system. In this current study, we provide evidence that The International Pharmacopoeia HPLC–UV method for d-cycloserine impurity profiling is not repeatable due to the variable response of cycloserine dimer, one of d-cycloserine impurities. Therefore, we introduced the DOSY (diffusion ordered spectroscopy) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) technique to determine the levels of d-cycloserine impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The DOSY NMR technique allowed separation of d-cycloserine, its degradation products, and key process impurities in concentrations below pharmacopoeial specification limits. The proposed DOSY NMR method allowed accurate identification and quantification of the cycloserine dimer, which was not possible through the use of the pharmacopoeial HPLC method. The current method has the potential for practical use in analytical laboratories of the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjan Makuc
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Živa Švab
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katerina Naumoska
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.M.); (J.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +386-1-5802079; Fax: +386-1-5683517
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Dal Poggetto G, Castañar L, Foroozandeh M, Kiraly P, Adams RW, Morris GA, Nilsson M. Unexploited Dimension: New Software for Mixture Analysis by 3D Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13695-13701. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Dal Poggetto
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Castañar
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammadali Foroozandeh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kiraly
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph W. Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A. Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Nilsson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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6
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Fittler A, Vida RG, Káplár M, Botz L. Consumers Turning to the Internet Pharmacy Market: Cross-Sectional Study on the Frequency and Attitudes of Hungarian Patients Purchasing Medications Online. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e11115. [PMID: 30135053 PMCID: PMC6125612 DOI: 10.2196/11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the past two decades, the internet has become an accepted way to purchase products and services. Buying medications online are no exception. Besides its benefits, several patient safety risks are linked to the purchase of medicines outside the traditional supply chain. Although thousands of internet pharmacies are accessible on the web, the actual size of the market is unknown. Currently, there is limited data available on the use of internet pharmacies, the number, and attitude of people obtaining medications and other health products from the internet. Objective This study aims to gather information on the frequency and attitudes of patients purchasing medications online in a nationally representative sample of outpatients. Attitudes towards main supply chain channels, perceived benefits, and disadvantages of influencing online medication purchase are evaluated. Methods A cross-sectional explorative study using a personally administered survey was conducted in a representative sample of Hungarian outpatients in 2018. Results A total of 1055 outpatients completed the survey (response rate 77.23%). The mean age was 45 years, and 456 (43.22%) reported having chronic health conditions. The majority (872/1055, 82.65%) of the respondents were aware that medications could be obtained online, but only 44 (4.17%) used the internet for previous medication purchases. Attitudes towards the different pharmaceutical supply chain retail channels showed significant differences (P<.001), respondents accepted retail pharmacy units as the most appropriate source of medications while rejected internet pharmacies. Respondents were asked to evaluate 9 statements regarding the potential benefits and disadvantages about the online medicine purchase, and based on the computed relative attitude rate there is a weak still significant tendency toward rejection (P<.001). Correspondence of demographic factors, internet usage behavior, and prospective online drug purchase attitude was evaluated. Respondents who use the internet more and purchase goods online will be more likely to buy medications online. Furthermore, youth and education will determine the medication purchase behavior. Conclusions Many patients will purchase medications on the internet in the future. Currently, there is an increased risk of patients buying products from illegal sites because these dominate the global online pharmacy market. Consequently, improved patient-provider communication and promotion campaigns are needed to inform the public about the safe use of internet pharmacies, as these initiatives can directly prevent patient safety threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Fittler
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert György Vida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Káplár
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lajos Botz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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7
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Moutzouri P, Kiraly P, Phillips AR, Coombes SR, Nilsson M, Morris GA. 13C Satellite-Free 1H NMR Spectra. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11898-11901. [PMID: 29083868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new NMR experiment (Destruction of Interfering Satellites by Perfect Echo Low-pass filtration, DISPEL) is introduced that facilitates the analysis of low-level components in high dynamic range mixtures by suppressing one-bond 13C satellite signals in 1H spectra. Since the natural abundance of 13C is around 1.1%, these satellites appear at 0.54% of the intensity of a parent peak, mimicking and often masking impurity signals. The new experiment suppresses one-bond 13C satellite signals, with high efficiency, at negligible cost in signal-to-noise ratio, and over a wide range of one-bond coupling constants, without the need for broadband 13C decoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Moutzouri
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kiraly
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Phillips
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Coombes
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca , Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Nilsson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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8
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Dadkhah S, Bagheri Novir S, Balali E. Computational investigation of structural and electronic properties of cis and trans structures of fluvoxamine as a nano-drug. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Pagès G, Gilard V, Martino R, Malet-Martino M. Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance measurements (PFG NMR) for diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) mapping. Analyst 2017; 142:3771-3796. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY) NMR has enabled diffusion coefficients to be routinely measured and used to characterize chemical systems in solution. Indeed, DOSY NMR allows the separation of the chemical entities present in multicomponent systems and provides information on their intermolecular interactions as well as on their size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Pagès
- INRA
- AgroResonance – UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux
- Saint Genès Champanelle
- France
| | - V. Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique
- UMR CNRS 5068
- Université de Toulouse
- 31062 Toulouse cedex 9
| | - R. Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique
- UMR CNRS 5068
- Université de Toulouse
- 31062 Toulouse cedex 9
| | - M. Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique
- UMR CNRS 5068
- Université de Toulouse
- 31062 Toulouse cedex 9
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10
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Barbosa TM, Morris GA, Nilsson M, Rittner R, Tormena CF. 1H and 19F NMR in drug stress testing: the case of voriconazole. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03822d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress tests form an important part of drug development, and of subsequent accreditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Barbosa
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
- Chemistry Institute
| | - G. A. Morris
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - M. Nilsson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - R. Rittner
- Chemistry Institute
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13083-970 – Campinas
- Brazil
| | - C. F. Tormena
- Chemistry Institute
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- 13083-970 – Campinas
- Brazil
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11
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Moutzouri P, Kiraly P, Phillips AR, Coombes SR, Nilsson M, Morris GA. Clearing the undergrowth: detection and quantification of low level impurities using 19F NMR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 53:123-125. [PMID: 27904900 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the analysis of low level impurities in sparsely fluorinated species allows measurement of clean high dynamic range 19F spectra, fully decoupled and free of interfering signals from 13C isotopomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Moutzouri
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Peter Kiraly
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Andrew R Phillips
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Steven R Coombes
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Mathias Nilsson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Gareth A Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Fahimirad B, Asghari A, Bazregar M, Rajabi M, Fahimi E. Application of tandem dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of doxepin, citalopram, and fluvoxamine in complicated samples. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4828-4834. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maryam Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry; Semnan University; Semnan Iran
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13
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Holzgrabe U, Malet-Martino M. NMR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 93:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Pisklak DM, Zielińska-Pisklak M, Szeleszczuk Ł, Wawer I. 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the solid drug forms with low concentration of an active ingredient-propranolol case. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 93:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Maggio RM, Calvo NL, Vignaduzzo SE, Kaufman TS. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products: uses and applications of NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:102-22. [PMID: 24853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current standards and regulations demand the pharmaceutical industry not only to produce highly pure drug substances, but to achieve a thorough understanding of the impurities accompanying their manufactured drug substances and products. These challenges have become important goals of process chemistry and have steadily stimulated the search of impurities after accelerated or forced degradation procedures. As a result, impurity profiling is one of the most attractive, active and relevant fields of modern pharmaceutical analysis. This activity includes the identification, structural elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk drugs and their pharmaceutical formulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has evolved into an irreplaceable approach for pharmaceutical quality assessment, currently playing a critical role in unequivocal structure identification as well as structural confirmation (qualitative detection), enabling the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the formation of process and/or degradation impurities. NMR is able to provide qualitative information without the need of standards of the unknown compounds and multiple components can be quantified in a complex sample without previous separation. When coupled to separative techniques, the resulting hyphenated methodologies enhance the analytical power of this spectroscopy to previously unknown levels. As a result, and by enabling the implementation of rational decisions regarding the identity and level of impurities, NMR contributes to the goal of making better and safer medicines. Herein are discussed the applications of NMR spectroscopy and its hyphenated derivate techniques to the study of a wide range pharmaceutical impurities. Details on the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology and well as specific challenges with regards to the different analytical problems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Maggio
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
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16
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Dal Poggetto G, Favaro DC, Nilsson M, Morris GA, Tormena CF. 19F DOSY NMR analysis for spin systems with nJFF couplings. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:172-177. [PMID: 24464558 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
NMR is a powerful method for identification and quantification of drug components and contaminations. These problems present themselves as mixtures, and here, one of the most powerful tools is DOSY. DOSY works best when there is no spectral overlap between components, so drugs containing fluorine substituents are well-suited for DOSY analysis as (19)F spectra are typically very sparse. Here, we demonstrate the use of a modified (19)F DOSY experiment (on the basis of the Oneshot sequences) for various fluorinated benzenes. For compounds with significant (n) JFF coupling constants, as is common, the undesirable J-modulation can be efficiently suppressed using the Oneshot45 pulse sequence. This investigation highlights (19)F DOSY as a valuable and robust method for analysis of molecular systems containing fluorine atoms even where there are large fluorine-fluorine couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Dal Poggetto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, CP 6154-CEP 13083-970, Brazil
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17
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Favaro DC, Contreras RH, Tormena CF. Unusual Through-Space, TS, Pathway for the Transmission of JFHf Coupling: 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde Study Case. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7939-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402618c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denize C. Favaro
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box: 6154, 13084-862
Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubén H. Contreras
- Department of Physics, FCEyN, University of Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Cláudio F. Tormena
- Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box: 6154, 13084-862
Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Monakhova YB, Kuballa T, Löbell-Behrends S, Hengen J, Maixner S, Kohl-Himmelseher M, Ruge W, Lachenmeier DW. 1H NMR screening of pharmacologically active substances in weight-loss supplements being sold online. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/lemi.201290115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Primikyri A, Kyriakou E, Charisiadis P, Tsiafoulis C, Stamatis H, Tzakos AG, Gerothanassis IP. Fine-tuning of the diffusion dimension of –OH groups for high resolution DOSY NMR applications in crude enzymatic transformations and mixtures of organic compounds. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Murakami JN, Thurbide KB, Lambertus G, Jensen E. Characterization of the subcritical water extraction of Fluoxetine-Hydrochloride. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:80-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Clickable PEG conjugate obtained by “clip” photochemistry: Synthesis and characterization by quantitative 19F NMR. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Pauli GF, Gödecke T, Jaki BU, Lankin DC. Quantitative 1H NMR. Development and potential of an analytical method: an update. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:834-51. [PMID: 22482996 PMCID: PMC3384681 DOI: 10.1021/np200993k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering the literature from mid-2004 until the end of 2011, this review continues a previous literature overview on quantitative (1)H NMR (qHNMR) methodology and its applications in the analysis of natural products. Among the foremost advantages of qHNMR is its accurate function with external calibration, the lack of any requirement for identical reference materials, a high precision and accuracy when properly validated, and an ability to quantitate multiple analytes simultaneously. As a result of the inclusion of over 170 new references, this updated review summarizes a wealth of detailed experiential evidence and newly developed methodology that supports qHNMR as a valuable and unbiased analytical tool for natural product and other areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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23
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Novoa-Carballal R, Fernandez-Megia E, Jimenez C, Riguera R. NMR methods for unravelling the spectra of complex mixtures. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:78-98. [PMID: 20936238 DOI: 10.1039/c005320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main methods for the simplification of the NMR of complex mixtures by selective attenuation/suppression of the signals of certain components are presented. The application of relaxation, diffusion and PSR filters and other techniques to biological samples, pharmaceuticals, foods, living organisms and natural products are illustrated with examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Centre for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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24
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Martino R, Malet-Martino M, Gilard V, Balayssac S. Counterfeit drugs: analytical techniques for their identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:77-92. [PMID: 20437031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of counterfeit drugs has increased dramatically, including not only "lifestyle" products but also vital medicines. Besides the threat to public health, the financial and reputational damage to pharmaceutical companies is substantial. The lack of robust information on the prevalence of fake drugs is an obstacle in the fight against drug counterfeiting. It is generally accepted that approximately 10% of drugs worldwide could be counterfeit, but it is also well known that this number covers very different situations depending on the country, the places where the drugs are purchased, and the definition of what constitutes a counterfeit drug. The chemical analysis of drugs suspected to be fake is a crucial step as counterfeiters are becoming increasingly sophisticated, rendering visual inspection insufficient to distinguish the genuine products from the counterfeit ones. This article critically reviews the recent analytical methods employed to control the quality of drug formulations, using as an example artemisinin derivatives, medicines particularly targeted by counterfeiters. Indeed, a broad panel of techniques have been reported for their analysis, ranging from simple and cheap in-field ones (colorimetry and thin-layer chromatography) to more advanced laboratory methods (mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and vibrational spectroscopies) through chromatographic methods, which remain the most widely used. The conclusion section of the article highlights the questions to be posed before selecting the most appropriate analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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25
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Rodrigues ED, da Silva DB, de Oliveira DCR, da Silva GVJ. DOSY NMR applied to analysis of flavonoid glycosides from Bidens sulphurea. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47:1095-1100. [PMID: 19768723 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
2D DOSY 1H NMR has proved to be a useful technique in the identification of the molecular skeleton of the four major compounds of ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts of Bidens sulphurea (Asteraceae). The combination of this technique with HPLC, mass spectrometry and other NMR techniques enabled the identification of four flavonoid glycosides: quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glycopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-rhamnopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Delphino Rodrigues
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Darwish IA, Abdine HH, Amer SM, Al-Rayes LI. Spectrophotometric study for the reaction between fluvoxamine and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate: Kinetic, mechanism and use for determination of fluvoxamine in its dosage forms. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:897-902. [PMID: 19135409 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Spectrophotometric study was carried out, for the first time, to investigate the reaction between the antidepressant fluvoxamine (FXM) and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate (NQS) reagent. In alkaline medium (pH 9), an orange-colored product exhibiting maximum absorption peak (lambda(max)) at 470nm was produced. The kinetics of the reaction was investigated and its activation energy was found to be 2.65kcalmol(-1). Because of this low activation energy, the reaction proceeded easily. The stoichiometry of the reaction was determined and the reaction mechanism was postulated. This color-developing reaction was successfully employed in the development of simple and rapid spectrophotometric method for determination of FXM in its pharmaceutical dosage forms. Under the optimized reaction conditions, Beer's law correlating the absorbance (A) with FXM concentration (C) was obeyed in the range of 0.6-8microgml(-1). The regression equation for the calibration data was A=0.0086+0.1348C, with good correlation coefficient (0.9996). The molar absorptivity (epsilon) was 5.9x10(4)lmol(-1)cm(-1). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.2 and 0.6microgml(-1), respectively. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 2%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FXM in its pharmaceutical tablets with good accuracy and precisions; the label claim percentage was 100.47+/-0.96%. The results obtained by the proposed method were comparable with those obtained by the official method. The proposed method is superior to all the previously reported spectrophotometric methods for determination of FXM in terms of its simplicity and sensitivity. The method is practical and valuable for its routine application in quality control laboratories for analysis of FXM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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27
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Balayssac S, Trefi S, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M, Martino R, Delsuc MA. 2D and 3D DOSY 1H NMR, a useful tool for analysis of complex mixtures: application to herbal drugs or dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 50:602-12. [PMID: 19108978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen herbal dietary supplements, marketed as natural substances for the enhancement of sexual function, were analyzed by diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) (1)H NMR. The method allowed a global analysis of the samples with detection of both active and inactive ingredients present in these complex matrixes. Eight formulations contained compounds related to the synthetic phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, hydroxyhomosildenafil, thiosildenafil, and the newly identified adulterant thiomethisosildenafil were detected. Quantification of these active ingredients was carried out by HPLC or NMR. In addition to these actives, about 30 compounds or excipients were characterized. This study ended up with a three-dimensional DOSY-COSY (1)H NMR experiment on a herbal formulation which provided both virtual separation and structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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28
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Darwish IA, Amer SM, Abdine HH, Al-Rayes LI. Spectrofluorimetric determination of fluvoxamine in dosage forms and plasma via derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. J Fluoresc 2008; 19:463-71. [PMID: 18949539 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-008-0433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of the antidepressant fluvoxamine (FXM) in its dosage forms and plasma. The method was based on nucleophilic substitution reaction of FXM with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole in an alkaline medium (pH 8) to form a highly fluorescent derivative that was measured at 535 nm after excitation at 470 nm. The factors affecting the reaction was carefully studied and optimized. The kinetics of the reaction was investigated, and the reaction mechanism was presented. Under the optimized conditions, linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (0.9995) was found between the fluorescence intensity and FXM concentration in the range of 65-800 ng ml(-1). The limits of detection and quantitation for the method were 21 and 64 ng ml(-1), respectively. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 2.17%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of FXM in its pharmaceutical tablets with good accuracy; the recovery values were 97.8-101.4 +/- 1.08-2.75%. The results obtained by the proposed method were comparable with those obtained by the official method. The high sensitivity of the method allowed its successful application to the analysis of FXM in spiked human plasma. The proposed method is superior to the previously reported spectrofluorimetric method for determination of FXM in terms of its simplicity. The proposed method is practical and valuable for its routine application in quality control and clinical laboratories for analysis of FXM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Trefi S, Routaboul C, Hamieh S, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M, Martino R. Analysis of illegally manufactured formulations of tadalafil (Cialis®) by 1H NMR, 2D DOSY 1H NMR and Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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