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Investigating In Vitro and Ex Vivo Properties of Artemether/Lumefantrine Double-Fixed Dose Combination Lipid Matrix Tablets Prepared by Hot Fusion. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070922. [PMID: 34206248 PMCID: PMC8308765 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly lipophilic antimalarial drugs, artemether and lumefantrine, whilst an effective fixed-dose combination treatment to lower the malarial disease burden, are therapeutically hindered by low aqueous solubility and varied bioavailability. This work investigates the plausibility of directly compressed lipid matrix tablets, their role as lipid-based formulations and their future standing as drug delivery systems. Lipid matrix tablets were manufactured from solid lipid dispersions in various lipid:drug ratios employing hot fusion—the melt mixing of highly lipophilic drugs with polymer(s). Sequential biorelevant dissolution media, multiple mathematical models and ex vivo analysis utilizing porcine tissue samples were employed to assess drug release kinetics and more accurately predict in vitro performance. Directly compressed stearic acid tablets in a 0.5:1 lipid:drug ratio were deemed optimal within investigated parameters. Biorelevant media was of immense value for artemether release analysis, with formulation SA0.5C1 (Stearic Acid:double fixed dose in a 0.5:1 ratio (i.e., Stearic acid 70 mg + Lumefantrine 120 mg + Artemether 20 mg); CombiLac® as filler (q.s.); and 1% w/w magnesium stearate) yielding a higher percentage of artemether release (97.21%) than the commercially available product, Coartem® (86.12%). However, dissolution media lacked the specificity to detect lumefantrine. Nonetheless, stearic acid lipid:drug ratios governed drug release mechanisms. This work demonstrates the successful utilization of lipids as pharmaceutical excipients, particularly in the formulation of lipid matrix tablets to augment the dissolution of highly lipophilic drugs, and could thus potentially improve current malarial treatment regimens.
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Volpe-Zanutto F, Ferreira LT, Permana AD, Kirkby M, Paredes AJ, Vora LK, P. Bonfanti A, Charlie-Silva I, Raposo C, Figueiredo MC, Sousa IM, Brisibe A, Costa FTM, Donnelly RF, Foglio MA. Artemether and lumefantrine dissolving microneedle patches with improved pharmacokinetic performance and antimalarial efficacy in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii. J Control Release 2021; 333:298-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Siqueira SA, Fernandes C, César IC. Microextraction by packed sorbent and high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine in plasma samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113486. [PMID: 32755807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytical method for the determination of lumefantrine and its metabolite desbutyl-lumefantrine in plasma samples using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) and high-performance liquid chromatography was developed and validated. A complete factorial planning and surface response approach were employed to optimize the extraction parameters sample volume, dilution, aspirated sample volume and extraction cycles. The method employed C18 MEPS sorbent and diazepam as internal standard (IS). Separation was performed on a Luna C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 35 °C, with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.05 % trifluoroacetic acid (68:32, v/v), detection at 305 nm and injection volume of 25 μL. The developed method showed to be selective, precise, accurate and linear in the range of 50-5000 ng/mL for lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine. Using the optimized MEPS procedure, high recovery rates were obtained for both analytes and IS (92.2 %-99.0 %). The method was successfully applied for the determination of lumefantrine and its metabolite in human plasma samples after oral administration of lumefantrine tablets in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Aparecida Siqueira
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Costa César
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Arshad U, Mujahid A, Lieberzeit P, Afzal A, Bajwa SZ, Iqbal N, Roshan S. Molecularly imprinted polymeric coatings for sensitive and selective gravimetric detection of artemether. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34355-34363. [PMID: 35514404 PMCID: PMC9056809 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring antimalarial drugs is necessary for clinical assays, human health, and routine quality control practices in pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we present the development of sensor coatings based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) combined with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for sensitive and selective gravimetric detection of an antimalarial drug: artemether. The MIP coatings are synthesized by using artemether as the template in a poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) matrix. Artemether-MIP and the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) control or reference layers are deposited on 10 MHz dual-electrode QCM by spin coating (187 ± 9 nm layer thickness after optimization). The coatings are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy that reveal marked differences among the MIP and NIP. The MIP-QCM sensor exhibits high sensitivity (0.51 Hz ppm-1) with sub-10 ppm detection and quantification limits. The MIP-QCM sensor also exhibits a 6-fold higher sensitivity compared to the NIP-QCM, and a dynamic working range of 30-100 ppm. The response time of MIP-QCM devices for a single cycle of analyte adsorption, signal saturation, and MIP regeneration is less than 2.5 min. The sensor also demonstrates selectivity factors of artemether-MIP of 2.2 and 4.1 compared to artemisinin and lumefantrine, respectively. Reversibility tests reveal less than 5% variation in sensor responses over three cycles of measurements at each tested concentration. The MIP-QCM showed lower detection limits than conventional HPLC-UV, and faster response time compared to HPLC-UV and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore-54590 Pakistan
| | - Adnan Mujahid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore-54590 Pakistan
| | - Peter Lieberzeit
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 42 Vienna A-1090 Austria
| | - Adeel Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin PO Box 1803 Hafr Al Batin 39524 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Zafar Bajwa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Jhang Road Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Naseer Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin PO Box 1803 Hafr Al Batin 39524 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumaira Roshan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore-54590 Pakistan
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Yabré M, Ferey L, Sakira AK, Bonmatin C, Fauré C, Somé TI, Gaudin K. Green Analytical Methods of Antimalarial Artemether-Lumefantrine Analysis for Falsification Detection Using a Low-Cost Handled NIR Spectrometer with DD-SIMCA and Drug Quantification by HPLC. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153397. [PMID: 32727052 PMCID: PMC7435840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two green analytical approaches have been developed for the analysis of antimalarial fixed dose tablets of artemether and lumefantrine for quality control. The first approach consisted of investigating the qualitative performance of a low-cost handheld near-infrared spectrometer in combination with the principal component analysis as an exploratory tool to identify trends, similarities, and differences between pharmaceutical samples, before applying the data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) as a one-class classifier for proper drug falsification detection with 100% of both sensitivity and specificity in the studied cases. Despite its limited spectral range and low resolution, the handheld device allowed detecting falsified drugs with no active pharmaceutical ingredient and identifying specifically a pharmaceutical tablet brand name. The second approach was the quantitative analysis based on the green and fast RP-HPLC technique using ethanol as a green organic solvent and acetic acid as a green pH modifier. The optimal separation was achieved in 7 min using a mobile phase composed of ethanol 96% and 10 mM of acetic acid pH 3.35 (63:37, v/v). The developed method was validated according to the total error approach based on an accuracy profile, was applied to the analysis of tablets, and allowed confirming falsified drugs detected by spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.K.S.); (T.I.S.)
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Abdoul Karim Sakira
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.K.S.); (T.I.S.)
| | - Camille Bonmatin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Clotilde Fauré
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Touridomon Issa Somé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouaga 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.K.S.); (T.I.S.)
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ChemBioPharm Team, ARNA Laboratory, INSERM U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux University, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (M.Y.); (L.F.); (C.B.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Bhide AR, Surve DH, Guha S, Jindal AB. A sensitive RP-HPLC method for estimation of artemether from polymeric nanoparticles after pre-column acid treatment using UV-visible detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1777564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atharva R. Bhide
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dhanashree H. Surve
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonia Guha
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anil B. Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
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Krishna KV, Saha RN, Puri A, Viard M, Shapiro BA, Dubey SK. Pre-clinical compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling of 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) as a photosensitizer in rat plasma by validated HPLC method. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1056-1063. [PMID: 30608096 PMCID: PMC8283519 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00339d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A second-generation chlorin-based photosensitizer, 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) has shown tremendous therapeutic potential in clinical trials in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Herein, we have developed and validated a bioanalytical method for estimation of HPPH in rat plasma using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a photo diode array (PDA) detector. The method was applied for carrying out pharmacokinetic study of HPPH. Further pharmacokinetic modeling was carried out to understand the compartment kinetics of HPPH. The developed method was fully validated as per the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The linearity of the method was in the range of 250-8000 ng mL-1, and the plasma recovery was found to be 70%. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated and compared via non-compartment analysis and compartment modeling after the intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration in rats using Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0 (Certara™, USA). From the obtained results, we hypothesize that the HPPH complies with two compartmental pharmacokinetic model. Furthermore, it was observed that HPPH has the rapid distribution from the central compartment to peripheral compartment along with slow elimination from peripheral compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
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Christian J, Shah P, Patel M, Patel K, Gandhi T. Optimizing derivatization conditions using an experimental design and simultaneous estimation of artemether and lumefantrine by ratio first order derivative spectrophotometric method. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenee Christian
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Purvi Shah
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Margi Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Kalpana Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejal Gandhi
- Department of Quality Assurance, Anand Pharmacy College, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Sidhaye AA, Bhuran KC, Zambare S, Abubaker M, Nirmalan N, Singh KK. Bio-inspired artemether-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles for effective control of malaria-infected erythrocytes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2809-2828. [PMID: 27759489 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The intra-erythrocytic development of the malarial parasite is dependent on active uptake of nutrients, including human serum albumin (HSA), into parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs). We have designed HSA-based nanoparticles as a potential drug-delivery option for antimalarials. METHODS Artemether-loaded nanoparticles (AANs) were designed and antimalarial activity evaluated in vitro/in vivo using Plasmodium falciparum/Plasmodium berghei species, respectively. RESULTS Selective internalization of AAN into Plasmodium-infected RBCs in preference to healthy erythrocytes was observed using confocal imaging. In vitro studies showed 50% dose reduction for AAN as compared with drug-only controls to achieve IC50 levels of inhibition. The nanoparticles exhibited twofold higher peak drug concentrations in RBCs with antimalarial activity at 50% of therapeutic doses in P. bergei infected mice. CONCLUSION Novel HSA-based nanoparticles offer safe and effective approach for selective targeting of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi A Sidhaye
- CU Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
| | - Kanchan C Bhuran
- CU Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
| | - Sneha Zambare
- CU Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
| | - Munna Abubaker
- School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Niroshini Nirmalan
- School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Kamalinder K Singh
- CU Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India.,School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
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Debrah P, Nettey H, Miltersen KK, Ayeh-Kumi P, Brock B, Sarkodie JA, Akwo-Kretchy I, Owusu-Danso P, Adjei S, Petersen E, Hardlei TF. Artemether-Lumefantrine Concentrations in Tablets and Powders from Ghana Measured by a New High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:158-63. [PMID: 27139437 PMCID: PMC4944682 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed and validated a new analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of artemether and lumefantrine in fixed-dose tablets and powders for reconstitution into pediatric suspensions (PSs). The method showed linearity (r(2) > 0.9947), precision (coefficient of variation < 2%), accuracy (deviation of mean from actual concentrations < 4%), and specificity (peak purities > 99%). The validated method was used to analyze 24 batches of fixed-dose tablets and PSs of artemether and lumefantrine. Of the samples, 23 were obtained using convenience sampling of commonly available brands within Accra in Ghana and one was obtained from Aarhus University Hospital. In all, 83.3% (confidence interval: 80-120%) passed for both artemether and lumefantrine contents, 16.7% failed by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia standards, 8.3% failed for one content, and 8.3% failed for both contents. All four products (16.7%) that failed were PSs, and two (8.3%) showed higher levels of artemether than prescribed (222% and 756%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Debrah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Henry Nettey
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Patrick Ayeh-Kumi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Ghana
| | - Birgitte Brock
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Joseph Adusei Sarkodie
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Irene Akwo-Kretchy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Patrick Owusu-Danso
- Laboratory Services Department, Food and Drugs Authority, Cantonments, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adjei
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Tore Forsingdal Hardlei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
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Acheampong A, Gyasi WO, Darko G, Apau J, Addai-Arhin S. Validated RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination and quantification of chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol and caffeine in tablet formulation. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:625. [PMID: 27330891 PMCID: PMC4870525 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpheniramine maleate–paracetamol–caffeine tablet formulation is one of the common over-the-counter drugs used for the treatment of cold and cough. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatography method has been successfully developed for the simultaneous determination of chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol and caffeine in a drug formulation. The RP-HPLC method employed a Phenomenex C18 reversed phase column (Luna 5µ, 250 × 4.6 mm) with an isocratic mixture of methanol and 0.05 M dibasic phosphate buffer pH 4.0 in the ratio of (30:70; v/v) as the mobile phase. The column temperature was kept at 30 °C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and detection was by means of a UV detector at wavelength of 215 nm. All the active components were successfully eluted with mean retention times of 2.4, 4.2, 7.2 min for chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol and caffeine respectively. The method was found to be linear (R2 > 0.99), precise (RSD < 2.0 %), accurate (recoveries 97.9–102.8 %), specific, simple, sensitive, rapid and robust. The validated method can be used in routine quality control analysis of fixed dose combination tablets containing chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol and caffeine without any interference by excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akwasi Acheampong
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wilfred Owusu Gyasi
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Joseph Apau
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sylvester Addai-Arhin
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana ; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana
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Marson BM, de Oliveira Vilhena R, de Souza Madeira CR, Pontes FLD, Piantavini MS, Pontarolo R. Simultaneous quantification of artesunate and mefloquine in fixed-dose combination tablets by multivariate calibration with middle infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. Malar J 2016; 15:109. [PMID: 26911371 PMCID: PMC4765072 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the most lethal and life-threatening infectious diseases in the world, causing more than half a million deaths annually. Treatment with mefloquine and artesunate is currently recommended by the World Health Organization, and was historically the first artemisinin-based combination therapy used clinically for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum. The problem of poor-quality medicines, such as counterfeit and sub-standard anti-malarials, is a worldwide issue; therefore, it is essential to develop rapid, low cost, solvent-free, and reliable methods for routine quality control for these drugs. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel multivariate method for direct simultaneous quantification of mefloquine and artesunate in tablets by diffuse reflectance, middle infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression (MIR-PLS). Methods Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and partial least squares regression were applied for simultaneous quantification of artesunate and mefloquine in tablets provided by the Brazilian Government. The model was obtained with full spectra (4000–400 cm−1) preprocessed by first derivative and Savitzky-Golay smoothing followed by mean centring, and built with three latent variables. The method was validated according to Brazilian and international guidelines through the measuring of figures of merit, such as trueness, precision, linearity, analytical sensitivity, selectivity, bias, and residual prediction deviation. The results were compared to an HPLC–MS/MS method. Results The MIR-PLS method provided root mean square errors of prediction lower than 2.0 mg per 100 mg of powder for the two analytes, and proved to be valid according to guidelines for analytical methods that use infrared (IR) spectroscopy with multivariate calibration. For the samples obtained from Brazilian healthcare units, the method provided results statistically similar to those obtained by HPLC–MS/MS. Conclusion MIR-PLS was found to be suitable for the quality control of these drugs. It is fast, does not use solvents, and does not generate chemical waste. Furthermore, the proposed method may be transferred and developed for use in portable equipment, increasing the possibilities for assessing the quality of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Maurício Marson
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 8021 Av Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, Paraná, 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Raquel de Oliveira Vilhena
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 8021 Av Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, Paraná, 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Camilla Regina de Souza Madeira
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 8021 Av Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, Paraná, 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Lada Degaut Pontes
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 8021 Av Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, Paraná, 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Mário Sérgio Piantavini
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 8021 Av Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, Paraná, 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 8021 Av Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, Paraná, 80210-170, Brazil.
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Development of hot melt co-formulated antimalarial solid dispersion system in fixed dose form (ARLUMELT): Evaluating amorphous state and in vivo performance. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:137-56. [PMID: 26471056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the industrial feasibility of developing a co-formulated solid dispersion (SD) containing two antimalarial drugs artemether (ARTM) and lumefantrine (LUMF). Soluplus(®) (polyethyleneglycol-polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate grafted copolymer) was used as primary carrier matrices via hot-melt extrusion processing to improve solubility profile and the oral bioavailability of the combination. Based on the preliminary screening, the optimized quantities of PEG 400, Lutrol F127 and Lutrol F68 were incorporated as surfactant with soluplus in different ratios to improve extrudability, increase wettability and the melt viscosity of the HME process. Soluplus(®) was proved to successfully stabilize both the drugs inside its polymeric network during extrusion via forming a stable solid dispersion. Physicochemical properties of the APIs and the SDs characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), MDSC, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) revealed the amorphous existence of the drug in all SDs developed. Molecular level morphology of solid dispersion characterized by using advanced physicochemical characterization techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 2D NMR showed the transformation of the crystalline drugs to its stable amorphous state. All manufactured SDs retained their amorphicity even after a stability study conducted in accelerated condition over 6 months. The solubility and in vitro dissolution performance of both drugs in SD formulations was improved significantly when compared with pure drugs and marketed product while the in vivo studies revealed the same.The pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed that the SD (AL1) shows a 44.12-65.24 folds increase in the AUC(0-72) and 42.87-172.61 folds increase in Cmax compared to that of pure drugs and a better bioavailability than that of commercial product.
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Suleman S, Verheust Y, Dumoulin A, Wynendaele E, D'Hondt M, Vandercruyssen K, Veryser L, Duchateau L, De Spiegeleer B. Gas chromatographic method for the determination of lumefantrine in antimalarial finished pharmaceutical products. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:552-559. [PMID: 28911715 PMCID: PMC9351795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Suleman
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ann Dumoulin
- Research Group EnBiChem, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Vandercruyssen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Veryser
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Mannemala SS, Nagarajan JSK. Development and validation of a generic liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of five commonly used antimalarial drugs: Application to pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1521-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sandeep Mannemala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; JSS University; Udhagamandalam; Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Pharmacy; Annamalai University; Annamalai Nagar; Tamil Nadu India
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Miranda TA, Silva PHR, Pianetti GA, César IC. Simultaneous quantitation of chloroquine and primaquine by UPLC-DAD and comparison with a HPLC-DAD method. Malar J 2015; 14:29. [PMID: 25626728 PMCID: PMC4318193 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroquine and primaquine are the first-line treatment recommended by World Health Organization for malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. Since the problem of counterfeit or substandard anti-malarials is well established all over the world, the development of rapid and reliable methods for quality control analysis of these drugs is essential. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a novel UPLC-DAD method for simultaneously quantifying chloroquine and primaquine in tablet formulations. Methods The UPLC separation was carried out using a Hypersil C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm id; 1.9 μm particle size) and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% aqueous triethylamine, pH 3.0 adjusted with phosphoric acid (B), at a flow rate 0.6 mL/min. Gradient elution was employed. UV detection was performed at 260 nm. UPLC method was fully validated and the results were compared to a conventional HPLC-DAD method for the analysis of chloroquine and primaquine in tablet formulations. Results UPLC method was shown to be linear (r2 > 0.99), precise (CV < 2.0%), accurate (recovery rates from 98.11 to 99.83%), specific, and robust. No significant differences were observed between the chloroquine and primaquine contents obtained by UPLC and HPLC methods. However, UPLC method promoted faster analyses, better chromatographic performance and lower solvent consumption. Conclusions The developed UPLC method was shown to be a rapid and suitable technique to quantify chloroquine and primaquine in pharmaceutical preparations and may be successfully employed for quality control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabela C César
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Pres Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
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Hoellein L, Holzgrabe U. Development of simplified HPLC methods for the detection of counterfeit antimalarials in resource-restraint environments. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:434-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Meena S, Sandhya SM. ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, LUMEFANTRINE AND ARTEMETHER IN COMBINED ANTIMALARIAL TABLET BY HPTLC WITH DENSITOMETRIC MEASUREMENT BEFORE AND AFTER DERIVATIZATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Meena
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , K.M. College of Pharmacy , Uthangudi , Tamilnadu , India
| | - S. M. Sandhya
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy , Chelembra , Kerala , India
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Nogueira FHA, Reis NFA, Chellini PR, César IDC, Pianetti GA. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of artesunate and mefloquine hydrochloride in fixed-dose combination tablets. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study developed and validated an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of artesunate (AS) and mefloquine hydrochloride (MQ) in fixed-dose combination tablets, according to ICH guidelines. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an XBridge C18 (250 x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size, Waters) analytical column. The mobile phase included a 0.05 M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (50 + 50, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the run time was 13 minutes. A dual-wavelength approach was employed: AS detection was performed at 210 nm and MQ was detected at 283 nm, using a diode array detector. Stability of sample solutions was evaluated for 8 hours after preparation, during which time the solutions remained stable. Youden's test was employed to evaluate robustness. The method proved to be linear (r²>0.99), precise (RSD<2.0%), accurate, selective, and robust, proving to be appropriate for routine drug quality control analysis.
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Amin NC, Fabre H, Blanchin MD, Montels J, Aké M. Determination of artemether and lumefantrine in anti-malarial fixed-dose combination tablets by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with short-end injection procedure. Malar J 2013; 12:202. [PMID: 23763957 PMCID: PMC3687677 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) combination therapy is now the most used anti-malarial treatment in the world. Quality control of AL formulations is still a major challenge in developing countries. Until now, only liquid chromatographic methods have been reported in the literature for their analysis. Capillary electrophoretic methods, which present various advantages (low price of capillary, low volumes of electrolyte consumption), may be an alternative to liquid chromatography methods. In this paper, a reliable method was developed and validated for the determination of AL in commercial fixed-dose combination tablets commercialized in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods Artemether and lumefantrine were determined by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography using short-end injection procedure. The two analytes were extracted from tablets by acidified methanol. Pyrimethamine was used as internal standard. Separation was carried out in an uncoated fused silica capillary, 30 cm long × 50 μm internal diameter, using an effective length of 10 cm and a microemulsion composed of octane, butanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate and borate buffer as background electrolyte, a - 500 V.cm-1 electric field and a detection wavelength of 214 nm. Results Artemether, lumefantrine and pyrimethamine were separated in 6 min. The method was reliable with respect to selectivity towards formulation excipients, linearity of the response function (r2 > 0.998), recovery studies from synthetic tablets (in the range 99–101%), repeatability (relative standard deviation 1–3%, n = 7 analytical procedures). Application to four commercial formulations containing 20/120 mg of AL per tablet gave a content in good agreement with the declared content. However, the electropherogram of one tablet formulation showed the presence of an ingredient which was not declared. Conclusion The developed MEEKC method can be proposed as an alternative method to liquid chromatography for the determination of artemether and lumefantrine in fixed-dose combination tablet formulations.
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Suleman S, Vandercruyssen K, Wynendaele E, D'Hondt M, Bracke N, Duchateau L, Burvenich C, Peremans K, De Spiegeleer B. A rapid stability-indicating, fused-core HPLC method for simultaneous determination of β-artemether and lumefantrine in anti-malarial fixed dose combination products. Malar J 2013; 12:145. [PMID: 23631682 PMCID: PMC3651282 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin-based fixed dose combination (FDC) products are recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) as a first-line treatment. However, the current artemisinin FDC products, such as β-artemether and lumefantrine, are inherently unstable and require controlled distribution and storage conditions, which are not always available in resource-limited settings. Moreover, quality control is hampered by lack of suitable analytical methods. Thus, there is a need for a rapid and simple, but stability-indicating method for the simultaneous assay of β-artemether and lumefantrine FDC products. Methods Three reversed-phase fused-core HPLC columns (Halo RP-Amide, Halo C18 and Halo Phenyl-hexyl), all thermostated at 30°C, were evaluated. β-artemether and lumefantrine (unstressed and stressed), and reference-related impurities were injected and chromatographic parameters were assessed. Optimal chromatographic parameters were obtained using Halo RP-Amide column and an isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 1mM phosphate buffer pH 3.0 (52:48; V/V) at a flow of 1.0 ml/min and 3 μl injection volume. Quantification was performed at 210 nm and 335 nm for β-artemether and for lumefantrine, respectively. In-silico toxicological evaluation of the related impurities was made using Derek Nexus v2.0®. Results Both β-artemether and lumefantrine were separated from each other as well as from the specified and unspecified related impurities including degradants. A complete chromatographic run only took four minutes. Evaluation of the method, including a Plackett-Burman robustness verification within analytical QbD-principles, and real-life samples showed the method is suitable for quantitative assay purposes of both active pharmaceutical ingredients, with a mean recovery relative standard deviation (± RSD) of 99.7 % (± 0.7%) for β-artemether and 99.7 % (± 0.6%) for lumefantrine. All identified β-artemether-related impurities were predicted in Derek Nexus v2.0® to have toxicity risks similar to β-artemether active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) itself. Conclusions A rapid, robust, precise and accurate stability-indicating, quantitative fused-core isocratic HPLC method was developed for simultaneous assay of β-artemether and lumefantrine. This method can be applied in the routine regulatory quality control of FDC products. The in-silico toxicological investigation using Derek Nexus® indicated that the overall toxicity risk for β-artemether-related impurities is comparable to that of β-artemether API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Suleman
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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Vandercruyssen K, D’Hondt M, Vergote V, Jansen H, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. LC-UV/MS quality analytics of paediatric artemether formulations. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:37-52. [PMID: 29403867 PMCID: PMC5761056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly selective and stability-indicating HPLC-method, combined with appropriate sample preparation steps, is developed for β-artemether assay and profiling of related impurities, including possible degradants, in a complex powder for oral suspension. Following HPLC conditions allowed the required selectivity: a Prevail organic acid (OA) column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), flow rate set at 1.5 mL/min combined with a linear gradient (where A=25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), and B=acetonitrile) from 30% to 75% B in a runtime of 60 min. Quantitative UV-detection was performed at 210 nm. Acetonitrile was applied as extraction solvent for sample preparation. Using acetonitrile-water mixtures as extraction solvent, a compartmental behaviour by a non-solving excipient-bound fraction and an artemether-solubilising free fraction of solvent was demonstrated, making a mobile phase based extraction not a good choice. Method validation showed that the developed HPLC-method is considered to be suitable for its intended regulatory stability-quality characterisation of β-artemether paediatric formulations. Furthermore, LC-MS on references as well as on stability samples was performed allowing identity confirmation of the β-artemether related impurities. MS-fragmentation scheme of β-artemether and its related substances is proposed, explaining the m/z values of the in-source fragments obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vandercruyssen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herwig Jansen
- Dafra Pharma International, Slachthuisstraat 30/7, B-2300 Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 9 264 8100; fax: +32 9 264 8193.
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Adegoke OA, Xiang LL, Idowu OS, Chen DY. Highly sensitive liquid chromatographic analysis of artemisinin and its derivatives after pre-column derivatization with 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrobenzene diazonium ion. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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De Spiegeleer BMJ, D'Hondt M, Vangheluwe E, Vandercruyssen K, De Spiegeleer BVI, Jansen H, Koijen I, Van Gompel J. Relative response factor determination of β-artemether degradants by a dry heat stress approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:111-6. [PMID: 22770733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the stability evaluation of β-artemether containing finished drug products, a consistent and disproportional increase in the UV-peak areas of β-artemether degradation products, when compared to the peak area decline of β-artemether itself, was observed. This suggested that the response factors of the formed β-artemether degradants were significantly higher than β-artemether. Dry heat stressing of β-artemether powder, as a single compound, using different temperatures (125-150 °C), times (10-90 min) and environmental conditions (neutral, KMnO(4) and zinc), resulted in the formation of 17 degradants. The vast majority of degradants seen during the long-term and accelerated ICH stability study of the drug product, were also observed here. The obtained stress results allowed the calculation of the overall average relative response factor (RRF) of β-artemether degradants, i.e. 21.2, whereas the individual RRF values of the 9 most prominent selected degradants ranged from 4.9 to 42.4. Finally, Ames tests were performed on β-artemether as well as a representative stressed sample mixture, experimentally assessing their mutagenic properties. Both were found to be negative, suggesting no mutagenicity problems of the degradants at high concentrations. Our general approach and specific results solve the developmental quality issue of mass balance during stability studies and the related genotoxicity concerns of the key antimalarial drug β-artemether and its degradants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart M J De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Gaudin K, Kauss T, Gaubert A, Viaud V, Dubost JP, Olliaro P, White NJ, Millet P. Simultaneous Determination of Artemether and Azithromycin in Suppositories by Reversed Phase HPLC. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.553014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Verbeken M, Suleman S, Baert B, Vangheluwe E, Van Dorpe S, Burvenich C, Duchateau L, Jansen FH, De Spiegeleer B. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD/UV-ESI/MS impurity profiling of the anti-malarial drug lumefantrine. Malar J 2011; 10:51. [PMID: 21356068 PMCID: PMC3059303 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumefantrine (benflumetol) is a fluorene derivative belonging to the aryl amino alcohol class of anti-malarial drugs and is commercially available in fixed combination products with β-artemether. Impurity characterization of such drugs, which are widely consumed in tropical countries for malaria control programmes, is of paramount importance. However, until now, no exhaustive impurity profile of lumefantrine has been established, encompassing process-related and degradation impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). METHODS Using HPLC-DAD/UV-ESI/ion trap/MS, a comprehensive impurity profile was established based upon analysis of market samples as well as stress, accelerated and long-term stability results. In-silico toxicological predictions for these lumefantrine related impurities were made using Toxtree® and Derek®. RESULTS Several new impurities are identified, of which the desbenzylketo derivative (DBK) is proposed as a new specified degradant. DBK and the remaining unspecified lumefantrine related impurities are predicted, using Toxtree® and Derek®, to have a toxicity risk comparable to the toxicity risk of the API lumefantrine itself. CONCLUSIONS From unstressed, stressed and accelerated stability samples of lumefantrine API and FPPs, nine compounds were detected and characterized to be lumefantrine related impurities. One new lumefantrine related compound, DBK, was identified and characterized as a specified degradation impurity of lumefantrine in real market samples (FPPs). The in-silico toxicological investigation (Toxtree® and Derek®) indicated overall a toxicity risk for lumefantrine related impurities comparable to that of the API lumefantrine itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Verbeken
- Drug Quality and Registration group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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César IC, de Aquino Ribeiro JA, de Souza Teixeira L, Bellorio KB, de Abreu FC, Moreira JM, Chellini PR, Pianetti GA. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitation of artemether and lumefantrine in human plasma: Application for a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Aditya N, Patankar S, Madhusudhan B, Murthy R, Souto E. Arthemeter-loaded lipid nanoparticles produced by modified thin-film hydration: Pharmacokinetics, toxicological and in vivo anti-malarial activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:448-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Martino R, Malet-Martino M, Gilard V, Balayssac S. Counterfeit drugs: analytical techniques for their identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:77-92. [PMID: 20437031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of counterfeit drugs has increased dramatically, including not only "lifestyle" products but also vital medicines. Besides the threat to public health, the financial and reputational damage to pharmaceutical companies is substantial. The lack of robust information on the prevalence of fake drugs is an obstacle in the fight against drug counterfeiting. It is generally accepted that approximately 10% of drugs worldwide could be counterfeit, but it is also well known that this number covers very different situations depending on the country, the places where the drugs are purchased, and the definition of what constitutes a counterfeit drug. The chemical analysis of drugs suspected to be fake is a crucial step as counterfeiters are becoming increasingly sophisticated, rendering visual inspection insufficient to distinguish the genuine products from the counterfeit ones. This article critically reviews the recent analytical methods employed to control the quality of drug formulations, using as an example artemisinin derivatives, medicines particularly targeted by counterfeiters. Indeed, a broad panel of techniques have been reported for their analysis, ranging from simple and cheap in-field ones (colorimetry and thin-layer chromatography) to more advanced laboratory methods (mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and vibrational spectroscopies) through chromatographic methods, which remain the most widely used. The conclusion section of the article highlights the questions to be posed before selecting the most appropriate analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Saini P, Singh R, Mathur S, Singh G, Jain C, Khar R, Hafeez A. A simple and sensitive HPTLC method for quantitative analysis of artemether and lumefantrine in tablets. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.23.2010.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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César IDC, Pianetti GA. Quantitation of artemether in pharmaceutical raw material and injections by high performance liquid chromatography. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502009000400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitation of artemether in both pharmaceutical raw material and injections was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. A Zorbax C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm), at 30 °C, and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water (70:30), at a flow rate of 1ml/min, were used. The detection wavelength was 216 nm and the injection volume was 20 μL. The method proved to be linear (r²=0.9999), precise (RSD < 20% for intra-day and inter-day precision), accurate and selective regarding possible impurities and excipients of the samples. The detection and quantitation limits were 8 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively. The artemether content obtained in the raw material analysis was 99.26% and in the injections, 102.08%. The optimized and validated method may be successfully employed to perform routine quality control analyses.
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