1
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Liu S, Zhang X, Chen Y, Li Y, Liu X. Study on the interaction between agglutinin and chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate using multiple methods. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132624. [PMID: 38838594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the interaction of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) with plant lectins was studied by affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, molecular docking simulation, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The ACE method was used for the first time to study the interaction of Ricinus Communis Agglutinin I (RCA I), Wisteria Floribunda Lectin (WFA), and Soybean Agglutinin (SBA) with CS and DS, and the results were in good agreement with those of the SPR method. The results of experiments indicate that RCA I has a strong binding affinity with CS, and the sulfated position does not affect the relationship, but the degree of sulfation can affect the combination of RCA I with CS to some extent. However, the binding affinity with DS is very weak. This study lays the foundation for developing more specialized analysis methods for CS and DS based on RCA I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shandong Lukang Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Jining 272000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yitong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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2
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Wang K, Dai W, Qian K, Scott B, Chen K. A Precise qNMR Method for the Rapid Quantification of Lot-to-Lot Variations in Multiple Quality Attributes of Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium. AAPS J 2023; 25:50. [PMID: 37147461 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) is an orphan drug with anticoagulant activity. PPS is prepared from the chemical processing of xylan extracted from beechwood tree to yield a mixture of 4-6 kDa polysaccharides. The chain is mainly composed of sulfated xylose (Xyl) with branched 4-O-methyl-glucuronate (MGA). During generic drug development, the quality attributes (QAs) including monosaccharide composition, modification, and length need to be comparable to those found in the reference list drug (RLD). However, the range of QA variation of the RLD PPS has not been well characterized. Here, multiple PPS RLD lots were studied using quantitative NMR (qNMR) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) to quantitate the components in the mixture and to probe both inter- and intra-lot precision variability. The DOSY precision assessed using coefficient of variation (CV) was 6%, comparable to PPS inter-lot CV of 5%. The QAs obtained from 1D qNMR were highly precise with a precision CV < 1%. The inter-lot MGA content was 4.8 ± 0.1%, indicating a very consistent botanical raw material source. Other process-related chemical modification including aldehyde at 0.51 ± 0.04%, acetylation at 3.3 ± 0.2% and pyridine at 2.08 ± 0.06%, varied more than MGA content. The study demonstrated that 1D qNMR is a quick and precise method to reveal ranges of variation in multiple attributes of RLD PPS which can be used to assess equivalency with generic formulations. Interestingly, the synthetic process appeared to introduce more variations to the PPS product than the botanical source of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, 20993, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Weixiang Dai
- Division of Lifecycle API, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Keduo Qian
- Division of Lifecycle API, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Barbara Scott
- Division of Lifecycle API, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, 20993, Silver Spring, USA.
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3
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Colombo E, Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Rudd TR, Yates EA, Ballabio D, Guerrini M. NMR spectroscopy and chemometric models to detect a specific non-porcine ruminant contaminant in pharmaceutical heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114724. [PMID: 35303646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has been used successfully as a clinical antithrombotic for almost one century. Its isolation from animal sources (mostly porcine intestinal mucosa) involves multistep purification processes starting from the slaughterhouse (as mucosa) to the pharmaceutical plant (as the API). This complex supply chain increases the risk of contamination and adulteration, mainly with non-porcine ruminant material. The structural similarity of heparins from different origins, the natural variability of the heparin within samples from each source as well as the structural changes induced by manufacturing processes, require increasingly sophisticated methods capable of detecting low levels of contamination. The application of suitable multivariate classification approaches on API 1H NMRspectra serve as rapid and reliable tools for product authentication and the detection of contaminants. Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogies (SIMCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and local classification methods (kNN, BNN and N3) were tested on about one hundred certified heparin samples produced by 14 different manufacturers revealing that Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) provided the best discrimination of contaminated batches, with a balanced accuracy of 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Colombo
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Mauri
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Marinozzi
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Davide Ballabio
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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5
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Selective and efficient extraction of heparin by arginine-functionalized flowered mesoporous silica nanoparticles with high capacity. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Burmistrova NA, Soboleva PM, Monakhova YB. Is infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis a promising tool for heparin authentication? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113811. [PMID: 33281004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the possibility to determine various characteristics of powder heparin (n = 115) was carried out with infrared spectroscopy. The evaluation of heparin samples included several parameters such as purity grade, distributing company, animal source as well as heparin species (i.e. Na-heparin, Ca-heparin, and heparinoids). Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), and partial least squares - discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied for the modelling of spectral data. Different pre-processing methods were applied to IR spectral data; multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was chosen as the most relevant. Obtained results were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Good predictive ability of this approach demonstrates the potential of IR spectroscopy and chemometrics for screening of heparin quality. This approach, however, is designed as a screening tool and is not considered as a replacement for either of the methods required by USP and FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Burmistrova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Polina M Soboleva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Yulia B Monakhova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Cologne, Germany
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7
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Nesměrák K, Pospíchal R. Spectrometric methods in pharmaceutical analysis of glycosaminoglycans: the state-of-the-art. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Restaino OF, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. High-performance capillary electrophoresis to determine intact keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid in animal origin chondroitin sulfate samples and food supplements. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1740-1748. [PMID: 32357264 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is extracted from animal cartilaginous tissues and is commercialized as active principle against osteoarthritis. Its biological activity depends on its purity grade and could be altered by the presence of other glycosaminoglycans like keratan sulfate that could be contemporarily extracted from animal tissues or like hyaluronic acid that, instead, is added on purpose in food supplements. Although numerous methods are reported in literature for quality control analyses of chondroitin sulfate, few of them are able to detect other glycosaminoglycans. In this paper, for the first time, a new high-performance CE method was set up to quantify the chondroitin sulfate, the eventual keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid as intact chains: five chondroitin sulfate standards and 13 animal origin samples or food supplements from six different suppliers were analyzed. The new method was able to determine keratan sulfate similarly to a previously reported high-performance anion-exchange chromatography method, but in addition it showed the advantage to determine also the hyaluronic acid as never reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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9
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Enayati M, Karimi Abdolmaleki M, Abbaspourrad A. Synthesis of Cross-Linked Spherical Polycationic Adsorbents for Enhanced Heparin Recovery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2822-2831. [PMID: 33463302 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparin, as an anticoagulant drug, is almost entirely produced via isolation from mucosal tissues of different animals; therefore, it is it is crucial to maximize its recovery. Adsorption of heparin from this complex biological mixture needs a specialized and highly effective adsorbent that almost separates only heparin from the mixture. In this work, a series of spherical cross-linked polymer bead adsorbents were synthesized via inverse suspension polymerization of water soluble monomers in corn oil, a benign solvent, and their performance for heparin adsorption from a biological sample of porcine mucosa was evaluated. To tune the performance and swelling of the resins, we varied the molar ratio of the monomer(s) to the cross-linker as well as the molar ratio of the monomers. The results of heparin recovery from biological porcine mucosa show that our optimized resin can outperform the commercially available resin in terms of adsorption efficiency of up to 18%. The adsorbed heparin was eluted, isolated, and its anticoagulant potency measured using the standard sheep plasma clotting assay. The isolated heparin samples were also analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy to check the possible impurities, and the results show the presence of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, as is the case for the heparin eluted from the commercial resin. Furthermore, the effects of some experimental variables including the adsorbent dosage, pH, time, and recycling on heparin adsorption were studied, and the results show that these resins can be used for efficient recovery of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Enayati
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
| | - Mahmood Karimi Abdolmaleki
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York, United States
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10
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Devlin A, Mycroft-West C, Procter P, Cooper L, Guimond S, Lima M, Yates E, Skidmore M. Tools for the Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Heparin. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E636. [PMID: 31557911 PMCID: PMC6843833 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a vital pharmaceutical anticoagulant drug and remains one of the few naturally sourced pharmaceutical agents used clinically. Heparin possesses a structural order with up to four levels of complexity. These levels are subject to change based on the animal or even tissue sources that they are extracted from, while higher levels are believed to be entirely dynamic and a product of their surrounding environments, including bound proteins and associated cations. In 2008, heparin sources were subject to a major contamination with a deadly compound-an over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate polysaccharide-that resulted in excess of 100 deaths within North America alone. In consideration of this, an arsenal of methods to screen for heparin contamination have been applied, based primarily on the detection of over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate. The targeted nature of these screening methods, for this specific contaminant, may leave contamination by other entities poorly protected against, but novel approaches, including library-based chemometric analysis in concert with a variety of spectroscopic methods, could be of great importance in combating future, potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Courtney Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lynsay Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Scott Guimond
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin Yates
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Mark Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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11
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW. Retrospective multivariate analysis of pharmaceutical preparations using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: Example of 990 heparin samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Yang Z, Fan X, Cheng W, Ding Y, Zhang W. AIE Nanoassemblies for Discrimination of Glycosaminoglycans and Heparin Quality Control. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10295-10301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Im J, Lindsay S, Wang X, Zhang P. Single Molecule Identification and Quantification of Glycosaminoglycans Using Solid-State Nanopores. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6308-6318. [PMID: 31121093 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of polysaccharides with potent biological activities. Due to their complex and heterogeneous composition, varied charge, polydispersity, and presence of isobaric stereoisomers, the analysis of GAG samples poses considerable challenges to current analytical techniques. In the present study, we combined solid-state nanopores-a single molecule sensor with a support vector machine (SVM)-a machine learning algorithm for the analysis of GAGs. Our results indicate that the nanopore/SVM technique could distinguish between monodisperse fragments of heparin and chondroitin sulfate with high accuracy (>90%), allowing as low as 0.8% (w/w) of chondroitin sulfate impurities in a heparin sample to be detected. In addition, the nanopore/SVM technique distinguished between unfractionated heparin (UFH) and enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin) with an accuracy of ∼94% on average. With a reference sample for calibration, a nanopore could achieve nanomolar sensitivity and a 5-Log dynamic range. We were able to quantify heparin with reasonable accuracy using multiple nanopores. Our studies demonstrate the potential of the nanopore/SVM technique to quantify and identify GAGs.
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14
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Combining NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics to Monitor Structural Features of Crude Hep-arin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071146. [PMID: 28698456 PMCID: PMC6152302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the complexity and global nature of the heparin supply chain, the control of heparin quality during manufacturing steps is essential to ensure the safety of the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). For this reason, there is a need to develop consistent analytical methods able to assess the quality of heparin early in production (i.e., as the crude heparin before it is purified to API under cGMP conditions). Although a number of analytical techniques have been applied to characterize heparin APIs, few of them have been applied for crude heparin structure and composition analyses. Here, to address this issue, NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics were applied to characterize 88 crude heparin samples. The samples were also analyzed by strong anion exchange HPLC (SAX-HPLC) as an orthogonal check of the purity levels of the crudes analyzed by NMR. The HPLC data showed that the chemometric analysis of the NMR data differentiated the samples based on their purity. These orthogonal approaches differentiated samples according their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition and their mono and disaccharide composition and structure for each GAG family (e.g., heparin/heparan, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate A). Moreover, quantitative HSQC and multivariate analysis (PCA) were used to distinguish between crude heparin of different animal and tissue sources.
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15
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Szajek AY, Chess E, Johansen K, Gratzl G, Gray E, Keire D, Linhardt RJ, Liu J, Morris T, Mulloy B, Nasr M, Shriver Z, Torralba P, Viskov C, Williams R, Woodcock J, Workman W, Al-Hakim A. The US regulatory and pharmacopeia response to the global heparin contamination crisis. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 34:625-30. [PMID: 27281424 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of the widely used lifesaving anticoagulant drug heparin in 2007 has drawn renewed attention to the challenges that are associated with the characterization, quality control and standardization of complex biological medicines from natural sources. Heparin is a linear, highly sulfated polysaccharide consisting of alternating glucosamine and uronic acid monosaccharide residues. Heparin has been used successfully as an injectable antithrombotic medicine since the 1930s, and its isolation from animal sources (primarily porcine intestine) as well as its manufacturing processes have not changed substantially since its introduction. The 2007 heparin contamination crisis resulted in several deaths in the United States and hundreds of adverse reactions worldwide, revealing the vulnerability of a complex global supply chain to sophisticated adulteration. This Perspective discusses how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) and international stakeholders collaborated to redefine quality expectations for heparin, thus making an important natural product better controlled and less susceptible to economically motivated adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Y Szajek
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Chess
- Structure Elucidation/Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Gyöngyi Gratzl
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc., Bedford, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - David Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration/Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tina Morris
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, London, UK
| | - Moheb Nasr
- R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zachary Shriver
- Department of Biological Engineering, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences &Technology, Koch institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pearle Torralba
- Product Development - Analytical Innovation and Development, Fresenius Kabi USA, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Janet Woodcock
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wesley Workman
- Pfizer Quality Operations Biotech, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hakim
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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16
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Wu J, Ji Y, Su N, Li Y, Liu X, Mei X, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Xing XH. Establishment of chondroitin B lyase-based analytical methods for sensitive and quantitative detection of dermatan sulfate in heparin. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:338-45. [PMID: 27083825 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) is one of the hardest impurities to remove from heparin products due to their high structural similarity. The development of a sensitive and feasible method for quantitative detection of DS in heparin is essential to ensure the clinical safety of heparin pharmaceuticals. In the current study, based on the substrate specificity of chondroitin B lyase, ultraviolet spectrophotometric and strong anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic methods were established for detection of DS in heparin. The former method facilitated analysis in heparin with DS concentrations greater than 0.1mgmL(-1) at 232nm, with good linearity, precision and recovery. The latter method allowed sensitive and accurate detection of DS at concentrations lower than 0.1mgmL(-1), exhibiting good linearity, precision and recovery. The linear range of DS detection using the latter method was between 0.01 and 0.5mgmL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; Product Research and Development Center, Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No.19, Dalian Road, Yichang Development Zone, Yichang, Hubei 443005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Ji
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nan Su
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Vocational College, 1A Shaoyaoju, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Vocational College, 1A Shaoyaoju, Chaoyang, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Mei
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-hui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Study on quality control of sulfated polysaccharide drug, propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS). Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Fasciano JM, Danielson ND. Ion chromatography for the separation of heparin and structurally related glycoaminoglycans: A review. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1118-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil D. Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH USA
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19
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Zhao T, Song X, Tan X, Xu L, Yu M, Wang S, Liu X, Wang F. Development of a rapid method for simultaneous separation of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparin by capillary electrophoresis. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 141:197-203. [PMID: 26877013 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the use of diethylenetriamine as background electrolyte for the simultaneous separation of hyaluronan acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparin. The analytes were baseline separated by using an uncoated fused silica capillary at 37°C with a run time of 23min. The migration order, with hyaluronan acid at first and heparin at last, was related to the sulfation degree. The effect of salt concentration on resolution and migration order was also investigated. The developed method was applied to the simultaneous determination of hyaluronan acid and chondroitin sulfate in mouse plasma. Interferences in plasma were removed by protein precipitation and glycosaminoglycans were further purified by ethanol precipitation. The method was validated over the concentration range from 50 to 600μg/mL for hyaluronan acid and 500 to 6000μg/mL for chondroitin sulfate in mouse plasma. Results from assay validations showed that the method was selective and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinlei Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Linghua Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mingxiu Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fengshan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Jinan 250012, China.
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20
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Lester J, Chandler T, Gemene KL. Reversible Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of High-Charge Density Polyanion Contaminants in Heparin. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11537-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lester
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
| | - Timothy Chandler
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
| | - Kebede L. Gemene
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
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21
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Rogstad S, Pang E, Sommers C, Hu M, Jiang X, Keire DA, Boyne MT. Modern analytics for synthetically derived complex drug substances: NMR, AFFF–MALS, and MS tests for glatiramer acetate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8647-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Thiangthum S, Heyden YV, Buchberger W, Viaene J, Prutthiwanasan B, Suntornsuk L. Development and validation of an ion-exchange chromatography method for heparin and its impurities in heparin products. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3195-204. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumate Thiangthum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
- Bureau of Drug and Narcotic; Department of Medical Sciences; Ministry of Public Health; Nontaburi Thailand
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology; Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Linz; Austria
| | - Johan Viaene
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology; Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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23
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Gucinski AC, Boyne MT. Identification of site-specific heterogeneity in peptide drugs using intact mass spectrometry with electron transfer dissociation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1757-1763. [PMID: 24975256 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Protamine sulfate is a peptide drug product consisting of multiple basic peptides. As traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation methods may not resolve these peptides, as well as any possible peptide-related impurities, a method utilizing top-down mass spectrometry was developed for the characterization of complex peptide drug products, including any low-level impurities, which is described in this study. METHODS Herring protamine sulfate was used as a model system to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Direct infusion mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on a high-resolution, mass accurate instrument with electron transfer dissociation (ETD) were used to identify all the species present in the herring protamine sulfate sample. Identifications were made based on mass accuracy analysis as well as MS/MS fragmentation patterns. RESULTS Complete sequence coverage of the three abundant herring protamine peptides was obtained using the top-down ETD-MS/MS method, which also identified a discrepancy with the published herring protamine peptide sequences. Additionally, three low-abundance related peptide species were also identified and fully characterized. These three peptides had not previously been reported as herring protamine peptides, but could be related to the published sequences through amino acid additions and/or substitutions. CONCLUSIONS A method for the characterization of protamine, a complex peptide drug product, was developed that can be extended to other complex peptide or protein drug products. The selectivity and sensitivity of this method improves a regulator's ability to identify peptide impurities not previously observed using the established methods and presents an opportunity to better understand the composition of complex peptide drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Gucinski
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OPS/OTR Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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24
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Szekely J, Collins M, Currie C. Alternative method for determination of contaminated heparin using chiral recognition. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 959:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H. Pomin
- Program of
Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry,
and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913,
Brazil
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26
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Determination of Heparin in Plasma by HPLC Coupled with Resonance Light Scattering Detection. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Nemes P, Hoover WJ, Keire DA. High-throughput differentiation of heparin from other glycosaminoglycans by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7405-12. [PMID: 23841449 DOI: 10.1021/ac401318q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensors with high chemical specificity and enhanced sample throughput are vital to screening food products and medical devices for chemical or biochemical contaminants that may pose a threat to public health. For example, the rapid detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparin could prevent reoccurrence of heparin adulteration that caused hundreds of severe adverse events including deaths worldwide in 2007-2008. Here, rapid pyrolysis is integrated with direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry to rapidly screen major glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, and OSCS. The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional liquid chromatography-based analyses, pyrolysis mass spectrometry achieved at least 250-fold higher sample throughput and was compatible with samples volume-limited to about 300 nL. Pyrolysis yielded an abundance of fragment ions (e.g., 150 different m/z species), many of which were specific to the parent compound. Using multivariate and statistical data analysis models, these data enabled facile differentiation of the glycosaminoglycans with high throughput. After method development was completed, authentically contaminated samples obtained during the heparin crisis by the FDA were analyzed in a blinded manner for OSCS contamination. The lower limit of differentiation and detection were 0.1% (w/w) OSCS in heparin and 100 ng/μL (20 ng) OSCS in water, respectively. For quantitative purposes the linear dynamic range spanned approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Moreover, this chemical readout was successfully employed to find clues in the manufacturing history of the heparin samples that can be used for surveillance purposes. The presented technology and data analysis protocols are anticipated to be readily adaptable to other chemical and biochemical agents and volume-limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nemes
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), United States.
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28
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Ye H, Toby TK, Sommers CD, Ghasriani H, Trehy ML, Ye W, Kolinski RE, Buhse LF, Al-Hakim A, Keire DA. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for LMWH quality assurance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:99-107. [PMID: 23917037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the 2007-2008 heparin crisis it was found that the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) testing monograph for heparin sodium or low molecular weight heparins did not detect the presence of the contaminant, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS). In response to this concern, new tests and specifications were developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and USP and put in place to detect not only the contaminant OSCS, but also to improve assurance of quality and purity of these drug products. The USP monographs for the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) approved for use in the United States (dalteparin, tinzaparin and enoxaparin) are also undergoing revision to include many of the same tests used for heparin sodium, including; one-dimensional (1D) 500 MHz (1)H NMR, SAX-HPLC, percent galactosamine in total hexosamine and anticoagulation time assays with purified Factor IIa or Factor Xa. These tests represent orthogonal approaches for heparin identification, measurement of bioactivity and for detection of process impurities or contaminants in these drug products. Here we describe results from a survey of multiple lots from three types of LMWHs in the US market which were collected after the 2009 heparin sodium monograph revision. In addition, innovator and generic versions of formulated enoxaparin products purchased in 2011 are compared using these tests and found to be highly similar within the discriminating power of the assays applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Ye
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, MO 63101, USA
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29
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A moving-part-free protamine-sensitive polymeric membrane electrode for sensitive biomedical analyses. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Sommers CD, Montpas N, Adam A, Keire DA. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: adverse event relevant bioassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:28-35. [PMID: 22591805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The polyanion oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) was identified as a contaminant in heparin products and was associated with severe hypotensive responses and other symptoms in patients receiving the drug. The OSCS associated adverse reactions were attributed to activation of the contact system via the plasma mediator, activated factor XII (FXIIa), which triggers kallikrein (KK) activity. Unlike heparin alone, OSCS, is able to activate FXII in plasma and stably bind to FXIIa enhancing plasma KK activity and the induction of vasoactive mediators such as bradykinin (BK), C3a and C5a. Similarly OSCS can interfere with heparin neutralization by the polycationic drug protamine. Here, we assess heparin (heparin sodium, dalteparin, tinzaparin or enoxaparin)-protamine complex formation and plasma based bioassays of KK, BK and C5a in a 96-well plate format. We establish the normal range of variation in the optimized bioassays across multiple lots from 9 manufacturers. In addition, because other oversulfated (OS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) besides OSCS could also serve as possible economically motivated adulterants (EMAs) to heparin, we characterize OS-dermatan sulfate (OSDS), OS-heparan sulfate (OSHS) and their native forms in the same assays. For the protamine test, OS-GAGs could be distinguished from heparin. For the KK assay, OSCS and OSDS were most potent followed by OSHS, and all had similar efficacies. Finally, OSDS had a greater efficacy in the C5a and BK assays followed by OSCS then OSHS. These data established the normal range of response of heparin products in these assays and the alteration in the responses in the presence of possible EMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Sommers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, CDER, Food and Drug Administration, St Louis, MO 63101, USA
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31
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Abstract
Heparin is a member of the heparan sulphate family of glycosaminoglycans, a linear polysaccharide with a complex sequence resulting from the action of post-polymerisation enzymes on a regular repeating disaccharide background. Its overall conformation is rod-like in solution as well as in the solid state, but the conformational fluctuations of iduronate residues give rise to considerable internal motion and variation in local three-dimensional structure. Structure/function relationships and their relation to sequence are still the subject of argument, but new methodologies to tackle the subject are emerging. Heparin as a therapeutic agent and as the object of research may be characterised by numerous physico-chemical techniques. These include chromatographic methods for measurement of molecular weight; a variety of spectroscopic techniques; separation methods for whole polysaccharides, as well as for oligo- and monosaccharides; and mass spectrometric methods for mapping and sequence analysis. The impetus provided by the discovery of heparin contamination with oversulphated chondroitin sulphate has been influential in bringing combinations of many old and new techniques into use to ensure that heparin is sufficiently consistent and pure to be used safely. Synthetic and semi-synthetic heparins are in development and may become reality in the relatively near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK.
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32
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King JT, Desai UR. Linear polyalkylamines as fingerprinting agents in capillary electrophoresis of low-molecular-weight heparins and glycosaminoglycans. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3070-7. [PMID: 22002802 PMCID: PMC3516877 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis represents a challenging frontier despite the advent of many high-resolution technologies because of their unparalleled structural complexity. We previously developed a resolving agent-aided capillary electrophoretic approach for fingerprinting low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) to profile their microscopic differences and assess batch-to-batch variability. In this report, we study the application of this approach for fingerprinting other GAGs and analyze the basis for the fingerprints observed in CE. Although the resolving agents, linear polyalkylamines, could resolve the broad featureless electropherogram of LMWH into a large number of distinct, highly reproducible peaks, longer GAGs such as chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin responded in a highly individualistic manner. Full-length heparin interacted with linear polyalkylamines very strongly followed by dermatan sulfate, whereas chondroitin sulfate remained essentially unaffected. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate could be easily identified from full-length heparin. Scatchard analysis of the binding profile of enoxaparin with three linear polyalkylamines displayed a biphasic binding profile suggesting two distinctly different types of interactions. Some LMWH chains were found to interact with linear polyalkylamines with affinities as high as 10 nM, whereas others displayed nearly 5000-fold weaker affinities. These observations provide fundamental insight into the basis for fingerprinting of LMWHs by linear polyalkylamine-based resolving agents, which could be utilized in the design of advanced resolving agents for compositional profiling, direct sequencing, and chemoinformatics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Timothy King
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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33
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Zang Q, Keire DA, Buhse LF, Wood RD, Mital DP, Haque S, Srinivasan S, Moore CMV, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Trehy ML, Welsh WJ. Identification of heparin samples that contain impurities or contaminants by chemometric pattern recognition analysis of proton NMR spectral data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:939-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Gilpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - C. S. Gilpin
- Select-O-Sep, LLC, 111 West Main Street, Freeport, Ohio 43973, United States
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35
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Kang Y, Gwon K, Shin JH, Nam H, Meyerhoff ME, Cha GS. Highly sensitive potentiometric strip test for detecting high charge density impurities in heparin. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3957-62. [PMID: 21500820 DOI: 10.1021/ac103090m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) became a matter of grave concern in the medical field after many fatal responses to OSCS tainted heparin products occurred during the 2007-2008 period. Even though standard lab-based analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and strong anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) have proven useful for monitoring the OSCS content in heparin products, an easy-to-use, quick, portable, and cost-efficient method is still needed for on-site monitoring during and after the heparin production. In this report, a disposable strip-type electrochemical polyion sensor is described for detection of low levels of OSCS contamination in heparin. A magnetic actuator is incorporated into this simple electrode-based microfluidic device in order to create the mixing effect necessary to achieve equilibrium potential changes of the sensor within a microfluidic channel. The planar membrane electrode detector within the sample channel is prepared with a tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC)-doped poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane essentially equivalent to previously reported polyanion-sensitive electrodes. When the concentration of heparin applied to the single-use strip device is 57 mg/mL (in only 20 μL of sample), the same concentration recommended in the NMR analysis protocol for detecting OSCS in heparin, the detection limit is 0.005 wt % of OSCS, which is ca. 20 times lower than the reported detection limit of the NMR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjea Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Korea
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36
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Sommers CD, Mans DJ, Mecker LC, Keire DA. Sensitive Detection of Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate in Heparin Sodium or Crude Heparin with a Colorimetric Microplate Based Assay. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3422-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200011s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D. Sommers
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - Daniel J. Mans
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - Laura C. Mecker
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - David A. Keire
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
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37
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Lima MA, Rudd TR, de Farias EHC, Ebner LF, Gesteira TF, de Souza LM, Mendes A, Córdula CR, Martins JRM, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Sassaki GL, Yates EA, Tersariol ILS, Nader HB. A new approach for heparin standardization: combination of scanning UV spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and principal component analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15970. [PMID: 21267460 PMCID: PMC3022730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2007 was marked by widespread adverse clinical responses to heparin use, leading to a global recall of potentially affected heparin batches in 2008. Several analytical methods have since been developed to detect impurities in heparin preparations; however, many are costly and dependent on instrumentation with only limited accessibility. A method based on a simple UV-scanning assay, combined with principal component analysis (PCA), was developed to detect impurities, such as glycosaminoglycans, other complex polysaccharides and aromatic compounds, in heparin preparations. Results were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. This approach provides an additional, sensitive tool to determine heparin purity and safety, even when NMR spectroscopy failed, requiring only standard laboratory equipment and computing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo H. C. de Farias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lyvia F. Ebner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarsis F. Gesteira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauro M. de Souza
- Laboratório de Química de Carboidratos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina R. Córdula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. M. Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guilherme L. Sassaki
- Laboratório de Química de Carboidratos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ivarne L. S. Tersariol
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena B. Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Rudd TR, Gaudesi D, Skidmore MA, Ferro M, Guerrini M, Mulloy B, Torri G, Yates EA. Construction and use of a library of bona fide heparins employing 1H NMR and multivariate analysis. Analyst 2011; 136:1380-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00834f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zang Q, Keire DA, Wood RD, Buhse LF, Moore CMV, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Trehy ML, Welsh WJ. Class modeling analysis of heparin 1H NMR spectral data using the soft independent modeling of class analogy and unequal class modeling techniques. Anal Chem 2010; 83:1030-9. [PMID: 21192734 DOI: 10.1021/ac102832t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To differentiate heparin samples with varying amounts of dermatan sulfate (DS) impurities and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) contaminants, proton NMR spectral data for heparin sodium active pharmaceutical ingredient samples from different manufacturers were analyzed using multivariate chemometric techniques. A total of 168 samples were divided into three groups: (a) Heparin, [DS] ≤ 1.0% and [OSCS] = 0%; (b) DS, [DS] > 1.0% and [OSCS] = 0%; (c) OSCS, [OSCS] > 0% with any content of DS. The chemometric models were constructed and validated using two well-established methods: soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and unequal class modeling (UNEQ). While SIMCA modeling was conducted using the entire set of variables extracted from the NMR spectral data, UNEQ modeling was combined with variable reduction using stepwise linear discriminant analysis to comply with the requirement that the number of samples per class exceed the number of variables in the model by at least 3-fold. Comparison of the results from these two modeling approaches revealed that UNEQ had greater sensitivity (fewer false positives) while SIMCA had greater specificity (fewer false negatives). For Heparin, DS, and OSCS, respectively, the sensitivity was 78% (56/72), 74% (37/50), and 85% (39/46) from SIMCA modeling and 88% (63/72), 90% (45/50), and 91% (42/46) from UNEQ modeling. Importantly, the specificity of both the SIMCA and UNEQ models was 100% (46/46) for Heparin with respect to OSCS; no OSCS-containing sample was misclassified as Heparin. The specificity of the SIMCA model (45/50, or 90%) was superior to that of the UNEQ model (27/50, or 54%) for Heparin with respect to DS samples. However, the overall prediction ability of the UNEQ model (85%) was notably better than that of the SIMCA model (76%) for the Heparin vs DS vs OSCS classes. The models were challenged with blends of heparin spiked with nonsulfated, partially sulfated, or fully oversulfated chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, or heparan sulfate at the 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 wt % levels. The results from the present study indicate that the combination of (1)H NMR spectral data and class modeling techniques (viz., SIMCA and UNEQ) represents a promising strategy for assessing the quality of commercial heparin samples with respect to impurities and contaminants. The methodologies show utility for applications beyond heparin to other complex products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Zang Q, Keire DA, Wood RD, Buhse LF, Moore CMV, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Trehy ML, Welsh WJ. Combining (1)H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics to identify heparin samples that may possess dermatan sulfate (DS) impurities or oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) contaminants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:1020-9. [PMID: 21215547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a naturally produced, heterogeneous compound consisting of variably sulfated and acetylated repeating disaccharide units. The structural complexity of heparin complicates efforts to assess the purity of the compound, especially when differentiating between similar glycosaminoglycans. Recently, heparin sodium contaminated with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate A (OSCS) has been associated with a rapid and acute onset of an anaphylactic reaction. In addition, naturally occurring dermatan sulfate (DS) was found to be present in these and other heparin samples as an impurity due to incomplete purification. The present study was undertaken to determine whether chemometric analysis of these NMR spectral data would be useful for discrimination between USP-grade samples of heparin sodium API and those deemed unacceptable based on their levels of DS, OSCS, or both. Several multivariate chemometric methods for clustering and classification were evaluated; specifically, principal components analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and the k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) method. Data dimension reduction and variable selection techniques, implemented to avoid over-fitting the training set data, markedly improved the performance of the classification models. Under optimal conditions, a perfect classification (100% success rate) was attained on external test sets for the Heparin vs OSCS model. The predictive rates for the Heparin vs DS, Heparin vs [DS+OSCS], and Heparin vs DS vs OSCS models were 89%, 93%, and 90%, respectively. In most cases, misclassifications can be ascribed to the similarity in NMR chemical shifts of heparin and DS. Among the chemometric methods evaluated in this study, we found that the LDA models were superior to the PLS-DA and kNN models for classification. Taken together, the present results demonstrate the utility of chemometric methods when applied in combination with (1)H NMR spectral analysis for evaluating the quality of heparin APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Tripodi V, Flor S, Dobrecky C, Contin M, Lucangioli S. Novel and highly sensitive mixed-polymeric electrokinetic chromatography system for determination of contaminants and impurities of heparin samples. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3606-12. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Liu Z, Xiao Z, Masuko S, Zhao W, Sterner E, Bansal V, Fareed J, Dordick J, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Mass balance analysis of contaminated heparin product. Anal Biochem 2010; 408:147-56. [PMID: 20850409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative analysis of a recalled contaminated lot of heparin sodium injection U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) was undertaken in response to the controversy regarding the exact nature of the contaminant involved in the heparin (HP) crisis. A mass balance analysis of the formulated drug product was performed. After freeze-drying, a 1-ml vial for injection afforded 54.8±0.3 mg of dry solids. The excipients, sodium chloride and residual benzyl alcohol, accounted for 11.4±0.5 and 0.9±0.5 mg, respectively. Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) represented 41.5±1.0 mg, corresponding to 75.7 wt% of dry mass. Exhaustive treatment of API with specific enzymes, heparin lyases, and/or chondroitin lyases was used to close mass balance. HP represented 30.5±0.5 mg, corresponding to 73.5 wt% of the API. Dermatan sulfate (DS) impurity represented 1.7±0.3 mg, corresponding to 4.1 wt% of API. Contaminant, representing 9.3±0.1 mg corresponding to 22.4 wt% of API, was found in the contaminated formulated drug product. The recovery of contaminant was close to quantitative (95.6-100 wt%). A single contaminant was unambiguously identified as oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS).
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Beni S, Limtiaco JFK, Larive CK. Analysis and characterization of heparin impurities. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:527-39. [PMID: 20814668 PMCID: PMC3015169 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent developments in analytical methods available for the sensitive separation, detection and structural characterization of heparin contaminants. The adulteration of raw heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in 2007–2008 spawned a global crisis resulting in extensive revisions to the pharmacopeia monographs on heparin and prompting the FDA to recommend the development of additional physicochemical methods for the analysis of heparin purity. The analytical chemistry community quickly responded to this challenge, developing a wide variety of innovative approaches, several of which are reported in this special issue. This review provides an overview of methods of heparin isolation and digestion, discusses known heparin contaminants, including OSCS, and summarizes recent publications on heparin impurity analysis using sensors, near-IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as electrophoretic and chromatographic separations. Schematic illustrating the process for heparin impurity characterization ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Beni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Keire DA, Mans DJ, Ye H, Kolinski RE, Buhse LF. Assay of possible economically motivated additives or native impurities levels in heparin by 1H NMR, SAX-HPLC, and anticoagulation time approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:656-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Felhofer JL, Blanes L, Garcia CD. Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip-capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2469-86. [PMID: 20665910 PMCID: PMC2928674 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip-CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high-voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Felhofer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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46
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Keire DA, Ye H, Trehy ML, Ye W, Kolinski RE, Westenberger BJ, Buhse LF, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for quality assurance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:581-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adam A, Montpas N, Keire D, Désormeaux A, Brown NJ, Marceau F, Westenberger B. Bradykinin forming capacity of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate contaminated heparin in vitro. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5741-8. [PMID: 20427081 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) contaminated heparin has been associated with severe anaphylactoid reaction (AR), mainly in dialysed patients. Although attributed to bradykinin (BK) released during contact system activation by OSCS, no definitive evidence exists until now for a BK release during incubation of contaminated heparin with human plasma. In this study, we investigated the kinin forming capacity of OSCS and OSCS contaminated heparin when incubated in vitro with a pool of human plasma. At 100 microg/mL, OSCS liberates BK in a profile similar but not identical to dextran sulfate, a well known activator of the plasma contact system. The results have highlighted that the quantity of BK accumulated during contact system activation depends not only on the concentration of OSCS but also on the plasma dilution and the presence of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. We demonstrate a highly significant correlation between the concentration of OSCS present in the contaminated heparin and BK released concentration. In conclusion, for the first time, we show that OSCS contaminated heparin incubated with human plasma has the capacity to liberate BK at a concentration that could explain the role of this inflammatory peptide in the pathophysiology of AR associated with OSCS contaminated heparin. DISCLAIMER The findings and conclusions in this article have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any Agency determination or policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Adam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, 2900, Boulevard E Montpetit, Montréal, Qc H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Pan J, Qian Y, Zhou X, Lu H, Ramacciotti E, Zhang L. Chemically oversulfated glycosaminoglycans are potent modulators of contact system activation and different cell signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22966-75. [PMID: 20418371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.063735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated heparin was associated with adverse reactions by activating the contact system. Chemically oversulfated/modified glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) consisting of heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate have been identified as heparin contaminants. Current studies demonstrated that each component of oversulfated GAGs was comparable with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate in activating the contact system. By testing a series of unrelated negatively charged compounds, we found that the contact system recognized negative charges rather than specific chemical structures. We further tested how oversulfated GAGs and contaminated heparins affect different cell signaling pathways. Our data showed that chemically oversulfated GAGs and contaminated heparin had higher activity than the parent compounds and authentic heparin, indicative of sulfation-dominant and GAG sequence-dependent activities in BaF cell-based models of fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/c-Ret, and hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling. In summary, these data indicate that contaminated heparins intended for blood anticoagulation not only activated the contact system but also modified different GAG-dependent cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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