Validation of an HPLC-UV method for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium residues on stainless steel surface of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipments

Diffraction-based approach for real-time monitoring of nanosecond direct laser interference patterning structure formation on stainless steel

Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) stands out as a versatile and cost-effective method for functionalizing material surfaces at high throughputs. Monitoring the dynamics of the structure formation can lead to a deeper understanding of the interplay between the main factors governing the process and ultimately to optimize the final texture. Here, the formation of gratings on stainless steel by DLIP with ns-pulses is studied using a diffraction-based approach, which measures the time-resolved reflectivity (TRR) of the sample. Measurements are performed for single pulses across different laser fluences. The melting dynamics are analyzed and compared with numerical results. By correlating the recorded signals with the structure depths, growth rates of 11 nm/ns and 57 nm/ns were estimated for fluences of 1.9 J/cm2 and 5.3 J/cm2, respectively. Furthermore, two growth regimes are identified. In the fast growth phase, the melting time increased from 73 to 380 ns for fluences of 1.9 J/cm2 and 5.9 J/cm2, respectively, showing a good agreement with the performed thermal simulations.

High sensitivity, low-cost, and disposability: A novel screen-printed electrode developed for direct electrochemical detection of the antibiotic ceftriaxone

This study describes the development of a novel disposable and low-cost electrochemical platform for detecting the antibiotic ceftriaxone. The screen-printed electrode has been modified with a novel hybrid nanostructure containing silicon oxide (SiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (Cdot-N). Different techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy characterized the hybrid nanostructure used in the sensor surface modifier material. The hybrid nanostructure showed an excellent synergistic effect that contributed to the oxidation reaction of ceftriaxone. The screen-printed electrode modified with SiO2/ZrO2/Cdot-N nanostructure presented high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.2 nmol L-1 in the linear range of 0.0078-40.02 μmol L-1. The measurements have been performed by square wave voltammetry technique. Studies on real samples of synthetic urine, urine, and tap water showed 95%-105% recovery without applying any sample pretreatment. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity in the antibiotic ceftriaxone determination in the presence of possible interferences cationic, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, and biological, glucose, caffeine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid. The developed sensor becomes a selective, sensitive, and applicable tool in determining the antibiotic ceftriaxone.

Condition optimization of eco-friendly RP-HPLC and MCR methods via Box-Behnken design and six sigma approach for detecting antibiotic residues

A precise, Eco-friendly, and highly sensitive RP-HPLC method was employed using quality-by-design principles to concurrently identify cephalexin and cefixime residues in the manufacturing machines using a hypersil BDS C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at wavelength 254 nm. The Box-Behnken design was applied to obtain the best chromatographic conditions with the fewest possible trials. Three independent factors viz organic composition, flow rate, and pH were used to assess their effects on the responses' resolution and retention time. Overlay plot and desirability functions were implemented to predict responses of the high resolution and relatively short retention time using a mobile phase composed of acidic water: acetonitrile (85:15, v/v) at pH 4.5 adjusted by phosphoric acid with a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. The spectral overlapping of the drugs was successfully resolved by the mean centering ratio (MCR) spectra approach at 261 nm and 298 nm for cephalexin and cefixime, respectively. Good linearity results were obtained for the suggested HPLC and MCR methods over the concentration range of (0.05-10 ppm) and (5-30 ppm) with a detection limit of 0.003, 0.004, 0.26, and 0.23 ppm, and quantitation limits of 0.008, 0.013, 0.79, and 0.68 ppm for cephalexin and cefixime, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of ≥ 0.9998 and good swab recovery results of 99-99.5%. A process capability index was accomplished for chemical and micro results, illustrating that both are extremely capable. The suggested method was effectively validated using ICH recommendations.

A novel smartphone HPTLC assaying platform versus traditional densitometric method for simultaneous quantification of alfuzosin and solifenacin in their dosage forms as well as monitoring content uniformity and drug residues on the manufacturing equipment

The large popularity and rapid technology of smartphones have opened new avenues for their integration into different analytical methodologies and drug quality monitoring as a portable, easily accessible, and user-friendly detector. Herein, a novel and portable smartphone-based high-performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) approach is proposed for the simultaneous analysis of two urological drugs, alfuzosin and solifenacin, which treat benign prostatic hyperplasia accompanied by overactive bladder syndrome. First, chromatographic separation was accomplished using an ecofriendly mobile phase, then the developed plates were visualized using Dragendorff's reagent and photographed via a smartphone's rear-facing camera fixed on a fabricated two-illumination-source chamber. The intensities of the drug spots were quantified using open-source image analysis software ImageJ over the concentration ranges of 2.0 to 30.0 μg per band for both drugs with acceptable results in ICH validation parameters. To improve the method's accuracy and reproducibility, various construction and shooting key parameters were investigated and optimized. Moreover, the study was extended to compare the obtained results with those of a benchtop densitometric method using a Camag TLC Scanner 3 at 215.0 nm; the densitometric method provided an additional assessment tool for peak purity and was capable of assaying lower drug concentrations over a linearity range of 0.2-8.0 μg per band for alfuzosin and 0.1-6.0 μg per band for solifenacin. The fast, simple, reliable, green merits of the proposed HPTLC/smartphone method suggest that it is an excellent platform for assaying marketed combined capsules and assuring their content uniformity. Moreover, the high sensitivity of the densitometric method was used, for the first time, to determine the residual content of the cited drugs on manufacturing equipment surfaces for cleaning validation. Finally, the environmental impact of the developed methods was evaluated based on green analytical chemistry principles.

Response surface modeling of ceftriaxone removal from hospital wastewater

In recent decades, an emerging concern of widespread antimicrobial resistance has been raised due to the existence of pharmaceutical samples such as antibiotics in an aqueous medium. Herein, antibiotic ceftriaxone (CTX) removal from hospital wastewater employing a hybrid process of electrocoagulation (EC) and adsorption (AD) was investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the influences of main operating variables, including initial CTX concentration, pH, current density, reaction time, and chitosan dosage, on the removal efficiency of the treatment process. Under the optimum condition of the employed EC/AD hybrid treatment process, where initial CTX concentration, pH solution, the current density, adsorbent dosage, and reaction time were set at 20.0 mg L^-1, 7.5, 6.0 mA cm^-2, 0.75 g L^-1, and 12.5 min, respectively, the removal efficiency of 100% was achieved. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that the developed quadratic treatment model is highly significant. The applied EC/AD hybrid treatment process revealed the electrical energy consumption of 0.84 kWh m^-3 and 0.2168 kWh (g Al)^-1 per cubic meter of hospital wastewater and gram of consumed aluminum electrode, respectively. The second-order kinetic model with R² of 0.9514 and the Langmuir isotherm model with R² of 0.973 best fit the developed EC/AD hybrid treatment process, and q_m was found to be 111.1 mg g^-1. The obtained experimental results confirmed that the CTX concentration of the hospital wastewater was reduced to zero after applying the EC/AD hybrid process.

A Review of Methods for Removal of Ceftriaxone from Wastewater

The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater poses a threat to public health and has significant effects on the ecosystem. Since most wastewater treatment plants are ineffective at removing molecules efficiently, some pharmaceuticals enter aquatic ecosystems, thus creating issues such as antibiotic resistance and toxicity. This review summarizes the methods used for the removal of ceftriaxone antibiotics from aquatic environments. Ceftriaxone is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in many countries, including Tanzania. Ceftriaxone has been reported to be less or not degraded in traditional wastewater treatment of domestic sewage. This has piqued the interest of researchers in the monitoring and removal of ceftriaxone from wastewater. Its removal from aqueous systems has been studied using a variety of methods which include physical, biological, and chemical processes. As a result, information about ceftriaxone has been gathered from many sources with the searched themes being ceftriaxone in wastewater, ceftriaxone analysis, and ceftriaxone removal or degradation. The methods studied have been highlighted and the opportunities for future research have been described.

Development of a Monitoring Strategy for Laser-Textured Metallic Surfaces Using a Diffractive Approach

The current status of research around the world concurs on the powerful influence of micro- and nano-textured surfaces in terms of surface functionalization. In order to characterize the manufactured topographical morphology with regard to the surface quality or homogeneity, major efforts are still required. In this work, an optical approach for the indirect evaluation of the quality and morphology of surface structures manufactured with Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) is presented. For testing the designed optical configuration, line-like surface patterns are fabricated at a 1064 nm wavelength on stainless steel with a repetitive distance of 4.9 µm, utilizing a two-beam DLIP configuration. Depending on the pulse to pulse overlap and hatch distance, different single and complex pattern geometries are produced, presenting non-homogenous and homogenous surface patterns. The developed optical system permitted the successfully classification of different pattern geometries, in particular, those showing single-scale morphology (high homogeneity). Additionally, the fabricated structures were measured using confocal microscopy method, and the obtained topographies were correlated with the recorded optical images.

Highly sensitive detection of Ceftriaxone in water, food, pharmaceutical and biological samples based on gold nanoparticles in aqueous and micellar media

A colorimetric assay with excellent sensitivity is reported to detect Ceftriaxone in aqueous and micellar solutions. Ceftriaxone could induce the aggregation of gold nanoparticles through hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic attraction. As a result of aggregation, the surface plasmon resonance band around 520 nm decreases and a new band appears at 620 nm. The effect of surfactants was investigated on the aggregation. The band around 620 nm is shifted to around 685 nm in Triton X-100 micellar media and that is seen color conversion from red to deep blue which is clearly detectable by the naked eye. The results were improved in Triton X-100 micellar media as compared to aqueous media so that the lowest measured concentration and detection limit in micellar media have decreased 10 and 8 times, respectively. Triton X-100 showed strong effect on the stabilization of the solutions. The method has been successfully applied for the analysis of various real samples.

Cleaning verification: A five parameter study of a Total Organic Carbon method development and validation for the cleaning assessment of residual detergents in manufacturing equipment

A Total Organic Carbon (TOC) based analytical method to quantitate trace residues of clean-in-place (CIP) detergents CIP100^® and CIP200^® on the surfaces of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment was developed and validated. Five factors affecting the development and validation of the method were identified: diluent composition, diluent volume, extraction method, location for TOC sample preparation, and oxidant flow rate. Key experimental parameters were optimized to minimize contamination and to improve the sensitivity, recovery, and reliability of the method. The optimized concentration of the phosphoric acid in the swabbing solution was 0.05M, and the optimal volume of the sample solution was 30mL. The swab extraction method was 1min sonication. The use of a clean room, as compared to an isolated lab environment, was not required for method validation. The method was demonstrated to be linear with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9999. The average recoveries from stainless steel surfaces at multiple spike levels were >90%. The repeatability and intermediate precision results were ≤5% across the 2.2-6.6ppm range (50-150% of the target maximum carry over, MACO, limit). The method was also shown to be sensitive with a detection limit (DL) of 38ppb and a quantitation limit (QL) of 114ppb. The method validation demonstrated that the developed method is suitable for its intended use. The methodology developed in this study is generally applicable to the cleaning verification of any organic detergents used for the cleaning of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment made of electropolished stainless steel material.

A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Determination of Ceftriaxone Sodium

Ceftriaxone sodium is a third-generation semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the class of cephalosporins. Is administered only by parenteral route and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. It has bactericidal action; its main activity is related to the Gram-negative bacteria, being also able to act against Gram-negative bacilli resistant to the first- and second-generation cephalosporins. The present study presents a survey of the characteristics, properties and analytical methods used for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium, for the gathering of data searches were carried out in scientific articles in the world literature, as well as in the official compendia. It is necessary to create awareness about the importance of developing effective and reliable analytical methods for quality control and consequently for conducting pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, bioequivalence studies as well as for the therapeutic monitoring of this drug. Most of the methods found use high-performance liquid chromatography, but also methods that use absorption spectroscopy ultraviolet, infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry and microbiological methods have been presented. A discussion was presented highlighting the need to develop new ecological methods using less toxic solvents, rapid analysis and miniaturization of the samples.

Quality of Ceftriaxone Sodium in Lyophilized Powder for Injection Evaluated by Clean, Fast, and Efficient Spectrophotometric Method

Ceftriaxone sodium, an antimicrobial agent that plays an important role in clinical practice, is successfully used to treat infections caused by most Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Since there are few rapid analytical methods for ceftriaxone analysis to use in the pharmaceutical routine, the aim of this research was to develop a new method able to quantify this cephalosporin. Therefore, a sensitive, rapid, simple UV spectrophotometric method for the determination and quantification of ceftriaxone sodium was proposed. The UV detector was set at 241 nm. Beer's law obeyed the concentration range of 10-20 µg mL-1. Statistical comparison of the results with a well-established reported method showed excellent agreement and proved that there is no significant difference in the accuracy and precision. Intra- and interday variability for the method were less than 2% relative standard deviation. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the examined drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and the results demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise, and reproducible as the official methods.

Biodegradable elastic nanofibrous platforms with integrated flexible heaters for on-demand drug delivery

Delivery of drugs with controlled temporal profiles is essential for wound treatment and regenerative medicine applications. For example, bacterial infection is a key challenge in the treatment of chronic and deep wounds. Current treatment strategies are based on systemic administration of high doses of antibiotics, which result in side effects and drug resistance. On-demand delivery of drugs with controlled temporal profile is highly desirable. Here, we have developed thermally controllable, antibiotic-releasing nanofibrous sheets. Poly(glycerol sebacate)- poly(caprolactone) (PGS-PCL) blends were electrospun to form elastic polymeric sheets with fiber diameters ranging from 350 to 1100 nm and substrates with a tensile modulus of approximately 4-8 MPa. A bioresorbable metallic heater was patterned directly on the nanofibrous substrate for applying thermal stimulation to release antibiotics on-demand. In vitro studies confirmed the platform’s biocompatibility and biodegradability. The released antibiotics were potent against tested bacterial strains. These results may pave the path toward developing electronically controllable wound dressings that can deliver drugs with desired temporal patterns.

A sensitive "turn-on" fluorescent assay for quantification of ceftriaxone based on L-tryptophan-Pd(II) complex fluorophore

Based on L-tryptophan-Pd(II) system, a sensitive and selective fluorimetric assay for the quantification of ceftriaxone (CTRX) had been developed. The experimental results showed that in pH 4.0 Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer medium, the fluorescence of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) (λex/λem=276 nm/352 nm) could be efficiently quenched by Pd(II). When CTRX was added to the mixed solution of the L-tryptophan and Pd(II), the fluorescence of L-Trp recovered. The reaction mechanism and the reasons for the fluorescence recovery were also discussed. Pd(II) reacted with L-Trp to form a 1:1 chelate complex, and then, after CTRX was added in L-Try-Pd(II) system, the ligand exchange reaction occurred between L-Trp and CTRX, which resulted in the fluorescence recovery. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the recovered fluorescence intensities at 352 nm showed excellent linear relationship with the concentration of CTRX over the range of 6.0 × 10(-8)-2.4 × 10(-)(6) mol L(-1) (0.040-1.59 μg mL(-1)). The correlation coefficient (R) was 0.9997 and the detection limit was 1.8 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) (11.9 ng mL(-1)). Furthermore, the assay had been applied to determine trace amount of CTRX human urine samples with satisfactory results.

A fully validated microbiological assay to evaluate the potency of ceftriaxone sodium

Ceftriaxone (CFTX) sodium is a third-generation, broad-spectrum cephalosporin that is resistant to beta-lactamases. An alternative bioassay for the assessment of the potency of this drug in pharmaceutical formulations has not been previously reported. Thus, this paper reports the development and full validation of a 3 x 3 agar diffusion bioassay using a cylinder-plate method to quantify CFTX sodium in pharmaceutical samples. The strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P was used as the test microorganism, and the results of the proposed bioassay displayed high linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness. All potency results were statistically analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and were found to be linear (r=0.99999) in the range of 16-64 µg/mL, accurate (100.5%), and precise [repeatability: relative standard deviation (RSD)=1.4%; intermediate precision: between-day RSD=2.1% and between-analyst RSD=2.5%]. The specificity of the bioassay was determined by evaluating a degraded sample (50 ºC) at 0, 24 and 48 hours as compared against the results from the pharmacopeial liquid chromatography method for CFTX. The results validated the proposed microbiological assay, which allows reliable quantitation of CFTX in pharmaceutical samples. Moreover, it is a useful, simple and low-cost alternative method for monitoring the quality of this medicine.

Development and validation of a successful microbiological agar assay for determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution

Ceftriaxone sodium is a cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and belongs to the third generation of cephalosporins. Regarding the quality control of medicines, a validated microbiological assay for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution has not been reported yet. This paper reports the development and validation of a simple, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method to quantify ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of ceftriaxone sodium on the strain of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9371 IAL 1027 used as test microorganism. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance and were found to be linear (r = 0.999) in the selected range of 15.0-60.0 μg/mL, precise with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability intraday = 1.40%, accurate (100.46%) and robust with a RSD lower than 1.28%. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows reliable ceftriaxone sodium quantitation in pharmaceutical samples and therefore can be used as a useful alternative methodology for the routine quality control of this medicine.

Cleaning level acceptance criteria and HPLC-DAD method validation for the determination of Nabumetone residues on manufacturing equipment using swab sampling

Prevention of cross contamination with active pharmaceutical ingredients is crucial and requires special attention in pharmaceutical industries. Current method validation describes the determination of Nabumetone (NAB) residue on a stainless steel surface using swab sampling with a sensitive HPLC-DAD analysis. The acceptance limit was decided as 2 μg swab per 100 cm². Cotton swabs impregnated with extraction solution were used to determine residual drug content. Recoveries were 90.88%, 91.42%, and 92. 21% with RSD ranging from 2.2% to 3.88% at three concentration levels. Residual concentration was found to be linear in the range of 0.1–4.56 μg/mL, when estimated using a Phenomenex Luna C₁₈ (25 cm×5 μm×4.6 mm i.d.) column at 1.0 mL/min flow rate and 230 nm. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:water (55:30:15, v/v/v). The LOD and LOQ for NAB were found to be 0.05 and 0.16 μg/mL, respectively. The validated method was found to be simple, selective and sensitive for demonstration of cleaning validation of NAB residues on a stainless steel surface.