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Lahtinen MH, Kynkäänniemi E, Jian C, Salonen A, Pajari AM, Mikkonen KS. Metabolic Fate of Lignin in Birch Glucuronoxylan Extracts as Dietary Fiber Studied in a Rat Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300201. [PMID: 37650878 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE While previously considered inert, recent studies suggest lignin metabolism with unknown metabolic fates is occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of several animal models. This study focuses on analyzing the potential metabolites of lignin. METHODS AND RESULTS The diets of rats include relatively pure birch glucuronoxylan (pureGX) with residual lignin or lignin-rich GX (GXpoly) in their diet. Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy of the lignin isolated from the GXpoly-fed rats fecal sample shows high alteration in chemical structure, whereas lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) are enriched in fecal samples from the pureGX group. Moreover, the increased syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio suggests that lignin G-units are predominantly metabolized based on pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyr-GC/MS). The presence of small phenolic metabolites identified in urine samples of the GXpoly group, for example, ferulic and sinapic acids, their sulfate and glucuronide derivatives, and 4-sulfobenzylalcohol, suggests that the small fragmented lignin metabolites in the large intestine enter the plasma, and are further processed in the liver. Finally, the relative abundances of polyphenol-degrading Enterorhabdus and Akkermansia in the gut microbiota are associated with lignin metabolism. CONCLUSION These findings give further evidence to lignin metabolism in the gut of nonruminants and provide insight to the potential microbes and metabolic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit H Lahtinen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Emma Kynkäänniemi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ching Jian
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 63, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anne Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 63, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anne-Maria Pajari
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kirsi S Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 66, (Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2), FI-00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Finland
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2
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Cytotoxic and chemomodulatory effects of Phyllanthus niruri in MCF-7 and MCF-7 ADR breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2683. [PMID: 36792619 PMCID: PMC9932073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of the genus Phyllanthus have long been used in the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. They exhibited antiproliferative activity against various human cancer cell lines. Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer death among women. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer agent used to treat breast cancer despite its significant cardiotoxicity along with resistance development. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the potential cytotoxicity of P. niruri extracts (and fractions) alone and in combination with DOX against naïve (MCF-7) and doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7ADR). The methylene chloride fraction (CH2Cl2) showed the most cytotoxic activity among all tested fractions. Interestingly, the CH2Cl2-fraction was more cytotoxic against MCF-7ADR than MCF-7 at 100 µg/mL. At sub-cytotoxic concentrations, this fraction enhanced the cytotoxic effect of DOX against the both cell lines under investigation (IC50 values of 0.054 µg/mL and 0.14 µg/mL vs. 0.2 µg/mL for DOX alone against MCF-7) and (1.2 µg/mL and 0.23 µg/mL vs. 9.9 µg/mL for DOX alone against MCF-7ADR), respectively. Further, TLC fractionation showed that B2 subfraction in equitoxic combination with DOX exerted a powerful synergism (IC50 values of 0.03 µg/mL vs. 9.9 µg/mL for DOX alone) within MCF-7ADR. Untargeted metabolite profiling of the crude methanolic extract (MeOH) and CH2Cl2 fraction exhibiting potential cytotoxicity was conducted using liquid chromatography diode array detector-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-QTOF). Further studies are needed to separate the active compounds from the CH2Cl2 fraction and elucidate their mechanism(s) of action.
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3
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Clifford MN, King LJ, Kerimi A, Pereira-Caro MG, Williamson G. Metabolism of phenolics in coffee and plant-based foods by canonical pathways: an assessment of the role of fatty acid β-oxidation to generate biologically-active and -inactive intermediates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3326-3383. [PMID: 36226718 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ω-Phenyl-alkenoic acids are abundant in coffee, fruits, and vegetables. Along with ω-phenyl-alkanoic acids, they are produced from numerous dietary (poly)phenols and aromatic amino acids in vivo. This review addresses how phenyl-ring substitution and flux modulates their gut microbiota and endogenous β-oxidation. 3',5'-Dihydroxy-derivatives (from alkyl-resorcinols, flavanols, proanthocyanidins), and 4'-hydroxy-phenolic acids (from tyrosine, p-coumaric acid, naringenin) are β-oxidation substrates yielding benzoic acids. In contrast, 3',4',5'-tri-substituted-derivatives, 3',4'-dihydroxy-derivatives and 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-derivatives (from coffee, tea, cereals, many fruits and vegetables) are poor β-oxidation substrates with metabolism diverted via gut microbiota dehydroxylation, phenylvalerolactone formation and phase-2 conjugation, possibly a strategy to conserve limited pools of coenzyme A. 4'-Methoxy-derivatives (citrus fruits) or 3',4'-dimethoxy-derivatives (coffee) are susceptible to hepatic "reverse" hydrogenation suggesting incompatibility with enoyl-CoA-hydratase. Gut microbiota-produced 3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-derivatives (citrus fruits) and 3'-hydroxy-derivatives (numerous (poly)phenols) are excreted as the phenyl-hydracrylic acid β-oxidation intermediate suggesting incompatibility with hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, albeit with considerable inter-individual variation. Further investigation is required to explain inter-individual variation, factors determining the amino acid to which C6-C3 and C6-C1 metabolites are conjugated, the precise role(s) of l-carnitine, whether glycine might be limiting, and whether phenolic acid-modulation of β-oxidation explains how phenolic acids affect key metabolic conditions, such as fatty liver, carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Laurence J King
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Maria Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Instituto Andaluz de Investigacion y Formacion Agraria Pesquera Alimentaria y de la Produccion Ecologica, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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4
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Simulated gastrointestinal digestion/Caco-2 cell model to predict bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability of p-coumaric acid and p-coumaroyl derivatives in peanut. Food Chem 2022; 400:134033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Clifford MN, Kuhnert N. LC-MS Characterization and Quantification of Known and Unknown (Poly)phenol Metabolites-Possible Pitfalls and Their Avoidance. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101013. [PMID: 35489085 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the LC-MS characterization and quantification of dietary (poly)phenols and their metabolites. It draws attention to errors, omissions, and misunderstandings that appear frequently in published papers, and suggests strategies for their avoidance. Aspects covered include the use of authentic standards and surrogate reference materials, the importance of collecting and archiving Total Ion Current MS data, the limitations of using on-line compilations of accurate mass MS data to assign unknown components when multiple isomers are possible, and the often understated magnitude of person-to-person variation that may significantly impact at population level any potential health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
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6
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Fitzgerald CCJ, McLeod MD. Synthesis of stable isotope labelled steroid bis(sulfate) conjugates and their behaviour in collision induced dissociation experiments. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3311-3322. [PMID: 35354200 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroid bis(sulfate) metabolites derived from the two-fold sulfation of unconjugated precursors represent an important yet understudied portion of the steroid profile. The investigation of these compounds in fields such as medicine or anti-doping science relies on mass spectrometry (MS) as the principal tool to identify and quantify biomarkers of interest and depends in turn on access to steroid reference materials and their stable isotope labelled (SIL) derivatives. A new [18O] stable isotope label for sulfate metabolites is reported, which allows for the selective, late-stage and 'one-pot' synthesis of a variety of SIL-steroid conjugates suitable as MS probes and internal standards. The method is applied to more comprehensively study the MS behaviour of steroid bis(sulfate) compounds through collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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7
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Hedman R, Uduwela DR, Paszerbovics B, Carroll AJ, Neeman T, Cawley A, Brooker L, McLeod MD. Profiling Urinary Sulfate Metabolites With Mass Spectrometry. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:829511. [PMID: 35281273 PMCID: PMC8906285 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.829511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of urinary phase II sulfate metabolites is central to understanding the role and fate of endogenous and exogenous compounds in biological systems. This study describes a new workflow for the untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urine matrix. Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) with data dependent acquisition (DDA) coupled to an automated script-based data processing pipeline and differential metabolite level analysis. Sulfates were identified through k-means clustering analysis of sulfate ester derived MS/MS fragmentation intensities. The utility of the method was highlighted in two applications. Firstly, the urinary metabolome of a thoroughbred horse was examined before and after administration of the anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone propionate. The analysis detected elevated levels of ten sulfated steroid metabolites, three of which were identified and confirmed by comparison with synthesised reference materials. This included 5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol 3-sulfate, a previously unreported equine metabolite of testosterone propionate. Secondly, the hydrolytic activity of four sulfatase enzymes on pooled human urine was examined. This revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatases (PaS) enzymes possessed higher selectivity for the hydrolysis of sulfated metabolites than the commercially available Helix pomatia arylsulfatase (HpS). This novel method provides a rapid tool for the systematic, untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urinary matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikard Hedman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R. Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Bettina Paszerbovics
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam J. Carroll
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Malcolm D. McLeod,
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8
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Fatima H, Shahid M, Pruitt C, Pung MA, Mills PJ, Riaz M, Ashraf R. Chemical Fingerprinting, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Hydroethanolic Extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:364. [PMID: 35204245 PMCID: PMC8869320 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of hydroethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum seeds was evaluated. Phenolic profiling of T. foenum-graecum was conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) as well as through the mass spectrometry technique to characterize compounds responsible for bioactivity, which confirmed almost 18 compounds, 13 of which were quantified through a chromatographic assay. In vitro antioxidant analysis of the extract exhibited substantial antioxidant activities with the lowest IC50 value of both DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) inhibition assays. The extract was found to be non-toxic against human RBCs and murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the extract significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), intrlukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The hydroethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum exhibited considerable anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing the cellular infiltration to the inflammatory site in both carrageenan-induced peritonitis and an air pouch model of inflammation. Pretreatment with T. foenum-graecum extract caused significant improvement in antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT (catalase), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) against oxidative stress induced by carrageenan. Based on our results of in vivo and in vitro experimentation, we concluded that hydroethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum is a potential source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (C.P.); (M.A.P.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Chris Pruitt
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (C.P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Meredith A. Pung
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (C.P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Paul J. Mills
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (C.P.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Rizwan Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
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9
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Razgonova M, Zakharenko A, Pikula K, Manakov Y, Ercisli S, Derbush I, Kislin E, Seryodkin I, Sabitov A, Kalenik T, Golokhvast K. LC-MS/MS Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Wild and Cultivated Grapes Vitis amurensis Rupr. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123650. [PMID: 34203808 PMCID: PMC8232594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This work represents a comparative metabolomic study of extracts of wild grapes obtained from six different places in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories (Far East Russia) and extracts of grapes obtained from the collection of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (St. Petersburg). The metabolome analysis was performed by liquid chromatography in combination with ion trap mass spectrometry. The results showed the presence of 118 compounds in ethanolic extracts of V. amurensis grapes. In addition, several metabolites were newly annotated in V. amurensis. The highest diversity of phenolic compounds was identified in the samples of the V. amurensis grape collected in the vicinity of Vyazemsky (Khabarovsk Territory) and the floodplain of the Arsenyevka River (Primorsky Territory), compared to the other wild samples and cultural grapes obtained in the collection of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya Razgonova
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B. Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (I.D.); (E.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.)
- Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Zakharenko
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B. Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (I.D.); (E.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.)
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Centralnaya, Presidium, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia;
| | - Konstantin Pikula
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B. Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (I.D.); (E.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Yury Manakov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Centralnaya, Presidium, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia;
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey;
| | - Irina Derbush
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B. Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (I.D.); (E.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Evgeniy Kislin
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B. Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (I.D.); (E.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Ivan Seryodkin
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio 7, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Andrey Sabitov
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B. Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (I.D.); (E.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Tatiana Kalenik
- Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B. Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.Z.); (K.P.); (I.D.); (E.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.)
- Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Centralnaya, Presidium, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia;
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio 7, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
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Iftikhar M, Iftikhar A, Zhang H, Gong L, Wang J. Transport, metabolism and remedial potential of functional food extracts (FFEs) in Caco-2 cells monolayer: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109240. [PMID: 32846508 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caco-2, a human intestinal carcinoma cell line, has been used to test the absorption and transport mechanism of functional foods and drugs across the intestinal epithelium in order to study their antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Caco-2 cells represent the morphological and functional characteristics of small intestinal cells and capable of expressing brush borders, tight junctions, intestinal efflux and uptake transporters which regulate permeation of drugs and functional food extracts from intestinal lumen to systemic circulation. The integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer is controlled by establishing the TEER between 200 and 1000 O per cm2. FFEs affect intestinal permeability by adjusting the tight junction proteins between the cells in order to maintain the epithelial barrier function. Because of the side effects of medicines, there is an increased interest in functional food extracts (FFEs) as drug substitutes. Functional foods undergo intricate transport processes and biotransformation after oral administration. Metabolism and transport studies of FFEs in Caco-2 cells are very important for determining their bioavailability. Functional foods and their constituents produce anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects through apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of various signal transduction pathways across Caco-2 cell lines. The current review has summarized the anti-inflammation, anticancer, antioxidant and cholesterol lowering potential of FFEs using Caco-2 cells through reducing local inflammatory signals, production of ROS and lipid accumulation. The transport, bioavailability, metabolism, mechanisms of actions, cellular pathways adopted by FFEs across Caco-2 cell lines are predominantly affected by their molecular weight, structures and physicochemical properties. These studies are beneficial for investigating the different mechanisms of action of FFEs in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Iftikhar
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Asra Iftikhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Faisalabad (TUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Lingxiao Gong
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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11
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Clifford MN, Kerimi A, Williamson G. Bioavailability and metabolism of chlorogenic acids (acyl‐quinic acids) in humans. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1299-1352. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Surrey Guildford UK
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthFaculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesMonash University Notting Hill Victoria Australia
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthFaculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesMonash University Notting Hill Victoria Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash HealthFaculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesMonash University Notting Hill Victoria Australia
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12
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Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Iranpanah A, Hajimahmoudi M, Pourjabar Z, Daglia M, Santarcangelo C, Rashidi K, Nabavi SM, Rahimi R. Phytochemical and toxicological evaluation of Tamarix stricta Boiss. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:223-230. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1680687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoudi
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Pourjabar
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Khodabakhsh Rashidi
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baghyatollah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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13
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Martini S, Conte A, Tagliazucchi D. Antiproliferative Activity and Cell Metabolism of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3919-3931. [PMID: 30892877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative activity and the stability and metabolic fate of the main dietary hydroxycinnamates, using two colonic adenocarcinoma cell models (Caco-2 and SW480). Dihydrocaffeic and dihydroferulic acids were the most effective against cell proliferation in both cell lines with IC50 values of 71.7 ± 1.1 and 83.1 ± 1.1 μmol/L, respectively ( P < 0.05) in Caco-2. At 200 μmol/L, caffeic and ferulic acids inhibited SW480 proliferation by 40.8 ± 1.6 and 59.9 ± 1.3%, respectively. Hydroxycinnamic acids with a catechol-type structure were degraded in Caco-2 cell medium, resulting in the production of H2O2. Intracellular Caco-2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and catechol- O-methyltransferases were able to form glucuronide and methyl conjugates. However, only the sulfate conjugates were detected after incubation with SW480. In addition, simple hydroxycinnamates were released from quinic and aspartic conjugates. The remarkable effect of dihydrocaffeic and dihydroferulic acids against cell proliferation is of paramount importance, since these compounds are the main metabolites detectable at the colonic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Martini
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Amendola 2 , 42100 Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Angela Conte
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Amendola 2 , 42100 Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Davide Tagliazucchi
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Amendola 2 , 42100 Reggio Emilia , Italy
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Dual Effect of Glucuronidation of a Pyrogallol-Type Phytophenol Antioxidant: A Comparison between Scutellarein and Scutellarin. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123225. [PMID: 30563286 PMCID: PMC6321565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore whether and how glucuronidation affects pyrogallol-type phytophenols, scutellarein and scutellarin (scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide) were comparatively investigated using a set of antioxidant analyses, including spectrophotometric analysis, UV-vis spectra analysis, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) analysis. In spectrophotometric analyses of the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+•), and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radicals (PTIO•) and the reduction of Cu2+ ions, scutellarein showed lower IC50 values than scutellarin. However, in •O₂--scavenging spectrophotometric analysis, scutellarein showed higher IC50 value than scutellarin. The analysis of UV-Vis spectra obtained after the Fe2+-chelating reaction of scutellarin showed a typical UV-Vis peak (λmax = 611 nm), while scutellarein showed no typical peak. In UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis, mixing of scutellarein with DPPH• yielded MS peaks (m/z 678, 632, 615, 450, 420, 381, 329, 300, 288, 227, 196, 182, 161, and 117) corresponding to the scutellarein-DPPH adduct and an MS peak (m/z 570) corresponding to the scutellarein-scutellarein dimer. Scutellarin, however, generated no MS peak. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that glucuronidation of pyrogallol-type phytophenol antioxidants has a dual effect. On the one hand, glucuronidation can decrease the antioxidant potentials (except for •O₂- scavenging) and further lower the possibility of radical adduct formation (RAF), while on the other hand, it can enhance the •O₂--scavenging and Fe2+-chelating potentials.
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15
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Chu MJ, Liu XM, Yan N, Wang FZ, Du YM, Zhang ZF. Partial Purification, Identification, and Quantitation of Antioxidants from Wild Rice ( Zizania latifolia). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112782. [PMID: 30373196 PMCID: PMC6278310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide further insights into the potential health-promoting antioxidants from wild rice (Zizania latifolia), which is an abundant but underutilized whole grain resource in East Asia, a partial purification based on D101 macroporous resin was carried out for the purification and enrichment of the antioxidants from the bioactive ethanol extracts of wild rice. On that basis, 34 phenolic compounds in the antioxidant fractions were identified by a high-performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSn). The results suggested that phenolic acids could be enriched in the 10% ethanol-eluted fraction whereas flavonoids (including procyanidins and flavonoid glycosides) could be enriched in 20⁻30% ethanol-eluted fractions. A quantitative analysis determined by the multiple reaction monitoring mode of the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) revealed a high content of procyanidins in wild rice. Compared with phenolic acids, flavonoids may contribute more to the potent antioxidant activity of wild rice. This is the first study on the antioxidants from wild rice Z. latifolia. These findings provide novel information on the functional components of wild rice, and will be of value to further research and development on Z. latifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jun Chu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Feng-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yong-Mei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Zhong-Feng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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16
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Intestinal Permeability and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Mango (Mangifera indica cv. Ataulfo) Peels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020514. [PMID: 29419800 PMCID: PMC5855736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica cv. Ataulfo) peel contains bound phenolics that may be released by alkaline or acid hydrolysis and may be converted into less complex molecules. Free phenolics from mango cv. Ataulfo peel were obtained using a methanolic extraction, and their cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and permeability were compared to those obtained for bound phenolics released by alkaline or acid hydrolysis. Gallic acid was found as a simple phenolic acid after alkaline hydrolysis along with mangiferin isomers and quercetin as aglycone and glycosides. Only gallic acid, ethyl gallate, mangiferin, and quercetin were identified in the acid fraction. The acid and alkaline fractions showed the highest CAA (60.5% and 51.5%) when tested at 125 µg/mL. The value of the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) across the Caco-2/HT-29 monolayer of gallic acid from the alkaline fraction was higher (2.61 × 10−6 cm/s) than in the other fractions and similar to that obtained when tested pure (2.48 × 10−6 cm/s). In conclusion, mango peels contain bound phenolic compounds that, after their release, have permeability similar to pure compounds and exert an important CAA. This finding can be applied in the development of nutraceuticals using this important by-product from the mango processing industry.
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17
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Mostarda S, Passeri D, Carotti A, Cerra B, Colliva C, Benicchi T, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A. Synthesis, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of bile acids 3-glucuronides: Novel insights into bile acid signalling and detoxification. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:349-358. [PMID: 29275233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is considered an important detoxification pathway of bile acids especially in cholestatic conditions. Glucuronides are less toxic than the parent free forms and are more easily excreted in urine. However, the pathophysiological significance of bile acid glucuronidation is still controversial and debated among the scientific community. Progress in this field has been strongly limited by the lack of appropriate methods for the preparation of pure glucuronides in the amount needed for biological and pharmacological studies. In this work, we have developed a new synthesis of bile acid C3-glucuronides enabling the convenient preparation of gram-scale quantities. The synthesized compounds have been characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and abilities to modulate key nuclear receptors including the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). In particular, we found that C3-glucuronides of chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, respectively the most abundant and potentially cytotoxic species formed in patients affected by cholestasis, behave as FXR agonists and positively regulate the gene expression of transporter proteins, the function of which is critical in human conditions related to imbalances of bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mostarda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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18
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Comprehensive identification of bioactive compounds of avocado peel by liquid chromatography coupled to ultra-high-definition accurate-mass Q-TOF. Food Chem 2017; 245:707-716. [PMID: 29287430 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Industrially the avocado pulp is exploited principally as oil and paste, generating a huge quantity of peel and seed as by-products. Avocado peel is a promising inexpensive candidate for recovery phenolic compounds. The aim of this work was to identify the bioactive compounds present in an extract of avocado peel obtained by a green extraction technique. Accelerated solvent extraction was performed using water and ethanol as extraction solvents. Liquid chromatography coupled to ultra-high-definition accurate-mass spectrometry was used in order to identify the bioactive compounds. A total of sixty-one compounds belonging to eleven families were identified. Procyanidins, flavonols, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids were the most common compounds. A sum of thirty-five compounds has been identified here for the first time in avocado peel. These results confirm the potential of avocado peel as a source of bioactive ingredients for its use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical sector.
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19
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Figueroa JG, Borrás-Linares I, Lozano-Sánchez J, Segura-Carretero A. Comprehensive characterization of phenolic and other polar compounds in the seed and seed coat of avocado by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. Food Res Int 2017; 105:752-763. [PMID: 29433270 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Avocado seed and seed coat are important by-products from avocado industrialization, with important functional properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic profile and other polar compounds of avocado seed and seed coat using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and liquid chromatography coupled to Ultra-High-Definition Accurate-Mass Q-TOF. In this research 84 compounds were identified, within eight subclass group, among these 45 phenolic compounds were identified for first time in avocado seed. Condensed tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids were the most representative groups in both samples. As far as we are concerned, this is the first time that avocado seed coat has been studied regarding its phenolic compounds using such a powerful instrumental technique. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities were analysed in order to estimate the antioxidant potential of extracts. These results point out that avocado seed and seed coat constitute a source of bioactive ingredients for its use in the food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Figueroa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain; Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, 11-01-608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park Avda. del Conocimiento nº 37, BioRegion Building, 18016 Granada, Spain
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20
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Cellular uptake and trans-enterocyte transport of phenolics bound to vinegar melanoidins. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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21
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Screening and identification of the metabolites in rat urine and feces after oral administration of Lycopus lucidus Turcz extract by UHPLC−Q-TOF-MS mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1027:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Ziegler K, Kerimi A, Poquet L, Williamson G. Butyric acid increases transepithelial transport of ferulic acid through upregulation of the monocarboxylate transporters SLC16A1 (MCT1) and SLC16A3 (MCT4). Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 599:3-12. [PMID: 26854723 PMCID: PMC4884672 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid is released by microbial hydrolysis in the colon, where butyric acid, a major by-product of fermentation, constitutes the main energy source for colonic enterocytes. We investigated how varying concentrations of this short chain fatty acid may influence the absorption of the phenolic acid. Chronic treatment of Caco-2 cells with butyric acid resulted in increased mRNA and protein abundance of the monocarboxylate transporters SLC16A1 (MCT1) and SLC16A3 (MCT4), previously proposed to facilitate ferulic acid absorption in addition to passive diffusion. Short term incubation with butyric acid only led to upregulation of MCT4 while both conditions increased transepithelial transport of ferulic acid in the apical to basolateral, but not basolateral to apical, direction. Chronic treatment also elevated intracellular concentrations of ferulic acid, which in turn gave rise to increased concentrations of ferulic acid metabolites. Immunofluorescence staining of cells revealed uniform distribution of MCT1 protein in the cell membrane, whereas MCT4 was only detected in the lateral plasma membrane sections of Caco-2 cells. We therefore propose that MCT1 may be acting as an uptake transporter and MCT4 as an efflux system across the basolateral membrane for ferulic acid, and that this process is stimulated by butyric acid. Dietary fibre gives both short chain fatty acids and phenolic acids in the colon. Ferulic acid is partially taken into cells by the transporter MCT1. Ferulic acid is effluxed basolaterally by the transporter MCT4. Butyrate upregulates transporters of phenolic acids in a colonic model. A short chain fatty acid can regulate phenolic acid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ziegler
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Asimina Kerimi
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Laure Poquet
- Nestlé Research Center, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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23
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Monente C, Ludwig IA, Stalmach A, de Peña MP, Cid C, Crozier A. In vitro studies on the stability in the proximal gastrointestinal tract and bioaccessibility in Caco-2 cells of chlorogenic acids from spent coffee grounds. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015. [PMID: 26203817 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1064874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds are a potential commercial source of substantial amounts of chlorogenic acids (CGAs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of spent coffee CGAs using in vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion and to investigate their potential absorption using an in vitro Caco-2 model of human small intestinal epithelium. During in vitro digestion, lactones were partially degraded while caffeoylquinic and feruloylquinic acids were much more stable. Transport and metabolism studies showed that 1% of the total CGAs were absorbed and transported from the apical to the basolateral side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer after 1 h. Lactones and coumaroylquinic acids showed the rate of highest absorption. Caco-2 cells possessed low metabolic activity. In conclusion, spent coffee extracts contain large amounts of CGAs, which remained bioaccessible across the intestinal barrier, albeit to a relatively low degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Monente
- a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | | | - Maria Paz de Peña
- a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Concepción Cid
- a Department of Nutrition , Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Alan Crozier
- c Department of Nutrition , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
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24
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Murad LD, Soares NDCP, Brand C, Monteiro MC, Teodoro AJ. Effects of caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acids on cell viability and cellular uptake in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:532-42. [PMID: 25803129 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1004736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Issues related to the role of diet in cancer prevention and treatment are featured each year, and, in this context, consumption of hydroxycinanmic acids is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases including cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular uptake of caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acids and their effects on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). HT-29 cells were incubated with different concentrations of caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acids (1.25 µM to 80.0 µM) from 0.5 to 96 h. Cellular uptake was analyzed by HPLC and LCMS. Cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis was measured, respectively, using MTT method and flow cytometry. Caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acids are absorbed, isomerized, and metabolized by HT-29 cells. Both compounds were able to reduce HT-29 cell viability, promoting specific changes in the cell cycle and increased the apoptosis rate. Caffeic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid showed inhibitory effects on cell growth, suggesting a modulation of the cell cycle with an increase in apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Dalbem Murad
- a Food and Nutrition Master Program , Nutritional Biochemistry Core , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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25
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Kosińska-Cagnazzo A, Diering S, Prim D, Andlauer W. Identification of bioaccessible and uptaken phenolic compounds from strawberry fruits in in vitro digestion/Caco-2 absorption model. Food Chem 2015; 170:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Phenolic profiling of the South American "Baylahuen" tea (Haplopappus spp., Asteraceae) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Molecules 2015; 20:913-28. [PMID: 25580687 PMCID: PMC6272720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerial parts of several Haplopappus species (Asteraceae), known under the common name "baylahuen", are used as herbal teas in Chile and Argentina. In Chile, "baylahuen" comprises H. multifolius, H. taeda, H. baylahuen and H. rigidus. Little is known about the chemical identity of the infusion constituents in spite of widespread consumption. The aim of the present work was the characterization of phenolics occurring in the infusions and methanol extracts of "baylahuen" by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. A simple HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method was developed for the fast identification and differentiation of Haplopappus spp. used as a tea source, based on the phenolics from the tea and methanol extracts. Some 27 phenolics were tentatively identified in the infusions and methanol extract, including 10 caffeoyl quinic and feruloyl quinic acid derivatives and 17 flavonoids. The HPLC patterns of the Haplopappus tea and methanol extract allow a clear differentiation at the species level. The occurrence of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids can explain the reputed nutraceutical and health beneficial properties of this herbal tea.
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27
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Tuntipopipat S, Muangnoi C, Thiyajai P, Srichamnong W, Charoenkiatkul S, Praengam K. A bioaccessible fraction of parboiled germinated brown rice exhibits a higher anti-inflammatory activity than that of brown rice. Food Funct 2015; 6:1480-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parboiled germinated brown rice (PGBR) has been suggested as a functional food because it is relatively rich in a number of nutrients and health promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parunya Thiyajai
- Institute of Nutrition
- Mahidol University
- Nakhonpathom 73170
- Thailand
| | | | | | - Kemika Praengam
- Institute of Nutrition
- Mahidol University
- Nakhonpathom 73170
- Thailand
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28
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Clarke KA, Dew TP, Watson REB, Farrar MD, Bennett S, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE, Williamson G. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry dual extraction method for identification of green tea catechin metabolites excreted in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:29-37. [PMID: 25306116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous analysis of free-form and conjugated flavonoids in the same sample is difficult but necessary to properly estimate their bioavailability. A method was developed to optimise the extraction of both free and conjugated forms of catechins and metabolites in a biological sample following the consumption of green tea. A double-blind randomised controlled trial was performed in which 26 volunteers consumed daily green tea and vitamin C supplements and 24 consumed a placebo for 3 months. Urine was collected for 24h at 4 separate time points (pre- and post-consumption) to confirm compliance to the supplementation and to distinguish between placebo and supplementation consumption. The urine was assessed for both free and conjugated metabolites of green tea using LC-MS(2) analysis, after a combination extraction method, which involved an ethyl acetate extraction followed by an acetonitrile protein precipitation. The combination method resulted in a good recovery of EC-O-sulphate (91±7%), EGC-O-glucuronide (94±6%), EC (95±6%), EGC (111±5%) and ethyl gallate (74±3%). A potential total of 55 catechin metabolites were investigated, and of these, 26 conjugated (with methyl, glucuronide or sulphate groups) and 3 free-form (unconjugated) compounds were identified in urine following green tea consumption. The majority of EC and EGC conjugates significantly increased post-consumption of green tea in comparison to baseline (pre-supplementation) samples. The conjugated metabolites associated with the highest peak areas were O-methyl-EC-O-sulphate and the valerolactones M6/M6'-O-sulphate. In line with previous studies, EC and EGC were only identified as conjugated derivatives, and EGCG and ECG were not found as mono-conjugated or free-forms. In summary, the method reported here provides a good recovery of catechin compounds and is appropriate for use in the assessment of flavonoid bioavailability, particularly for biological tissues that may contain endogenous deconjugating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh A Clarke
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tristan P Dew
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
| | - Mark D Farrar
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
| | - Susan Bennett
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Lesley E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
| | - Gary Williamson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Karioti A, Chiarabini L, Alachkar A, Fawaz Chehna M, Vincieri FF, Bilia AR. HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS analyses of Tiliae flos and its preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:205-214. [PMID: 25171484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study extensive HPLC-DAD, HPLC-ESI-MS and NMR analyses were undertaken in the aqueous preparations (decoctions, infusions) and tinctures of Tilia platyphyllos Scop inflorescences. The aim of this work was to examine in depth the qualitative and quantitative profile of the investigated preparations, which find until today wide applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, and to propose a validated method for their quality control. An HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS method was developed and optimised for the quantitative determination of the constituents. Marker constituents of Tiliae flos are the flavonoids, while the volatile content is also used for the quality control. However, the analyses of the non-volatile fraction gave complex chromatographic fingerprints containing simple phenolics and low molecular weight procyanidins. The use of different HPLC columns permitted a good separation of the constituents and enabled their quantitation, while HPLC-MS analyses permitted the detection of procyanidin oligomers. Overall, 31 constituents were detected and identified. Extensive preparative chromatographic investigations and 2D-NMR analyses allowed the characterisation of procyanidins as epicatechin derivatives. Finally, the HPLC method was validated and complied with ICH guidelines. This is the first report of detailed analysis of the chemical composition of Tiliae flos.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karioti
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy.
| | - L Chiarabini
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
| | - A Alachkar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
| | - M Fawaz Chehna
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
| | - F F Vincieri
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
| | - A R Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, Building of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Firenze, Italy
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30
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Regueiro J, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Negreira N, Simal-Gándara J, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Identification and quantification of grapefruit juice furanocoumarin metabolites in urine: an approach based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry and solid-phase extraction coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2134-2140. [PMID: 24568314 DOI: 10.1021/jf405701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grapefruit is a rich source of flavonoids but also contains furanocoumarins, which are known to strongly interact with a variety of medications. Thus, characterization of grapefruit furanocoumarin metabolites may help in a better understanding of grapefruit-drug interactions. In the present work, identification of the main metabolites of grapefruit juice furanocoumarins in urine was performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap). Glucuronides of 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin and a hydroxybergamottin-like metabolite were identified for the first time as grapefruit juice metabolites. Afterward, a fast and sensitive method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and UPLC coupled to triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS/MS) was developed for determination of the identified metabolites in urine. The proposed method was applied to urine samples of five volunteers after intakes of moderate doses of grapefruit, lemon, and orange juices. Furanocoumarin metabolites were only detected in urines after consumption of grapefruit juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo , 32004 Ourense, Spain
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31
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Jailani F, Williamson G. Effect of edible oils on quercetin, kaempferol and galangin transport and conjugation in the intestinal Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture model. Food Funct 2014; 5:653-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Omar K, Grant MH, Henderson C, Watson DG. The abundant dietary constituent ferulic acid forms a wide range of metabolites including a glutathione adduct when incubated with rat hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:432-7. [PMID: 24195590 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.853848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The metabolism of ferulic acid (FA) has been studied in a number of different systems and several metabolites of FA have been characterised. No previous work has been carried out using hepatocytes to characterise the metabolism of FA. 2. A metabolomics approach in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterise the metabolites of FA formed in isolated rat hepatocytes. FA was incubated with rat hepatocytes and the metabolites formed were profiled at 30 and 120 minutes. The metabolites were characterised according to their accurate mass at <2 ppm using Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS). 3. Sixteen metabolites of FA were identified. The most abundant metabolite was the sulphate of FA and this was followed by FA glucuronide and glycine conjugates. A wide range of low level metabolites were produced in the hepatocyte incubations. Novel metabolites resulted from side chain oxidation. 4. In addition, a glutathione (GSH) adduct of FA was formed. Incubation of a solution of FA with GSH also resulted in formation of this adduct indicating that it could be formed purely by a chemical reaction. Thus the metabolism of FA in rat hepatocytes is more complex than previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Omar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK and
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33
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Petreska Stanoeva J, Stefova M. Assay of urinary excretion of polyphenols after ingestion of a cup of mountain tea (Sideritis scardica) measured by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10488-10497. [PMID: 24102372 DOI: 10.1021/jf403052w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and phenolic acid metabolites excreted in human urine after ingestion of Sideritis scardica decoction with characterized polyphenolic composition were studied. A feeding study was carried out with 10 human volunteers, and urine samples were collected for 24 h after ingestion of the Sidertis decoction. Polyphenol metabolites were identified and quantified in urine samples by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Thirty-one different metabolites of hypolaetin, methylhypolaetin, isoscutellarein, methylisoscutellarein, and apigenin and 32 phenolic acid metabolites were detected and quantified using a method validated for this purpose. The urinary excretion of polyphenol metabolites corresponded to 5% (n/n) of the intake of polyphenols from the Sideritis decoction. Flavonoid metabolites were dominant in urine samples with 87-94% of total polyphenolic metabolites content. The most abundant metabolites were methylhypolaetin and methylisoscutellarein glucuronides. Urinary excretion of isoscutellarein (35.61%) was 10 times higher than that of hypolaetin (3.67%). Apigenin also showed high urinary excretion (32.46%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University , Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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34
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Farrell TL, Ellam SL, Forrelli T, Williamson G. Attenuation of glucose transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers by a polyphenol-rich herbal extract: interactions with SGLT1 and GLUT2 transporters. Biofactors 2013; 39:448-56. [PMID: 23361943 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that secondary plant metabolites may modulate glucose absorption in the small intestine. We have characterized a polyphenol-rich herbal extract and its potential intestinal metabolites by LC-MS(2) and investigated the inhibition of glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 using the well-characterized Caco-2 intestinal model. Differentiated Caco-2 monolayers were incubated with an extract of a mixture of herbs and spices. Glucose transport under sodium-dependent and sodium-free conditions was determined by radiochemical detection of D-[U-(14) C]-glucose. A 54% decrease in transport was observed compared to control. Using sodium-dependent and sodium-free conditions, we demonstrate that the inhibition of GLUT2 was greater than SGLT1. Glycosidase and esterase enzymatic hydrolysis was used to assess the impact of metabolism on the efficacy of inhibition. Glucose transport across the membrane was reduced by 70% compared to the control and was associated with significant increases in flavonoid aglycones, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid. These results suggest that intact and hydrolyzed polyphenols, likely to be found in the lumen after ingestion of the supplement, play an important role in the attenuation of glucose absorption and may have potentially beneficial antiglycemic effects in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Farrell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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35
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Lardeau A, Poquet L. Phenolic acid metabolites derived from coffee consumption are unlikely to cross the blood–brain barrier. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 76:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Farrell TL, Gomez-Juaristi M, Poquet L, Redeuil K, Nagy K, Renouf M, Williamson G. Absorption of dimethoxycinnamic acid derivatives in vitro and pharmacokinetic profile in human plasma following coffee consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Farrell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - Miren Gomez-Juaristi
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science; Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN); Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); Madrid; Spain
| | - Laure Poquet
- Nestec Ltd., Nestlé Research Center; Vers-chez-les-Blanc; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Karine Redeuil
- Nestec Ltd., Nestlé Research Center; Vers-chez-les-Blanc; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Kornél Nagy
- Nestec Ltd., Nestlé Research Center; Vers-chez-les-Blanc; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Renouf
- Nestec Ltd., Nestlé Research Center; Vers-chez-les-Blanc; Lausanne; Switzerland
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37
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van der Hooft JJJ, de Vos RCH, Mihaleva V, Bino RJ, Ridder L, de Roo N, Jacobs DM, van Duynhoven JPM, Vervoort J. Structural elucidation and quantification of phenolic conjugates present in human urine after tea intake. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7263-71. [PMID: 22827565 DOI: 10.1021/ac3017339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In dietary polyphenol exposure studies, annotation and identification of urinary metabolites present at low (micromolar) concentrations are major obstacles. To determine the biological activity of specific components, it is necessary to have the correct structures and the quantification of the polyphenol-derived conjugates present in the human body. We present a procedure for identification and quantification of metabolites and conjugates excreted in human urine after single bolus intake of black or green tea. A combination of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) preparation step and two high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based analytical platforms was used, namely, accurate mass fragmentation (HPLC-FTMS(n)) and mass-guided SPE-trapping of selected compounds for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) measurements (HPLC-TOFMS-SPE-NMR). HPLC-FTMS(n) analysis led to the annotation of 138 urinary metabolites, including 48 valerolactone and valeric acid conjugates. By combining the results from MS(n) fragmentation with the one-dimensional (1D)-(1)H NMR spectra of HPLC-TOFMS-SPE-trapped compounds, we elucidated the structures of 36 phenolic conjugates, including the glucuronides of 3',4'-di- and 3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone, three urolithin glucuronides, and indole-3-acetic acid glucuronide. We also obtained 26 h-quantitative excretion profiles for specific valerolactone conjugates. The combination of the HPLC-FTMS(n) and HPLC-TOFMS-SPE-NMR platforms results in the efficient identification and quantification of less abundant phenolic conjugates down to nanomoles of trapped amounts of metabolite corresponding to micromolar metabolite concentrations in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J J van der Hooft
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Omar MH, Mullen W, Stalmach A, Auger C, Rouanet JM, Teissedre PL, Caldwell ST, Hartley RC, Crozier A. Absorption, disposition, metabolism, and excretion of [3-(14)C]caffeic acid in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5205-5214. [PMID: 22480330 DOI: 10.1021/jf3001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats ingested 140 × 10(6) dpm of [3-(14)C]trans-caffeic acid, and over the ensuing 72 h period, body tissues, plasma, urine, and feces were collected and the overall levels of radioactivity determined. Where sufficient radioactivity had accumulated, samples were analyzed by HPLC with online radioactivity and tandem mass spectrometric detection. Nine labeled compounds were identified, the substrate and its cis isomer, 3'-O- and 4'-O-sulfates and glucuronides of caffeic acid, 4'-O-sulfates and glucuronides of ferulic acid, and isoferulic acid-4'-O-sulfate. Four unidentified metabolites were also detected. After passing down the gastrointestinal tract, the majority of the radiolabeled metabolites were excreted in urine with minimal accumulation in plasma. Only relatively small amounts of an unidentified (14)C-labeled metabolite were expelled in feces. There was little or no accumulation of radioactivity in body tissues, including the brain. The overall recovery of radioactivity 72 h after ingestion of [3-(14)C]caffeic acid was ∼80% of intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maizatul H Omar
- Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, School of Medicine, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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39
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Košinová P, Berka K, Wykes M, Otyepka M, Trouillas P. Positioning of Antioxidant Quercetin and Its Metabolites in Lipid Bilayer Membranes: Implication for Their Lipid-Peroxidation Inhibition. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:1309-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Košinová
- LCSN−EA1069, School of Pharmacy, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Berka
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Wykes
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- LCSN−EA1069, School of Pharmacy, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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Farrell TL, Poquet L, Dew TP, Barber S, Williamson G. Predicting Phenolic Acid Absorption in Caco-2 Cells: A Theoretical Permeability Model and Mechanistic Study. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:397-406. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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41
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Farrell TL, Dew TP, Poquet L, Hanson P, Williamson G. Absorption and Metabolism of Chlorogenic Acids in Cultured Gastric Epithelial Monolayers. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2338-46. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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