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Awotunde O, Lu J, Cai J, Roseboom N, Honegger S, Joseph O, Wicks A, Hayes K, Lieberman M. Mitigating the impact of gelatin capsule variability on detection of substandard and falsified pharmaceuticals with near-IR spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1611-1622. [PMID: 38406859 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Portable NIR spectrometers are effective in detecting authentic pharmaceutical products in intact capsule formulations, which can be used to screen for substandard or falsified versions of those authentic products. However, the chemometric models are trained on libraries of authentic products, and are generally unreliable for detection of quality problems in products from outside their training set, even for products that are nominally the same active pharmaceutical ingredient and same dosage as products in the training set. As part of our research directed at developing better non-brand-specific strategies for pharmaceutical screening, we investigated the impact of capsule composition on NIR modeling. We found that capsule features like gelatin type, color, or thickness, give rise to a similar amount of variance in the NIR spectra as the type of API stored within the capsules. Our results highlight the efficacy of orthogonal projection to latent structures in mitigating the impacts of different types of capsules on the accuracy of NIR chemometric models for classification and regression analysis of lab-made samples. The models showed good performance for classification of field-collected doxycycline capsules as good or bad quality when an NIR-based % w/w metric was used, identifying five samples that were adulterated with talc. However, the % w/w was systematically underestimated, so when evaluating the capsules based on their absolute API content according to the monograph standard, the classification accuracy decreased from 100% to 70%. The underestimation was attributed to an unforeseen variability in the quantities and types of excipients present in the capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunde Awotunde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Nicholas Roseboom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Sarah Honegger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Ornella Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Alyssa Wicks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Kathleen Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Marya Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Jendrzejewska I, Goryczka T, Pietrasik E, Klimontko J, Jampilek J. Identification of Sildenafil Compound in Selected Drugs Using X-ray Study and Thermal Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062632. [PMID: 36985604 PMCID: PMC10051464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Twelve drugs containing sildenafil compounds (sildenafil citrate and sildenafil base) were examined using X-ray studies and thermal analysis. According to the manufacturer’s information, the presence of sildenafil was confirmed in all investigated drugs. The positions of diffraction lines (value of 2θ angle) agree with the patterns presented in the ICDD database, Release 2018 (ICDD—International Centre of Diffraction Data). The difference expresses the agreement in the position of the diffraction line between the tested substance and the standard. A good agreement is when this difference is less than 0.2°. The values of interplanar distances dhkl are also compatible with the ICDD database. It indicated that the drug examined was genuine. Because all drugs are mixtures of different substances (API and excipients), the various diffraction line intensities were detected in all observed X-ray images for the tested drugs. The intensity of the diffraction line depends on many factors, like the amount of substance, coexisting phases, and mass absorption coefficient of the mixture. The thermal analysis confirmed the results obtained by the X-ray study. On DSC curves, the endothermic peaks for sildenafil compounds were observed. The determined melting points of sildenafil compounds corresponded to the values available in the literature. The results gathered by connecting two methods, X-ray study and thermal analysis, can help identify irregularities that may exist in pharmaceutical specimens, e.g., distinguishing genuine from counterfeit products, the presence of a correct polymorph, a lack of active substance, an inaccurate amount of the active substance, or excipients in the tested drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jendrzejewska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Goryczka
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia, Bankowa 12, 40007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Pietrasik
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Klimontko
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Harwacki J, Pisklak DM, Szeleszczuk L. Solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy as a tool for identification of counterfeit Viagra tablets and guide for develop new identification approach of falsified product. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122837. [PMID: 36921742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeit drugs are a global problem that is directly related to the safety and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. The black market for counterfeit products is constantly growing and related to the wide availability through online shopping. Therefore, there is a constant need to develop analytical methods that would allow for the unambiguous identification of counterfeit products from the original ones. One of such techniques is solid-state NMR spectroscopy, which allows for direct registration and analysis of spectra of multicomponent solid forms of pharmaceutical formulations. The paper explores the possibility of using this technique in the identification of counterfeit Viagra tablets. In this study, solid-state NMR has been used to detect the non-pharmacopoeial cellulose present in the samples of counterfeit Viagra tablets. Besides, the NMR results allowed to develop a rapid dying technique that can be used to distinguish between the counterfeit and original drug. It has been shown that solid-state NMR spectroscopy allows for numerous analyses such as identification of counterfeit products, assessment of the composition of analyte, estimation of qualitative differences between the original and falsified product, and the development of simple analytical methods based on tablets composition differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Harwacki
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Szeleszczuk
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Yang W, Li F, Zhao Y, Lu X, Yang S, Zhu P. Quantitative analysis of heavy metals in soil by X-ray fluorescence with PCA-ANOVA and support vector regression. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3944-3952. [PMID: 36222117 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal concentration is an important index for evaluating soil pollution. It is of great significance to measure the trace element content accurately for green agriculture development. In order to detect the trace element content accurately, a new prediction framework including pre-processing, signal extraction, feature selection and decision-making was proposed. The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectra of 57 national standard soil samples were investigated based on the proposed methods. Firstly, an innovative background deduction method called iterative adaptive window empirical wavelet transform (IAWEWT) was introduced to extract effective counts of characteristic peaks, and the proposed approach was validated by the coefficient of determination (R2) of the instrumental calibration curve compared with two other conventional methods. Secondly, principal component analysis (PCA) was combined with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for variable selection optimization of the ED-XRF spectrum. After PCA feature extraction and ANOVA variable selection treatment, the optimum number of principal components for V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd and Pb were determined to be 7, 15, 4, 4, 4, 5 and 12 respectively. Furthermore, the support vector regression (SVR) model was adopted for heavy metal estimation. The evaluation indices included R2 and root mean square error (RMSE). It was demonstrated that the predictive capabilities of seven heavy metal elements were improved substantially for elemental analysis by the proposed PCA-ANOVA-SVR model, with excellent results for V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd and Pb estimates, and the R2 values were 0.993, 0.996, 0.999, 0.999, 0.997, 0.998 and 0.998 respectively. Therefore, the new framework proposed in this paper can effectively eliminate redundant features and determine the concentration of trace elements in soil. It provides an effective alternative for the quantitative analysis of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Yang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P. R. China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Fusheng Li
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P. R. China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Zhao
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P. R. China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P. R. China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P. R. China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P. R. China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
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Ruck T, Nimmerjahn F, Wiendl H, Lünemann JD. Next-generation antibody-based therapies in neurology. Brain 2022; 145:1229-1241. [PMID: 34928330 PMCID: PMC9630709 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics are now standard in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases, and the spectrum of neurological diseases targeted by those approaches continues to grow. The efficacy of antibody-based drug platforms is largely determined by the specificity-conferring antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and the crystallizable fragment (Fc) driving antibody function. The latter provides specific instructions to the immune system by interacting with cellular Fc receptors and complement components. Extensive engineering efforts have enabled tuning of Fc functions to modulate effector functions and to prolong or reduce antibody serum half-lives. Technologies that improve bioavailability of antibody-based treatment platforms within the CNS parenchyma are being developed and could invigorate drug discovery for a number of brain diseases for which current therapeutic options are limited. These powerful approaches are currently being tested in clinical trials or have been successfully translated into the clinic. Here, we review recent developments in the design and implementation of antibody-based treatment modalities in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Yu B, Wang Y, Sun M, Luo Y, Yu H, Zhang L. Preparation of carbon dots-doped terbium phosphonate coordination polymers as ratiometric fluorescent probe for citrate detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120656. [PMID: 34857466 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, carbon dots-doped terbium phosphonate coordination polymers (CDs-GMP/Tb) were designed and prepared as ratiometric fluorescent probes for the detection of citrate. The as-prepared CDs-GMP/Tb are prepared and have the merits of high photostability, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. The as-prepared CDs-GMP/Tb as ratiometric fluorescent probes also have better anti-interference ability and stability compared with the traditional single fluorescent probe. The surface morphology, fabrication, and spectroscopy were characterized through a variety of instruments. It confirms that the probes exhibited network structure doping carbon dots. With the addition of citrate, the fluorescence of GMP/Tb at 545 nm was significantly quenched, contrasting to the enhancement of fluorescence of CDs at 454 nm. Under optimum conditions, the detection limit for citrate was 0.47 μM, with a linear range of 0-200 μM between citrate concentrations and I545/I454. It has high sensitivity, selective, and rapid detection for citrate. The as-prepared CDs-GMP/Tb as ratiometric fluorescent probes were also used for imaging citrate in living cells. These experiment results showed that CDs-GMP/Tb as ratiometric fluorescent probes could be applied to trace citrate detection in the environmental and biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Mengyao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yongquan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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Modern Methods for Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Undeclared Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors as Pharmaceutically Active Substances in Dietary Supplements (Review). Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Liu C, Zuo Z, Xu F, Wang Y. Authentication of Herbal Medicines Based on Modern Analytical Technology Combined with Chemometrics Approach: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1393-1418. [PMID: 34991387 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2023460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, herbal medicines (HMs) have been widely popular with consumers as a "natural" drug for health care and disease treatment. With the emergence of problems, such as increasing demand for HMs and shortage of resources, it often occurs the phenomenon of shoddy exceed and mixing the false with the genuine in the market. There is an urgent need to evaluate the quality of HMs to ensure their important role in health care and disease treatment, and to reduce the possibility of threat to human health. Modern analytical technology is can be analyzed for analyzing chemical components of HMs or their preparations. Reflecting complex chemical components' characteristic curves in the analysis sample, and the comprehensive effect of active ingredients of HMs. In this review, modern analytical technology (chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry), chemometrics methods (unsupervised, supervised) and their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability were introduced and summarized. In addition, the authentication application of modern analytical technology combined with chemometrics methods in four aspects, including origin, processing methods, cultivation methods, and adulteration of HMs have also been discussed and illustrated by a few typical studies. This article offers a general workflow of analytical methods that have been applied for HMs authentication and explains that the accuracy of authentication in favor of the quality assurance of HMs. It was provided reference value for the development and application of modern HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlu Liu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Furong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Sansone A, Cuzin B, Jannini EA. Facing Counterfeit Medications in Sexual Medicine. A Systematic Scoping Review on Social Strategies and Technological Solutions. Sex Med 2021; 9:100437. [PMID: 34619517 PMCID: PMC8766274 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The counterfeit phenomenon is a largely under-reported issue, with potentially large burden for healthcare. The market for counterfeit drugs used in sexual medicine, most notably type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE5i), is rapidly growing. AIMS To report the health risks associated with the use of counterfeit medications, the reasons driving their use, and the strategies enacted to contain this phenomenon. METHODS A systematic scoping review of the literature regarding counterfeit PDE5i was carried between January and June 2021, then updated in August 2021. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We primarily aimed to clarify the main drivers for counterfeit PDE5i use, the health risks associated, and the currently available strategies to fight counterfeiters. RESULTS One hundred thirty-one records were considered for the present scoping review. Production of fake PDE5i is highly lucrative and the lacking awareness of the potential health risks makes it a largely exploitable market by counterfeiters. Adulteration with other drugs, microbial contamination and unreliable dosages make counterfeit medications a cause of worry also outside of the sexual medicine scope. Several laboratory techniques have been devised to identify and quantify the presence of other compounds in counterfeit medications. Strategies aimed at improving awareness, providing antitampering packaging and producing non-falsifiable products, such as the orodispersible formulations, are also described. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Improving our understanding of the PDE5i counterfeit phenomenon can be helpful to promote awareness of this issue and to improve patient care. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Despite the systematic approach, few clinical studies were retrieved, and data concerning the prevalence of counterfeit PDE5i use is not available on a global scale. CONCLUSION The counterfeit phenomenon is a steadily growing issue, with PDE5i being the most counterfeited medication with potentially large harmful effects on unaware consumers. Sansone A, Cuzin B, and Jannini EA. Facing Counterfeit Medications in Sexual Medicine. A Systematic Scoping Review on Social Strategies and Technological Solutions. Sex Med 2021;9:100437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Béatrice Cuzin
- Division of Urology and Transplantation, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Comparison of genuine, generic and counterfeit Cialis tablets using vibrational spectroscopy and statistical methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114383. [PMID: 34587570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dubious online market in phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors is growing on a global scale. Counterfeit medical products can represent health issues for the user and cause medical mistrust. Within this work, genuine Cialis containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) tadalafil, its generics available in the Czech Republic and the Cialis tablets from questionable online pharmacies were analysed. The methods of infra-red and Raman spectroscopy were used for the identification of the counterfeit tablets and for the verification of their API and excipients. All 9 tablets from online pharmacies were counterfeit with 2 of them even containing a different API (sildenafil, vardenafil). In addition, Raman mapping was used to determine the API and excipients' distribution and, in combination with multivariate data analysis, to separate similar tablets in clusters and to identify the outliers. Scanning electron microscopy of the samples revealed that the process of a wet granulation of micronized API was used during the formulation of the tablets. This comprehensive approach of analysis can be used for advanced exploration of the dubious samples of various medical products.
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11
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Rapid and Accurate Approach for Honeybee Pollen Analysis Using ED-XRF and FTIR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196024. [PMID: 34641568 PMCID: PMC8512728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since honeybee pollen is considered a “perfectly complete food” and is characterized by many beneficial properties (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, etc.), it has begun to be used for therapeutic purposes. Consequently, there is a high need to develop methods for controlling its composition. A thorough bee pollen analysis can be very informative regarding its safety for consumption, the variability of its composition, its biogeographical origin, or harvest date. Therefore, in this study, two reliable and non-destructive spectroscopy methods, i.e., ED-XRF and ATR–FTIR, are proposed as a fast approach to characterize bee pollen. The collected samples were derived from apiaries located in west-central Poland. Additionally, some commercially available samples were analyzed. The applied methodology was optimized and combined with sophisticated chemometric tools. Data derived from IR analyses were also subjected to two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. The developed ED-XRF method allowed the reliable quantification of eight macro- and micro-nutrients, while organic components were characterized by IR spectroscopy. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and obtained synchronous and asynchronous maps allowed the study of component changes occurring dependently on the date and location of harvest. The proposed approach proved to be an excellent tool to monitor the variability of the inorganic and organic content of bee pollen.
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12
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Saide VGP, Viegas GM, Canuto AVS, Barra CM, Shimamoto GG, Tubino M, Rocha Junior JG. Rifle bullets comparison by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometric analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110880. [PMID: 34171545 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory announcing the discontinuation of bullet lead examinations, knowledge of the composition of the bullets has been used as an alternative means of identifying their origin, achieving success in some case studies. In this work, wavelength dispersion X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and chemometrics were used for the analysis of rifle bullets, in order to identify the spectral similarities of these samples. For this purpose, 54 lead core fragments from 7.62 mm rifle bullets from 5 different manufacturers were obtained: Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos (CBC), Israel Military Industries (IMI), Federal Cartridge (FC), Fray Luiz Beltrán (FLB) and Zavod Vlasim (ZV). Principal components analysis (PCA) discriminated the five groups of bullets according to their manufacturers in a three-dimensional scores graph, where 3 principal components accounted for>99% of the variability between the samples. The spectral region for Sb and the scattering region together proved to be determinant for discrimination of the groups. The dendrogram presented in the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed the formation of five groups. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) correctly classified all samples of the test set. X-ray scattering spectrum were used for the first time in the analysis of the fragments and contributed to the grouping of samples from the same manufacturers. The results indicate that the WDXRF technique is suitable for forensic purposes in case studies, as, besides being quick and relatively simple, it has the advantage of preserving evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G P Saide
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel M Viegas
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - André V S Canuto
- Civil Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Homicide Department, 500 General Ivan Raposo St, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22621-040, Brazil
| | - Cristina M Barra
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G Shimamoto
- University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Matthieu Tubino
- University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - José G Rocha Junior
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
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13
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Carreón YJP, Díaz-Hernández O, Escalera Santos GJ, Cipriano-Urbano I, Solorio-Ordaz FJ, González-Gutiérrez J, Zenit R. Texture Analysis of Dried Droplets for the Quality Control of Medicines. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4048. [PMID: 34208420 PMCID: PMC8231125 DOI: 10.3390/s21124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The quality control of medicines guarantees the effectiveness of treatments for diseases. We explore the use of texture analysis of patterns in dried droplets as a tool to readily detect both impurities and changes in drug concentration. Four types of medicines associated with different routes of administration were analyzed: Methotrexate, Ciprofloxacin, Clonazepam, and Budesonide. We use NaCl and a hot substrate at 63 ∘C to promote aggregate formation and to reduce droplet drying time. Depending on the medicine, optical microscopy reveals different complex aggregates such as circular to oval splatters, fern-like islands, crown shapes, crown needle-like and bump-like patterns as well as dendritic branched and star-like crystals. We use some physical features of the stains (as the stain diameter and superficial area) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) to characterize patterns of dried droplets. Finally, we show that structural analysis of stains can achieve 95% accuracy in identifying medicines with 30% water dilution, while it achieves 99% accuracy in detecting drugs with 10% other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yojana J. P. Carreón
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Orlando Díaz-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
| | - Gerardo J. Escalera Santos
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
| | - Ivan Cipriano-Urbano
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Piedras Negras, Coahuila 26090, Mexico;
| | - Francisco J. Solorio-Ordaz
- Departamento de Termofluidos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, México D.F. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Jorge González-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico; (Y.J.P.C.); (O.D.-H.); (G.J.E.S.)
- Departamento de Termofluidos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, México D.F. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Zenit
- Center for Fluid Mechanics, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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14
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Reis NFA, Silva LFG, Souza MACE, Fialho SL, Souza Moreira CP, Oliveira Andrade MV, Paula WX, Gloria MBA, Pianetti GA, Fernandes C. UHPLC for quality evaluation of genuine and illegal medicines containing sildenafil citrate and tadalafil. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:30-39. [PMID: 33107906 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the highest incidences of illegal drug products is related to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, used in treatment of erectile dysfunction, including those containing sildenafil citrate and tadalafil. In this context, comprehensive evaluation of the quality of genuine and illegal medicines was performed. A simple and rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-UV) method to quantify sildenafil and tadalafil in the presence of six degradation products was developed and validated. Sildenafil and tadalafil were submitted to forced degradation. The separation was carried out on a Kinetex C18 (50 × 2.1 mm; 1.7 μm) column with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and aqueous triethylamine solution. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 14-126 μg mL-1 for sildenafil citrate and 4-36 μg mL-1 for tadalafil and the method proved to be selective, precise, accurate and robust. Sildenafil degraded in oxidative media, whereas tadalafil degraded in acidic, alkaline and oxidative environment. The chemical structures and the mechanisms for the formation of the main degradation products were proposed by UHPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The UHPLC-UV method was applied in the pharmaceutical analysis of genuine and seized medicines. Some of them did not meet quality standards, mainly due to contents below specifications and the large variation on contents between units within a batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naialy Fernandes Araújo Reis
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Gomes Silva
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus Araújo Castro E Souza
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Ligório Fialho
- Serviço de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Farmacêutico, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, 30510010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina Paula Souza Moreira
- Serviço de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Farmacêutico, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, 30510010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Oliveira Andrade
- Setor Técnicoe Científico, Superintendência de Polícia Federal, Minas Gerais, Rua Nascimento Gurgel 30, 30430340 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Washington Xavier Paula
- Instituto de Criminalística, Polícia Civil, Minas Gerais, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1833, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatriz Abreu Gloria
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerson Antônio Pianetti
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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15
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Lemos VF, Ortiz RS, Limberger RP. Forensic analysis of anabolic steroids tablets composition using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (µATR-FTIR) mapping. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:837-845. [PMID: 33502006 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of falsified and unregistered drugs is a worldwide public health problem. Because these global market products usually do not follow the Good Manufacturing Practices required by health legislation, its composition may be completely different from the original or may contain relevant concentrations of impurities and toxic contaminants. Since anabolic steroids are among the main irregular therapeutic classes seized in Brazil, here we propose a new methodology for analyzing these products, in tablets form, using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (µATR-FTIR) mapping. Spectra were acquired from solid tablets by attenuated total reflection, through point mapping methodology. In data processing, a characteristic absorption band for each Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) was integrated and plotted to create its distribution map. This technique was applied in an unprecedented way for the forensic analysis of anabolic steroids and proved to be effective in distinguishing falsified products based on the detection of their APIs. It was possible to detect APIs in 26 out of 30 samples, five of which were classified as falsified only through µATR-FTIR analysis. We were able to create distribution maps of the detected substances associating the microspectroscopic results with characteristic band integration method, which can be used to detect substances and to study samples' homogeneity. We concluded that this methodology is promising for the analysis of anabolic steroid tablets, and can be used in a complementary way with techniques already consolidated in forensic laboratory routine for a better classification of questioned samples between authentic and falsified ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ferreira Lemos
- General Institute of Forensics of Rio Grande do Sul - IGP-RS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Scorsatto Ortiz
- Rio Grande do Sul Superintendence, Brazilian Federal Police, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology - INCT FORENSE, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Department of Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Brazilian National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology - INCT FORENSE, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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16
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Brito JBG, Bucco GB, John DK, Ferrão MF, Ortiz RS, Mariotti KC, Anzanello MJ. Wavenumber selection based on Singular Value Decomposition for sample classification. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110191. [PMID: 32092622 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of falsified medicines is a public health risk. Techniques such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy are commonly adopted for fraudulent drug detection. However, the spectrum generated by the ATR-FTIR typically results in hundreds of wavenumbers, reducing the performance of classification methods aimed at discriminating between authentic and falsified medicines. This article proposes a novel method for selecting a reduced size subset of wavenumbers that improves the classifier performance. The singular value decomposition SVD is used to generate a wavenumber importance index. An iterative process creates k-nearest neighbor (KNN) models by adding the wavenumbers in a decreasing order according to the importance index. Wavenumbers that increase classification accuracy are selected. When applied to Cialis® ATR-FTIR data, the proposed approach retained average 0.51% of the original wavenumbers with 100% accurate classifications; as for the Viagra® data set, the method yielded perfect classifications retaining average 0.17% of the original wavenumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B G Brito
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Industrial Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme B Bucco
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - School of Administration, Washington Luiz, 855, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Danielle K John
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marco F Ferrão
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Bioanalítca (INCT - Bioanalítica), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael S Ortiz
- Brazilian Federal Police - Technical and Scientifical Division, Av. Ipiranga, 1365, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil.
| | - Kristiane C Mariotti
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Pharmacy, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michel J Anzanello
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Industrial Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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17
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Allegretta I, Marangoni B, Manzari P, Porfido C, Terzano R, De Pascale O, Senesi GS. Macro-classification of meteorites by portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pED-XRF), principal component analysis (PCA) and machine learning algorithms. Talanta 2020; 212:120785. [PMID: 32113548 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The research on meteorites from hot and cold deserts is gaining advantages from the recent improvements of portable technologies such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The main advantages of portable instruments include the fast recognition of meteorites through their classification in macro-groups and discrimination from materials such as industrial slags, desert varnish covered rocks and iron oxides, named "meteor-wrongs". In this study, 18 meteorite samples of different nature and origin were discriminated and preliminarily classified into characteristic macro-groups: iron meteorites, stony meteorites and meteor-wrongs, combining a portable energy dispersive XRF instrument (pED-XRF), principal component analysis (PCA) and some machine learning algorithms applied to the XRF spectra. The results showed that 100% accuracy in sample classification was obtained by applying the cubic support vector machine (CSVM), fine kernel nearest neighbor (FKNN), subspace discriminant-ensemble classifiers (SD-EC) and subspace discriminant KNN-EC (SKNN-EC) algorithms on standardized spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Allegretta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Bruno Marangoni
- Physics Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, P.O. Box 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Paola Manzari
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, via del Politecnico, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Porfido
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Terzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Olga De Pascale
- CNR - Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP) - Sede di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio S Senesi
- CNR - Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP) - Sede di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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18
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Soares F, Anzanello MJ, Fogliatto FS, Ortiz RS, Mariotti KC, Ferrão MF. Enhancing counterfeit and illicit medicines grouping via feature selection and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:198-205. [PMID: 31174131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel framework to select the most relevant X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) energy values (i.e., features) to enhance the clustering (grouping) of counterfeit and illicit medical tablets. The framework is based on the integration of multidimensional scaling (MDS) and Procrustes analysis (PA) multivariate techniques. MDS provides a projection of the original data into a lower dimension, while PA finds a projection matrix from the original data. Such outputs give rise to a feature importance index that guides an iterative feature selection process; after each feature is inserted in the subset, an optimization procedure based on a greedy search method is carried out to maximize the clustering quality assessed through the Silhouette Index (SI). The inorganic chemical fingerprinting of 41 commercial samples (Viagra®, Cialis®, Lazar®, Libiden®, Maxfil®, Plenovit®, Potent 75®, Rigix®, V-50®, Vimax® and Pramil®) and 56 seized counterfeit samples (Viagra and Cialis) was used to validate the proposed framework. From the original 2048 data points in the full spectra, we identified a subset comprised of 41 energy values that substantially improved clustering quality; the obtained groups were assessed by visual inspection of the PCA plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Soares
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michel J Anzanello
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil.
| | - Flavio S Fogliatto
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Ortiz
- Setor Técnico-Científico, Superintendência da Polícia Federal, Porto Alegre/RS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
| | - Kristiane C Mariotti
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil; Departamento de Farmácia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco F Ferrão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
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19
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20
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Rebiere H, Kermaïdic A, Ghyselinck C, Brenier C. Inorganic analysis of falsified medical products using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics. Talanta 2019; 195:490-496. [PMID: 30625574 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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dos Santos MK, de Cassia Mariotti K, Kahmann A, Anzanello MJ, Ferrão MF, de Araújo Gomes A, Limberger RP, Ortiz RS. Comparison between counterfeit and authentic medicines: A novel approach using differential scanning calorimetry and hierarchical cluster analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:304-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Application of chemometric methods to XRF-data – A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1040:19-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Lee JH, Park HN, Jung A, Mandava S, Park S, Lee J, Kang H. Isolation and characterisation of a novel sildenafil analogue adulterant, desmethylpiperazinyl propoxysildenafil, in a dietary supplement. Sci Justice 2018; 58:447-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Králík F, Jirmásek P, Kuchař M, Setnička V. Chiroptical and vibrational spectroscopic study of genuine and counterfeit medicines containing tadalafil. Chirality 2018; 30:560-567. [PMID: 29419887 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The production and distribution of counterfeit pharmaceuticals present a serious problem worldwide. This is true especially in case of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for treating erectile dysfunction, where consumers often prefer buying them anonymously from unverified sources. In this study, genuine and counterfeit Cialis® 20 mg tablets were analyzed by electronic circular dichroism, vibrational circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy. The characteristic spectral patterns were identified by comparison with the spectra of tadalafil standard as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, and its presence was confirmed in all samples. The amount of tadalafil, however, was markedly lower in the case of counterfeit tablet as the observed band intensities were considerably lower. No other significant differences between the genuine and counterfeit tablets were revealed. Ab initio density functional theory calculations provided a detailed description of the stable conformers of tadalafil in a solution and enabled thorough interpretation of the experimental spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Králík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Jirmásek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Zou WB, Yin LH, Jin SH. Advances in rapid drug detection technology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Garcia Cardozo C, Melo Cardoso R, Matheus Guimarães Selva T, Evaristo de Carvalho A, Torres Pio dos Santos W, Regis Longo Cesar Paixão T, Amorim Bezerra da Silva R. Batch Injection Analysis-Multiple Pulse Amperometric Fingerprint: A Simple Approach for Fast On-site Screening of Drugs. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Garcia Cardozo
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; 79.804-970 Dourados, MS Brazil
| | - Rafael Melo Cardoso
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG Brazil
| | - Thiago Matheus Guimarães Selva
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco; 50740-545 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Adriana Evaristo de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; 79.804-970 Dourados, MS Brazil
| | - Wallans Torres Pio dos Santos
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; 39100-000 Diamantina - MG Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Amorim Bezerra da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; 79.804-970 Dourados, MS Brazil
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG Brazil
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27
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Rebiere H, Guinot P, Chauvey D, Brenier C. Fighting falsified medicines: The analytical approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:286-306. [PMID: 28531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the harm to human health, the fight against falsified medicines has become a priority issue that involves numerous actors. Analytical laboratories contribute by performing analyses to chemically characterise falsified samples and assess their hazards for patients. A wide range of techniques can be used to obtain individual information on the organic and inorganic composition, the presence of an active substance or impurities, or the crystalline arrangement of the formulation's compound. After a presentation of these individual techniques, this review puts forward a methodology to combine them. In order to illustrate this approach, examples from the scientific literature (products used for erectile dysfunction treatment, weight loss and malaria) are placed in the centre of the proposed methodology. Combining analytical techniques allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of a sample, on its compliance in terms of pharmaceutical quality and finally on the safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Pauline Guinot
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
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28
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Wilczyński S, Koprowski R, Marmion M, Duda P, Błońska-Fajfrowska B. The use of hyperspectral imaging in the VNIR (400-1000nm) and SWIR range (1000-2500nm) for detecting counterfeit drugs with identical API composition. Talanta 2016; 160:1-8. [PMID: 27591580 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk of death from taking counterfeit drugs is now greater than the probability of dying from malaria and AIDS combined (at least half a million deaths each year). At the same time, counterfeit medicines are falsified more and more "skillfully". According to WHO about 10% of counterfeit drugs are copies of original products. The methods of hyperspectral imaging and image analysis and processing were used to detect counterfeit drugs. Original Viagra® (Pfizer) and counterfeit tablets were compared. Hyperspectral imaging was used to acquire hyperspectral data cubes from both original and counterfeit tablets in the spectral range of 400-2500nm. Spectral parameters for both the original Viagra® and counterfeit drugs were compared. Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed. Hyperspectral analysis of the surface of the original Viagra® and counterfeit tablets demonstrates significant differences in reflectance (maximum difference for 1619.75nm). The GLCM contrast for the falsified drug is on average higher than for the original one 16±4%. GLCM contrast analysis enables to quantify homogeneity of distribution of tablet ingredients and enables to distinguish tablets with identical chemical composition. SWIR (1000-2500nm) hyperspectral imaging has a definite advantage over imaging in VNIR (400-1000nm) - higher wavelength is less sensitive to non-uniform illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczyński
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Kasztanowa Street 3, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland.
| | - Robert Koprowski
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Computer Science, Będzińska Street 39, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Mathieu Marmion
- Specim Spectral Imaging Ltd., Elektroniikkatie 13, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Piotr Duda
- Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Computer Science, Będzińska Street 39, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Barbara Błońska-Fajfrowska
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Kasztanowa Street 3, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
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Chemometrics and the identification of counterfeit medicines-A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:112-22. [PMID: 27133184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides readers with a number of actual case studies dealing with verifying the authenticity of selected medicines supported by different chemometric approaches. In particular, a general data processing workflow is discussed with the major emphasis on the most frequently selected instrumental techniques to characterize drug samples and the chemometric methods being used to explore and/or model the analytical data. However, further discussion is limited to a situation in which the collected data describes two groups of drug samples - authentic ones and counterfeits.
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Custers D, Krakowska B, De Beer JO, Courselle P, Daszykowski M, Apers S, Deconinck E. Testing of complementarity of PDA and MS detectors using chromatographic fingerprinting of genuine and counterfeit samples containing sildenafil citrate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1643-56. [PMID: 26753972 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Counterfeit medicines are a global threat to public health. High amounts enter the European market, which is why characterization of these products is a very important issue. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method were developed for the analysis of genuine Viagra®, generic products of Viagra®, and counterfeit samples in order to obtain different types of fingerprints. These data were included in the chemometric data analysis, aiming to test whether PDA and MS are complementary detection techniques. The MS data comprise both MS1 and MS2 fingerprints; the PDA data consist of fingerprints measured at three different wavelengths, i.e., 254, 270, and 290 nm, and all possible combinations of these wavelengths. First, it was verified if both groups of fingerprints can discriminate between genuine, generic, and counterfeit medicines separately; next, it was studied if the obtained results could be ameliorated by combining both fingerprint types. This data analysis showed that MS1 does not provide suitable classification models since several genuines and generics are classified as counterfeits and vice versa. However, when analyzing the MS1_MS2 data in combination with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), a perfect discrimination was obtained. When only using data measured at 254 nm, good classification models can be obtained by k nearest neighbors (kNN) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), which might be interesting for the characterization of counterfeit drugs in developing countries. However, in general, the combination of PDA and MS data (254 nm_MS1) is preferred due to less classification errors between the genuines/generics and counterfeits compared to PDA and MS data separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Custers
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Research group NatuRA (Natural products and Food - Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Barbara Krakowska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacques O De Beer
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michal Daszykowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sandra Apers
- Research group NatuRA (Natural products and Food - Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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31
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Cardoso-Palacios C, Lanekoff I. Direct Analysis of Pharmaceutical Drugs Using Nano-DESI MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:3591908. [PMID: 27766177 PMCID: PMC5059531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3591908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs imply an increasing threat to the global public health. It is necessary to have systems to control the products that reach the market and to detect falsified medicines. In this work, molecules in several pharmaceutical tablets were directly analyzed using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nano-DESI MS). Nano-DESI is an ambient surface sampling technique which enables sampling of molecules directly from the surface of the tablets without any sample pretreatment. Both the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and some excipients were detected in all analyzed tablets. Principal component analysis was used to analyze mass spectral features from different tablets showing strong clustering between tablets with different APIs. The obtained results suggest nano-DESI MS as future tool for forensic analysis to discern APIs present in unknown tablet samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Ingela Lanekoff:
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32
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Lee S, Ji D, Park M, Chung KH. Development of a comprehensive spectral library of sildenafil and related active analogues using LC-QTOF-MS and its application for screening counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:182-188. [PMID: 26363440 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The abuse or misuse of forged erectile-dysfunction drugs, containing phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil), is a serious issue globally. Therefore, the detection of sildenafil and related active analogues in counterfeit pharmaceuticals or the differentiation between counterfeit and authentic drugs has been performed with a variety of analytical techniques. Recently, a liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS)-based in-house library, consisting of accurate mass ion fragmentation information and retention times, was effectively applied to screen a large number of compounds in field of forensic toxicology. However, a comprehensive LC-QTOF-MS spectral library of sildenafil and related active analogues has not yet been reported. In the present study, a spectral library of 40 compounds of sildenafil and related analogues was developed with accurate mass spectra and retention times using LC-QTOF-MS, and applied to screen nine marketed counterfeit products. The in-house library successfully identified sildenafil, dimethylsildenafil, hydroxyhomosildenafil, demethylhongdenafil, pseudovardenafil and vardenafil in the samples. Our LC-QTOF-MS-based spectral library search is considered a powerful approach for identifying sildenafil and related active analogues in counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Park
- National Forensic Service, 10, Ipchun-ro, Wonju 220-170, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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J. Anzanello M, S. Ortiz R, Limberger R, Mariotti K. Performance of some supervised and unsupervised multivariate techniques for grouping authentic and unauthentic Viagra and Cialis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Anzanello MJ, Fogliatto FS, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. Selecting relevant Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy wavenumbers for clustering authentic and counterfeit drug samples. Sci Justice 2014; 54:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zancajo VMR, Brito J, Carrasco MP, Bronze MR, Moreira R, Lopes A. Analytical profiles of "legal highs" containing cathinones available in the area of Lisbon, Portugal. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:102-10. [PMID: 25240621 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen "legal highs" were purchased in different "smart shops" in the area of Lisbon, Portugal, during the month of February 2013. The samples were analyzed by a battery of analytical methods including Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF). Active ingredients were found either as single component or in mixtures in the different products. The cathinone derivative methedrone was present in three products; it is suspected to have a particular high toxicity and narrow therapeutic window linked with the methoxy group. A total of seven compounds were identified: 4-fluoromethcathinone, ethcathinone, buphedrone, methedrone, pentedrone, 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone and 4-methylethcathinone. Analytical profiles of all the samples were obtained and compared. Elemental composition of the products was obtained by XRF analysis. The inorganic profiles obtained contain useful information and can be used to distinguish and classify samples according to their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M R Zancajo
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - J Brito
- WDXRFLab - Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marta P Carrasco
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M R Bronze
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alvaro Lopes
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Anzanello MJ, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. A framework for selecting analytical techniques in profiling authentic and counterfeit Viagra and Cialis. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 235:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Kang S, Park S, Kim MJ, Oh SM, Chung KH, Lee S. A sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS analysis coupled with an online sample enrichment technique for H295R steroidogenesis assay and its application in the investigation of the effect of sildenafil on steroidogenesis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9489-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A multivariate-based wavenumber selection method for classifying medicines into authentic or counterfeit classes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Patel DN, Li L, Kee CL, Ge X, Low MY, Koh HL. Screening of synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues as adulterants: analytical techniques and challenges. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:176-90. [PMID: 23721687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has led to the increase in prevalence of illicit sexual performance enhancement products. PDE-5 inhibitors, namely sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, and their unapproved designer analogues are being increasingly used as adulterants in the herbal products and health supplements marketed for sexual performance enhancement. To date, more than 50 unapproved analogues of prescription PDE-5 inhibitors were found as adulterants in the literature. To avoid detection of such adulteration by standard screening protocols, the perpetrators of such illegal products are investing time and resources to synthesize exotic analogues and devise novel means for adulteration. A comprehensive review of conventional and advance analytical techniques to detect and characterize the adulterants is presented. The rapid identification and structural elucidation of unknown analogues as adulterants is greatly enhanced by the wide myriad of analytical techniques employed, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (LC-FT-ICR-MS), liquid chromatograph-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer with information dependent acquisition, ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS), ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) and immunoassay methods. The many challenges in detecting and characterizing such adulterants, and the need for concerted effort to curb adulteration in order to safe guard public safety and interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavalkumar Narendrabhai Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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40
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Ortiz RS, Mariotti KDC, Fank B, Limberger RP, Anzanello MJ, Mayorga P. Counterfeit Cialis and Viagra fingerprinting by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with chemometry: Can the same pharmaceutical powder mixture be used to falsify two medicines? Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:282-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Lee S, Kang SY, Ji D, Baeck S, Lee S, Oh SM, Chung KH. Quantitative LC–MS/MS method in urine for the detection of drugs used to reverse the effects of chemical castration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3185-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Korfali SI, Hawi T, Mroueh M. Evaluation of heavy metals content in dietary supplements in Lebanon. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:10. [PMID: 23331553 PMCID: PMC3560192 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The consumption of dietary supplements is widely spread and on the rise. These dietary supplements are generally used without prescriptions, proper counseling or any awareness of their health risk. The current study aimed at analyzing the metals in 33 samples of imported dietary supplements highly consumed by the Lebanese population, using 3 different techniques, to ensure the safety and increase the awareness of the citizen to benefit from these dietary supplements. RESULTS Some samples had levels of metals above their maximum allowable levels (Fe: 24%, Zn: 33%, Mn: 27%, Se: 15%, Mo: 12% of samples), but did not pose any health risk because they were below permitted daily exposure limit and recommended daily allowance except for Fe in 6% of the samples. On the other hand, 34% of the samples had Cu levels above allowable limit where 18% of them were above their permitted daily exposure and recommended daily allowance. In contrast, all samples had concentration of Cr, Hg, and Pb below allowable limits and daily exposure. Whereas, 30% of analyzed samples had levels of Cd above allowable levels, and were statistically correlated with Ca, and Zn essential minerals. Similarly 62% of the samples had levels of As above allowable limits and As levels were associated with Fe and Mn essential minerals. CONCLUSION Dietary supplements consumed as essential nutrients for their Ca, Zn, Fe and Mn content should be monitored for toxic metal levels due to their natural geochemical association with these essential metals to provide citizens the safe allowable amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ibrahim Korfali
- Lebanese American University, P.O.Box 13–5053, Chouran Beirut, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tamer Hawi
- Lebanese American University, P.O.Box 13–5053, Chouran Beirut, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Mroueh
- Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
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