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Lee JH, Park OR, Yang YJ, Han JH, Jung EJ, Kim NS, Baek SY. Detection of 94 PDE-5is and Their Analogs Including N-Desmethylthiosildenafil in Various Formulations of Dietary Supplements and Food Samples Using HPLC and LC-Q-TOF/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 60:953-962. [PMID: 35535451 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of foods and dietary supplements (DS) adulterated with unprescribed or non-permitted phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) and their analogs can cause serious risk to human health. This study aims to analyze 93 PDE-5i and their analogs present in adulterated foods and DS using an established and validated method involving high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was validated in solid and liquid samples, resulting in a limit of detection and quantitation of 0.03-0.5 and 0.08-1.6 μg/mL, respectively. Using the validated method, a total of 404 samples were screened. It was found that 32% of 404 samples were illegally adulterated with PDE-5i and their analogs; moreover, 16.9% of the adulterated samples were found to contain more than three compounds. HPLC-quadrupole-time-of-flight (TOF)/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was conducted on all the samples to confirm the detected compounds accurately based on fragmentation ion patterns. In addition, sildenafil and tadalafil were detected from the capsule shells of DS unusually. Subsequently, the detected compounds were identified and quantified using HPLC at concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 370.0 mg/g. NMR analysis was carried out to confirm the accurate chemical structure of a compound found during the TOF/MS analysis, which did not match with the 93 reference standards.; it was identified to be N-desmethylthiosildenafil. In this study, various PDE-5i compounds and their analogs were detected from low to high concentrations in a sample. Therefore, the study sheds light on the misuse of PDE-5i and their analogs in consumable products, which pose a severe threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Rim Park
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Yang
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Han
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kim
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Baek
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
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2
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Modern Methods for Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Undeclared Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors as Pharmaceutically Active Substances in Dietary Supplements (Review). Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Kimani MM, Lanzarotta A, Batson JS. Rapid determination of eight benzodiazepines in suspected counterfeit pharmaceuticals using surface-enhanced Raman scattering with handheld Raman spectrometers. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2167-2179. [PMID: 34318500 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The excessive prescription of benzodiazepines is putting more people at risk of dependence on these drugs and is exacerbating the fatal overdose toll of opioids. A rapid and sensitive SERS method has been developed for trace detection of select benzodiazepines in low-dosage suspect counterfeit tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions using two different portable handheld Raman spectrometers equipped with either a 785-nm laser or a 1064-nm laser. A total of 169 samples and blanks were examined using five handheld Raman spectrometers, which provided data set of 729 examinations. The extraction/SERS procedures yielded true positive rates above 90% for alprazolam, diazepam, and midazolam using the 1064-nm device and yielded true positive rates above 95% for alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, estazolam, midazolam, and temazepam using the 785-nm device; however, the extraction/SERS procedures yielded true positive rates below 60% for lorazepam and triazolam. The minimum concentration (Cmin ) of the benzodiazepine standards that reproducibly yielded a positive match ranged from 1 to 10 μg/ml using the 1064-nm laser device and from 0.5 to 50 μg/ml using the 785-nm laser device. For the analysis of authentic and suspect counterfeit tablets containing these benzodiazepines, the measured Cmin ranged between 10 and 15 µg per tablet or capsule for 1064-nm laser device and 1-100 µg per tablet or capsule for 785-nm laser device. The developed methods are simple, rapid, and ideal for screening suspect benzodiazepine-containing pharmaceutical products at satellite laboratories located within or near international mail facilities and express courier hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Kimani
- US Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam Lanzarotta
- US Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - JaCinta S Batson
- US Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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4
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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5
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Minh DTC, Thi LA, Huyen NTT, Van Vu L, Anh NTK, Ha PTT. Detection of sildenafil adulterated in herbal products using thin layer chromatography combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: “Double coffee-ring effect” based enhancement. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:340-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Zhao H, Hasi W, Li N, Sha X, Lin S, Han S. In situ analysis of pesticide residues on the surface of agricultural products via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using a flexible Au@Ag–PDMS substrate. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01901d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In situ analysis of pesticide residues on the surface of agricultural products via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using a flexible Au@Ag–PDMS substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Wuliji Hasi
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Xuanyu Sha
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Shuang Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Siqingaowa Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities
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7
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Doi T, Takahashi K, Yamazaki M, Asada A, Takeda A, Kiyota K, Tagami T, Sawabe Y, Yamano T. Characterization of a new illicit phosphodiesterase-type-5 inhibitor identified in the softgel shell of a dietary supplement. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:61-65. [PMID: 30145450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new sildenafil analog has been identified in the softgel shell of a dietary supplement. The compound was investigated by UV spectroscopy and high-resolution MS analysis, leading to the proposed structure 1-methyl-5-{5-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl]-2-propoxyphenyl}-3-propyl-1,6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one. A synthetic reference compound with the proposed structure was prepared, and the two sets of analytical data were compared, confirming the structure of the new compound. The compound was named propoxyphenyl noracetildenafil from its structure and similarity with the known compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Doi
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Kazunaga Takahashi
- Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Midori Yamazaki
- Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takeda
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kiyota
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takaomi Tagami
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sawabe
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamano
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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8
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Wang XB, Zheng J, Li JJ, Yu HY, Li QY, Xu LH, Liu MJ, Xian RQ, Sun YE, Liu BJ. Simultaneous analysis of 23 illegal adulterated aphrodisiac chemical ingredients in health foods and Chinese traditional patent medicines by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:1138-1153. [PMID: 29976406 PMCID: PMC9303026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an application of ultra high-performance liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-TOF high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF HRMS) for simultaneous analysis of 23 illegal adulterated aphrodisiac type chemical ingredients in health foods and Chinese Traditional Patent Medicines (CTPMs). The mass spectrometer was operated in Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA) mode, which provides crucial information for the elemental composition analysis, structure elucidation and quantitative analysis simultaneously. Quantitative analysis was performed using the peak areas of the precursor ions in the XICs. The method validation included assessment of selectivity, sensitivity, calibration curve, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability. The results show good linear relationship with the concentrations of the analytes over wide concentration ranges (e.g., 0.05–10 μg/g for sildenafil) as all the fitting coefficients of determination r2 are >0.9984. The detection limits (LODs) were in the range of 0.002–0.1 μg/g. The recoveries were able to reach 82.5–103.6%, while the matrix effects ranged from 87.7 to 109.3%. The intra- and inter-day accuracies were in the range of 82.3–113.8%, while the intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 0.4 to 13.6%. Among 40 batches of health foods and 32 batches of CTPMs (including 28 capsules, 32 tablets, 10 liquid and 2 pills) samples, 28 batches of heath foods were positive. The detected chemical ingredients involved sildenafil, tadalafil, aildenafil and sulfoaildenafil. This method can be used for the screening, identification and quantification of illegal adulterated aphrodisiac chemical ingredients in health foods and CTPMs. Moreover, the LC-Q-TOF MS is very useful to structural elucidation of unknown compound.
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9
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Tang G, Tu X, Feng P. Lead Poisoning Caused by Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Case Report and Literature Review. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 243:127-131. [PMID: 29081456 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.243.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese herbal medicine is widely used for primary health care worldwide as it mostly consists of herbs or herbal extracts known to be safe. However, owing to the intentional or unintentional addition to herbs of lead-containing bases or pastes, lead poisoning from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remains a serious issue. We report here a case of lead poisoning caused by long-term use of homemade TCM. A 66-year-old man was admitted for periumbilical pain and constipation. A detailed medication history revealed that the patient had been using homemade TCM for the past 8 months. Screening for heavy metals showed that the patient had a blood lead level of 657 μg/L and his wife, who was asymptomatic, had a blood lead level of 488 μg/L. Chemical analysis confirmed a lead concentration of more than 4,000 mg/kg in the TCM. Both individuals were advised to discontinue the medications and chelation treatment was immediately initiated for the husband. The patient's periumbilical pain was noticeably relieved after treatment, and blood lead levels returned to normal after three treatment rounds. We also review here the literature to summarize the usual reasons for taking TCM and common features of lead poisoning. Our findings suggest that potential exposure to lead from TCM treatment must be considered when diagnosing unexplained cases of abdominal colic in China. The Chinese health authority should speed up legislation to improve the regulatory framework of TCM, especially regarding small private clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmin Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Xiang Tu
- West China Medical School, Sichuan University
| | - Ping Feng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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10
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Searching online to buy commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:248-254. [PMID: 29220682 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of online pharmacies to purchase prescription drugs is increasing. The patient experience when searching to buy commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs was investigated. Using the search term "buy [drug name] online" in Google, 38 frequently prescribed drugs, including 13 with a high potential for abuse, were searched by brand and generic names. The first page of results were analyzed, including with pharmacy certification checkers and ICANN WHOIS. Search results for all drugs yielded 167 pharmacies, of which 147 (88%) did not require a prescription. Considering all searches, the average number of pharmacies requiring a prescription was 2.7 for a brand name drug and 2.4 for a generic name. A phrase like "buy without a prescription" usually appeared on the search results page. All results for drugs with a high potential for abuse were for illegal pharmacies. Information from certification agencies was often conflicting. Most pharmacies were registered internationally. Patients searching online to purchase prescription psychiatric drugs are presented predominantly with illegal pharmacies, and find conflicting certification data. Patient education should address typical search results. Societal pressures may increase the use of online pharmacies including prescription drug costs, stigma, loss of trust in expert opinion, and the changing patient role.
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Lanzarotta A, Lorenz L, Batson JS, Flurer C. Development and implementation of a pass/fail field-friendly method for detecting sildenafil in suspect pharmaceutical tablets using a handheld Raman spectrometer and silver colloids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:420-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Bujang NB, Chee CF, Heh CH, Rahman NA, Buckle MJC. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and their analogues as adulterants of herbal and food products: analysis of the Malaysian market, 2014-16. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1101-1109. [PMID: 28580889 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1336674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adulteration of herbal health supplements with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors and their analogues is becoming a worldwide problem. The aim of this study was to investigate herbal and food products sold in the Malaysian market for the presence of these adulterants. Sixty-two products that claim to enhance men's sexual health were sampled between April 2014 and April 2016. These products included unregistered products seized by the Pharmacy Enforcement Division of the Ministry of Health (n = 39), products sent to the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency for pre-registration testing (n = 9) and products investigated under the post-registration market surveillance programme (n = 14). The products were tested against an in-house spectral library consisting of 61 PDE-5 inhibitors and analogues using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ion-trap-time-of-flight (LC-MS IT-TOF) method. Thirty-two (82%) of the unregistered products and two (14%) of the registered products were found to be adulterated with at least one PDE-5 inhibitor or analogue, while none of the pre-registration products contained adulterants. A total of 16 different adulterants were detected and 36% of the adulterated products contained a mixture of two or more adulterants. This study has demonstrated that the adulteration of unregistered herbal products in the Malaysian market is an alarming issue that needs to be urgently addressed by the relevant authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Baizura Bujang
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency , Lot 36 Jalan Universiti , Petaling Jaya , Malaysia
| | - Chin Fei Chee
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Choon Han Heh
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Noorsaadah Abd Rahman
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Michael J C Buckle
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Rebiere H, Guinot P, Chauvey D, Brenier C. Fighting falsified medicines: The analytical approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:286-306. [PMID: 28531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the harm to human health, the fight against falsified medicines has become a priority issue that involves numerous actors. Analytical laboratories contribute by performing analyses to chemically characterise falsified samples and assess their hazards for patients. A wide range of techniques can be used to obtain individual information on the organic and inorganic composition, the presence of an active substance or impurities, or the crystalline arrangement of the formulation's compound. After a presentation of these individual techniques, this review puts forward a methodology to combine them. In order to illustrate this approach, examples from the scientific literature (products used for erectile dysfunction treatment, weight loss and malaria) are placed in the centre of the proposed methodology. Combining analytical techniques allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of a sample, on its compliance in terms of pharmaceutical quality and finally on the safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Pauline Guinot
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
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Hu X, Fang G, Han A, Fu Y, Tong R, Wang S. Rapid detection of six phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme inhibitors in healthcare products using thin-layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with BP neural network. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2506-2514. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin China
| | - Guozhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin China
| | - Ailing Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin China
| | - Yunpeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin China
| | - Rui Tong
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
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15
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A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17030618. [PMID: 28335453 PMCID: PMC5375904 DOI: 10.3390/s17030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-destructive subsurface detection of encapsulated, coated, or seal-packaged foods and pharmaceuticals can help prevent distribution and consumption of counterfeit or hazardous products. This study used a Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) method to detect and identify urea, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen powders contained within one or more (up to eight) layers of gelatin capsules to demonstrate subsurface chemical detection and identification. A 785-nm point-scan Raman spectroscopy system was used to acquire spatially offset Raman spectra for an offset range of 0 to 10 mm from the surfaces of 24 encapsulated samples, using a step size of 0.1 mm to obtain 101 spectral measurements per sample. As the offset distance was increased, the spectral contribution from the subsurface powder gradually outweighed that of the surface capsule layers, allowing for detection of the encapsulated powders. Containing mixed contributions from the powder and capsule, the SORS spectra for each sample were resolved into pure component spectra using self-modeling mixture analysis (SMA) and the corresponding components were identified using spectral information divergence values. As demonstrated here for detecting chemicals contained inside thick capsule layers, this SORS measurement technique coupled with SMA has the potential to be a reliable non-destructive method for subsurface inspection and authentication of foods, health supplements, and pharmaceutical products that are prepared or packaged with semi-transparent materials.
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Kern SE, Lorenz LM, Lanzarotta A, Nickum EA, Litzau JJ. Isolation and structural characterization of a new tadalafil analog (chloropropanoylpretadalafil) found in a dietary supplement. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:360-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Mackey TK, Nayyar G. Digital danger: a review of the global public health, patient safety and cybersecurity threats posed by illicit online pharmacies. Br Med Bull 2016; 118:110-26. [PMID: 27151957 PMCID: PMC5127424 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amidst the rise of e-commerce, there has been a proliferation of illicit online pharmacies that threaten global patient safety by selling drugs without a prescription directly to the consumer. Despite this clear threat, little is known about the key risk characteristics, central challenges and current legal, regulatory and law enforcement responses. SOURCES OF DATA A review was conducted of the English literature with search terms 'online pharmacies', 'Internet pharmacies', 'cyber pharmacies', 'rogue pharmacies', and 'e-pharmacies' using PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar from 1999-2005. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Illicit online pharmacies are a rapidly growing public health threat and are characterized by a number of complex and interrelated risk factors. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Solutions are varied and are of questionable utility in the face of evolving technology that enables this form of transnational cybercrime. GROWING POINTS Legal, regulatory and technology solutions must address the entire illicit online pharmacy ecosystem in order to be effective. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH There is a critical need to build international consensus, conduct additional research and develop technology to combat illicit online pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim K Mackey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA Global Health Policy Institute, San Diego, California, USA Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
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Winner TL, Lanzarotta A, Sommer AJ. Analysis of Counterfeit Coated Tablets and Multi-Layer Packaging Materials Using Infrared Microspectroscopic Imaging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:649-655. [PMID: 27068491 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761600060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An effective method for detecting and characterizing counterfeit finished dosage forms and packaging materials is described in this study. Using attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging, suspect tablet coating and core formulations as well as multi-layered foil safety seals, bottle labels, and cigarette tear tapes were analyzed and compared directly with those of a stored authentic product. The approach was effective for obtaining molecular information from structures as small as 6 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn L Winner
- 1Molecular Microspectroscopy Laboratory,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Miami University,Oxford,Ohio,USA
| | - Adam Lanzarotta
- 2United States Food and Drug Administration Forensic Chemistry Center,Cincinnati,Ohio,USA
| | - André J Sommer
- 1Molecular Microspectroscopy Laboratory,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Miami University,Oxford,Ohio,USA
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Lanzarotta A, Kelley CM. Forensic Analysis of Human Autopsy Tissue for the Presence of Polydimethylsiloxane (Silicone) and Volatile Cyclic Siloxanes using Macro FT-IR, FT-IR Spectroscopic Imaging and Headspace GC-MS. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:867-874. [PMID: 27122436 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes effective and straightforward primary and secondary methods for the detection of silicone in human autopsy tissue. The primary method is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) specific and employs either macro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy for samples with a high PDMS concentration (relative to that of the matrix) or micro-FT-IR spectroscopic imaging in a reflection/absorption modality for samples with a low PDMS concentration. Although the secondary method is not PDMS specific, it employs headspace gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (HS/GC-MS) for the detection of low molecular weight volatile cyclic siloxanes (VCS), which are characteristic marker compounds for PDMS. Overall, the combined results from the primary and secondary analyses provide reliable evidence for the presence of silicone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45237
| | - Caroline Machal Kelley
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45237
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20
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Analysis of Forensic Casework Utilizing Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. SENSORS 2016; 16:278. [PMID: 26927101 PMCID: PMC4813853 DOI: 10.3390/s16030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A search of the current scientific literature yields a limited number of studies that describe the use of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging for the analysis of forensic casework, which is likely due to the fact that these instruments are fairly new commodities to the field of analytical chemistry and are therefore not yet commonplace in forensic laboratories. This report describes recent forensic case studies that have used the technique for determining the composition of a wide variety of multi-component sample types, including animal tissue sections for toxic inclusions, drugs/dietary supplements, an antibiotic with an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) present as several different salt forms, an adulterated bulk API, unknown trace powders for illicit drugs and an ophthalmic solution suspected of being adulterated with bleach.
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21
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Do JA, Noh E, Yoon SB, Park HJ, Cho S, Park SK, Yoon CY. Identification and evaluation of fragmentation pathways of PDE-5 inhibitor analogues using LC-QTOF-MS. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2015.28.4.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Guo B, Wang M, Liu Y, Zhou J, Dai H, Huang Z, Shen L, Zhang Q, Chen B. Wide-Scope Screening of Illegal Adulterants in Dietary and Herbal Supplements via Rapid Polarity-Switching and Multistage Accurate Mass Confirmation Using an LC-IT/TOF Hybrid Instrument. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6954-6967. [PMID: 26189662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical strategy was developed that integrates a generic sample preparation into a liquid chromatography-multistage ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT(MS(n))/TOF), allowing for large-scale screening and qualitative confirmation of wide-scope illegal adulterants in different food matrices. Samples were pretreated by a fast single-tube multifunction extraction for accurate multistage mass measurement on the hybrid LC-IT/TOF system. A qualitative validation performed for over 500 analyte-matrix pairs showed the method can reduce most of the matrix effects and achieve a lower limit of confirmation at 0.1 mg/kg for 73% of the target compounds. A unique combination of dual-polarity detection, retention time, isotopic profile, and accurate MS(n) spectra enables more comprehensive and precise confirmation, based on the multiparameter matching by automated library searching against the user-created database. Finally, the applicability of this LC-IT(MS(n))/TOF-based screening procedure for discriminating coeluting isobars, identifying nontarget adulterants, and even tentatively elucidating unexpected species in real samples is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meiling Wang
- §Hunan Academy of Inspection and Quarantine and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of China, Changsha 410004, China
| | | | | | - Hua Dai
- §Hunan Academy of Inspection and Quarantine and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- §Hunan Academy of Inspection and Quarantine and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lingling Shen
- #Guangzhou Branch, Shimadzu (China) Co., Limited,7FL,T. P. Plaza, 9/109 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- ΔNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
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Rooney JS, McDowell A, Strachan CJ, Gordon KC. Evaluation of vibrational spectroscopic methods to identify and quantify multiple adulterants in herbal medicines. Talanta 2015; 138:77-85. [PMID: 25863375 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To counter the growth of herbal medicines adulterated with pharmaceuticals crossing borders, rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive analytical techniques, that can handle complex matrices, are required. Since mid-infrared (MIR), near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques meet these criteria, their performance in identifying adulterants in seized weightloss herbal medicines is definitively determined. Initially a validated high pressure liquid chromatography methodology was used for reference identification and quantification of the adulterants sibutramine H2O·HCl, fenfluramine HCl and phenolphthalein. Of 38 products, only sibutramine and phenolphthalein were detected by HPLC. The spectroscopic measurements showed Raman was ill-suited due to sample burning and emission while NIR lacked adulterant selectivity. Conversely, MIR demonstrated apt identification performance, which manifested as spectrally meaningful separation based on the presence and type of adulterant during principal component analysis (test set validated). Partial least squares regression models were constructed from the MIR training sets for sibutramine and phenolphthalein - both models fitted the training set data well. Average test set prediction errors were 0.8% for sibutramine and 2.2% for phenolphthalein over the respective concentration ranges of 1.7-11.7% and 0.9-34.4%. MIR is apposite for the screening of anorectic and laxative adulterants and is the most viable technique for wider adulterant screening in herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, MacDiarmid Institute, Dodd-Walls Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Clare J Strachan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, MacDiarmid Institute, Dodd-Walls Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Lanzarotta A. Approximating the detection limit of an infrared spectroscopic imaging microscope operating in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) modality: theoretical and empirical results for an instrument using a linear array detector and a 1.5 millimeter germanium hemisphere internal reflection element. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:205-214. [PMID: 25588210 DOI: 10.1366/14-07538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical detection limits have been estimated for aripiprazole (analyte) in alpha lactose monohydrate (matrix model pharmaceutical formulation) using a micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging instrument equipped with a linear array detector and a 1.5 mm germanium hemisphere internal reflection element (IRE). The instrument yielded a theoretical detection limit of 0.0035% (35 parts per million (ppm)) when operating under diffraction-limited conditions, which was 49 times lower than what was achieved with a traditional macro-ATR instrument operating under practical conditions (0.17%, 1700 ppm). However, these results may not be achievable for most analyses because the detection limits will be particle size limited, rather than diffraction limited, for mixtures with average particle diameters greater than 8.3 μm (most pharmaceutical samples). For example, a theoretical detection limit of 0.028% (280 ppm) was calculated for an experiment operating under particle size-limited conditions where the average particle size was 23.4 μm. These conditions yielded a detection limit of 0.022% (220 ppm) when measured empirically, which was close to the theoretical value and only eight times lower than that of a faster, more simplistic macro-ATR instrument. Considering the longer data acquisition and processing times characteristic of the micro-ATR imaging approach (minutes or even hours versus seconds), the cost-benefit ratio may not often be favorable for the analysis of analytes in matrices that exhibit only a few overlapping absorptions (low-interfering matrices such as alpha lactose monohydrate) using this technique compared to what can be achieved using macro-ATR. However, the advantage was significant for detecting analytes in more complex matrices (those that exhibited several overlapping absorptions with the analyte) because the detection limit of the macro-ATR approach was highly formulation dependent while that of the micro-ATR imaging technique was not. As a result, the micro-ATR imaging technique is expected to be more valuable than macro-ATR for detecting analytes in high-interfering matrices and in products with unknown ingredients (e.g., illicit tablets, counterfeit tablets, and unknown powders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45237 USA
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Isolation and structural characterization of a new tadalafil analog (2-hydroxyethylnortadalafil) found in a dietary supplement. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 103:99-103. [PMID: 25462127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A screen for known PDE-5 inhibitors in a dietary supplement product marketed for "enhanced sexual performance" detected a compound that structurally resembled tadalafil. The compound was isolated from the supplement matrix using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) and a fraction collector, and was further characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), as well as high-resolution accurate mass mass spectrometry (HRAM-MS). The analog had an accurate mass of m/z 420.15614 (error is 1.77235ppm) for the protonated species [M+H](+), corresponding to a molecular formula of C23H22N3O5. Mass spectral fragmentation data suggested that the modification occurred in place of the CH3 located on the pyrazinopyridoindole-1,4-dione of tadalafil. NMR was utilized to further elucidate the configuration of the substitution. The analysis indicated that the moiety is a CH2CH2OH, hydroxyethyl group. The new analog has been named 2-hydroxyethylnortadalafil.
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26
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Gilard V, Balayssac S, Tinaugus A, Martins N, Martino R, Malet-Martino M. Detection, identification and quantification by 1H NMR of adulterants in 150 herbal dietary supplements marketed for improving sexual performance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 102:476-93. [PMID: 25459948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty dietary supplements (DS) marketed to increase sexual performance were analyzed. All these formulations were claimed to contain only natural compounds, plant extracts and/or vitamins. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used for detecting the presence of adulterants and for their identification and quantification. Mass spectrometry was used as a complementary method for confirming the chemical structures. 61% of DS were adulterated with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) (27% with the PDE-5i medicines sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, and 34% with their structurally modified analogues). Among them, 64% contained only one PDE-5i and 36% mixtures of two, three and even four. The amounts of PDE-5i medicines were higher than the maximum recommended dose in 25% of DS tainted with these drugs. Additional 5.5% DS included other drugs for the treatment of sexual dysfunction (yohimbine, flibanserin, phentolamine, dehydroepiandrosterone or testosterone). Some DS (2.5%) contained products (osthole, icariin) extracted from plants known to improve sexual performance. Only 31% of the samples could be considered as true herbal/natural products. A follow-up over time of several DS revealed that manufacturers make changes in the chemical composition of the formulations. Lack of quality or consistent manufacture (contamination possibly due to inadequate cleaning of the manufacturing chain, presence of impurities or degradation products, various compositions of a given DS with the same batch number, inadequate labelling) indicated poor manufacturing practices. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates the power of (1)H NMR spectroscopy as a first-line method for the detection of adulterated herbal/natural DS and the need for more effective quality control of purported herbal DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Aurélie Tinaugus
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Martins
- Service commun de spectrométrie de masse, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Robert Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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Moreira APL, Martini M, de Carvalho LM. Capillary electrophoretic methods for the screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants in herbal-based pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3212-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L. Moreira
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mariele Martini
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Leandro M. de Carvalho
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
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Mass spectrometric analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in products labeled as botanical dietary supplements or herbal remedies: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6767-90. [PMID: 25270866 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased availability and use of botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies among consumers has been accompanied by an increased frequency of adulteration of these products with synthetic pharmaceuticals. Unscrupulous producers may add drugs and analogues of various classes, such as phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, weight loss, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory agents, or anabolic steroids, to develop or intensify biological effects of dietary supplements or herbal remedies. The presence of such adulterated products in the marketplace is a worldwide problem and their consumption poses health risks to consumers. Analytical methods that allow rapid and reliable testing of dietary supplements for the presence of synthetic drugs are needed to address such fraudulent practices. Mass spectrometry (MS) and hyphenated techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have become primary tools in this endeavor. The present review critically assesses the role and summarizes the applications of MS in the analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies. The uses of MS techniques in detection, confirmation, and quantification of known pharmaceutical adulterants as well as in screening for and structure elucidation of unexpected adulterants and novel designer drugs are discussed.
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Shi F, Guo C, Gong L, Li J, Dong P, Zhang J, Cui P, Jiang S, Zhao Y, Zeng S. Application of a high resolution benchtop quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the rapid screening, confirmation and quantification of illegal adulterated phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in herbal medicines and dietary supplements. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1344:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fuzzy clustering evaluation of the discrimination power of UV–Vis and (±) ESI-MS detection system in individual or coupled RPLC for characterization of Ginkgo Biloba standardized extracts. Talanta 2014; 119:524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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