1
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Wei H, Deng J, Zhang T, Zhan CG, Zheng F. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for investigation of polysubstance use involving heroin and cocaine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 250:116408. [PMID: 39146775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Concurrent use of heroin and cocaine (known as the "speedball") prevails among substance use disorder populations, especially in opioid-dependent individuals, with severe consequences and a high fatality rate. Little is known about the patterns and correlations of the concurrent use of heroin and cocaine. It is vital to investigate such a polydrug use in both humans and animals to uncover concomitant toxicity and the cause of fatal overdose (death). In this study, we aimed to shed some light on the role of cocaine in the etiology of heroin-related deaths in the context of molecular pharmacokinetics (PK). For the purpose, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of heroin, cocaine, and their metabolites in whole blood was developed and fully validated in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines. Then, this method was used to analyze heroin, cocaine, and their metabolites in blood from the rats intraperitoneally administered non-lethal 10 mg/kg heroin or 20 mg/kg cocaine alone, or their combination that is lethal with a proximal mortality of 33 %. The obtained results from the rats that experienced the lethal toxicity revealed that the concurrent use of heroin and cocaine significantly increased the risk of fatality from overdose. Heroin significantly slowed down the elimination of cocaine and its main metabolites in blood, while cocaine significantly enhanced heroin metabolism from 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) to morphine. Similar elimination half-lives for other heroin metabolites were observed. These findings are reported for the first time in this study, facilitating our understanding of the polysubstance metabolism and severe consequences produced by the polydrug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Wei
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jing Deng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Fang Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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2
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Thomann J, Vogt SB, Guessoum A, Meyer M, Vogel M, Liechti ME, Luethi D, Duthaler U. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for quantifying diamorphine and its major metabolites 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1237:124104. [PMID: 38552595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Diamorphine, commonly known as heroin, is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic. In the context of heroin-assisted treatment for opioid-dependent patients, diamorphine is mostly administered intravenously. However, recent attention has shifted towards intranasal administration as a better-tolerated alternative to the intravenous route. Here, we developed and validated a rapid bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of diamorphine and its major metabolites 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A straightforward protein precipitation extraction step was used for sample preparation. Chromatographic analyte separation was achieved using a Kinetex EVO C18 analytical column and a mobile phase gradient comprising an aqueous solution of ammonium hydrogen carbonate and methanol supplied with formic acid. Employing positive electrospray ionization and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring, we established a quantification range of 1-1,000 ng/mL for all analytes. Our validation results demonstrate a mean intra-assay accuracy of 91-106% and an intra-assay precision (CV) between 2 and 9% for all analytes and over three validation runs. The method exhibits a high extraction recovery (> 87%) and a negligible matrix effect (99-125%). Furthermore, no interferences with endogenous plasma compounds were detected. Lastly, we applied the method to assess the plasma concentrations of an opioid-dependent patient after the intranasal administration of diamorphine in a clinical study. In summary, we have successfully developed a rapid, highly reliable, and straightforward bioanalytical method for quantifying diamorphine and its metabolites in low amounts of clinical plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Thomann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Severin B Vogt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Guessoum
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Meyer
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vogel
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dino Luethi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Health Department Basel-Stadt, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Song D, Crouse B, Vigliaturo J, Wu MM, Heimisdottir D, Kassick AJ, Averick SE, Raleigh MD, Pravetoni M. Multivalent Vaccination Strategies Protect against Exposure to Polydrug Opioid and Stimulant Mixtures in Mice and Rats. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:363-374. [PMID: 38357285 PMCID: PMC10863445 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Illicit drug mixtures containing opioids and stimulants have been responsible for the majority of fatal drug overdoses among occasional users, and those with either opioid use disorder (OUD) or substance use disorder (SUD). As a complementary strategy to current pharmacotherapies, active immunization with conjugate vaccines has been proposed as a viable intervention to treat OUD as well as other SUD for which there are either limited or no treatment options. Vaccination against opioids and stimulants could help address the limitations of current medications (e.g., patient access, compliance, misuse liability, and safety) by providing an additional tool to prevent drug misuse and/or overdoses. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and limitations of using vaccines to treat SUD and overdose and to inform us on how to deploy this strategy in the field. Previous reports have shown promise by combining two vaccines into bivalent vaccine formulations to concurrently target multiple drugs. Here, multiple individual candidate monovalent vaccines were incrementally combined in multivalent vaccine formulations to simultaneously target fentanyl, carfentanil, oxycodone, heroin, methamphetamine, and their analogs or metabolites. Bi-, tri-, and quadrivalent vaccine formulations induced the formation of independent serum antibody responses against their respective opioid targets and selectively attenuated the distribution of each individual drug to the brain in mice and rats. Results indicate that a single injection of an admixed multivalent vaccine formulation may be more effective than coinjecting multiple monovalent vaccines at multiple sites. Finally, adding a methamphetamine conjugate vaccine to an quadrivalent opioid vaccine in a pentavalent formulation did not interfere with the production of effective antiopioid IgG antibodies. Multivalent vaccines could provide multifaceted, yet selective, protection against polydrug use and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihyun Song
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bethany Crouse
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- School
of Veterinary Population Medicine, University
of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jennifer Vigliaturo
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mariah M. Wu
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- School
of Veterinary Population Medicine, University
of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dagny Heimisdottir
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andrew J. Kassick
- Neuroscience
Disruptive Research Lab, Allegheny Health
Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Saadyah E. Averick
- Neuroscience
Disruptive Research Lab, Allegheny Health
Network Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
- Neuroscience
Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Allegheny
General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Michael D. Raleigh
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota
Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University
of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- University
of Washington Center for Medication Development for Substance Use
Disorders; Garvey Institute for Brain Solutions, Seattle,Washington 98195, United States
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4
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Barrientos R, Whalen C, Torres OB, Sulima A, Bow EW, Komla E, Beck Z, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR. Bivalent Conjugate Vaccine Induces Dual Immunogenic Response That Attenuates Heroin and Fentanyl Effects in Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2295-2306. [PMID: 34076427 PMCID: PMC8603354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorders and fatal overdose due to consumption of fentanyl-laced heroin remain a major public health menace in the United States. Vaccination may serve as a promising potential remedy to combat accidental overdose and to mitigate the abuse potential of opioids. We previously reported the heroin and fentanyl monovalent vaccines carrying, respectively, a heroin hapten, 6-AmHap, and a fentanyl hapten, para-AmFenHap, conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT). Herein, we describe the mixing of these antigens to formulate a bivalent vaccine adjuvanted with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. Immunization of mice with the bivalent vaccine resulted in IgG titers of >105 against both haptens. The polyclonal sera bound heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, morphine, and fentanyl with dissociation constants (Kd) of 0.25 to 0.50 nM. Mice were protected from the anti-nociceptive effects of heroin, fentanyl, and heroin +9% (w/w) fentanyl. No cross-reactivity to methadone and buprenorphine was observed in vivo. Naloxone remained efficacious in immunized mice. These results highlighted the potential of combining TT-6-AmHap and TT-para-AmFenHap to yield an efficacious bivalent vaccine that could ablate heroin and fentanyl effects. This vaccine warrants further testing to establish its potential translatability to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell
C. Barrientos
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Connor Whalen
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Oscar B. Torres
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eric W. Bow
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Essie Komla
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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5
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Heydari P, Martins MLF, Rosing H, Hillebrand MJX, Gebretensae A, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method with a broad linear dynamic range for the quantification of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122403. [PMID: 33246879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and to validate a UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates to support preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. The sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation with cold (2-8 °C) methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), evaporation of the supernatant to dryness, and reconstitution of the dry-extracts in 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5. Separation was achieved on a Waters UPLC HSS T3 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) maintained at 50 °C and using gradient elution with a total runtime of 6.7 min. Mobile phase A consisted of 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5 and mobile phase B of 0.1% formic acid in methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). Detection was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. The method was validated within a linear range of 1-2,000 ng/mL, 10-20,000 ng/mL, and 0.5-200 ng/mL for morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide, respectively. In human plasma, the intra- and inter-run precision of all analytes, including the lower limit of quantification levels, were ≤ 15.8%, and the accuracies were between 88.1 and 111.9%. It has been shown that calibration standards prepared in control human plasma can be used for the quantification of the analytes in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. The applicability of the method was successfully demonstrated in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heydari
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L F Martins
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M J X Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Gebretensae
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Buchweitz JP, Zyskowski J, Lehner AF. Heroin Fatality in a Feline: A Case Report with Postmortem Liver Concentrations. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:e36-e41. [PMID: 33475731 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of feline intoxication and fatality with the illicit drug heroin is described. A five-year-old castrated male domestic short hair cat was recently diagnosed with an active pneumonitis and left at home for a couple days under the care of another resident. Upon return, the owner found his cat dead with strong suspicion of foul-play. The cat was necropsied by a local veterinary clinic to retrieve the liver for diagnostic toxicology. The postmortem liver sample screened positive for 6-acetylmorphine and 6-acetylcodeine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Deconvolution techniques were applied to chromatograms and revealed the additional presence of morphine and mirtazapine. Subsequent quantitation of mirtazapine, heroin, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, 6-acetylcodeine was performed by gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Although companion animal fatalities arising from toxicities are a likely consequence of drug abuse in a home, this is the first reported case of a malicious feline fatality resulting from heroin with quantitation of heroin metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Justin Zyskowski
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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7
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Truta F, Florea A, Cernat A, Tertis M, Hosu O, de Wael K, Cristea C. Tackling the Problem of Sensing Commonly Abused Drugs Through Nanomaterials and (Bio)Recognition Approaches. Front Chem 2020; 8:561638. [PMID: 33330355 PMCID: PMC7672198 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.561638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize herein the literature in the last decade, involving the use of nanomaterials and various (bio)recognition elements, such as antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers, for the development of sensitive and selective (bio)sensors for illicit drugs with a focus on electrochemical transduction systems. The use and abuse of illicit drugs remains an increasing challenge for worldwide authorities and, therefore, it is important to have accurate methods to detect them in seized samples, biological fluids and wastewaters. They are recently classified as the latest group of “emerging pollutants,” as their consumption has increased tremendously in recent years. Nanomaterials, antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers have gained much attention over the last decade in the development of (bio)sensors for a myriad of applications. The applicability of these (nano)materials, functionalized or not, has significantly increased, and are therefore highly suitable for use in the detection of drugs. Lately, such functionalized nanoscale materials have assisted in the detection of illicit drugs fingerprints, providing large surface area, functional groups and unique properties that facilitate sensitive and selective sensing. The review discusses the types of commonly abused drugs and their toxicological implications, classification of functionalized nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes), their fabrication, and their application on real samples in different fields of forensic science. Biosensors for drugs of abuse from the last decade's literature are then exemplified. It also offers insights into the prospects and challenges of bringing the functionalized nanobased technology to the end user in the laboratories or in-field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Truta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Florea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Cernat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tertis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Hosu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Karolien de Wael
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry and Speciation Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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8
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Qiao S, Xu H, Zhang W, Yang W, Guo D, Wang W, Xu W, Liu Y, Liu G, Cui Y, Yu H, Li Q. Identification of characteristic heroin metabolites in urine based on data-mining technology and multivariate statistics analysis combined with a targeted verification approach for distinguishing heroin abusers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122251. [PMID: 32673834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A common phenomenon shows that ingestion of opium poppy shell-containing drugs can result in a "false-positive" urinalysis test result for mandatory or workplace heroin abuse screening. Owing to the short detection window (8 h in urine) of the characteristic heroin metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) confirmation or exclusion of heroin abusers still presents major challenges for toxicologists. In this work, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method (UPLC-TOF-MS) with online data acquisition and multiple post-data-mining technologies combined with a multivariate statistical and batch validation analysis workflow to assess the characteristic urine metabolites of heroin abusers. Based on the proposed methods, 28 characteristic metabolites were structurally identified, and their fragmentation patterns and metabolite pathways were also summarized. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the internal relationship and similarities among the identified metabolites, and seven representative metabolites were selected as "Target-metabolites". Multi-batch urine of samples of heroin abusers were certified based on the UPLC-MS/MS method for further validation of the practicability of using this method for routine analysis. Overall, the target-metabolites can be utilized as assistant "biomarkers" in workplace or mandatory drug screenings. This approach encourages further studies on the development of the "false-positive" identification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiao
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Haishan Xu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medical, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Danming Guo
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Weizhe Xu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Yongsuo Liu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Guoru Liu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Yujing Cui
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Qingyan Li
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing 100123, China.
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9
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Teklezgi B, Pamreddy A, Ntshangase S, Mdanda S, Singh SD, Gopal ND, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Govender T, Baijnath S. Mass Spectrometric Imaging of the Brain Demonstrates the Regional Displacement of 6-Monoacetylmorphine by Naloxone. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12596-12602. [PMID: 32548443 PMCID: PMC7288357 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overdose is the main cause of mortality among heroin users. Many of these overdose-induced deaths can be prevented through the timely administration of naloxone (NLX), a nonselective mu (μ)-, kappa (κ)-, and delta (δ)-opioid receptor antagonist. NLX competitively inhibits opioid-overdose-induced respiratory depression without eliciting any narcotic effect itself. The aim of this study was to investigate the antagonistic action of NLX by comparing its distribution to that of 6-monacetylmorphine (6-MAM), heroin's major metabolite, in a rodent model using mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5) received heroin (10 mg kg-1) intraperitoneally, NLX (10 mg kg-1) intranasally, and NLX injected intranasally 5 min after heroin administration. The animals were sacrificed 15 min after dose and brain tissues were harvested. The MSI image analysis showed a region-specific distribution of 6-MAM in the brain regions including the corpus callosum, hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, corticospinal tracts, caudate putamen, thalamus, globus pallidus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain regions of the brain. The antagonist had a similar biodistribution throughout the brain in both groups of animals that received NLX or NLX after heroin administration. The MSI analysis demonstrated that the intensity of 6-MAM in these brain regions was reduced following NLX treatment. The decrease in 6-MAM intensity was caused by its displacement by the antagonist and its binding to these receptors in these specific brain regions, consequently enhancing the opioid elimination. These findings will contribute to the evaluation of other narcotic antagonists that might be considered for use in the treatment of drug overdose via MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belin
G. Teklezgi
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Annapurna Pamreddy
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Sphamandla Ntshangase
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Sanil D. Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Science, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville
Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Nirmala D. Gopal
- Department
of Criminology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Richards Bay 3900, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 3629, South Africa
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10
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Development of Carbon Quantum Dot–Labeled Antibody Fluorescence Immunoassays for the Detection of Morphine in Hot Pot Soup Base. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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XIE RF, LU ZQ, CHAI YF, WANG XH, LI HF, GU JY. Rapid Determination of Heroin in Adulterated Commercial Beverage in Drug Transportation Cases. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Liu J, Hu X, Cao F, Zhang Y, Lu J, Zeng L. A lateral flow strip based on gold nanoparticles to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine in oral fluid. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180288. [PMID: 30110425 PMCID: PMC6030262 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We used lateral flow strips based on gold nanoparticles to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM; heroin's unique metabolite) in oral fluid samples. In this competitive lateral chromatographic immunoassay, the 6-MAM was chemically synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The results were qualitatively detected via the colour change of the test line. By using a proper sample pad, a suitable nitrocellulose membrane and a customized sponge device adsorbed the oral fluid directly from the mouth; the total test time was 3 min. The sensitivity of the assay was 4.0 ng ml-1 without any cross-reactivity with 10 normal drugs, which are widely subject to abuse, including morphine and codeine. This test could be easily used on site to detect heroin in oral fluid, and it could be a promising product in the future including for driving under the influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
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13
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Huber D, Bleymaier K, Pellis A, Vielnascher R, Daxbacher A, Greimel KJ, Guebitz GM. Laccase catalyzed elimination of morphine from aqueous systems. N Biotechnol 2018; 42:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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14
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Raleigh MD, Laudenbach M, Baruffaldi F, Peterson SJ, Roslawski MJ, Birnbaum AK, Carroll FI, Runyon SP, Winston S, Pentel PR, Pravetoni M. Opioid Dose- and Route-Dependent Efficacy of Oxycodone and Heroin Vaccines in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018. [PMID: 29535156 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heroin and oxycodone abuse occurs over a wide range of drug doses and by various routes of administration characterized by differing rates of drug absorption. The current study addressed the efficacy of a heroin vaccine [morphine hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (M-KLH)] or oxycodone vaccine [oxycodone hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (OXY-KLH)] for reducing drug distribution to brain after intravenous heroin or oxycodone, or subcutaneous oxycodone. Rats immunized with M-KLH or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) control received an intravenous bolus dose of 0.26 or 2.6 mg/kg heroin. Vaccination with M-KLH increased retention of heroin and its active metabolites 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine in plasma compared with KLH controls, and reduced total opioid (heroin + 6-AM + morphine) distribution to brain but only at the lower heroin dose. Immunization also protected against respiratory depression at the lower heroin dose. Rats immunized with OXY-KLH or KLH control received 0.22 or 2.2 mg/kg oxycodone intravenously, the molar equivalent of the heroin doses. Immunization with OXY-KLH significantly reduced oxycodone distribution to brain after either oxycodone dose, although the magnitude of effect of immunization at the higher oxycodone dose was small (12%). By contrast, vaccination with OXY-KLH was more effective when oxycodone was administered subcutaneously rather than intravenously, reducing oxycodone distribution to brain by 44% after an oxycodone dose of 2.3 mg/kg. Vaccination also reduced oxycodone-induced antinociception. These data suggest that the efficacy of OXY-KLH and M-KLH opioid vaccines is highly dependent upon opioid dose and route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Raleigh
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan Laudenbach
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Federico Baruffaldi
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Samantha J Peterson
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michaela J Roslawski
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Angela K Birnbaum
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott Winston
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul R Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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15
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Gandhi S, Banga I, Maurya PK, Eremin SA. A gold nanoparticle-single-chain fragment variable antibody as an immunoprobe for rapid detection of morphine by dipstick. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1511-1518. [PMID: 35540925 PMCID: PMC9077121 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12810j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based optical assays are of significant interest since the molecular phenomenon can be examined easily with change in the color of AuNPs. Herein, we report the development of a dipstick using a AuNP-labeled single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody for the detection of morphine. The scFv antibodies for morphine were developed using phage display-based antibody library. Immunoglobulin variable regions of heavy (V H)- and light (V L)-chain genes were connected via a glycine-serine linker isolated from murine immune repertoire and cloned into the expression vector pIT2. The scFv was produced in Escherichia coli HB2151, yielding a functional protein with a molecular weight of approximately 32 kDa. The morphine scFv was labeled with gold nanoparticles and used as an optical immunoprobe in a dipstick. The competitive dipstick assay characterized the ability of the scFv antibody to recognize free morphine. The detection range was 1-1000 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 ng mL-1 under optimal conditions, and the IC50 value was 14 ng mL-1 for morphine. The developed optical dipstick kit of scFv antibody was capable of specifically binding to free morphine and its analogs in a solution in less than 5 min and could be useful for on-site screening of a real sample in blood, urine, and saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Gandhi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Sector-125 Noida-201313 India +91 971 769 3116
| | - Ivneet Banga
- Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Sector-125 Noida-201313 India +91 971 769 3116
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Sector-125 Noida-201313 India +91 971 769 3116
- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Neuroscience Sao Paulo Sao Paulo BR 04023-900 Brazil
| | - Sergei A Eremin
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninsky Gory, 1 119991 Moscow Russia
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16
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Heekin RD, Shorter D, Kosten TR. Current status and future prospects for the development of substance abuse vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1067-1077. [PMID: 28918668 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1378577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance use disorders (SUD) are a significant threat to both individual and public health. To date, SUD pharmacotherapy has focused primarily on agonist medications (i.e. nicotine replacement therapy for tobacco use disorder; methadone and buprenorphine for opioid use disorder), antagonist medications (i.e. naltrexone for opioid use disorder), and aversive therapy (i.e. disulfiram for alcohol use disorder). Pharmacotherapeutic approaches utilizing an immunological framework for medication development represent an important focus of study for treatment of these illnesses. Areas covered: This review discusses vaccines for treatment of substance use disorders. Using PubMed ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ), we searched both preclinical and human clinical trials of vaccines for treatment of nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid use disorders. In addition, we searched for recently developed strategies for enhancement of the immunologic response through alteration of conjugate molecules and adjuvants. Expert commentary: Despite challenges in human clinical trials of SUD vaccines, a number of strategies have been introduced which may ultimately improve efficacy. These challenges, as well as their implications for vaccine development, are discussed. Additionally, the optimal conditions for research study and treatment are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R David Heekin
- a Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Daryl Shorter
- a Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,b Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- a Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,b Research Service Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
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17
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Hubert C, Roosen M, Levi Y, Karolak S. Validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify illicit drug and pharmaceutical residues in wastewater using accuracy profile approach. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1500:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Teklezgi BG, Pamreddy A, Baijnath S, Gopal ND, Naicker T, Kruger HG, Govender T. Post heroin dose tissue distribution of 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) with MALDI imaging. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:285-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Zhang C, Han Y, Lin L, Deng N, Chen B, Liu Y. Development of Quantum Dots-Labeled Antibody Fluorescence Immunoassays for the Detection of Morphine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1290-1295. [PMID: 28132500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs)-labeled antibody fluorescence immunoassays (FLISA) for the detection of morphine were developed. Quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS), which contained carboxyl, were used to label antimorphine antibody by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoprophyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide, which were used as coupling reagents. The CdSe/ZnS QDs labeled antimorphine antibody (QDs labeled Ab) was characterized by fluorescence spectrum and gel electrophoresis. Plate-based FLISA and nitrocellulose membrane-based flow-through FLISA were developed and applied to quantitative and qualitative detection of morphine. Under the optimal conditions for plate-based FLISA, the linear range spanned from 3.2 × 10-4 to 1 mg/L (R2 = 0.9905), and the detection limit was 2.7 × 10-4 mg/L. The visual detection limit for morphine by membrane-based flow-through FLISA was 0.01 mg/L. These results demonstrated that the developed fluorescence immunoassays could be applied as highly sensitive and convenient tools for rapid detection of morphine, which make it ideally suited for on-site screening of poppy shell added illegally in hot pot soup base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Han
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Deng
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Zhenjiang Institute for Drug Control, Zhenjiang 212000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Zhenjiang Institute for Drug Control, Zhenjiang 212000, P. R. China
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20
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The effect of sodium fluoride, formaldehyde, and storage temperature on the stability of methamidophos in post-mortem blood and liver. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:667-675. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Tas B, McDonald R. Commentary on Darke & Duflou (2016): Heroin-related deaths-identifying a window for intervention. Addiction 2016; 111:1614-5. [PMID: 27516398 DOI: 10.1111/add.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basak Tas
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca McDonald
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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22
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Szöcs L, Orgován G, Tóth G, Kraszni M, Gergó L, Hosztafi S, Noszál B. Site- and species-specific hydrolysis rates of heroin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 89:105-14. [PMID: 27130543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxide-catalyzed non-enzymatic, simultaneous and consecutive hydrolyses of diacetylmorphine (DAM, heroin) are quantified in terms of 10 site- and species-specific rate constants in connection with also 10 site- and species-specific acid-base equilibrium constants, comprising all the 12 coexisting species in solution. This characterization involves the major and minor decomposition pathways via 6-acetylmorphine and 3-acetylmorphine, respectively, and morphine, the final product. Hydrolysis has been found to be 18-120 times faster at site 3 than at site 6, depending on the status of the amino group and the rest of the molecule. Nitrogen protonation accelerates the hydrolysis 5-6 times at site 3 and slightly less at site 6. Hydrolysis rate constants are interpreted in terms of intramolecular inductive effects and the concomitant local electron densities. Hydrolysis fraction, a new physico-chemical parameter is introduced and determined to quantify the contribution of the individual microspecies to the overall hydrolysis. Hydrolysis fractions are depicted as a function of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szöcs
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group for Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hőgyes E. u. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orgován
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group for Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hőgyes E. u. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group for Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hőgyes E. u. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Kraszni
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group for Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hőgyes E. u. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Gergó
- Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Informatics, Department of Numerical Analysis, Hungary
| | - Sándor Hosztafi
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group for Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hőgyes E. u. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Noszál
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group for Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hőgyes E. u. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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23
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Lappas NT, Lappas CM. Storage Stability of Analytes. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Moreno-Vicente R, Fernández-Nieva Z, Navarro A, Gascón-Crespí I, Farré-Albaladejo M, Igartua M, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Development and validation of a bioanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of heroin, its main metabolites, naloxone and naltrexone by LC–MS/MS in human plasma samples: Application to a clinical trial of oral administration of a heroin/naloxone formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pepin G, Cheze M, Dumestre-Toulet V, Eysseric H, Labat L. Conduite automobile et opiacés : bases bibliographiques pour un consensus de la Société française de toxicologie analytique. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Raleigh MD, Pentel PR, LeSage MG. Pharmacokinetic correlates of the effects of a heroin vaccine on heroin self-administration in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115696. [PMID: 25536404 PMCID: PMC4275252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a morphine-conjugate vaccine (M-KLH) on the acquisition, maintenance, and reinstatement of heroin self-administration (HSA) in rats, and on heroin and metabolite distribution during heroin administration that approximated the self-administered dosing rate. Vaccination with M-KLH blocked heroin-primed reinstatement of heroin responding. Vaccination also decreased HSA at low heroin unit doses but produced a compensatory increase in heroin self-administration at high unit doses. Vaccination shifted the heroin dose-response curve to the right, indicating reduced heroin potency, and behavioral economic demand curve analysis further confirmed this effect. In a separate experiment heroin was administered at rates simulating heroin exposure during HSA. Heroin and its active metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine, were retained in plasma and metabolite concentrations were reduced in brain in vaccinated rats compared to controls. Reductions in 6-AM concentrations in brain after vaccination were consistent with the changes in HSA rates accompanying vaccination. These data provide evidence that 6-AM is the principal mediator of heroin reinforcement, and the principal target of the M-KLH vaccine, in this model. While heroin vaccines may have potential as therapies for heroin addiction, high antibody to drug ratios appear to be important for obtaining maximal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Raleigh
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Hennepin Healthcare System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul R. Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Hennepin Healthcare System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark G. LeSage
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Hennepin Healthcare System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Høiseth G, Fjeld B, Burns ML, Strand DH, Vindenes V. Long-term stability of morphine, codeine, and 6-acetylmorphine in real-life whole blood samples, stored at −20°C. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 239:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Raleigh MD, Pravetoni M, Harris AC, Birnbaum AK, Pentel PR. Selective effects of a morphine conjugate vaccine on heroin and metabolite distribution and heroin-induced behaviors in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:397-406. [PMID: 23220743 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.201194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine conjugate vaccines have effectively reduced behavioral effects of heroin in rodents and primates. To better understand how these effects are mediated, heroin and metabolite distribution studies were performed in rats in the presence and absence of vaccination. In non-vaccinated rats 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) was the predominant opioid in plasma and brain as early as 1 minute after i.v. administration of heroin and for up to 14 minutes. Vaccination with morphine conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (M-KLH) elicited high titers and concentrations of antibodies with high affinity for heroin, 6-MAM, and morphine. Four minutes after heroin administration vaccinated rats showed substantial retention of all three opioids in plasma compared to controls and reduced 6-MAM and morphine, but not heroin, distribution to brain. Administration of 6-MAM rather than heroin in M-KLH vaccinated rats showed a similar drug distribution pattern. Vaccination reduced heroin-induced analgesia and blocked heroin-induced locomotor activity throughout 2 weeks of repeated testing. Higher serum opioid-specific antibody concentrations were associated with higher plasma opioid concentrations, lower brain 6-MAM and morphine concentrations, and lower heroin-induced locomotor activity. Serum antibody concentrations over 0.2 mg/ml were associated with substantial effects on these measures. These data support a critical role for 6-MAM in mediating the early effects of i.v. heroin and suggest that reducing 6-MAM concentration in brain is essential to the efficacy of morphine conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Raleigh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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