1
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Yan X, Yan S, Chang W, Wen C, Zhang L, Wang Z, Yang S. Ultraviolet spectra determination and computational analysis of 44 E/Z steroid isomers in dried blood spot. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:661-673. [PMID: 37957802 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The dried blood spot (DBS) is a novel alternative matrix used in 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and Paralympics. It is capable of distinguishing anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) esters without the gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) confirmation. In this study, a method for detection of 22 anabolic steroid esters in DBS based on ultra-high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was developed and validated. Methoxylamine was used as the derivatization reagent to improve the sensibility. Specificity, limit of detection (LOD), linearity, stability, robustness, and carryover were evaluated. Steroid esters are nine testosterone esters, six nandrolone esters, five boldenone esters, methenolone enanthate, and trenbolone acetate. UV spectra were determined by HPLC. And density functional theory (DFT) calculation methods could provide theoretical UV spectra data. Three basis set of B3LYP/6-31G(d), B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p), and WB97XD/6-31+G(d, p) were used for the geometry optimizations and TD-DFT calculation. The average deviation (%RD) of B3LYP/6-31+G(d) for all 44 ester oximes are less than 3.0%. This study for the first time provides a method to tentatively identify the 44 E/Z configurations of steroid oxime products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Yan
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Yan
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wen
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisi Zhang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanliang Wang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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2
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Miyamoto A, Ota M, Sato M, Okano M. Simultaneous detection of testosterone, nandrolone, and boldenone esters in dried blood spots for doping control in sports by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38520227 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Testosterone, nandrolone, and boldenone, which are listed as doping substances on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List, are mostly available commercially in esterified forms. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) represents a key tool for identifying these substances, as they are hydrolyzed and discharged in the urine as pseudo-endogenous substances. However, IRMS, which comprises a complicated process, cannot achieve the direct detection of steroid esters in blood samples. These substances can be detected using dried blood spots (DBSs), reducing the impact of esterase hydrolysis. Here, a simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for detecting 28 steroid (13 testosterone, nine nandrolone, and six boldenone) esters was developed using three DBS types of samples, including a cellulose paper and polymer. The substances were first derivatized with methyloxime to increase their sensitivities (the limits of detection were <0.1-0.4, <0.1-0.9, and <0.1-0.9 ng/mL for the testosterone, nandrolone, and boldenone esters, respectively). Further, the DBS absorbents were verified since the effect of interferences depended on it. Next, a study involving seven participants was conducted to detect intramuscularly administered testosterone enanthate (100 mg). Polymer and cellulose papers were used to collect blood from their upper arms and fingertips, respectively, and testosterone enanthate was identified and detectable at both blood-collection sites for up to 144 and 216 h, respectively. Furthermore, testosterone enanthate was detectable in the DBS samples stored under refrigeration after 6 months, indicating the stable nature of DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Miyamoto
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Ota
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Sato
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Levernaes MCS, Solheim SA, Broderstad L, Zandy E, Mørkeberg J, Dehnes Y. Detection of doping substances in paired dried blood spots and urine samples collected during doping controls in Danish fitness centers. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38433478 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of dried blood spot (DBS) in anti-doping can be advantageous in terms of collection, transportation, and storage compared with the traditional anti-doping testing matrices urine and venous blood. There could, nonetheless, be disadvantages such as shorter detection windows for some substances compared with urine, but real-life comparison of the detectability of prohibited substances in DBS and urine is lacking. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS)-based screening method for simultaneous detection of 19 target analytes from the doping substance categories S1-S5 in a single spot. Ninety-eight urine and upper-arm DBS (Tasso-M20) sample pairs were collected from fitness centers customers notified for doping control by Anti Doping Denmark, and three sample pairs were collected from active steroid users undergoing clinical evaluation and treatment at a Danish hospital. The analytical findings were cross compared to evaluate the applicability of the developed DBS testing menu in terms of feasibility and analytical performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the detectability of prohibited substances in DBS and urine samples collected in a doping control setting. Twenty-seven of the urine samples and 23 DBS samples were positive, and we observed a very high concordance (95%) in the overall analytical results (i.e., positive or negative samples for both urine and DBS). Collectively, these results are very promising, and DBS seems suitable as a stand-alone matrix in doping control in fitness centers likely because of the high analyte concentration levels in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara A Solheim
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Science and Research, Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark
| | - Lillian Broderstad
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Essa Zandy
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. DropWise: current role and future perspectives of dried blood spots (DBS), blood microsampling, and their analysis in sports drug testing. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:41-62. [PMID: 35938300 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For decades, blood testing has been an integral part of routine doping controls. The breadth of information contained in blood samples has become considerably more accessible for anti-doping purposes over the last 10 years through technological advancements regarding analytical instrumentation as well as enhanced sample collection systems. Particularly, microsampling of whole blood and serum, for instance as dried blood spots (DBS), has opened new avenues in sports drug testing and substantially increased the availability and cost-effectiveness of doping control specimens. Thus, microvolume blood specimens possess the potential to improve monitoring of blood hormone and drug levels, support evaluation of circulating drug concentrations in competition, and enhance the stability of labile markers and target analytes in blood passport analyses as well as peptide hormone and steroid ester detection. Further, the availability of the fraction of lysed erythrocytes for anti-doping purposes warrants additional investigation, considering the sequestering capability of red blood cells (RBCs) for certain substances, as a complementary approach in support of the clean sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Yuan Y, Xu Y, Lu J. Detection of 20 endogenous anabolic steroid esters with Girard’s Reagent P derivatization in dried blood spots using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1213:123535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Solheim SA, Levernaes MCS, Mørkeberg J, Juul A, Upners EN, Nordsborg NB, Dehnes Y. Stability and detectability of testosterone esters in dried blood spots after intramuscular injections. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1926-1937. [PMID: 33733610 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While misuse of testosterone esters is widespread in elite and recreational sports, direct detection of intact testosterone esters in doping control samples is hampered by the rapid hydrolysis by esterases present in the blood. With dried blood spot (DBS) as sample matrix, continued degradation of the esters is avoided due to inactivation of the hydrolase enzymes in dried blood. Here, we have developed the method further for detection of testosterone esters in DBS with focus on robustness and applicability in doping control. To demonstrate the method's feasibility, DBS samples from men receiving two intramuscular injections of Sustanon® 250 (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) were collected, transported, and stored prior to analysis, to mimic a doping control scenario. The presented nanoLC-HRMS/MS method appeared reliable and suitable for direct detection of four testosterone esters (testosterone decanoate, isocaproate, phenylpropionate, and propionate) after extraction from DBS. Sustanon® was detected in all subjects for at least 5 days, with detection window up to 14 days for three of the esters. Evaluation of analyte stability showed that while storage at room temperature is tolerated well for a few days, testosterone esters are highly stable (>18 months) in DBS when stored in frozen conditions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the applicability of DBS sampling in doping control for detection of steroid esters. The fast collection and reduced shipment costs of DBS compared with urine and standard blood samples, respectively, will allow more frequent and/or large-scale testing to increase detection and deterrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amalie Solheim
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Science and Research, Anti-Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emmie N Upners
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Mazzarino M, Di Costanzo L, Comunità F, Stacchini C, de la Torre X, Botrè F. UHPLC-HRMS Method for the Simultaneous Screening of 235 Drugs in Capillary Blood for Doping Control Purpose: Comparative Evaluation of Volumetric and Non-volumetric Dried Blood Spotting Devices. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31845-31868. [PMID: 36119994 PMCID: PMC9475635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a quick and simple multi-targeted analytical workflow based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the screening in dried blood spots and dried plasma spots of a wide variety of drugs with different chemical properties. Seven different microsampling devices were evaluated in view of their application for the detection of the selected target analytes in the framework of doping control analysis. The extraction of the analytes was optimized by assessing the efficacy of protocols based on ultrasonication with aqueous buffers and/or organic solvents of different polarities. Optimal recoveries were obtained by using pure methanol or mixtures of methanol/acetonitrile and methanol/isopropanol, depending on both the device and the target analytes. The method was fully validated according to both ISO17025 and the requirements of the World Anti-Doping Agency: all the analytes were clearly distinguishable from the matrix, with limits of detection in the range of 0.1-3.0 ng mL-1. Stability studies simulating the storage of samples before the analysis and in view of a possible re-analysis showed that most of the analytes were stable for at least 24 h at 50 °C and for at least 3 weeks at 25 and at 4 °C. The real applicability of the method was assessed by analyzing the samples collected after the administration of two model drugs, acetazolamide and deflazacort. The performance of the method was confirmed to be fit for purpose, and data obtained in blood can also be used to complement those available in urine, allowing to refine the knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Di Costanzo
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Comunità
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Stacchini
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento
Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, “Sapienza”
Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio
Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva
Italiana, Largo Giulio
Onesti, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
- REDs—Research
and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences, ISSUL—Institute of Sport
Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon—Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Garzinsky AM, Thomas A, Thevis M. Probing for factors influencing exhaled breath drug testing in sports- Pilot studies focusing on the tested individual's tobacco smoking habit and sex. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9262. [PMID: 35094434 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exhaled breath (EB) was found to be a promising matrix in the field of sports drug testing due to the non-invasive and non-intrusive sampling procedure, but significant inter-individual variations regarding detected drug concentrations have been observed in previous studies. To investigate whether the detectability of doping agents in EB is affected by sex or tobacco smoking, two administration studies were conducted with male and female smokers and nonsmokers concerning the elimination of the beta blocker propranolol and the stimulant pseudoephedrine into EB. METHODS Following the administration of 40 mg propranolol or 30 mg pseudoephedrine, a total of 19 participants, including female and male nonsmokers as well as female and male smokers, collected EB and dried blood spot (DBS) samples over a period of 24 h. Respective analyte concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, and semi-quantitative assays were characterized with regard to selectivity, limit of detection and identification, precision, linearity, and carryover. RESULTS Both propranolol and pseudoephedrine were identified in post-administration EB samples from female and male nonsmokers as well as female and male smokers, and the maximum detected drug levels ranged from 9 to 2847 pg/cartridge for propranolol and from 26 to 4805 pg/cartridge for pseudoephedrine. The corresponding DBS levels were in a range of 4-30 ng/mL for propranolol and 55-186 ng/mL for pseudoephedrine. CONCLUSIONS Neither the consumption of cigarettes nor the sex appears to represent a decisive criterion as to the detectability of propranolol or pseudoephedrine in EB, but inter-individual variations regarding the detected drug levels were observed among all studied population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Garzinsky
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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9
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Heiland CE, Ericsson M, Pohanka A, Ekström L, Marchand A. Optimizing detection of erythropoietin receptor agonists from dried blood spots for anti-doping application. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1377-1386. [PMID: 35322582 PMCID: PMC9544842 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) has recently implemented dried blood spots (DBSs) as a matrix for doping control. However, specifications regarding the analysis of the class of prohibited substances called erythropoietin (EPO) receptor agonists (ERAs) from DBSs are not yet described. The aim of this study was to find optimal conditions (sample volume and storage) to sensitively detect endogenous erythropoietin (hEPO) and prohibited ERAs from DBSs and compare detection limits to WADA‐stipulated minimum required performance levels (MRPLs) for ERAs in serum/plasma samples. Venous whole blood was spotted onto Whatman 903 DBS cards with primarily 60 μl of blood, but various volumes from 20 to75 μl were tested. All samples were immunopurified with MAIIA EPO Purification Gel kit (EPGK) and analysed with sodium N‐lauroylsarcosinate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SAR‐PAGE) and Western blot. Sixty‐microliter DBSs allowed the detection of the four main ERAs (BRP, NESP, CERA and EPO‐Fc) at concentrations close to WADA's MRPLs described for 500 μl of serum/plasma. Different storage temperatures, from −20°C to 37°C, were evaluated and did not affect ERA detection. A comparison of the detection of endogenous EPO from the different anti‐doping matrices (urine, serum and DBSs produced from upper arm capillary blood) from five participants for 6 weeks was performed. Endogenous EPO extracted from DBSs showed intra‐individual variations in male and female subjects, but less than in urine. Doping controls would benefit from the stability of ERAs on DBSs: It can be a complementary matrix for ERA analysis, particularly in the absence of EPO signals in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel E Heiland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratoire AntiDopage Français (LADF), Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anton Pohanka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Marchand
- Laboratoire AntiDopage Français (LADF), Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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10
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Jing J, Shan Y, Liu Z, Yan H, Xiang P, Chen P, Xu X. Automated online dried blood spot sample preparation and detection of anabolic steroid esters for sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1040-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
| | - Yuanhong Shan
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Department, Thermo Fisher Scientific Shanghai China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Peijie Chen
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Anti‐doping Laboratory Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
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11
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Interest of HRMS systems in analytical toxicology: Focus on doping products. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Savkovic S, Ly LP, Desai R, Howa J, Nair V, Eichner D, Handelsman DJ. Detection of testosterone microdosing in healthy females. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:653-666. [PMID: 34811948 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ready detectability of synthetic androgens by mass spectrometry (MS)-based antidoping tests has reoriented androgen doping to using testosterone (T), which must be distinguished from its endogenous counterpart making detection of exogenous T harder. We investigated urine and serum steroid and hematological profiling individually and combined to determine the optimal detection model for T administration in women. Twelve healthy females provided six paired blood and urine samples over 2 weeks prior to treatment consisting of 12.5-mg T in a topical transdermal gel applied daily for 7 days. Paired blood and urine samples were then obtained at the end of treatment and Days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days later. Compliance with treatment and sampling was high, and no adverse effects were reported. T treatment significantly increased serum and urine T, serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), urine 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol) epitestosterone (E), and urine T/E ratio with a brief window of detection (2-4 days) as well as total and immature (medium and high fluorescence) reticulocytes that remained elevated over the full 14 posttreatment days. Carbon isotope ratio MS and the OFF score and Abnormal Blood Profile score (ABPS) were not discriminatory. The optimal multivariate model to identify T exposure combined serum T, urine T/E ratio with three hematological variables (% high fluorescence reticulocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and volume) with the five variables providing 93% correct classification (4% false positive, 10% false negatives). Hence, combining select serum and urine steroid MS variables with reticulocyte measures can achieve a high but imperfect detection of T administration to healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lam P Ly
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Piper T, Geyer H, Haenelt N, Huelsemann F, Schaenzer W, Thevis M. Current Insights into the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:863-878. [PMID: 34049412 PMCID: PMC8445669 DOI: 10.1055/a-1481-8683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the class of anabolic androgenic steroids has represented the most frequently detected doping agents in athletes' urine samples. Roughly 50% of all adverse analytical findings per year can be attributed to anabolic androgenic steroids, of which about 2/3 are synthetic exogenous steroids, where a qualitative analytical approach is sufficient for routine doping controls. For the remaining 1/3 of findings, caused by endogenous steroid-derived analytical test results, a more sophisticated quantitative approach is required, as their sheer presence in urine cannot be directly linked to an illicit administration. Here, the determination of urinary concentrations and concentration ratios proved to be a suitable tool to identify abnormal steroid profiles. Due to the large inter-individual variability of both concentrations and ratios, population-based thresholds demonstrated to be of limited practicability, leading to the introduction of the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport. The passport enabled the generation of athlete-specific individual reference ranges for steroid profile parameters. Besides an increase in sensitivity, several other aspects like sample substitution or numerous confounding factors affecting the steroid profile are addressed by the Athlete Biological Passport-based approach. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview on current prospects, supporting professionals in sports drug testing and steroid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Haenelt
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Huelsemann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schaenzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)
Cologne/Bonn Germany
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14
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Lišková M, Čačková K, Rejtharová M. New approach to derivatisation for oestradiol esters detection in animal blood plasma using negative chemical ionisation GC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1157-1168. [PMID: 33955829 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1916095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 1996, the EU prohibited the use of substances with anabolic action for food-producing animals (EU Directive 96/22/EC). In cases of illegal use of steroid hormones, these substances are usually applied to the animals in the form of esters. The reliable determination of intact steroid esters in animal tissues or body fluids is an unequivocal proof of illegal treatment of animals with EU prohibited anabolic substances. Previously our laboratory developed a sensitive method for determination of oestradiol benzoate and other steroid esters in blood plasma using LC-MS/MS, validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This study describes a GC-MS method which has been developed for five oestradiol esters in blood plasma. The sample preparation procedure consisted of protein precipitation, phospholipids removal and cleaning on an alumina column. Oestradiol esters were derivatised with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (PFBCl) and pyridine in dichloromethane. The measurement of oestradiol esters was carried out by GC-MS/NCI with Cool On-Column injection. Methane was used as a negative chemical ionisation reagent gas. The method for determination of oestradiol esters in blood plasma has been validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision limits for all analytes were observed below 0.05 ng mL-1. The method is robust for bovine and porcine plasma analyses and can be applied both for screening and confirmatory determination in routine residue monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lišková
- National Reference Laboratory for residues of banned substances, ÚSKVBL - Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Čačková
- National Reference Laboratory for residues of banned substances, ÚSKVBL - Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rejtharová
- National Reference Laboratory for residues of banned substances, ÚSKVBL - Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Abstract
A series of dried blood spot (DBS) detection methods for doping agents have been developed in the last two decades. The DBS technique minimizes invasiveness and reduces storage and shipping costs. Recently, the World Anti-Doping Agency announced the use of DBS for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games owing to the advantages of the DBS application in routine doping control. Therefore the further development of detection methods for doping agents in DBS is important and urgent. This review summarizes five aspects of DBS application in doping analysis: sample collection, storage conditions, pretreatment, instrumentation and validation according to the Prohibited List issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and proposes some suggestions for future studies of DBS in doping analysis.
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16
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de la Torre X, Iannone M, Botrè F. Improving the detection of anabolic steroid esters in human serum by LC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113807. [PMID: 33281003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection of the abuse of pseudo-endogenous steroids in sport is articulated in two different levels: an initial testing procedure, based on the longitudinal evaluation of the urinary androgenic steroid profile by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MSn), and a confirmation analysis, based on the differentiation between the endogenous and exogenous origin of the pseudo-endogenous steroids by gas-chromatography coupled to isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). The abuse of pharmaceutical preparations displaying a carbon isotopic composition values within a range similar to those reported for endogenous urinary steroids makes more difficult the application of GC/C/IRMS technique. To overcome this limitation, the direct detection of an intact synthetic anabolic steroid ester in blood matrices (plasma and/or serum) could supply the unequivocal proof of exogenous administration of pseudo-endogenous steroids. Here we are presenting a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 14 testosterone (T) esters and 2 nandrolone (Nand) esters in human serum. Sample pre-treatment consisted of protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization. The formation of three different derivatives (oxime derivatives, Girard P and Girard T hydrazones) is considered, in order to guarantee an improvement in the detection capability of the assay with respect to underivatized compounds. Once the most suitable derivative was selected, the method was validated, according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria, in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), extraction recovery, matrix effect (ion suppression/enhancement), carry over and autosampler stability. The formation of Girard P hydrazones of T and Nand esters provides the best results compared to the underivatized compounds, oxime and Girard T derivatives, respectively. The presented analytical method is specific for all considered compounds and linear in the range of concentrations investigated (0.25-10 ng/mL). The LODs are between 0.03 and 0.30 ng/mL, the extraction recovery higher than 70 % for all esters and no remarkable matrix effect, expressed in terms of ion enhancement and ion suppression, was observed. Finally, the developed and validate method was applied in the analysis of serum samples collected after the administration of a single dose (40 mg, 1 capsule) of testosterone undecanoate (Andriol ®) demonstrating its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, Italy; Institute of Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Synathlon, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Luginbühl M, Gaugler S. Dried blood spots for anti-doping: Why just going volumetric may not be sufficient. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:69-73. [PMID: 33201591 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The perspective discusses quantitative DBS analysis for anti-doping testing in an athletic population and why only using volumetric sampling for this subgroup might not be enough. It presents examples to highlight where HCT variations occur, followed by a whole blood to plasma ratio and an HCT extraction bias discussion. Finally, options to correct for the HCT bias are presented.
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18
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Matraszek-Zuchowska I, Wozniak B, Sielska K, Posyniak A. Determination of selected testosterone esters in blood serum of slaughter animals by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2020; 163:108723. [PMID: 32882255 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic hormones, which cause muscle growth, have been banned for anabolic purposes in animal husbandry in Europe since the 1980s. Control of hormones from the list of Annex I to Directive 96/23/EC is mandatory in the European Union. The presence of hormones in samples of animal origin may be due to their endogeneous nature or illegal use. One way to distinguish their origin is to study hormones, particularly steroids in the form of ester derivatives. In the body synthetic hormone esters could be only exogenous therefore their detection in animal tissues is the undisputed evidence of illegal administration. The analytical procedure involves the extraction of esters from serum with organic solvents, derivatisation with methoxyamine and detection by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method was approved in accordance with the applicable legislative criteria and its effectiveness was verified in the proficiency test. The research material consisted of bovine serum samples officially taken. During the validation good apparent recovery, precision, decision limits and detection capabilities in the range 0.006-0.012 µg L-1 and 0.010-0.020 µg L-1 respectively were obtained. The developed method met the criteria for confirmation set out in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Since the inclusion of serum in 2018 for testing for testosterone esters in the National Residue Control Program, 130 samples have been examined. In none of the serum samples, esters above the decision limits were found. The control of animals and food of animal origin for hormone esters will be continued to ensure the health and safety of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Matraszek-Zuchowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Barbara Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sielska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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19
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Moeller BC, Yang Z. Evaluation of dried blood spots as an alternative sample matrix for equine antidoping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:386-396. [PMID: 33001574 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the abuse of prohibited substances such as anabolic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators, β-adrenoceptor agonists, and blood doping agents is of great interest to racing authorities. The use of dried blood spots (DBS) as an alternative sampling approach may be a feasible approach for controlling the use of these agents. To assess the feasibility of using DBS in equine blood, an 11-min liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer following extraction from Whatman 903 DBS cards. A total of 50 compounds across multiple compound classes were detectable with reproducible results. The stability was assessed with good results after almost 3 months of storage at ambient temperatures. These results suggest that the use of DBS may be a feasible alternative sampling approach in equine drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Moeller
- Kenneth L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zicheng Yang
- Mass Spectrometry Deptartment, Bruker Scientific LLC, San Jose, CA, USA
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20
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Determination of anabolic steroids in dried blood using microsampling and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a testosterone gel administration study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Solheim SA, Jessen S, Mørkeberg J, Thevis M, Dehnes Y, Eibye K, Hostrup M, Nordsborg NB. Single‐dose administration of clenbuterol is detectable in dried blood spots. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1366-1372. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amalie Solheim
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Sport Anti Doping Denmark Brøndby Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry / Center for Preventive Doping Research German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Kasper Eibye
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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22
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23
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Van Renterghem P, Viaene W, Van Gansbeke W, Barrabin J, Iannone M, Polet M, T'Sjoen G, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Validation of an ultra-sensitive detection method for steroid esters in plasma for doping analysis using positive chemical ionization GC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1141:122026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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24
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Uribe B, González O, Blanco ME, Albóniga OE, Alonso ML, Alonso RM. Analysis of the Heterogeneous Distribution of Amiloride and Propranolol in Dried Blood Spot by UHPLC-FLD and MALDI-IMS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234320. [PMID: 31779239 PMCID: PMC6930677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) has lately experienced an increase in its use in bioanalysis due to its several advantages compared with traditional blood sampling methods. Nevertheless, the use of DBS with quantitative purposes is hindered by the heterogeneous distribution of some compounds in the supporting matrix and the dependence of the response on different factors, such as the hematocrit, blood volume, and sampling position. In this study the effect of those factors in the analytical response was investigated by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection, using amiloride and propranolol as model compounds. The results showed a heterogeneous and drug-dependent distribution of the compounds in the blood spot. While amiloride concentration was higher in the center, propranolol concentration was higher in the periphery of the spot. Besides, the influence of the hematocrit on the quantitative results was observed. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-IMS) has allowed study of the distribution of the two cardiovascular drugs when they were placed in the DBS card using water:methanol solutions, demonstrating that they followed a similar distribution pattern as in blood. This work has showed the potentiality of the MALDI-IMS technique to predict the distribution of the drugs in the DBS card.
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25
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Development of two complementary LC–HRMS methods for analyzing sotatercept in dried blood spots for doping controls. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:923-940. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: sotatercept is a therapeutic Fc-fusion protein with erythropoiesis-stimulating activity. Due to a potential abuse of the drug by athletes in professional sports, a sensitive detection method is required. In sports drug testing, alternative matrices such as dried blood spots (DBS) are gaining increasing attention as they can provide several advantages over conventional matrices. Materials & methods: Herein, two complementary LC–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detection methods for sotatercept from DBS, an initial testing procedure (ITP) and a confirmation procedure (CP) were developed and validated for the first time. Both methods comprise an ultrasonication-assisted extraction, affinity enrichment, proteolytic digestion and HRMS detection. Results & conclusion: For the multianalyte ITP, artificial samples fortified with sotatercept, luspatercept and bimagrumab, and authentic specimens containing bimagrumab were successfully analyzed as proof-of-concept. The validated detection methods for sotatercept are fit for purpose and the ITP was shown to be suitable for the detection of novel IgG-based pharmaceuticals in doping control DBS samples.
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26
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A next-generation newborn screening pilot study: NGS on dried blood spots detects causal mutations in patients with inherited metabolic diseases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17641. [PMID: 29247206 PMCID: PMC5732277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The range of applications performed on dried blood spots (DBS) widely broadened during the past decades to now include next-generation sequencing (NGS). Previous publications provided a general overview of NGS capacities on DBS-extracted DNA but did not focus on the identification of specific disorders. We thus aimed to demonstrate that NGS was reliable for detecting pathogenic mutations on genomic material extracted from DBS. Assuming the future implementation of NGS technologies into newborn screening (NBS), we conducted a pilot study on fifteen patients with inherited metabolic disorders. Blood was collected from DBS. Whole-exome sequencing was performed, and sequences were analyzed with a specific focus on genes related to NBS. Results were compared to the known pathogenic mutations previously identified by Sanger sequencing. Causal mutations were readily characterized, and multiple polymorphisms have been identified. According to variant database prediction, an unexplained homozygote pathogenic mutation, unrelated to patient’s disorder, was also found in one sample. While amount and quality of DBS-extracted DNA are adequate to identify causal mutations by NGS, bioinformatics analysis revealed critical drawbacks: coverage fluctuations between regions, difficulties in identifying insertions/deletions, and inconsistent reliability of database-referenced variants. Nevertheless, results of this study lead us to consider future perspectives regarding “next-generation” NBS.
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27
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Thevis M, Krug O, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Expanding analytical options in sports drug testing: Mass spectrometric detection of prohibited substances in exhaled breath. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1290-1296. [PMID: 28508503 PMCID: PMC5519941 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Continuously refining and advancing the strategies and methods employed in sports drug testing is critical for efficient doping controls. Besides improving and expanding the spectrum of target analytes, alternative test matrices have warranted in-depth evaluation as they commonly allow for minimal-/non-invasive and non-intrusive sample collection. In this study, the potential of exhaled breath (EB) as doping control specimen was assessed. METHODS EB collection devices employing a non-woven electret-based air filter unit were used to generate test specimens, simulating a potential future application in doping controls. A multi-analyte sports drug testing approach configured for a subset of 12 model compounds that represent specific classes of substances prohibited in sports (anabolic agents, hormone and metabolic modulators, stimulants, and beta-blockers) was established using unispray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and applied to spiked and elimination study EB samples. The test method was characterized concerning specificity, assay imprecision, and limits of detection. RESULTS The EB collection device allowed for retaining and extracting all selected model compounds from the EB aerosol. Following elution and concentration, LC/MS/MS analysis enabled detection limits between 5 and 100 pg/filter and imprecisions ranging from 3% to 20% for the 12 selected model compounds. By means of EB samples from patients and participants of administration studies, the elimination of relevant compounds and, thus, their traceability in EB for doping control purposes, was investigated. Besides stimulants such as methylhexaneamine and pseudoephedrine, also the anabolic-androgenic steroid dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, the metabolic modulator meldonium, and the beta-blocker bisoprolol was detected in exhaled breath. CONCLUSIONS The EB aerosol has provided a promising proof-of-concept suggesting the expansion of this testing strategy as a complement to currently utilized sports drug testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)Cologne/Bonn
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)Cologne/Bonn
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)Cologne/Bonn
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University CologneAm Sportpark Müngersdorf 650933CologneGermany
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28
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Pizzato EC, Filonzi M, Rosa HSD, de Bairros AV. Pretreatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:641-656. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1351015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Filonzi
- Setor de Química Especial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hemerson Silva da Rosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - André Valle de Bairros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado a Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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29
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Kwok KY, Choi TL, Kwok WH, Wong JK, Wan TS. Detection of anabolic and androgenic steroids and/or their esters in horse hair using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1493:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Ferro P, Ventura R, Pérez-Mañá C, Farré M, Segura J. Evaluation of fibronectin 1 in one dried blood spot and in urine after rhGH treatment. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1011-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ferro
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
| | - R. Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Pérez-Mañá
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés; Bellaterra Spain
| | - M. Farré
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés; Bellaterra Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP; Badalona Spain
| | - J. Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; Barcelona Spain
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31
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Rejtharová M, Rejthar L, Čačková K. Determination of testosterone esters and estradiol esters in bovine and porcine blood serum. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:477-481. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1268272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Thevis M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W. Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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33
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Reverter-Branchat G, Bosch J, Vall J, Farré M, Papaseit E, Pichini S, Segura J. Determination of Recent Growth Hormone Abuse Using a Single Dried Blood Spot. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1353-60. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.257592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Although it is being increasingly applied, blood collection for drug testing in sport presents some logistic issues that complicate full applicability on a large scale. The use of dried blood spots (DBS) could benefit compliant blood testing considerably owing to its simplicity, minimal invasiveness, analyte stability, and reduced costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of DBS to the methodology approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for detection of doping by recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in serum.
METHODS
A protocol for a single DBS analysis using the hGH isoforms differential immunoassays (kit 1 and kit 2) was developed and validated. A clinical study with healthy volunteers injected for 3 consecutive days with a low subcutaneous dose (0.027 mg · kg−1 · day−1 · person−1) of rhGH was conducted. Finger prick DBS and paired-time serum samples from arm venipuncture were compared.
RESULTS
The analysis of the DBS-based protocol indicated that with only a single blood spot it was possible to detect positivity for growth hormone abuse. In spite of the low rhGH dose administered and independently of the kit used, the window of detection for DBS was confirmed in all analyzed samples up to 8 h after rhGH administration and extended up to 12 h in 50% of the cases. Serum positivity was detected in all studied samples for 12 h after administration.
CONCLUSIONS
These results support the usefulness of DBS as a biological matrix for testing recent growth hormone abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reverter-Branchat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Vall
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès (Bellaterra), Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Badalona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès (Bellaterra), Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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Stabilized dried blood spot collection. Anal Biochem 2016; 506:28-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Tretzel L, Thomas A, Piper T, Hedeland M, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Fully automated determination of nicotine and its major metabolites in whole blood by means of a DBS online-SPE LC-HR-MS/MS approach for sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 123:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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36
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Forsdahl G, Erceg D, Geisendorfer T, Turkalj M, Plavec D, Thevis M, Tretzel L, Gmeiner G. Detection of testosterone esters in blood. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:983-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Damir Erceg
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | | | - Mirjana Turkalj
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | - Davor Plavec
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit; Zagreb Croatia
- Josip Juraj Strostamyer University of Osijek, Medical School; Osijek Croatia
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Laura Tretzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University; Cologne Germany
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
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37
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Verplaetse R, Henion J. Quantitative determination of opioids in whole blood using fully automated dried blood spot desorption coupled to on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:30-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Henion
- Q Solutions; 19 Brown Rd Ithaca NY 14850 USA
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38
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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39
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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40
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Kojima A, Nishitani Y, Sato M, Kageyama S, Dohi M, Okano M. Comparison of urine analysis and dried blood spot analysis for the detection of ephedrine and methylephedrine in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:189-98. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asami Kojima
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Sato
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinji Kageyama
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Michiko Dohi
- Medical Centre; Japan Institute of Sports Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
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41
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Determination of Synacthen® in dried blood spots for doping control analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4709-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Doué M, Dervilly-Pinel G, Pouponneau K, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Direct analysis in real time - high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS): a high throughput strategy for identification and quantification of anabolic steroid esters. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:603-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Doué
- LUNAM Université, Oniris; Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Atlanpole-La-Chantrerie, CS 50707 Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris; Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Atlanpole-La-Chantrerie, CS 50707 Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Karinne Pouponneau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris; Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Atlanpole-La-Chantrerie, CS 50707 Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris; Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Atlanpole-La-Chantrerie, CS 50707 Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris; Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Atlanpole-La-Chantrerie, CS 50707 Nantes F-44307 France
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