1
|
Mozayad AN, Fouad MA, Elkady EF. Utilizing experimental design and desirability function in optimizing RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of some skeletal muscle relaxants and analgesics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10360. [PMID: 38710733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
An experimental design and response surface methodologies using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs were applied for selecting and optimizing the most appropriate parameters which significantly affect the separation and quantitative estimation of five skeletal muscle relaxants and four analgesic drugs (baclofen, methocarbamol, dantrolene sodium, orphenadrine citrate, cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, ketoprofen, etoricoxib, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid) with a relatively short duration of analysis in a single run. For the separation of the nine drugs, an INERTSIL ODS-V3-5 µm C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm I.D.) was used with the optimum mobile phase conditions (45.15 mM ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.56 adjusted with acetic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol in a ratio of 30.5:29.5:40, v/v/v with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min) and UV-detection at 220 nm. The optimized method was successfully subjected to the validation steps as described in ICH guidelines for linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity. The optimized and validated method was effectively applied to determine the content of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations and to expand its applicability to the counterfeit estimation of etoricoxib in different brands of tablet dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub N Mozayad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ehab F Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pujol C, Danoun S, Biasini G, Retailleau E, Masson J, Balayssac S, Gilard V. Benchtop NMR Coupled with Chemometrics: A Workflow for Unveiling Hidden Drug Ingredients in Honey-Based Supplements. Molecules 2024; 29:2086. [PMID: 38731577 PMCID: PMC11085444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers utilizing permanent magnets have emerged as versatile tools with applications across various fields, including food and pharmaceuticals. Their efficacy is further enhanced when coupled with chemometric methods. This study presents an innovative approach to leveraging a compact benchtop NMR spectrometer coupled with chemometrics for screening honey-based food supplements adulterated with active pharmaceutical ingredients. Initially, fifty samples seized by French customs were analyzed using a 60 MHz benchtop spectrometer. The investigation unveiled the presence of tadalafil in 37 samples, sildenafil in 5 samples, and a combination of flibanserin with tadalafil in 1 sample. After conducting comprehensive qualitative and quantitative characterization of the samples, we propose a chemometric workflow to provide an efficient screening of honey samples using the NMR dataset. This pipeline, utilizing partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models, enables the classification of samples as either adulterated or non-adulterated, as well as the identification of the presence of tadalafil or sildenafil. Additionally, PLS regression models are employed to predict the quantitative content of these adulterants. Through blind analysis, this workflow allows for the detection and quantification of adulterants in these honey supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pujol
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Saïda Danoun
- Laboratoire SPCMIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5068, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Ghislaine Biasini
- Département de Chimie, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; (G.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Emmanuel Retailleau
- Département de Chimie, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France; (G.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Jessica Masson
- SCL, Laboratoire d’Île-de-France, 25 Avenue de la République, 91300 Massy, France;
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Laboratoire Softmat, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kee CL, Ge X, Low MY, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M. Analytical methods for the detection and characterization of unapproved phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) used in adulteration of dietary supplements- a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1495-1530. [PMID: 38011602 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2279567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is an up-to-date review of 112 unapproved phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) found as adulterants in sexual enhancement dietary supplements and other products from 2003 to July 2023. Seventy-five of these unapproved PDE-5i are analogues of sildenafil (67%), followed by 26 analogues of tadalafil (23%), 9 analogues of vardenafil (8%) and 2 other type of compounds (2%). The products have been formulated in various packaging, primarily in capsule, tablet, and powder forms. Common screening techniques allowing detection of such analogues include high performance or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in tandem with ultra-violet detector (HPLC-UV or UPLC-UV) (50%) and thin-layer chromatography in tandem with ultra-violet detection (TLC-UV) (7%). Screening by mass spectrometry (MS) is relatively less common with the use of single-, triple-quadrupole or time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers (9%). Meanwhile, the combined detection by UV-MS has been recorded at 10% usage. Screening by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (11%) has also been applied. For compound characterization, i.e. structural elucidation, NMR spectroscopy has been preferred (100 out of 112 compounds), followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (74 out of 112 compounds) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (44 out of 112 compounds). Over the past two decades, analytical technology has been evolving with enhanced sensitivity and resolution. Despite this, structural elucidation of the new emerging analogues in adulterated dietary supplements remains a challenge, especially when the analogues involve complex structural modification. Therefore, the above-mentioned techniques may not be adequate to characterize the analogues. Additional work involving chiroptical methods, two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiments and X-ray crystallography are likely to be required in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Leong Kee
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Xiaowei Ge
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Min-Yong Low
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Laboratoire IMRCP (UMR CNRS 5623), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giannetti L, Gallo V, Necci F, Marini F, Giorgi A, Sonego E, D'Onofrio F, Neri B. LC-HRMS analysis of 13 classes of pharmaceutical substances in food supplements. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:253-265. [PMID: 37287090 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2214883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Food supplements should not contain substances considered unsafe or pose a health risk to consumers. In recent years illegal adulterants have been found in various functional foods without notification of their presence or amount in the labelling. In this study, a validated method was developed and applied as a screening method to detect 124 forbidden substances belonging to 13 classes of compounds in food supplements. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and a simple and rapid extraction protocol was applied to 110 food supplements collected from the internet market or during official controls in Italy. The percentage of non-compliant samples was 4.5%, relatively high compared with the official control results for these substances usually obtained on other food matrices. The results suggested the need to strengthen controls in this field to detect food supplement adulteration, which represents a potential health risk for the consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Giannetti
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Necci
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Marini
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Sonego
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Onofrio
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Neri
- Laboratorio Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma MH, Zhang JN, Ma XL, Wang XC, Ma FL, Liu JN, Lv Y, Yu YJ, She Y. Using UHPLC-HRMS-based comprehensive strategy to efficiently and accurately screen and identify illegal additives in health-care foods. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113015. [PMID: 37316023 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurately and high-thoroughly screening illegal additives in health-care foods continues to be a challenging task in routine analysis for the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry based techniques. In this work, we proposed a new strategy to identify additives in complex food matrices, which consists of both experimental design and advanced chemometric data analysis. At first, reliable features in the analyzed samples were screened based on a simple but efficient sample weighting design, and those related to illegal additives were screened with robust statistical analysis. After the MS1 in-source fragment ion identification, both MS1 and MS/MS spectra were constructed for each underlying compound, based on which illegal additives can be precisely identified. The performance of the developed strategy was demonstrated by using mixture and synthetic sample datasets, indicating an improvement of data analysis efficiency up to 70.3 %. Finally, the developed strategy was applied for the screening of unknown additives in 21 batches of commercially available health-care foods. Results indicated that at least 80 % of false-positive results can be reduced and 4 additives were screened and confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia-Ni Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xing-Ling Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xing-Cai Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng-Lian Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia-Nan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Ningxia Inspection and Research Institution of Food Control, Yinchuan 750000, China
| | - Yong-Jie Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Ningxia Minority Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Yuanbin She
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gheorghiu ORC, Ciobanu AM, Guțu CM, Chițescu CL, Costea GV, Anghel DM, Vlasceanu AM, Baconi DL. Determination of Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitors (PDE-5) in Dietary Supplements. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104116. [PMID: 37241857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposed a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) screening method to detect phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors as possible adulterant agents in various dietary supplements. Chromatographic analysis was performed on silica gel 60F254 plates using a mixture of ethyl acetate:toluene:methanol:ammonia in a volume ratio of 50:30:20:0.5 as a mobile phase. The system provided compact spots and symmetrical peaks of sildenafil and tadalafil with retardation factor values of 0.55 and 0.90, respectively. The analysis of products purchased from the internet or specialized stores demonstrated the presence of sildenafil, tadalafil, or both compounds in 73.3% of products, highlighting inadequacies and inconsistencies in the labeling, as all dietary supplements were declared to be natural. The results were confirmed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a positive electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS-MS) method. Furthermore, in some samples, vardenafil and various analogs of PDE-5 inhibitors were detected using a non-target HRMS-MS approach. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed similar findings between the two methods, with adulterant quantities found to be similar to or higher than those in approved medicinal products. This study demonstrated that the HPTLC method is a suitable and economical method for screening PDE-5 inhibitors as adulterants in dietary supplements intended for sexual activity enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Ramona Cătălina Gheorghiu
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anne Marie Ciobanu
- Department of Drug Analysis, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudia Maria Guțu
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Lidia Chițescu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galați, 32 Eroilor Street, 800119 Galați, Romania
| | - Giorgiana Valentina Costea
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galați, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galați, Romania
| | - Daniela Mădălina Anghel
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Vlasceanu
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Luiza Baconi
- Department of Toxicology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 20021 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zaid A, Hassan NH, Marriott PJ, Wong YF. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography as a Bioanalytical Platform for Drug Discovery and Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041121. [PMID: 37111606 PMCID: PMC10140985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has emerged as a significant separation tool for high-resolution analysis of disease-associated metabolites and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. This review highlights recent advances of GC×GC with different detection modalities for drug discovery and analysis, which ideally improve the screening and identification of disease biomarkers, as well as monitoring of therapeutic responses to treatment in complex biological matrixes. Selected recent GC×GC applications that focus on such biomarkers and metabolite profiling of the effects of drug administration are covered. In particular, the technical overview of recent GC×GC implementation with hyphenation to the key mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that provide the benefit of enhanced separation dimension analysis with MS domain differentiation is discussed. We conclude by highlighting the challenges in GC×GC for drug discovery and development with perspectives on future trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Zaid
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Norfarizah Hanim Hassan
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ali AMBH, Abdel-Aal FAM, Rageh AH, Mohamed AMI. A Comprehensive Review on Analytical Techniques for Determination of Sex Stimulants, PDE5 Inhibitors in Different Matrices with Special Focus on the Electroanalytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-30. [PMID: 36508289 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting men and its incidence increases with aging. Due to its substantial influence on the quality of life, phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been implemented to treat ED by increasing the penile blood flow that results in improving erection. PDE5 inhibitors is a class of drugs that affects many pharmacological sectors, and it is essential to review the different analytical methods described for their determination. Few reviews were published concerning this group of drugs. For this reason, this review article gathers the different analytical methods used to determine PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical and biological samples over the past 20 years. Different analytical techniques were used to analyze these compounds in different matrices such as separation methods (capillary electrophoresis, LC-MS, UPLC-MS/MS, and GC-MS), spectroscopic methods (UV-visible methods, FT-IR spectroscopy and spectrofluorometry) and electrochemical methods (polarography, voltammetry and potentiometry). This review focuses on the different electrochemical methods and their use in analytical determination of PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. Moreover, it discusses the different modified electrodes used for their electroanalytical determination and the behavior of the studied drugs at different modified electrodes. Additionally, this review discusses the pharmacokinetics of the studied compounds and their interactions with other co-administered drugs especially the metabolic interactions between the studied compounds and other co-administered drugs in different matrices. This literature survey would provide a beneficial guide for future analytical investigation of PDE5 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma A M Abdel-Aal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azza H Rageh
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Maaboud I Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ayad MM, Hosny MM, Metias YM. Green micellar liquid chromatographic analysis of alfuzosin hydrochloride and sildenafil citrate in a binary mixture compared to classical RPLC with stability indicating studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:41-51. [PMID: 35754330 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2093896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two simple and validated chromatographic studies were performed for simultaneous estimation of sildenafil citrate and alfuzosin hydrochloride in bulk, pharmaceuticals, and in the presence of their main degradation products. Two systems of mobile phase were applied isocratically for their first chromatographic separation using conventional and micellar mobile phases. Methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (43:14:43 v/v; pH 4.66) were pumped at 1.3 mL/min in method I. Meanwhile, method II was based on less hazardous micellar mobile phase of nonionic surfactant (0.005 M Brij-35 in water; pH 2.5 adjusted with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Both methods were carried on C18 column and coupled with UV detection at 225 nm at ambient temperature. The first method was rectilinear over the concentration range of 5-62.5 μg/mL for both drugs, while the second method showed higher linearity ranges of 0.5-40, 2.5-62.5 μg/mL for alfuzosin hydrochloride and sildenafil citrate, respectively. The developed methods successfully enabled the quantification of the studied binary mixture in their tablets dosage form and evaluation their stabilities. Validation of the proposed methods according to ICH guidelines and system suitability were ascertained. Moreover, the applied methods were evaluated and compared from the perspective of green analytical chemistry, employing the National Environmental Methods Index, analytical Eco-Scale score, and Green Analytical Procedure Index, as three assessment tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Mohamed Ayad
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt
| | - Mervat Mohamed Hosny
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt
| | - Youstina Mekhail Metias
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Modern Methods for Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Undeclared Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors as Pharmaceutically Active Substances in Dietary Supplements (Review). Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Piorunska-Sedlak K, Stypulkowska K. Selectivity of identification of compounds from the group of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) in falsified products from the Polish market using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Sci Justice 2021; 61:714-722. [PMID: 34802645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Falsified drugs are a growing problem and a great threat all over the world. Searching for easy, fast, not expensive and reproducible methods for identification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is an important issue. The application of ATR-IR technique for identification of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) in falsified products from the Polish market has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the strategy of confirmation of the product's originality inaquick and easy way has been developed. The advantages of this application are: exceptional simplicity, very short measurement time, high selectivity inrelation to structurally similar substances and almost no sample preparation. After validation, developed strategy has been successfully introduced into routine analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Piorunska-Sedlak
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Stypulkowska
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen H, Zhang Y, Hua Y, Tian Y, Wang H, Xu Z, Tan X, Shen Y, Yang J. Development of a group-specific antibody-based immunoassay method for simultaneously detecting sildenafil-like adulterants in herbal spirit drinks. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:892-903. [PMID: 33938398 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors are commonly used to treat erectile dysfunction. There is a problem with synthesis and illegal use of a wide range of analogues of the licenced drugs and a simple class-wide analytical method is required. In this work, based on structural modelling, we developed an immunological method using norneovardenafil as a hapten as it contains only the general sub-structure and the common features of sildenafil-like adulterants, such as hydrophobic centres, hydrogen-bond donor atoms and hydrogen-bond acceptor atoms. Thus theoretically it could induce production of antibody which could recognise multiple sildenafil-like adulterants. By immunising rabbits, a group-specific polyclonal antibody was obtained with the desired broad-spectrum molecular recognition performance against sildenafil-like adulterants. Then, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was developed for the detection of sildenafil-like adulterants in herbal spirit drinks. Under the optimised conditions, the icELISA method showed broad linear ranges for acetildenafil, sildenafil and vardenafil respectively of 0.7 to 27.7 μg/kg, 1.0 to 70.7 μg/kg and 1.5 to 22.7 μg/kg, with half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 4.5 μg/kg, 8.3 μg/kg and 5.7 μg/kg, respectively. For eleven herbal spirit drinks, there was good agreement between total levels of sildenafil-like adulterants measured by icELISA and levels of each of four individual adulterants determined by LC-MS/MS. In short, the developed icELISA can be employed for rapid and simple screening for adulteration of herbal spirit drinks with sildenafil-like compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Chen
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongyi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yantao Hua
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuanxin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuecai Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yudong Shen
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Yang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He F, Yang J, Zou T, Xu Z, Tian Y, Sun W, Wang H, Sun Y, Lei H, Chen Z, Liu J, Tan X, Shen Y. A gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay for simultaneous detection of multiplex sildenafil adulterants in health food by only one antibody. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1141:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
Kim U, Cho HD, Kang MH, Suh JH, Eom HY, Kim J, Seo S, Kim G, Koo HR, Ha N, Song UT, Han SB. Screening of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Their Analogs in Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography-Hybrid Ion Trap-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122734. [PMID: 32545673 PMCID: PMC7355528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate and reliable method based on ion trap–time of flight mass spectrometry (IT–TOF MS) was developed for screening phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, and their analogs in dietary supplements. Various parameters affecting liquid chromatographic separation and IT–TOF detection were investigated, and the optimal conditions were determined. The separation was achieved on a reversed-phase column under gradient elution using acetonitrile and water containing 0.2% acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The chromatographic eluents were directly ionized in the IT–TOF system equipped with an electrospray ion source operating in the positive ion mode. The proposed screening method was validated by assessing its linearity, precision, and accuracy. Sequential tandem MS was conducted to obtain structural information of the references, and the fragmentation mechanism of each reference was proposed for providing spectral insight for newly synthesized analogs. Structural information, including accurate masses of both parent and fragment ions, was incorporated into the MSn spectral library. The developed method was successfully applied for screening adulterated dietary supplement samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unyong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Biocomplete Co., Ltd., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea
| | - Hyun-Deok Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Myung Hee Kang
- Agro-Livestock and Fishery Products Division, Busan Regional Korea Food and Drug Administration, 222 Geoje-daero, Yunje-gu, Busan 47537, Korea;
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
| | - Han Young Eom
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchoon-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26460, Korea;
| | - Sumin Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Hye Ryoung Koo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Nary Ha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Un Tak Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5596
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohd Yusop AY, Xiao L, Fu S. Suspected-target and non-targeted screenings of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in herbal remedies using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:965-976. [PMID: 32441056 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lucrative market of herbal remedies spurs rampant adulteration, particularly with pharmaceutical drugs and their unapproved analogues. A comprehensive screening strategy is, therefore, warranted to detect these adulterants and, accordingly, to safeguard public health. This study uses the data-dependent acquisition of liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to screen phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in herbal remedies using suspected-target and non-targeted strategies. For the suspected-target screening, we used a library comprising 95 PDE5 inhibitors. For the non-targeted screening, we adopted top-down and bottom-up approaches to flag novel PDE5 inhibitor analogues based on common fragmentation patterns. LC-QTOF-MS was optimised and validated for capsule and tablet dosage forms using 23 target analytes, selected to represent different groups of PDE5 inhibitors. The method exhibited excellent specificity and linearity with limit of detection and limit of quantification of <40 and 80 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy ranged from 79.0% to 124.7% with a precision of <14.9% relative standard deviation. The modified, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction provided insignificant matrix effect within -9.1%-8.0% and satisfactory extraction recovery of 71.5%-105.8%. These strategies were used to screen 52 herbal remedy samples that claimed to enhance male sexual performance. The suspected-target screening resulted in 33 positive samples, revealing 10 target analytes and 2 suspected analytes. Systematic MS and tandem MS interrogations using the non-targeted screening returned insignificant signals, indicating the absence of potentially novel analogues. The target analytes were quantified from 0.03 to 121.31 mg per dose of each sample. The proposed strategies ensure that all PDE5 inhibitors are comprehensively screened, providing a useful tool to curb the widespread adulteration of herbal remedies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yusri Mohd Yusop
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Ministry of Health, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Linda Xiao
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gu Y, Hu Q, Sun J, Yu H, Pan H, Zhao X, Ji S. Isolation and identification of a new sildenafil analogue, hydroxycarbodenafil, found as an adulterant in a health supplement. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
17
|
Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li C, Xu D, Moezzi B. Identification of Erectile Dysfunction Drugs in Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:261-277. [PMID: 32351143 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1758274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
With the rise in consumption of dietary supplements for various ailments such as erectile dysfunction (ED), there is concern that these supplements may contain illegally added phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor and its analogs. HPLC or LC is a general separation method, and MS is a detection technique, together LC/MS/MS technology provides the mass spectral confirmation in identifying sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and their analogs. In our present study, a sample extraction technique with 1:1 acetonitrile: water solvents and sonication was used for screening, then identification was performed using an LC coupled with Velos Pro linear ion trap mass spectrometry. This was a simple and reliable method for a variety of matrices of dietary supplements and pharmaceutical formulations in tablet, capsule or liquid form. The run time is only 6.5 min, allowing for a quick screening and identification of all of analytes of ED drugs using full scan and data-dependent scan MS/MS, except for tadalafil and aminotadalafil (MS/MS/MS). To conclude this study, Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, and other 16 analogs in dietary supplements could be quickly screened and identified by HPLC coupled with ion trap MS using data dependent scanning function. The main method using the short column is very rapid, and saves a lot of running time and solvents, and the identification is further confirmed by MS/MS information. The current study develops and validates a quick and reliable method to screen for ED drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Li
- Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Dadong Xu
- Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Bahman Moezzi
- Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Müller LS, Moreira APL, Muratt DT, Viana C, de Carvalho LM. An Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for Screening and Simultaneous Determination of Anorexic, Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, Diuretic, Laxative and Stimulant Drugs in Dietary Supplements Marketed for Weight Loss. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:528-540. [PMID: 31209501 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of dietary supplements is increasing every year all over the world and has been accompanied by an increased frequency of adulteration of these products with synthetic pharmaceuticals. Analytical methods that allow testing for the presence of synthetic drugs in dietary supplements are needed to detect such fraudulent practices. To investigate the adulteration of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss using different commercial appeals, we developed an analytical method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for simultaneous determination of 32 drugs, including anorexics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, diuretics, laxatives and stimulants. Separation was accomplished in 19 minutes using a Zorbax SB-C18 column and a gradient elution program with 0.05% formic acid in water/acetonitrile as a mobile phase. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.14 to 3.92 μg L-1, and accuracy ranged from 80.00 to 119.48%. A simple extraction procedure was used in the pretreatment step by dissolving the samples in 100% methanol followed by a 1000 to 10,000-fold dilution in the mobile phase and filtration through a Teflon membrane (0.2 μm). The method was applied to the screening and quantification of the drugs in 108 formulations marketed as food supplements for slimming, weight loss, thermogenics, and supplements for meal replacement. Caffeine and p-synephrine were found as stimulants in 80 samples, listed or not on the label.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Sabo Müller
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lançanova Moreira
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Diana Tomazi Muratt
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Viana
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Machado de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li H, Li C, An L, Deng C, Su H, Wang L, Jiang Z, Zhou J, Wang J, Zhang C, Jin F. Phthalate esters in bottled drinking water and their human exposure in Beijing, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:1-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1495272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui An
- Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy for Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lufang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zejun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Öztürk Er E, Özbek B, Bakırdere S. Accurate and sensitive determination of sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, and avanafil in illicit erectile dysfunction medications and human urine by LC with quadrupole-TOF-MS/MS and their behaviors in simulated gastric conditions. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:475-483. [PMID: 30358113 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors has attracted broad attention of counterfeiters to develop illicit erectile products with inaccurate amounts, unknown toxicity, and purity of active ingredients. Correspondingly, intake of these products endangers consumer health and needs to be screened for precautionary actions to reduce this risk. Therefore, in this study, a sensitive and rapid analytical method has been developed for simultaneous determination of selected phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors present in illicit erectile medications and human urine. Quantification of the analytes was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry system. The chromatographic separation was successfully achieved with a run period of 8 min. Low detection limits were obtained in the range of 1.63-9.81 ng/g with relative standard deviations below 7.72% obtained using the replicate measurements of lowest concentration in calibration plots. The analytical performance of the proposed method proved good linearity, low detection limits, good accuracy and precision with high percent recoveries for human urine samples. Developed method was successfully applied to real samples including four different brands of illicit erectile medications. The results obtained revealed the presence of high levels of sildenafil in analyzed samples. The behaviors of selected phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors were also studied in simulated gastric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Öztürk Er
- Chemical Engineering Department, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey
| | - Belma Özbek
- Chemical Engineering Department, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin YP, Lee YL, Hung CY, Chang CF, Chen Y. Detection of adulterated drugs in traditional Chinese medicine and dietary supplements using hydrogen as a carrier gas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205371. [PMID: 30304050 PMCID: PMC6179279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helium, a minor component of natural gas and radioactive minerals, is most commonly used as a carrier in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Its scarcity leads to limited availability and higher costs. In this experiment, hydrogen from a safe source of a hydrogen generator was tested as a substitutive carrier gas for the detection of adulterant in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and food supplements by GC-MS analysis. We found that the limits of detection (LODs) of using hydrogen were from 10 to 1000 μg/g. The levels of LODs tested among 170 drugs remain the same whether hydrogen or helium was used as a carrier gas with the exception of 7 drugs—benzbromarone, estradiol benzoate, bezafibrate, mefenamic acid, oxymetholone, piperidenafil and cetilistat. The real sample analysis results using hydrogen were as satisfactory as those using helium. In addition, the retention time was shortened after the chromatographic performance was optimized. In summary, it is worth considering hydrogen as a carrier gas due to its affordable costs, energy efficiency, carbon reduction and chromatographic advantages to detect adulterated drugs in TCM and dietary supplement using GC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ping Lin
- Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail: (YPL); (YLL); (CFC)
| | - Ying-Lin Lee
- Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail: (YPL); (YLL); (CFC)
| | - Chien-Ya Hung
- Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuan-Fa Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YPL); (YLL); (CFC)
| | - Yi Chen
- Public Health Bureau, Tainan City Government, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang XB, Zheng J, Li JJ, Yu HY, Li QY, Xu LH, Liu MJ, Xian RQ, Sun YE, Liu BJ. Simultaneous analysis of 23 illegal adulterated aphrodisiac chemical ingredients in health foods and Chinese traditional patent medicines by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:1138-1153. [PMID: 29976406 PMCID: PMC9303026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an application of ultra high-performance liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-TOF high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF HRMS) for simultaneous analysis of 23 illegal adulterated aphrodisiac type chemical ingredients in health foods and Chinese Traditional Patent Medicines (CTPMs). The mass spectrometer was operated in Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA) mode, which provides crucial information for the elemental composition analysis, structure elucidation and quantitative analysis simultaneously. Quantitative analysis was performed using the peak areas of the precursor ions in the XICs. The method validation included assessment of selectivity, sensitivity, calibration curve, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability. The results show good linear relationship with the concentrations of the analytes over wide concentration ranges (e.g., 0.05–10 μg/g for sildenafil) as all the fitting coefficients of determination r2 are >0.9984. The detection limits (LODs) were in the range of 0.002–0.1 μg/g. The recoveries were able to reach 82.5–103.6%, while the matrix effects ranged from 87.7 to 109.3%. The intra- and inter-day accuracies were in the range of 82.3–113.8%, while the intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 0.4 to 13.6%. Among 40 batches of health foods and 32 batches of CTPMs (including 28 capsules, 32 tablets, 10 liquid and 2 pills) samples, 28 batches of heath foods were positive. The detected chemical ingredients involved sildenafil, tadalafil, aildenafil and sulfoaildenafil. This method can be used for the screening, identification and quantification of illegal adulterated aphrodisiac chemical ingredients in health foods and CTPMs. Moreover, the LC-Q-TOF MS is very useful to structural elucidation of unknown compound.
Collapse
|
25
|
Müller LS, Muratt DT, Molin TRD, Urquhart CG, Viana C, de Carvalho LM. Analysis of Pharmacologic Adulteration in Dietary Supplements by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Using Simultaneous Contactless Conductivity and UV Detection. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
26
|
Kee CL, Ge X, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M, Low MY. A review of synthetic phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) found as adulterants in dietary supplements. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:250-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|