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Hrichi H, Kouki N, Elkanzi NAA. Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of the Antipsychotic Drug Clozapine and Its Major Metabolites: A Review. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae016. [PMID: 38576210 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ), a second-generation antipsychotic, can effectively reduce schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression symptoms. This review provides an overview of all reported chromatographic methods (62 references) for the quantification of CLZ and its two main metabolites, norclozapine and clozapine N-oxide in pharmaceutical formulations, biological matrices and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Hrichi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Kouki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Ali Ahmed Elkanzi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Yang H, Liu C, Zhu C, Zheng Y, Li J, Zhu Q, Wang H, Fang X, Liu Q, Liang M, Liu Z. Determination of ten antipsychotics in blood, hair and nails: Validation of a LC-MS/MS method and forensic application of keratinized matrix analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115557. [PMID: 37406464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Determination of antipsychotics from biological samples is meaningful in the field of clinical and forensic medicine. Compared to blood, keratinized matrices such as hair and nails have attracted increasing attention in drug analysis for wider detection window. Nevertheless, the distribution and stability of antipsychotics in keratinized matrices are not clarified yet. Therefore, we developed a LC-MS/MS based method for simultaneous determination of 10 antipsychotics from blood, hair and nails, with high recovery (78.1-107.4%, 71.3-93.5% and 75.2-90.5%), low LOD (5-10 pg/mL, 5-10 pg/mg and 5 pg/mg) and high accuracy (96.0%-101.6%, 97.5%-102.5% and 97.6-101.7%). The method was applied to sets of blood, hair, and nail samples of 54 patients who received long-term therapy, and significant correlations between drug concentrations in blood and hair was found, while the correlation between nails and other matrices varied depending on the drug. Except for olanzapine, the concentrations of antipsychotics in segmental hair samples were consistent with drug exposure. Besides, the hair and nail samples of suspects in two forensic cases were analyzed and provided supporting evidence for the suspects' psychiatric state. Our research offered a deeper understanding of keratinized matrix as stable and retrospective bio-samples for antipsychotics detection in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhong Zhu
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Criminal Investigation Bureau, Wuhan Public Security Bureau, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Hao Wang
- Wuhan YouFu Hospital, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Quan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Hubei University of Police, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Man Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China.
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China.
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3
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Zhang YX, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Ren A, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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4
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Rygaard K, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K, Banner J, Johansen SS. Concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem hair segments. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 336:111349. [PMID: 35660811 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis can provide information regarding previous drug intake and use patterns, as the drugs consumed are incorporated into the hair. Therefore, reference values for drugs in hair are valuable in forensic investigations, especially when evaluating drug intake and assessing drug tolerance. The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of citalopram, escitalopram, and their primary metabolites in hair segments from deceased individuals with mental illness. Concentrations in up to six months prior to death were evaluated and compared with the estimated daily doses. Hair samples collected from 47 deceased individuals, were segmented in one to six 1 cm segments, and extracted overnight in medium. The concentrations in hair were quantified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Following this quantification, the extracts were reanalyzed qualitatively using a chiral method to distinguish between citalopram and escitalopram intake. We found hair concentrations (10-90 percentile (perc.)) of citalopram from 0.12 to 67 ng/mg with a median of 8.2 ng/mg (N = 40 individuals, n = 182 segments) and of escitalopram from 0.027 to 7.0 ng/mg with a median of 3.9 ng/mg (N = 4, n = 23). The metabolite-to-drug ratios in hair (10-90 perc.) of citalopram were 0.091-0.57 with a median of 0.30 (N = 39) and of escitalopram were 0.053-0.63 with a median of 0.41 (N = 3). No correlations were found between concentrations in the hair and the estimated daily dose. However, our results indicate higher concentrations in dark hair compared to light hair, given the estimated doses, and thus an influence of hair color on the results. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of citalopram in the proximal segment and the blood concentrations. The median R/S-ratio of citalopram in hair was 1.5 and was similar to previously reported ratios in blood. In the present study, we report concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem hair and their relation to an estimated daily dose and thus contribute valuable information in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
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5
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Roszkowska A, Plenis A, Kowalski P, Bączek T, Olędzka I. Recent advancements in techniques for analyzing modern, atypical antidepressants in complex biological matrices and their application in biomedical studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Ji JJ, Yan H, Xiang P, Wang X, Shen M. The Distribution of Quetiapine and 7-Hydroxyquetiapine in Guinea Pig Hair Roots and Shafts after Repeated Administration: Exploration of the Mechanism of Drug Entry and Retention in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:1042-1051. [PMID: 33242096 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of quetiapine and 7-hydroxyquetiapine in guinea pig hair roots and shafts after five repeated intragastric administrations at three doses (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg) by segmental analysis to explore the mechanism of drug entry and retention in hair. Hair root samples were collected after 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d in area A after the first dose, and a hair shaft was plucked 35 d after the first dose. The maximum concentrations of quetiapine in hair roots in the low-, medium- and high-dose groups occurred at 50, 74 and 98 h after the first administration, and the maximum concentrations were 0.71 ng/mg (range: 0.54-0.84 ng/mg), 6.72 ng/mg (range: 4.59-9.75 ng/mg) and 12.72 ng/mg (range: 10.74-15.76 ng/mg), respectively. The maximum concentrations of 7-hydroxyquetiapine in the low-, medium- and high-dose groups were 0.67 ng/mg (0.23-1.15 ng/mg), 1.07 ng/mg (0.44-1.19 ng/mg) and 3.92 ng/mg (0.656.14 ng/mg), respectively, at 26 h. The maximum concentrations of quetiapine and 7-hydroxyquetiapine in hair roots were significantly positively correlated with the dose (n = 18; r2 = 0.84; P < 0.0001 for quetiapine and n = 18; r2 = 0.61; P = 0.0001 for 7-hydroxyquetiapine). The concentrations of quetiapine and 7-hydroxyquetiapine in hair roots were higher than those in hair shafts 10 d after administration, indicating drug and metabolite entry into the hair through the roots in the first few days after administration. The highest concentrations of quetiapine in the hair shaft in the low-, medium- and high-dose groups were found at the hair ends, and 7-hydroxyquetiapine in the hair shaft showed no obvious peak concentration. Combined with previous studies, we think, by analyzing the drug concentrations in the hair roots and shaft, that the most important way for drugs to enter into and be retained in hair is that the drug enters the hair through the blood circulation from hair root, then spreads and redistributes as the hair grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China.,Criminal Justice College, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, 200042, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, 200063, China
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7
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Rygaard K, Linnet K, Johansen SS. A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. Metabolites 2021; 11:686. [PMID: 34677401 PMCID: PMC8539361 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.L.); (S.S.J.)
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8
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Kanu AB. Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462444. [PMID: 34380070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article compares and contrasts sample preparation techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and describes applications developed in biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene in the last two decades. The proper sample preparation technique can offer valued data for a targeted application when coupled to HPLC and a suitable detector. Improvements in sample preparation techniques in the last two decades have resulted in efficient extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration in a single step, thus providing a pathway to tackle complex matrix applications. Applications such as biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, environmental/industrial hygiene, forensics, glycan cleanup, etc., have been significantly enhanced due to improved sample preparation techniques. This review looks at the early sample preparation techniques. Further, it describes eight sample preparation technique coupled to HPLC that has gained prominence in the last two decades. They are (1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), (2) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), (3) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (4) Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), (5) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), (6) ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), and (7) microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MWASE). SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be used offline and online with HPLC. UASE and MWASE can be used offline with HPLC but have also been combined with the online automated techniques of SPE, LLE, GPC, or QuEChERS for targeted analysis. Three application areas of biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene are reviewed for the eight sample preparation techniques. Three hundred and twenty references on the eight sample preparation techniques published over the last two decades (2001-2021) are provided. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, United States.
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9
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Palazzoli F, Santunione AL, Verri P, Vandelli D, Silingardi E. Post-mortem distribution of mephedrone and its metabolites in body fluids and organ tissues of an intoxication case. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114093. [PMID: 33957364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are substances that continue to appear on the drug market to bypass controlled substance legislation. Mephedrone or 4-methylmethcathinone is becoming the most popular new psychoactive substance among youth as a recreational drug. The present study describes the optimization and validation of a sensitive method that combined clean up procedure and LC-MS/MS technique designed to simultaneously determine the presence of Mephedrone and its two metabolites (normephedrone as active metabolite and dyhidromephedrone) in post-mortem specimens (body fluids and organ tissues). To date, this is the first determination of Mephedrone metabolites in post-mortem specimens. The validated method was applied to a fatal Mephedrone intoxication case. The distribution of the three analytes in different post-mortem matrices was presented. The toxicological results of the studied case are discussed, along with autopsy, histopathological evidence and crime-scene information. The toxicological results presented in the study provide new data relative to mephedrone and the distribution of its metabolites in post-mortem specimens. In our opinion, the metabolite concentration database must be developed because the metabolites may be linked to toxicity. The pattern of parent drug and its metabolites can be helpful in the interpretation of fatal cases involving mephedrone, which will contribute to the currently limited knowledge about mephedrone and metabolites concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Palazzoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A L Santunione
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - P Verri
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - D Vandelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - E Silingardi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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10
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Kim NS, Choi HS, Lim NY, Lee JH, Kim H, Baek SY. Application of Simultaneously Validated UHPLC-PDA and LC–ESI–MS/MS Methods for Determining 22 Antidepressants and Anxiolytics in Food Matrix Samples. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-04000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Kintz P, Raul JS, Ameline A. Evidence of repeated mirtazapine poisoning in children by hair analysis. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1165-1170. [PMID: 33559900 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mirtazapine is an antidepressant drug, used to treat depression, but also, in some specific conditions, to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety. Although mirtazapine is not a hypnotic, it can make the subject feel drowsy. Children under the age of 18 should not take mirtazapine, but for some very special diseases, a physician can prescribe it for a limited period of time. The authors report a case involving 2 children (7- and 9-year-old) who were administered mirtazapine without consent by the mother, who was under daily therapy with this antidepressant. Hair specimens, collected from the children were tested by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for mirtazapine and its metabolite, N-desmethylmirtazapine, on 3 × 1 cm segments. The hair test results (3 × 1 cm segments) have demonstrated that both children have been repetitively exposed to mirtazapine for approximately the last 3 months before hair collection, with concentrations in the range 1.32-3.79 and 0.64-2.54 ng/mg for mirtazapine and N-desmethylmirtazapine, respectively. Environmental contamination was ruled out as the measured concentrations are highly variable according to the pattern of drug distribution and the washes were negative. Hair testing for drugs appears as an excellent diagnostic tool for child protection toward drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Strasbourg, France.,X-Pertise Consulting, Mittelhausbergen, France
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12
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Reckers A, Huo S, Esmail A, Dheda K, Bacchetti P, Gandhi M, Metcalfe J, Gerona R. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying delamanid and its metabolite in small hair samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1169:122467. [PMID: 33713954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New all-oral regimens for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) are being scaled up globally. Measurement of drug concentrations in hair assesses long-term drug exposure. Delamanid (DLM) is likely to be a key component of future RR-TB treatment regimens, but a method to describe its quantification in hair via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has not previously been described. We developed and validated a simple, fast, sensitive, and accurate LC-MS/MS method for quantifying DLM and its metabolite DM-6705 in small hair samples. We pulverized and extracted two milligrams of hair in methanol at 37 °C for two hours, and diluted 1:1 with water. A gradient elution method eluted DLM, DM-6705, and the internal standard OPC 14714 within 3 min, bringing overall analysis time to 5.5 min. The method has limits of detection (LOD) of 0.0003 ng/mg for DLM and 0.003 ng/mg for DM-6705. The established linear dynamic ranges are 0.003-2.1 ng/mg and 0.03-21 ng/mg for DLM and DM-6705, respectively. Eleven of 12 participant hair samples had concentrations within DLM's linear dynamic range, while all 12 samples had concentrations within the quantifiable range for DM-6705. The ranges of concentrations observed in these clinical samples for DLM and DM-6705 were 0.004-0.264 ng/mg hair and 0.412-12.041 ng/mg hair respectively. We demonstrate that while DLM was detected in hair at very low levels, its primary metabolite DM-6705 had levels approximately 100 times higher. Measuring DM-6705 in hair may accurately reflect long-term adherence to DLM-containing regimens for drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Reckers
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States
| | - Stella Huo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, UCSF, United States
| | - Ali Esmail
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, United States
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCSF, United States
| | - John Metcalfe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, UCSF, United States.
| | - Roy Gerona
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), United States.
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13
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Johansen SS, Dang LTVL, Nielsen MKK, Haage P, Kugelberg FC, Kronstrand R. Temporal patterns of tramadol in hair after a single dose. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 316:110546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Nielsen MKK, Johansen SS. Internal quality control samples for hair testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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Kim J, Cho HD, Suh JH, Lee JY, Lee E, Jin CH, Wang Y, Cha S, Im H, Han SB. Analysis of Nicotine Metabolites in Hair and Nails Using QuEChERS Method Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081763. [PMID: 32290380 PMCID: PMC7221804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have analyzed nicotine metabolites in blood and urine to determine the toxicity caused by smoking, and assess exposure to cigarettes. Recently, hair and nails have been used as alternative samples for the evaluation of smoking, as not only do they reflect long-term exposure but they are also stable and easy to collect. Liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction has mainly been used to detect nicotine metabolites in biological samples; however, these have disadvantages, such as the use of toxic organic solvents and complex pretreatments. In this study, a modified QuEChERS method was proposed for the first time to prepare samples for the detection of nicotine metabolite cotinine (COT) and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3-HCOT) in hair and nails. High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was used to analyze traces of nicotine metabolites. The established method was validated for selectivity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation, accuracy, precision and recovery. In comparison with conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), the proposed method was more robust, and resulted in higher recoveries with favorable analytical sensitivity. Using this method, clinical samples from 26 Korean infants were successfully analyzed. This method is expected to be applicable in the routine analysis of nicotine metabolites for environmental and biological exposure monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-D.C.); (J.-Y.L.); (E.L.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Hyun-Deok Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-D.C.); (J.-Y.L.); (E.L.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.H.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ji-Youn Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-D.C.); (J.-Y.L.); (E.L.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-D.C.); (J.-Y.L.); (E.L.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Chang Hwa Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-D.C.); (J.-Y.L.); (E.L.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (J.H.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Hosub Im
- Institute for Life & Environmental Technology, Smartive Corporation, Dobong-ro 110 na-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01454, Korea;
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-D.C.); (J.-Y.L.); (E.L.); (C.H.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5596
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Wang X, Zhuo Y, Tang X, Qiang H, Liu W, Wu H, Xiang P, Duan G, Shen M. Segmental analysis of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs in the hair of schizophrenic patients. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:472-484. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
- Institute of Forensic ScienceGuizhou Medical University Guiyang China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Huosheng Qiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Hejian Wu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
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18
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Luiz Oenning A, Birk L, Eller S, Franco de Oliveira T, Merib J, Carasek E. A green and low-cost method employing switchable hydrophilicity solvent for the simultaneous determination of antidepressants in human urine by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1143:122069. [PMID: 32213465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the use of switchable hydrophilicity solvent with a simple and low-cost lab-made device for the extraction procedure in homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction is proposed for the first time in the determination of antidepressants in human urine. The antidepressants studied consisted of fluoxetine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine and sertraline. The optimization of the main parameters that can influence on the extraction efficiency was performed through multivariate approaches. The analytes were separated and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimal extraction conditions consisted of using N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) as the switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS), 500 µL of urine sample previously diluted with ultrapure water at 1:1 ratio (v/v), 200 μL of a mixture of SHS:HCl 6 mol L-1 (1:1 v/v), 600 μL of NaOH 10 mol L-1 and 3 min of extraction time. A volume of 40 µL of diphenylamine at concentration of 500 µg L-1 (20 ng) was used as internal standard. The method developed was in-house validated, providing coefficients of determination higher than 0.995 for all analytes, limits of detection (LOD) from 0.02 to 0.88 µg L-1, limits of quantification (LOQ) from 0.05 to 2.92 µg L-1, relative recoveries of 68 to 102%, intra-day precision from 0.5 to 15.9%, inter-day precision from 4.2 to 19.3%, selectivity and robustness. The method proposed was successfully applied in five human urine samples from a Toxicological Information Center located in Porto Alegre (Brazil). The results demonstrated that the µP-SHS-HLLME approach is highly cost-effective, rapid, simple and environmentally-friendly with satisfactory analytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Luiz Oenning
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040900, SC, Brazil
| | - Letícia Birk
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil
| | - Josias Merib
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050170, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040900, SC, Brazil.
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19
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Methling M, Krumbiegel F, Hartwig S. Hair analysis of antidepressants and antipsychotics—Overview of quantitative data. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:659-676. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Methling
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesCharité‐University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFreie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Krumbiegel
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesCharité‐University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sven Hartwig
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesCharité‐University Medicine Berlin Berlin Germany
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20
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Davies C, Gautam L, Grela A, Morrissey J. Variability associated with interpreting drugs within forensic hair analysis: A three-stage interpretation. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:868-888. [PMID: 32126591 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis is capable of determining both an individual's long-term drug history and a single exposure to a drug, which can be particularly important for corroborating incidents of drug-facilitated crimes. As a source of forensic evidence that may be used in a court of law, it must be credible, impartial and reliable, yet the pathways of drug and metabolite entry into hair are still uncertain. Many variables may influence drug analysis results, most of which are outside of the control of an analyst. An individual's pharmacokinetic and metabolic responses, hair growth rates, drug incorporation routes, axial migration, ethnicity, age and gender, for example, all display interpersonal variability. At present there is little standardization of the analytical processes involved with hair analysis. Both false positives and negative results for drugs are frequently encountered, regardless of whether a person has consumed a drug or not. In this regard, we have categorized these variables and proposed a three-stage analytical approach to facilitate forensic toxicologists, hair analysis experts, judiciaries and service users in the analytical and interpretation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Davies
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lata Gautam
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agatha Grela
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, Brentford, London, UK
| | - Joanne Morrissey
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Combination of pressurized liquid extraction with dispersive liquid liquid micro extraction for the determination of sixty drugs of abuse in hair. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Shin Y, Kong TY, Cheong JC, Kim JY, Lee JI, Lee HS. Simultaneous determination of 75 abuse drugs including amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine, opioids, piperazines, zolpidem and metabolites in human hair samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4600. [PMID: 31116452 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of 75 abuse drugs and metabolites, including 19 benzodiazepines, 19 amphetamines, two opiates, eight opioids, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, zolpidem, three piperazines and 21 metabolites in human hair samples, was developed and validated. Ten-milligram hair samples were decontaminated, pulverized using a ball mill, extracted with 1 mL of methanol spiked with 28 deuterated internal standards in an ultrasonic bath for 60 min at 50°C, and purified with Q-sep dispersive solid-phase extraction tubes. The purified extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 0.1 mL of 10% methanol. The 75 analytes were analyzed on an Acquity HSS T3 column using gradient elution of methanol and 0.1% formic acid and quantified in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization. Calibration curves were linear (r ≥ 0.9951) from the lower limit of quantitation (2-200 pg/mg depending on the drug) to 2000 pg/mg. The coefficients of variation and accuracy for intra- and inter-assay analysis at three QC levels were 4.3-12.9% and 89.2-109.1%, respectively. The overall mean recovery ranged from 87.1 to 105.3%. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of 11 forensic hair samples obtained from drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongho Shin
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kong
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Cheong
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Lee
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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23
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Ferrari A, Rustichelli C, Baraldi C, Vandelli D, Verri P, Marchesi F, Licata M. Intra‐patient variability of the hair levels of pain medications in chronic migraine patients – a pilot study. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:878-885. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrari
- Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia via G. Campi, 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Carlo Baraldi
- School of Medical ToxicologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Daniele Vandelli
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Patrizia Verri
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Filippo Marchesi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Manuela Licata
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
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24
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Braal CL, Veerman GDM, Peric R, Aerts JGJV, Mathijssen RHJ, Koolen SLW, de Bruijn P. Quantification of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib in human scalp hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Pitfalls for clinical application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 172:175-182. [PMID: 31051406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib in human scalp hair, as alternative matrix to monitor long-term erlotinib exposure. Hair samples from 10 lung cancer patients were measured and correlated with plasma concentrations. Hair segments of 1 ± 0.1 cm each were pulverized and for at least 18 h incubated in methanol at ambient temperature. A liquid-liquid extraction purified the extracts and they were analyzed with LC-MS/MS, using erlotinib-d6 as internal standard. The procedure method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity, precision, lower limit of detection, linearity and accuracy. The within and between run precisions including the lower limit of quantification did not exceed 12.5%, while the accuracy ranged from 103 to 106%. A weak correlation between hair and plasma concentration was found (R2 = 0.48). Furthermore, a large inter-individual variability was noted in the disposition of both plasma and hair samples. The highest hair concentrations were observed in black hair compared with other (grey and brown) hair colors. Generally, a linear reduction in hair concentration was found from proximal to distal hair segments. Additional in vitro experiments suggest an accelerated degradation of erlotinib in hair by artificial UV light and also wash-out by shampoo mixtures pretreatment compared with control samples. In conclusion, a reliable and robust LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify erlotinib in hair. However, clinical and in vitro evaluations showed that the method is not suitable for monitoring long-term erlotinib exposure. The pitfalls of this application outweigh the current benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Louwrens Braal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - G D Marijn Veerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Peric
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim G J V Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter de Bruijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Perestrelo R, Silva P, Porto-Figueira P, Pereira JAM, Silva C, Medina S, Câmara JS. QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1070:1-28. [PMID: 31103162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method is a simple and straightforward extraction technique involving an initial partitioning followed by an extract clean-up using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Originally, the QuEChERS approach was developed for recovering pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the comprehensive isolation of analytes from different matrices. According to PubMed, since its development in 2003 up to November 2018, about 1360 papers have been published reporting QuEChERS as extraction method. Several papers have reported different improvements and modifications to the original QuEChERS protocol to ensure more efficient extractions of pH-dependent analytes and to minimize the degradation of labile analytes. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques, requiring low sample and solvent volumes, as well as less time for sample preparation. Furthermore, most of the published studies show that the QuEChERS protocol provides higher recovery rate and a better analytical performance than conventional extraction procedures. This review proposes an updated overview of the most recent developments and applications of QuEChERS beyond its original application to pesticides, mycotoxins, veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals, forensic analysis, drugs of abuse and environmental contaminants. Their pros and cons will be discussed, considering the factors influencing the extraction efficiency. Whenever possible, the performance of the QuEChERS is compared to other extraction approaches. In addition to the evolution of this technique, changes and improvements to the original method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Catarina Silva
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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26
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Wang X, Johansen SS, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K. Segmental Hair Analysis—Interpretation of the Time of Drug Intake in Two Patients Undergoing Drug Treatment. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:950-955. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Section of Forensic Chemistry Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederik V's Vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederik V's Vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederik V's Vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederik V's Vej 11 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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27
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Neiens P, De Simone A, Ramershoven A, Höfner G, Allmendinger L, Wanner KT. Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of D-84, reboxetine and citalopram for their use in MS Binding Assays addressing the monoamine transporters hDAT, hSERT and hNET. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4231. [PMID: 29500932 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MS Binding Assays represent a label-free alternative to radioligand binding assays. In this study, we present an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of (R,R)-4-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-3-ol [(R,R)-D-84, (R,R)-1], (S,S)-reboxetine [(S,S)-2], and (S)-citalopram [(S)-3] employed as highly selective nonlabeled reporter ligands in MS Binding Assays addressing the dopamine [DAT, (R,R)-D-84], norepinephrine [NET, (S,S)-reboxetine] and serotonin transporter [SERT, (S)-citalopram], respectively. The developed LC-ESI-MS/MS method uses a pentafluorphenyl stationary phase in combination with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer for chromatography and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring mode for mass spectrometric detection. Quantification is based on deuterated derivatives of all three analytes serving as internal standards. The established LC-ESI-MS/MS method enables fast, robust, selective and highly sensitive quantification of all three reporter ligands in a single chromatographic run. The method was validated according to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) guideline for bioanalytical method validation regarding selectivity, accuracy, precision, calibration curve and sensitivity. Finally, filtration-based MS Binding Assays were performed for all three monoamine transporters based on this LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification method as read out. The affinities determined in saturation experiments for (R,R)-D-84 toward hDAT, for (S,S)-reboxetine toward hNET, and for (S)-citalopram toward hSERT, respectively, were in good accordance with results from literature, clearly demonstrating that the established MS Binding Assays have the potential to be an efficient alternative to radioligand binding assays widely used for this purpose so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neiens
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Anna Ramershoven
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Allmendinger
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus T Wanner
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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28
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Carmona E, Picó Y. The Use of Chromatographic Methods Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Emerging Pollutants in the Environment. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:305-316. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1430555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Carmona
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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29
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Hair analysis in toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated crimes in Denmark over a 8-year period. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 285:e1-e12. [PMID: 29449106 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hair can serve as a specimen for identifying past drug exposure. Segmental hair analysis may differentiate a single exposure from chronic use. Consequently, segmental hair analysis is useful for disclosing a single drug ingestion, as well as for determining repeated exposures in drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs). This paper presents an overview of toxicological investigations that have used hair analysis in DFC cases from 2009 to 2016 in Denmark. Hair concentrations were determined for 24 DFC-related drugs and metabolites, including benzodiazepines and other hypnotics, antihistamines, opioid analgesics, antipsychotics, barbiturates, and illicit drugs from DFC cases. Drug detection in hair in DFC cases following a single or few intakes of chlorprothixene, codeine, diphenhydramine, oxazepam, oxycodone, promethazine, and phenobarbital is reported for the first time in forensic toxicology. A literature review on concentrations in the published DFC-related hair cases and on concentrations in hair of these substances after single and multiple doses is included. These cases demonstrate the value of segmental hair analysis in DFCs and facilitate future interpretations of results.
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Günther KN, Johansen SS, Nielsen MKK, Wicktor P, Banner J, Linnet K. Post-mortem quetiapine concentrations in hair segments of psychiatric patients - Correlation between hair concentration, dose and concentration in blood. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 285:58-64. [PMID: 29453005 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug analysis in hair is useful when seeking to establish drug intake over a period of months to years. Segmental hair analysis can also document whether psychiatric patients are receiving a stable intake of antipsychotics. This study describes segmental analysis of the antipsychotic drug quetiapine in post-mortem hair samples from long-term quetiapine users by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The aim was to obtain more knowledge on quetiapine concentrations in hair and to relate the concentration in hair to the administered dose and the post-mortem concentration in femoral blood. We analyzed hair samples from 22 deceased quetiapine-treated individuals, who were divided into two groups: natural hair colour and dyed/bleached hair. Two to six 1cm long segments were analyzed per individual, depending on the length of the hair, with 6cm corresponding to the last six months before death. The average daily quetiapine dose and average concentration in hair for the last six months prior to death were examined for potential correlation. Estimated doses ranged from 45 to 1040mg quetiapine daily over the period, and the average concentration in hair ranged from 0.18 to 13ng/mg. A significant positive correlation was observed between estimated daily dosage of quetiapine and average concentration in hair for individuals with natural hair colour (p=0.00005), but statistical significance was not reached for individuals with dyed/bleached hair (p=0.31). The individual coefficient of variation (CV) of the quetiapine concentrations between segments ranged from 3 to 34% for individuals with natural hair colour and 22-62% for individuals with dyed/bleached hair. Dose-adjusted concentrations in hair were significantly lower in females with dyed/bleached hair than in individuals with natural hair colour. The quetiapine concentrations in post-mortem femoral blood and in the proximal hair segment, segment 1 (S1), representing the last month before death were also investigated for correlation. A significant positive correlation was observed between quetiapine concentrations in blood at the time of death and concentrations in S1 for individuals with natural hair colour (p=0.003) but not for individuals with dyed/bleached hair (p=0.31). The blood concentrations of quetiapine ranged from 0.006 to 1.9mg/kg, and the quetiapine concentrations in S1 ranged from 0.22 to 24ng/mg. The results of this study suggest a positive correlation of quetiapine between both concentrations in hair and doses, and between proximal hair (S1) and blood concentrations, when conditions such as hair treatments are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Nyborg Günther
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Petra Wicktor
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy can appropriately treat multiple chronic conditions, but it can also increase potential harm. Polypharmacy information for primary headaches is minimal, despite drugs being the main tools to manage headaches. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of polypharmacy in patients with primary headaches and examine whether these variables differ between episodic and chronic headache patients. METHODS We analysed polypharmacy (simultaneous use of five or more medications), medication type, comorbidity, and risk factors in 300 patients (mean age 42.81 ± 13.21 years) with primary headaches, divided into episodic and chronic, afferent to a headache centre. RESULTS Patients took an average of 4.37 medications. Polypharmacy was common in 40.7% of patients, and among chronic patients, it reached 58.8%. Most patients used medications (mainly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; 73.5%) to treat acute headaches, and 30.4% of episodic and 64.7% of chronic sufferers underwent prophylactic treatment (P < 0.0001), mostly using antidepressants (77.3%). Up to 76.7% of the cohort was taking other medications, primarily for acid-related disorders (21.7%). Comorbidities were present in 59.7% of the cohort. Variables significantly associated with polypharmacy were comorbidities, prophylactic treatment, and triptans (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with primary headaches, mainly young adults, are exposed to high polypharmacy, comparable to that of the elderly. Because increased numbers of drugs increase the risk of adverse reactions, the many medications concomitantly taken by primary headache sufferers should be frequently reviewed.
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Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Kavvalakis MP, Vakonaki E, Stivaktakis PD, Kanaki K, Vardavas AI, Barbounis EG, Tsatsakis AM. Comparative Evaluation of Drug Deposition in Hair Samples Collected from Different Anatomical Body Sites. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:214-223. [PMID: 27979929 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we focused on the validation of a method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of cannabinoids, cocaine and opiates in hair as well as on the distribution of the drugs deposition in hair collected from different anatomical body sites. The proposed analytical procedure was validated for various parameters such as selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, matrix effect and recovery. Four hundred and eighty-one samples were collected during 2010-2015 from 231 drug abusers. A 6-h ultrasonic-assisted methanolic extraction was applied for the isolation of the drugs. The analysis was performed in an liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the opiates and cocaine and in a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the cannabinoids. Cocaine was the most frequent detected drug (68.8-80.5%) followed by cannabinoids (47.6-63.3%) and opiates (34.7-46.7%) depending on the body site that the samples were collected. The mean concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were 0.63 ± 2.11 for head, 0.54 ± 1.03 for pubic, 0.34 ± 0.51 for axillary and 0.18 ± 0.18 ng/mg for chest hair samples. The values of cocaine were 6.52 ± 15.98, 4.64 ± 10.77, 6.96 ± 38.21 and 3.94 ± 6.35 ng/mg, while the values of 6-monoacetylmorphine (MAM) were 3.33 ± 5.89, 3.06 ± 9.33, 1.37 ± 1.37 and 16.4 ± 1.77 ng/mg for head, pubic, axillary and chest samples, respectively. Differences between the detected concentrations of cocaine and opiates between the hair samples of different anatomical sites, as well as the ratio of drug metabolites to the parent compounds were observed in some cases. Statistically significant differences in the mean detected levels were noticed for morphine and heroin between head and pubic hair and also for cocaine and benzoylecgonine, between head and axillary hair samples. Moreover, the ratio of MAM to morphine and THC to cannabinol seems to correlate statistically with the total opiate or cannabinoid detected concentrations. The above differences could be attributed to several parameters associated with the structure, morphology, growth rate and other characteristics of the collected hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Matthaios P Kavvalakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | | | - Katerina Kanaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil G Barbounis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.,N.Asteriadis S.A., Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
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Sim J, Kim E, Yang W, Woo S, In S. An LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 15 antipsychotics and two metabolites in hair and its application to rat hair. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 274:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang X, Johansen SS, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K. Targeted analysis of 116 drugs in hair by UHPLC-MS/MS and its application to forensic cases. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1137-1151. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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Ferrari A, Licata M, Rustichelli C, Baraldi C, Vandelli D, Marchesi F, Palazzoli F, Verri P, Silingardi E. Monitoring of adherence to headache treatments by means of hair analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 73:197-203. [PMID: 27866243 PMCID: PMC5226977 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of hair analysis to monitor medication adherence in headache patients undergoing chronic therapy. For this purpose, the following parameters were analyzed: the detection rate of 23 therapeutic drugs in headache patients’ hair, the degree of agreement between the self-reported drug and the drug found in hair, and whether the levels found in hair reflected the drug intake reported by the patients. Methods The study included 93 patients suffering from primary headaches declaring their daily intake of at least one of the following drugs during the 3 months before the hair sampling: alprazolam, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, clonazepam, delorazepam, diazepam, duloxetine, fluoxetine, flurazepam, levomepromazine, levosulpiride, lorazepam, lormetazepam, mirtazapine, paroxetine, quetiapine, sertraline, topiramate, trazodone, triazolam, venlafaxine, and zolpidem. A detailed pharmacological history and a sample of hair were collected for each patient. Hair samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, using a previously developed method. Results All 23 drugs were detected in the examined hair samples. The agreement between the self-reported drug and the drug found in hair was excellent for most analytes (P < 0.001, Cohen’s kappa); a statistically significant relationship (P < 0.05, linear regression analysis) between dose and hair level was found for amitriptyline, citalopram, delorazepam, duloxetine, lorazepam, and venlafaxine. Conclusions Hair analysis proved to be a unique matrix to document chronic drug use in headache patients, and the level found for each individual drug can represent a reliable marker of adherence to pharmacological treatments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00228-016-2163-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrari
- Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse; Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
| | - Manuela Licata
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi, 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Baraldi
- Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse; Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Vandelli
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Marchesi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Palazzoli
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Verri
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Silingardi
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
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Samiec P, Navrátilová Z. Electrochemical behaviour of bromazepam and alprazolam and their determination in the pharmaceutical tablets Lexaurin and Xanax on carbon paste electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Shu C, Zeng T, Gao S, Xia T, Huang L, Zhang F, Chen W. LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of thalidomide, lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, dexamethasone and adriamycin in serum of multiple myeloma patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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