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Zhang Z, He D, Zhao S, Qu J. Recent Developments in Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Antiviral Drug Pollutants. TOXICS 2023; 11:692. [PMID: 37624197 PMCID: PMC10458903 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of antiviral drugs (ATVs) has seen a substantial increase in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to heightened concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in wastewater systems. The hydrophilic nature of ATVs has been identified as a significant factor contributing to the low degradation efficiency observed in wastewater treatment plants. This characteristic often necessitates the implementation of additional treatment steps to achieve the complete degradation of ATVs. Semiconductor-based photocatalysis has garnered considerable attention due to its promising potential in achieving efficient degradation rates and subsequent mineralization of pollutants, leveraging the inexhaustible energy of sunlight. However, in recent years, there have been few comprehensive reports that have thoroughly summarized and analyzed the application of photocatalysis for the removal of ATVs. This review commences by summarizing the types and occurrence of ATVs. Furthermore, it places a significant emphasis on delivering a comprehensive summary and analysis of the characteristics pertaining to the photocatalytic elimination of ATVs, utilizing semiconductor photocatalysts such as metal oxides, doped metal oxides, and heterojunctions. Ultimately, the review sheds light on the identified research gaps and key concerns, offering invaluable insights to steer future investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security of Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;
| | - Dongyang He
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China;
| | - Siyu Zhao
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China;
| | - Jiao Qu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China;
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2
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Gao Z, Sun H, Xie Y, Ren Y. Assessment of the excretion of oxidative stress biomarkers and anabolic steroids based on sewage: A case study of college students and the general population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163079. [PMID: 36990235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of wastewater-based epidemiology to evaluate the health and lifestyle of the population is a novel research interest. However, studies concerning the excretion of endogenous metabolites due to oxidative stress and the consumption of anabolic steroids have rarely been involved. In this study, we compared the effects of events such as final examination and sports meeting on the levels of four oxidative stress biomarkers (8-isoPGF2α, HNE-MA, 8-OHdG, and HCY) and four prohibited anabolic steroids (Testosterone, Androstenedione, Boldenone, and Metandienone) in sewage, using university students and urban populations as studying target. It was found that the per capita mass load of the four oxidative stress biomarkers 8-isoPGF2α, HNE-MA, 8-OHdG, and HCY in the sewage of Guangzhou urban area and university town were 256.6 ± 76.1, 9.4 ± 3.8, 1.1 ± 0.5, and 0.9 ± 0.4 mg/d/1000, respectively. The mean mass load of 8-isoPGF2α was significantly higher than that before the COVID-19 pandemic (74.9 ± 29.6 mg/d/1000 people, P < 0.05). The per capita load levels of oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) during the 2022 exam week relative to the pre-exam period, indicating that the exams caused transient stress to students. The per capita mass load of androgenic steroids was 77.7 mg/d/1000 people. There was an increase in the per capita load level of androgenic steroids during the provincial sports meeting. In this study, we quantified the concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers and androgenic steroids in the sewage and better realized the application of WBE on the health level and lifestyle of the population during special events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yufei Xie
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institution, PR China.
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3
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Amin V, Bowes DA, Halden RU. Systematic scoping review evaluating the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology for monitoring cardiovascular disease and cancer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160103. [PMID: 36370774 PMCID: PMC9643312 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are collectively responsible for tens of millions of global deaths each year. These rates are projected to intensify as the COVID-19 pandemic has caused delays in individualized diagnostics, or exacerbated prevalence due to Post Acute Coronavirus (COVID-19) Syndrome. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has successfully been employed as a useful tool for generating population-level health assessments, and was examined here in this systematic scoping literature review to (i) identify endogenous human biomarkers reported to indicate CVD or cancer in clinical practice, (ii) assess specificity to the indicated diseases, (iii) evaluate the utility for estimating population-level disease prevalence in community wastewater, and (iv) contextualize the obtained information for monitoring CVD and cancer presence via WBE. A total of 48 peer-reviewed papers were critically examined identifying five urinary protein biomarkers: cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (heart attack/heart failure), cystatin C (atherosclerosis), normetanephrine (tumor presence), α-fetoprotein (prostate and liver cancer), and microtubule assisted serine/threonine kinase 4 (MAST4) (breast cancer). Next, urinary excretion information was utilized to predict biomarker concentrations extant in community wastewater, resulting in average healthy concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 1159 ng/L, and disease-indicating thresholds from 0.16 to 3041 ng/L. Finally, estimating prevalence-adjusted wastewater measurements was explored in order to assess community-level CVD and cancer presence utilizing U.S. reported prevalence rates. Results obtained suggest that WBE can serve as a viable tool in support of current methods for CVD and cancer assessment to reduce morbidities and mortalities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Amin
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA
| | - Devin A Bowes
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA; School for Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, AZ 85287-8101, USA; OneWaterOneHealth, The Arizona State University Foundation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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4
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Picó Y, Barceló D. Identification of biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology: Main approaches and analytical methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 145:116465. [PMID: 34803197 PMCID: PMC8591405 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become popular to estimate the use of drugs of abuse and recently to establish the incidence of CoVID 19 in large cities. However, its possibilities have been expanded recently as a technique that allows to establish a fingerprint of the characteristics of a city, such as state of health/disease, healthy/unhealthy living habits, exposure to different types of contaminants, etc. with respect to other cities. This has been thanks to the identification of human biomarkers as well as to the fingerprinting and profiling of the characteristics of the wastewater catchment that determine these circumstances. The purpose of this review is to analyze the different methodological schemes that have been developed to perform this biomarker identification as well as the most characteristic analytical techniques in each scheme, their advantages and disadvantages and the knowledge gaps identified. We also discussed the future scope for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Moncada Naquera Road Km 4.3, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain,Corresponding author
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain,Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA – CERCA, Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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5
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Nippes RP, Macruz PD, da Silva GN, Neves Olsen Scaliante MH. A critical review on environmental presence of pharmaceutical drugs tested for the covid-19 treatment. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2021; 152:568-582. [PMID: 34226801 PMCID: PMC8243632 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The outbreak caused a worldwide impact, becoming a health threat to the general population and its professionals. To date, there are no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines for the COVID-19 infection, however, some drugs are being clinically tested. The use of these drugs on large scale raises great concern about their imminent environmental risk, since the elimination of these compounds by feces and urine associated with the inefficiency of sewage treatment plants in their removal can result in their persistence in the environment, putting in risk the health of humans and of other species. Thus, the goal of this work was to conduct a review of other studies that evaluated the presence of the drugs chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ivermectin, dexamethasone, remdesivir, favipiravir and some HIV antivirals in the environment. The research indicated the presence of these drugs in the environment in different regions, with concentration data that could serve as a basis for further comparative studies following the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Picoli Nippes
- State University of Maringa, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maringa, 87020-900, Parana, Brazil
| | - Paula Derksen Macruz
- State University of Maringa, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maringa, 87020-900, Parana, Brazil
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6
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Thi LAP, Panchangam SC, Do HT, Nguyen VH. Prospects and challenges of photocatalysis for degradation and mineralization of antiviral drugs. NANOSTRUCTURED PHOTOCATALYSTS 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237458 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823007-7.00012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the outbreak of influenza and other pandemics such as SARS-CoV-2 recently over the globe, antiviral drugs were significantly concerned with controlling the disease and these pandemics. They have been developed for seven decades around more than 90 drugs categorized licensed to treat nine human infectious diseases. Based on their functional group, antiviral compounds will mitigate infectivity and symptoms and reduce the illness period by arresting the viral replication cycle at different stages. Antiviral drugs have been developed complexly and met many biothreat challenges due to their high biosafety level requirement. In recent years, the spreading of novel virus strains that are a threat to human life, the development in researching and manufacturing new types of antiviral drugs increases and the use by patients and clinicians have increased. Antiviral compounds have been reported only partly removed during wastewater treatment. They were available in wastewater treatment plant effluents and found in surface water from rivers and streams, underground water, and even in drinking water. Photocatalytic degradation of antiviral drugs was exploding to clear the environmental waters from the antiviral drugs. The principle of photocatalysis is based on the excitation of the catalyst material by irradiation of light. The catalyst produces free radicals under the action of photons, which will destroy the pollutants adsorbed on its surface. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of antiviral drugs can be understood through decomposing in a heterogeneous photocatalytic system and which species are involved in the active decomposition of the drug and then photocatalytically degrading into intermediates or mineralization products. The intermediates and the reaction pathway of antiviral compound photocatalytic degradation are complicated. However, some of the degradation processes are complete, and inorganic compounds (CO2 and H2O) are their final products.
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7
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Nannou C, Ofrydopoulou A, Evgenidou E, Heath D, Heath E, Lambropoulou D. Antiviral drugs in aquatic environment and wastewater treatment plants: A review on occurrence, fate, removal and ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134322. [PMID: 31678880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The environmental release of antiviral drugs is of considerable concern due to potential ecosystem alterations and the development of antiviral resistance. As a result, interest on their occurrence and fate in natural and engineered systems has grown substantially in recent years. The main scope of this review is to fill the void of information on the knowledge on the worldwide occurrence of antiviral drugs in wastewaters and natural waters and correlate their levels with their environmental fate. According to the conducted literature survey, few monitoring data exists for several European countries, such as Germany, France, and the UK. Lesser data are available for Asia, where approximately 80% of the studies focus on Japan. Several articles study the occurrence of mostly antiretroantivirals in sub-Saharan African countries, while there is a lack of data for other developing regions of the world, including the rest of Africa, South America, and the biggest part of Asia. An importantly smaller number of studies exists for North America, while no studies exist for Oceania. The against innfluenza drug oseltamivir along with its active carboxy metabolite is found to be the most studied antiviral drug. The distribution of antiviral drugs across all geographic regions varies from low ng L-1 to high μg L-1 levels, in some cases, even in surface waters. This overarching review reveals that monitoring of antiviral drugs is necessary, and some of those compounds may require toxicological attention, in the light of either spatial and temporal high concentration or potential antiviral resistance. Based on the information provided herein, the need for a better understanding of the water quality hazards posed by antiviral drugs existence in wastewater outputs and freshwater ecosystems is demosntrated. Finally, the future challenges concerning the occurrence, fate, and potential ecotoxicological risk to organisms posed by antiviral drug residues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Ofrydopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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8
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O'Brien JW, Choi PM, Li J, Thai PK, Jiang G, Tscharke BJ, Mueller JF, Thomas KV. Evaluating the stability of three oxidative stress biomarkers under sewer conditions and potential impact for use in wastewater-based epidemiology. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 166:115068. [PMID: 31542546 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contains a wealth of information about the population who contribute to it including biological and chemical markers of human activity and exposures. F2-isoprostanes have been proposed as oxidative stress biomarkers that can be measured in wastewater to provide a measure of oxidative stress at the population level. While an association between tobacco use and their level in wastewater has been demonstrated, an in-sewer stability assessment has not been conducted to support their use as oxidative stress biomarkers for wastewater-based epidemiology studies. In this study we investigated the stability of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), its metabolite dinor-11β-Prostaglandin F2α (dnPGF2α) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (representative of other classes of prostaglandins) in laboratory-scale sewer reactors simulating real sewers. PGF2α, dnPGF2α and PGE2 were all found to be sufficiently stable under typical sewer conditions therefore satisfying the stability requirement of wastewater-based epidemiology population health biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W O'Brien
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Phil M Choi
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Civil, Mining & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
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9
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Ncube S, Madikizela LM, Chimuka L, Nindi MM. Environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of antiretrovirals: A current global status and future perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:231-247. [PMID: 30142521 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of antiretroviral drugs as well as challenges and side effects against the human immunodeficiency virus is well documented and reviewed. Evidence is available in literature indication that antiretrovirals are only partially transformed and become completely excreted from the human body in their original form and/or as metabolites in urine and feces. The possibility of massive release of antiretrovirals through human excreta that enters surface water through surface runoff and wastewater treatment plant effluents is now of environmental concern because the public might be experiencing chronic exposure to antiretrovirals. The primary concern of this review is limited data concerning environmental fate and ecotoxicity of antiretrovirals and their metabolites. The review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the evaluation of antiretrovirals in environmental samples. The objective is therefore to assess the extent of analysis of antiretrovirals in environmental samples and also look at strategies including instrumentation and predictive models that have been reported in literature on the fate and ecotoxicological effects due to presence of antiretrovirals in different environmental compartments. The review also looks at current challenges and offers possible areas of exploration that could help minimize the presence of antiretrovirals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Mathew M Nindi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
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10
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry as a tool for wastewater-based epidemiology: Assessing new psychoactive substances and other human biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Escudero-Oñate C, Ferrando-Climent L, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Santos LHMLM. Occurrence and Risks of Contrast Agents, Cytostatics, and Antibiotics in Hospital Effluents. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2017_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Ryu Y, Gracia-Lor E, Bade R, Baz-Lomba JA, Bramness JG, Castiglioni S, Castrignanò E, Causanilles A, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Hernandez F, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, McCall AK, Ort C, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Reid MJ, Thomas KV. Increased levels of the oxidative stress biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α in wastewater associated with tobacco use. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39055. [PMID: 27976726 PMCID: PMC5157025 DOI: 10.1038/srep39055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater analysis has been demonstrated to be a complementary approach for assessing the overall patterns of drug use by a population while the full potential of wastewater-based epidemiology has yet to be explored. F2-isoprostanes are a prototype wastewater biomarker to study the cumulative oxidative stress at a community level. In this work, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) was analysed in raw 24 h-composite wastewater samples collected from 4 Norwegian and 7 other European cities in 2014 and 2015. Using the same samples, biomarkers of alcohol (ethyl sulfate) and tobacco (trans-3′-hydroxycotinine) use were also analysed to investigate any possible correlation between 8-iso-PGF2α and the consumption of the two drugs. The estimated per capita daily loads of 8-iso-PGF2α in the 11 cities ranged between 2.5 and 9.9 mg/day/1000 inhabitants with a population-weighted mean of 4.8 mg/day/1000 inhabitants. There were no temporal trends observed in the levels of 8-iso-PGF2α, however, spatial differences were found at the inter-city level correlating to the degree of urbanisation. The 8-iso-PGF2α mass load was found to be strongly associated with that of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine while it showed no correlation with ethyl sulfate. The present study shows the potential for 8-iso-PGF2α as a wastewater biomarker for the assessment of community public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.,Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J A Baz-Lomba
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Malcolm J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
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