1
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Ziebarth J, Diedrich C, Schineider Machado C, Mara Mainardes R. Optimized LC-MS/MS method for quantifying insulin degludec and liraglutide in rat plasma and Tissues: Application in pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124015. [PMID: 38266609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We present an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous detection of insulin degludec (I-Deg) and liraglutide (LIRA) in rat plasma and tissues, characterized by its sensitivity and selectivity. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column, leveraging a mobile phase of acetonitrile and water (both with 0.1 % formic acid) under gradient elution over a run time of 7.5 min. The mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, tracking transitions of m/z 1221.6 → 641.6 for I-Deg, m/z 938.7 → 1064.1 for LIRA, and m/z 1184.7 → 454.4 for the internal standard. Validation ranged from 5 to 100 ng/mL, exhibiting robust linearity (r2 > 0.99) and limits of detection (LOD) of 1.63-2.02 ng/mL for I-Deg and 0.96-1.62 ng/mL for LIRA. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.38-4.76 ng/mL for I-Deg and 3.22-4.40 ng/mL for LIRA. Notably, no significant matrix effects were detected. Stability was confirmed under various conditions, and precision metrics (intraday RSD 1.68-8.05 % for I-Deg and 1.11-7.69 % for LIRA; interday RSD 1.39-8.61 % for I-Deg and 1.06-8.83 % for LIRA) alongside accuracy (90.5-114.9 % for I-Deg and 92.7-113.7 % for LIRA) were within acceptable ranges. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies following simultaneous subcutaneous administration of LIRA and I-Deg in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Ziebarth
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Formulations, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Camila Diedrich
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Formulations, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | | | - Rubiana Mara Mainardes
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Formulations, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil.
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2
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Chandran Suja V, Qi QM, Halloran K, Zhang J, Shaha S, Prakash S, Kumbhojkar N, Deslandes A, Huille S, Gokarn YR, Mitragotri S. A biomimetic chip to assess subcutaneous bioavailability of monoclonal antibodies in humans. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad317. [PMID: 37901442 PMCID: PMC10612570 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous (subQ) injection is a common route for delivering biotherapeutics, wherein pharmacokinetics is largely influenced by drug transport in a complex subQ tissue microenvironment. The selection of good drug candidates with beneficial pharmacokinetics for subQ injections is currently limited by a lack of reliable testing models. To address this limitation, we report here a Subcutaneous Co-Culture Tissue-on-a-chip for Injection Simulation (SubCuTIS). SubCuTIS possesses a 3D coculture tissue architecture, and it allows facile quantitative determination of relevant scale independent drug transport rate constants. SubCuTIS captures key in vivo physiological characteristics of the subQ tissues, and it differentiates the transport behavior of various chemically distinct molecules. We supplemented the transport measurements with theoretical modeling, which identified subtle differences in the local absorption rate constants of seven clinically available mAbs. Accounting for first-order proteolytic catabolism, we established a mathematical framework to assess clinical bioavailability using the local absorption rate constants obtained from SubCuTIS. Taken together, the technology described here broadens the applicability of organs-on-chips as a standardized and easy-to-use device for quantitative analysis of subQ drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Chandran Suja
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qin M Qi
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Suyog Shaha
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supriya Prakash
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Sylvain Huille
- Sanofi R&D, Impasse Des Ateliers, Vitry-sur-Seine 94400 France
| | | | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Gumieniczek A, Berecka-Rycerz A. Metabolism and Chemical Degradation of New Antidiabetic Drugs: A Review of Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Glutides and Gliflozins. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2127. [PMID: 37626624 PMCID: PMC10452759 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug metabolism and drug degradation pathways may overlap, resulting in the formation of similar constituents. Therefore, the metabolism data can be helpful for deriving safe levels of degradation impurities and improving the quality of respective pharmaceutical products. The present article contains considerations on possible links between metabolic and degradation pathways for new antidiabetic drugs such as glutides, gliflozins, and gliptins. Special attention was paid to their reported metabolites and identified degradation products. At the same time, many interesting analytical approaches to conducting metabolism as well as degradation experiments were mentioned, including chromatographic methods and radioactive labeling of the drugs. The review addresses the analytical approaches elaborated for examining the metabolism and degradation pathways of glutides, i.e., glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and gliflozins, i.e., sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. The problems associated with the chromatographic analysis of the peptide compounds (glutides) and the polar drugs (gliflozins) were addressed. Furthermore, issues related to in vitro experiments and the use of stable isotopes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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4
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Esposito S, Krick A, Pasquier O, Bonche F, Ingenito R, Magotti P, Bianchi E, Monteagudo E, Gallo M, Cicero DO, Orsatti L, Veneziano M, Caretti F, Mele R, Roversi D, Gennari N, Brasseur D, Gauzy-Lazo L, Duclos O, Mauriac C, Illiano S, Mallart S. Fatty acid acylated peptide therapeutics: discovery of omega-n oxidation of the lipid chain as a novel metabolic pathway in preclinical species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115256. [PMID: 36764268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently described C18 fatty acid acylated peptides as a new class of potent long-lasting single-chain RXFP1 agonists that displayed relaxin-like activities in vivo. Early pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies of these stearic acid acylated peptides revealed a relevant oxidative metabolism occurring in dog and minipig, and also seen at a lower extent in monkey and rat. Mass spectrometry combined to NMR spectroscopy studies revealed that the oxidation occurred, unexpectedly, on the stearic acid chain at ω-1, ω-2 and ω-3 positions. Structure-metabolism relationship studies on acylated analogues with different fatty acids lengths (C15-C20) showed that the extent of oxidation was higher with longer chains. The oxidized metabolites could be generated in vitro using liver microsomes and engineered bacterial CYPs. These systems were correlating poorly with in vivo metabolism observed across species; however, the results suggest that this biotransformation pathway might be catalyzed by some unknown CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Biodistribution, Biotransformation and Analytical Science Unit, Experimental Pharmacology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alain Krick
- DMPK France, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France.
| | - Olivier Pasquier
- DMPK France, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Fabrice Bonche
- DMPK France, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Raffaele Ingenito
- Peptide Chemistry Unit, Peptides & Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Magotti
- Peptide Chemistry Unit, Peptides & Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptide Chemistry Unit, Peptides & Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- Biodistribution, Biotransformation and Analytical Science Unit, Experimental Pharmacology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy; PK/PD & Bioanalytics Unit, Experimental Pharmacology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariana Gallo
- Structural Biology Unit, Computational Chemistry & Structural Biology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Orsatti
- PK/PD & Bioanalytics Unit, Experimental Pharmacology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Veneziano
- PK/PD & Bioanalytics Unit, Experimental Pharmacology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Caretti
- PK/PD & Bioanalytics Unit, Experimental Pharmacology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mele
- Biodistribution, Biotransformation and Analytical Science Unit, Experimental Pharmacology Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Roversi
- Peptide Chemistry Unit, Peptides & Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Gennari
- High Throughput Biology & Screening, Translational Research Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Brasseur
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Laurence Gauzy-Lazo
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Olivier Duclos
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Christine Mauriac
- DMPK France, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Stephane Illiano
- Investigative Toxicology, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Sergio Mallart
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, 1 rue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly Mazarin, France.
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5
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Esposito S, Orsatti L, Pucci V. Subcutaneous Catabolism of Peptide Therapeutics: Bioanalytical Approaches and ADME Considerations. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:828-839. [PMID: 36039395 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Many peptide drugs such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) analogues are successfully administered subcutaneously (SC). Following SC injection, peptides may undergo catabolism in the SC compartment before entering systemic circulation, which could compromise their bioavailability and in turn affect their efficacy.This review will discuss how both technology and strategy have evolved over the past years to further elucidate peptide SC catabolism.Modern bioanalytical technologies (particularly liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry) and bioinformatics platforms for data mining has prompted the development of in silico, in vitro and in vivo tools for characterizing peptide SC catabolism to rapidly address proteolytic liabilities and, ultimately, guide the design of peptides with improved SC bioavailability.More predictive models able to recapitulate the interplay between SC catabolism and other factors driving SC absorption are highly desirable to improve in vitro/in vivo correlations.We envision the routine incorporation of in vitro and in vivo SC catabolism studies in ADME screening funnels to develop more effective peptide drugs for SC delivery.
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Klepach A, Tran H, Ahmad Mohammed F, ElSayed ME. Characterization and impact of peptide physicochemical properties on oral and subcutaneous delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114322. [PMID: 35526665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptides, an emerging modality within the biopharmaceutical industry, are often delivered subcutaneously with evolving prospects on oral delivery. Barrier biology within the subcutis or gastrointestinal tract is a significant challenge in limiting absorption or otherwise disrupting peptide disposition. Aspects of peptide pharmacokinetic performance and ADME can be mitigated with careful molecular design that tailors for properties such as effective size, hydrophobicity, net charge, proteolytic stability, and albumin binding. In this review, we endeavor to highlight effective techniques in qualifying physicochemical properties of peptides and discuss advancements of in vitro models of subcutaneous and oral delivery. Additionally, we will delineate empirical findings around the relationship of these physicochemical properties and in vivo (animal or human) impact. We conclude that robust peptide characterization methods and in vitro techniques with demonstrated correlations to in vivo data are key routines to incorporate in the drug discovery and development to improve the probability of technical and commercial success of peptide therapeutics.
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7
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Villa Nova M, Gan K, Wacker MG. Biopredictive tools for the development of injectable drug products. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:671-684. [PMID: 35603724 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2081682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biopredictive release tests are commonly used in the evaluation of oral medicines. They support decision-making in formulation development and allow predictions of the expected in-vivo performances. So far, there is limited experience in the application of these methodologies to injectable drug products. AREAS COVERED Parenteral drug products cover a variety of dosage forms and administration sites including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections. In this area, developing biopredictive and biorelevant methodologies often confronts us with unique challenges and knowledge gaps. Here, we provide a formulation-centric approach and explain the key considerations and workflow when designing biopredictive assays. Also, we outline the key role of computational methods in achieving clinical relevance and put all considerations into context using liposomal nanomedicines as an example. EXPERT OPINION Biopredictive tools are the need of the hour to exploit the tremendous opportunities of injectable drug products. A growing number of biopharmaceuticals such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids require different strategies and a better understanding of the influences on drug absorption. Here, our design strategy must maintain the balance of robustness and complexity required for effective formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Villa Nova
- State University of Maringá, Department of Pharmacy, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kennard Gan
- National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, Singapore
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8
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Khuda N, Somasundaram S, Easley CJ. Electrochemical Sensing of the Peptide Drug Exendin-4 Using a Versatile Nucleic Acid Nanostructure. ACS Sens 2022; 7:784-789. [PMID: 35180342 PMCID: PMC8985241 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although endogenous peptides and peptide-based therapeutics are both highly relevant to human health, there are few approaches for sensitive biosensing of this class of molecules with minimized workflow. In this work, we have further expanded on the generalizability of our recently developed DNA nanostructure architecture by applying it to electrochemical (EC) peptide quantification. While DNA-small molecule conjugates were used in a prior work to make sensors for small molecule and protein analytes, here DNA-peptide conjugates were incorporated into the nanostructure at the electrode surfaces, and antibody displacement permitted rapid peptide sensing. Interestingly, multivalent DNA-peptide conjugates were found to be detrimental to the assay readout, yet these effects could be minimized by solution-phase bioconjugation. The final biosensor was validated for quantifying exendin-4 (4.2 kDa)─a human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist important in diabetes therapy─for the first time using EC methods with minimal workflow. The sensor was functional in 98% human serum, and the low nanomolar assay range lies between the injected dose concentration and the therapeutic range, boding well for future applications in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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9
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Oligomerization, albumin binding and catabolism of therapeutic peptides in the subcutaneous compartment: An investigation on lipidated GLP-1 analogs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 210:114566. [PMID: 35042144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipidation, a common strategy to improve half-life of therapeutic peptides, affects their tendency to oligomerize, their interaction with plasmatic proteins, and their catabolism. In this work, we have leveraged the use of NMR and SPR spectroscopy to elucidate oligomerization propensity and albumin interaction of different analogs of the two marketed lipidated GLP-1 agonists liraglutide and semaglutide. As most lipidated therapeutic peptides are administered by subcutaneous injection, we have also assessed in vitro their catabolism in the SC tissue using the LC-HRMS-based SCiMetPep assay. We observed that oligomerization had a shielding effect against catabolism. At the same time, binding to albumin may provide only limited protection from proteolysis due to the higher unbound peptide fraction present in the subcutaneous compartment with respect to the plasma. Finally, identification of catabolites in rat plasma after SC dosing of semaglutide showed a good correlation with the in vitro data, with Tyr19-Leu20 being the major cleavage site. Early characterization of the complex interplay between oligomerization, albumin binding, and catabolism at the injection site is essential for the synthesis of lipidated peptides with good pharmacokinetic profiles.
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10
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Wang S, Wu P, Li M, Huang T, Shi N, Feng L, Li H. Mass balance method for SI-traceable purity assignment of synthetic oxytocin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114401. [PMID: 34656934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is not only a significant peptide drug for enhancing uterine contractions, but also an emerging biomarker and therapeutic target of mental disorders in clinical practice. There is a pressing need for the standardization of oxytocin assays because of its low pharmaceutical quality and large variations among measurement approaches. International System of Units (SI)-traceable analytical methods and well-characterized pure reference materials are urgently needed to set up standard reference measurement systems in laboratory medicine, ensuring the accuracy and comparability of test results. Herein, the purity assignment of a synthetic oxytocin containing a disulfide linkage was established based on a mass balance method, which had never been performed for a cross-linked peptide. An in-house validated liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of structurally-related impurities in the study material. Twenty-one structurally-related impurities including deamidations, oxidations, and amino acid insertions, etc. ranging from 0.05 mg g-1 to 15.65 mg g-1 were identified and quantified by applying a hierarchy calibration concept. This study subsequently discusses a fit for purpose assessment for non-peptide related impurities including water, non-volatile counterions, inorganic elements, and volatile organic compounds that were determined using coulometric Karl Fischer titration, ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The resulting assigned value (796.5 mg g-1) is determined to be traceable to SI associated with a small measurement uncertainty of 6.5 mg g-1 (k = 2). The method developed in this study has been verified through an international key comparison jointly coordinated by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and the National Institute of Metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Peize Wu
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Ting Huang
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Naijie Shi
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liuxing Feng
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Interest of high-resolution mass spectrometry in analytical toxicology: Focus on pharmaceuticals. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Sonesson A, Bjørnsdottir I, Christensen JK. Meeting report: 3rd workshop of the peptide ADME discussion group. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1470-1474. [PMID: 34919491 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Challenges and opportunities within peptide ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) were presented and discussed at the 3rd online workshop of the Peptide ADME Discussion Group (3rd of February 2021). This article summarises the presentations and discussions from this workshop.The following topics were covered:Peptide drug-drug interactionsImpact of septic shock on PK and PD of the peptide selepressinMS processing software for metabolite identification of peptidesProfiling of peptides in preclinical drug developmentStrategy for immunogenicity testing of peptidesIn vitro stability testing of peptides for inhalation and automated LC-MS.
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13
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Wesche F, De Maria L, Leek T, Narjes F, Bird J, Su W, Czechtizky W. Automated high-throughput in vitro assays to identify metabolic hotspots and protease stability of structurally diverse, pharmacologically active peptides for inhalation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 211:114518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Simulate SubQ: The Methods and the Media. J Pharm Sci 2021; 112:1492-1508. [PMID: 34728176 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades, there has been a growing interest in injectable subcutaneous formulations to improve the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation and to prolong their release over a longer period. However, fluctuations in the blood plasma levels together with bioavailability issues often limit their clinical success. This warrants a closer look at the performance of long-acting depots, for example, and their dependence on the complex interplay between the dosage form and the physiological microenvironment. For this, biopredictive performance testing is used for a thorough understanding of the biophysical processes affecting the absorption of compounds from the injection site in vivo and their simulation in vitro. In the present work, we discuss in vitro methodologies including methods and media developed for the subcutaneous route of administration on the background of the most relevant absorption mechanisms. Also, we highlight some important knowledge gaps and shortcomings of the existing methodologies to provide the reader with a better understanding of the scientific evidence underlying these models.
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Thevis M, Piper T, Thomas A. Recent advances in identifying and utilizing metabolites of selected doping agents in human sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114312. [PMID: 34391136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing for evidence of the administration of prohibited therapeutics, drugs and/or drug candidates as well as the use of methods of doping in doping control samples is a central assignment of anti-doping laboratories. In order to accomplish the desired analytical sensitivity, retrospectivity, and comprehensiveness, a considerable portion of anti-doping research has been invested into studying metabolic biotransformation and elimination profiles of doping agents. As these doping agents include lower molecular mass drugs such as e.g. stimulants and anabolic androgenic steroids, some of which further necessitate the differentiation of their natural/endogenous or xenobiotic origin, but also higher molecular mass substances such as e.g. insulins, growth hormone, or siRNA/anti-sense oligonucleotides, a variety of different strategies towards the identification of employable and informative metabolites have been developed. In this review, approaches supporting the identification, characterization, and implementation of metabolites exemplified by means of selected doping agents into routine doping controls are presented, and challenges as well as solutions reported and published between 2010 and 2020 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Esposito S, Vanni D, Menta S, Orsatti L, Monteagudo E. Comparison of different protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction protocols for the study of the catabolism of peptide drugs by LC-HRMS. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3272. [PMID: 32633064 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
LC-HRMS-based identification of the products of peptide catabolism is the key to drive the design of more stable compounds. Because the catabolite of a given peptide can be very different from the parent compound and from other catabolites in terms of physicochemical properties, it can be challenging to develop an analytical method that allows recovery and detection of the parent and all parent-related catabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate how the recovery and the matrix effect of peptidic drugs and their catabolites are affected by different protein precipitation (PP) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocols. To this purpose, four model peptides representative of different classes (somatostatin, GLP-2, human insulin and liraglutide) were digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin to simulate proteolytic catabolism. The resulting mixtures of the parent peptides and their proteolytic products covering a wide range of relative hydrophobicity (HR ) and isoelectric points (pI) were spiked in human plasma and underwent different PP and SPE protocols. Recovery and matrix effect were measured for each peptide and its catabolites. PP with three volumes of ACN or EtOH yielded the highest overall recoveries (more than 50% for the four parent peptides and all their catabolites) among all the tested PP and SPE protocols. Mixed-mode anion exchange (MAX) was the only SPE sorbent among the five tested that allowed to extract all the peptides with recoveries more than 20%. Matrix effect was generally lower with SPE. Overall, it was observed that peptides with either high hydrophilicity (e.g., somatostatin catabolites) or hydrophobicity (GLP-2 and lipidated liraglutide catabolites) had a much narrower choice of PP solvent or SPE protocol. Simulation of catabolism using recombinant enzymes together with in silico calculation of the HR and the pI of potential proteolysis products is recommended to select the optimal extraction conditions for the study of peptide catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domitilla Vanni
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Menta
- ADME/DMPK Department, IRBM S.p.A.,, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Orsatti
- ADME/DMPK Department, IRBM S.p.A.,, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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18
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Sonesson A, Bjørnsdottir I, Christensen JK. Meeting report: 2nd workshop of the peptide ADME discussion group. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:1-4. [PMID: 32571130 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1784496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Challenges and opportunities within peptide ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination) were presented and discussed at the 2nd workshop of the Peptide ADME Discussion Group in Cambridge, UK (17th of September 2019). This article summarises the presentations and discussions from this workshop. The following topics were covered: Peptide drug-drug interactions (DDIs) Regulatory perspectives on peptide ADME studies Bioavailability of therapeutic peptides impacted by metabolism and oligomerization in the subcutaneous compartment Regulated bioanalysis of parent peptide and active metabolites by immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS Peptide radiopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Sonesson
- Department of Bioanalysis, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Thomas A, Thevis M. Identification of metabolites of peptide-derived drugs using an isotope-labeled reporter ion screening strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:690-700. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundPeptide-derived drugs represent an emerging class of prohibited substances in professional sports and, thus, in modern doping controls. After parental administration (e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous), these drugs undergo various metabolic processes, which degrade them to biologically active or inactive peptides. Knowledge about these metabolic processes and the hereby produced metabolites plays a key role in successful doping controls due to the effective design of analytical assays under consideration of optimal analytical targets. Unfortunately, the complexity of biological matrix (e.g. blood or urine) complicates the immediate identification of relevant metabolites due to the enormous excess of naturally occurring peptides and their degradation products.MethodsIn this study, a strategy employing in-vitro metabolism of stable isotope-labeled peptides producing characteristic reporter ions derived from labeled immonium ions is shown. The in-vitro experiments were performed with human skin tissue microsomes (S9), and model drugs representing prohibited peptide hormones were synacthen, insulin, and corticorelin (respectively, their stable isotope-labeled analogs). After generic sample preparation, the metabolites were identified by means of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) in an untargeted approach.Results and conclusionsFor all three model peptides, several metabolic products were readily identified. While insulin and corticorelin were found to be comparably stable, synacthen was fully degraded, yielding a plethora of metabolic products. A proof of concept concerning the transferability of the obtained data was accomplished by analyzing plasma samples collected post-administration of recombinant human insulin, corroborating the presence of a skin protease-indicative insulin metabolite in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A, Geyer H. Peptidic drugs and drug candidates in sports drug testing: agents affecting mitochondrial biogenesis or preventing activin receptor II activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Pinho A, Fortuna A, Falcão A, Santos A, Seiça R, Estevens C, Veiga F, Ribeiro A. Comparison of ELISA and HPLC-MS methods for the determination of exenatide in biological and biotechnology-based formulation matrices. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:143-155. [PMID: 31297291 PMCID: PMC6598173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biotechnology-based active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as GLP-1 analogs, brought changes in type 2 diabetes treatment options. For better therapeutic efficiency, these active pharmaceutical ingredients require appropriate administration, without the development of adverse effects or toxicity. Therefore, it is required to develop several quantification methods for GLP-1 analogs products, in order to achieve the therapeutic goals, among which ELISA and HPLC arise. These methods are developed, optimized and validated in order to determine GLP-1 analogs, not only in final formulation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, but also during preclinical and clinical trials assessment. This review highlights the role of ELISA and HPLC methods that have been used during the assessment for GLP-1 analogs, especially for exenatide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Pinho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A.C. Santos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R. Seiça
- Laboratory of Physiology, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciênicas da Saúde, Azinhaga de Sante Comba, 300-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. Estevens
- Pharmaceutical Development, TECNIMEDE, S. A. Quinta da Cerca, Caixaria, 2565-187 Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - F. Veiga
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A.J. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Group Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction, IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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