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Pang B, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Liu XJ, Feng XS. Recent Update on Pretreatment and Analysis Methods of Buprenorphine in Different Matrix. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:1243-1272. [PMID: 35979823 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is one of the most commonly used pain-killing drugs due to its lengthy duration of action and high potency. However, excessive usage of buprenorphine can be harmful to one's health and prolonged use might result in addiction. Additionally, an increasing number of cases have been documented involving the illegal use of buprenorphine. Therefore, a variety of effective and reliable methods for pretreatment and determination of buprenorphine and its main metabolite norbuprenorphine have been established. This review aims to update the current state of pretreatment and detection techniques for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from January 2010 to March 2022. Pretreatment methods include several traditional extraction methods, solid-phase extraction, QuECHERS, various micro-extraction techniques, etc. while analytical methods include LC-MS, LC coupled with other detectors, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical sensors, etc. The pros and cons of various techniques were compared and summarized, and the prospects were provided.HIGHLIGHTSProgress in pretreatment and detection methods for buprenorphine is demonstrated.Pros and cons of different pretreatment and analysis methods are compared.New materials (such as nanomaterials and magnetic materials) used in buprenorphine pretreatment are summarized.Newly emerged environmental-friendly methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Gqamana PP, Rudy D, Zhang YV. Quantitative Analysis of Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine, and Their Glucuronide Metabolites in Human Urine. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:123-132. [PMID: 38036816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantitative clinical LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous analysis of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their glucuronide metabolites in human urine. The assay is based on the direct and hydrolysis-free sample preparation protocol, i.e., dilute and shoot, whereby clarified urine specimens are diluted in internal standard reagent and injected into the LC-MS/MS instrument. The analytical platform employs reversed-phase liquid chromatography for upfront separation and electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring MS detection via the triple-quadrupole (TSQ Quantiva) instrument. The assay has a quantitative analytical range of 5 ng/mL-1000 ng/mL represented at seven levels for each of the four analytes. A unique stable isotopically labeled analogue is used as internal standard for each analyte. For high-throughput performance, the assay can be multiplexed between two LC channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putuma P Gqamana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Rudy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Y Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Young B, Zhang YV. A Direct Dilute-and-Shoot HPLC-MS/MS Method for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Metabolites. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:435-442. [PMID: 38036844 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The Cannabis plant has been smoked for medicinal and recreational purposes for thousands of years. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most well-known psychoactive cannabinoid, and the properties of other cannabinoids are becoming better understood. Due to increased exposure, hospitals and clinics will need access to rapid and accurate THC testing procedures to better inform patients and improve care. A rapid and reliable HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative assessment of two THC metabolites (THC-COOH and THC-COO(Gluc)). The chromatographic separation was done using a short (50 × 4.6 mm) phenyl-hexyl column with positive ESI mass spectrometry analysis. To reduce interferences and improve quantitation, the assay was run using multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was shown to be precise (<15% CV with-in day & between day), accurate (±20%) and linear (>R2 0.99) within the range of 25-8000 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Young
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Y Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Farquharson S, Shende C, Newcomb J, Petrakis IL, Arias AJ. Analysis of Drugs in Saliva of US Military Veterans Treated for Substance Use Disorders Using Supported Liquid Extraction and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052010. [PMID: 36903255 PMCID: PMC10004423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Center for Disease Control, there were more than 107,000 US drug overdose deaths in 2021, over 80,000 of which due to opioids. One of the more vulnerable populations is US military veterans. Nearly 250,000 military veterans suffer from substance-related disorders (SRD). For those seeking treatment, buprenorphine is prescribed to help treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Urinalysis is currently used to monitor buprenorphine adherence as well as to detect illicit drug use during treatment. Sometimes sample tampering occurs if patients seek to generate a false positive buprenorphine urine test or mask illicit drugs, both of which can compromise treatment. To address this problem, we have been developing a point-of-care (POC) analyzer that can rapidly measure both medications used for treatment and illicit drugs in patient saliva, ideally in the physi-cian's office. The two-step analyzer employs (1) supported liquid extraction (SLE) to isolate the drugs from the saliva and (2) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect the drugs. A prototype SLE-SERS-POC analyzer was used to quantify buprenorphine at ng/mL concentrations and identify illicit drugs in less than 1 mL of saliva collected from 20 SRD veterans in less than 20 min. It correctly detected buprenorphine in 19 of 20 samples (18 true positives, 1 true negative and 1 false negative). It also identified 10 other drugs in patient samples: acetaminophen, amphetamine, cannabidiol, cocaethylene, codeine, ibuprofen, methamphetamine, methadone, nicotine, and norbuprenorphine. The prototype analyzer shows evidence of accuracy in measuring treatment medications and relapse to drug use. Further study and development of the system is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Farquharson
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-860-635-9800
| | - Chetan Shende
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Jenelle Newcomb
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ismene L. Petrakis
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Albert J. Arias
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Mariottini C, Kriikku P, Ojanperä I. Investigation of buprenorphine-related deaths using urinary metabolite concentrations. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1696-1702. [PMID: 35834288 PMCID: PMC9796430 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of postmortem urine, instead of blood, for buprenorphine and metabolites may provide additional evidence for the diagnosis of fatal buprenorphine poisoning. In this study, 247 autopsy urine samples, previously testing positive for buprenorphine or norbuprenorphine, were quantitatively reanalysed with a recently developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for unconjugated buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), naloxone (NAL), and their respective conjugated metabolites, buprenorphine glucuronide (BUPG), norbuprenorphine glucuronide (NBUPG), and naloxone glucuronide (NALG). The cases were divided, according to medical examiners' decision, to buprenorphine poisonings and other causes of death. The groups were compared for urinary concentrations and metabolite concentration ratios of the six analytes. All median concentrations were higher in the buprenorphine poisoning group. The median concentration of BUPG was significantly higher and the median metabolite ratios NBUP/BUP, NBUPG/BUPG, and NBUPtotal/BUPtotal were significantly lower in poisonings than in other causes of death. Naloxone-related concentrations and ratios were not significantly different between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mariottini
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Forensic Toxicology UnitFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pirkko Kriikku
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Forensic Toxicology UnitFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Forensic Toxicology UnitFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
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Shan X, Cao C, Yang B. Analytical Approaches for the Determination of Buprenorphine, Methadone and Their Metabolites in Biological Matrices. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165211. [PMID: 36014451 PMCID: PMC9415157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of buprenorphine and methadone has grown into a rising worldwide issue. After their consumption, buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites can be found in the human organism. Due to the difficulty in the assessment of these compounds by routine drug screening, the importance of developing highly sensitive analytical approaches is undeniable. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is the preferable technique for the determination of buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites in biological matrices including urine, plasma, nails or oral fluids. This research aims to review a critical discussion of the latest trends for the monitoring of buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites in various biological specimens.
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Yahyapour M, Ranjbar M, Mohadesi A, Rejaeinegad M. Determination of Buprenorphine (BUP) with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Zn/La
3+
Metal Organic Framework on Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE). ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moghadaseh Yahyapour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Mehdi Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences P.O. Box: 76175–493 Kerman 76169-11319 Iran
| | - Alireza Mohadesi
- Department of Chemistry Payame Noor University Tehran 19395-4697 Iran
| | - Moslem Rejaeinegad
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch Islamic Azad University Kerman Iran
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Mariottini C, Gergov M, Ojanperä I. Determination of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, naloxone, and their glucuronides in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1658-1667. [PMID: 34047070 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), naloxone (NAL), and their glucuronide conjugates BUP-G, NBUP-G, and NAL-G in urine samples was developed. The method, omitting a hydrolysis step, involved non-polar solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography on a C18 column, electrospray positive ionization, and mass analysis by multiple reaction monitoring. Quantification was based on the corresponding deuterium-labelled internal standards for each of the six analytes. The limit of quantification was 0.5 μg/L for BUP and NAL, 1 μg/L for NAL-G, and 3 μg/L for NBUP, BUP-G, and NBUP-G. Using the developed method, 72 urine samples from buprenorphine-dependent patients were analysed to cover the concentration ranges encountered in a clinical setting. The median (maximum) concentration was 4.2 μg/L (102 μg/L) for BUP, 74.7 μg/L (580 μg/L) for NBUP, 0.9 μg/L (85.5 μg/L) for NAL, 159.5 μg/L (1370 μg/L) for BUP-G, 307.5 μg/L (1970 μg/L) for NBUP-G, and 79.6 μg/L (2310 μg/L) for NAL-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mariottini
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Gergov
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
This paper aims to cover the main strategies based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for the analysis of biological samples. The determination of endogenous and exogenous compounds in such samples is important for the understanding of the health status of individuals. For this reason, the development of new approaches that can be complementary to the ones already established (mainly based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry) is welcomed. In this regard, ion mobility spectrometry has appeared in the analytical scenario as a powerful technique for the separation and characterization of compounds based on their mobility. IMS has been used in several areas taking advantage of its orthogonality with other analytical separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, or supercritical fluid chromatography. Bioanalysis is not one of the areas where IMS has been more extensively applied. However, over the last years, the interest in using this approach for the analysis of biological samples has clearly increased. This paper introduces the reader to the principles controlling the separation in IMS and reviews recent applications using this technique in the field of bioanalysis.
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Cohier C, Salle S, Fontova A, Mégarbane B, Roussel O. Determination of buprenorphine, naloxone and phase I and phase II metabolites in rat whole blood by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 180:113042. [PMID: 31865207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone combination are maintenance treatments used worldwide. However, since their marketing, despite ceiling respiratory effects, poisonings and fatalities have been attributed to buprenorphine misuse and overdose. Therefore, to better understand the mechanisms of buprenorphine-related toxicity in vivo, experimental investigations have been conducted, mainly in the rat. We developed a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method with electrospray ionization for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine, naloxone and their metabolites (norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, norbuprenorphine glucuronide and naloxone glucuronide) in rat whole blood. Compounds were extracted from whole blood by protein precipitation and chromatographically separated using gradient elution of aqueous ammonium formate and methanol in a Raptor Biphenyl core-shell column (100 mm x 3,0 mm x 2,7 μm). Following electrospray ionization, quantification was carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by the tandem mass spectrometer API 3200 system. The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to the currently accepted criteria for bioanalytical method validation. The method required small sample volumes (50 μL) and was sensitive with limits of quantification of 6.9, 6.2, 3.6, 3.3, 1.3 and 57.7 ng/mL for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, norbuprenorphine glucuronide, naloxone and naloxone glucuronide respectively. The upper limit of quantification was 4000 ng/ml for all the studied compounds. Trueness (88-115 %), repeatability and intermediate precision (both <15%) were in accordance with the international recommendations. The procedure was successfully used to quantify these compounds in the whole blood sample from one rat 24 h after the intravenous administration of buprenorphine/naloxone (30.0/7.5 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Cohier
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Sophie Salle
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Anne Fontova
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Roussel
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
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