Chemical and metabolic analysis of Achyranthes bidentate saponins with intestinal microflora-mediated biotransformation by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with metabolism platform

Chemometric guided isolation of new triterpenoid saponins as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from seeds of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

Achyranthes bidentata Blume (Amaranthaceae) is an annual or perennial herb widely used as ethnomedicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treating fever, cold, ulcers, mensural pain, dementia, and osteoporosis. In the current study, UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS/MS-based chemometric approach was adopted for the tentative identification of fifty-six compounds in the extract and fractions of A.bidentata seeds. Further, the chemometric-guided isolation led to the isolation of two previously undescribed oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, named achyranosides A-B (27 and 30), along with three known compounds (31, 44, and 23) from water fraction of A. bidentata seeds. The structures of new compounds were elucidated based on the detailed analysis of NMR, HR-ESI-MS, FT-IR spectral data, and GC-FID techniques. The isolated compounds in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity revealed the promising activity of chikusetsusaponin IVa (23) (IC50 = 63.7 μM) with mixed type of AChE inhibition in enzyme kinetic studies. Additionally, in silico binding free energy of isolated compounds disclosed the greater stability of enzyme-ligand complex owing to underlying multiple H-bond interactions. Overall, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of a chemometric-guided approach for the phytochemical exploration and isolation of new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from A. bidentata seeds.

Preliminary Exploration of Potential Active Ingredients and Molecular Mechanisms of Yanggan Yishui Granules for Treating Hypertensive Nephropathy Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS Coupled with Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Strategy

Hypertensive nephropathy (HN) is a prevalent complication of hypertension and stands as the second primary reason for end-stage renal disease. Research in clinical settings has revealed that Yanggan Yishui Granule (YGYSG) has significant therapeutic effects on HN. However, the material basis and action mechanisms of YGYSG against HN remain unclear. Consequently, this study utilized a comprehensive method integrating ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), network pharmacology, and molecular docking to delineate the active ingredients and potential therapeutic mechanisms of YGYSG for treating HN. Firstly, sixty distinct components were recognized in total as potential active ingredients in YGYSG by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Subsequently, the mechanisms of YGYSG against HN were revealed for the first time using network pharmacology. 23 ingredients played key roles in the complete network and were the key active ingredients, which could affect the renin-angiotensin system, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications by regulating 29 key targets such as TNF, IL6, ALB, EGFR, ACE, and MMP2. YGYSG could treat HN through the suppression of inflammatory response and oxidative stress, attenuating the proliferation of renal vascular smooth muscle cells, lessening glomerular capillary systolic pressure, and ameliorating renal dysfunction and vascular damage through the aforementioned targets and pathways. Molecular docking results revealed that most key active ingredients exhibited a high affinity for binding to the key targets. This study pioneers in clarifying the bioactive compounds and molecular mechanisms of YGYSG against HN and offers scientific reference into the clinical application.

Rapid identification of chemical constituents and dynamic metabolic profile of Shenqi-Tiaoshen formula in rat plasma based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE

Shenqi-Tiaoshen formula (SQTSF) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that has been employed in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinical practice has demonstrated that SQTSF is an effective prescription for stable COPD. However, owing to the complexity of TCM prescription, there is a lack of in-depth understanding of the chemical components of SQTSF and its in vivo metabolism studies. In this study, a comprehensive analytical strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was established to identify the chemical components, the absorbed components, and the metabolites of SQTSF given by gavage in rats, and analyze their dynamic changes. As a result, 86 chemical components of SQTSF were characterized, which were mainly categorized into flavonoids, saponins, organic acids, terpenoids, etc. Among them, 13 compounds were confirmed unambiguously by reference standards. Furthermore, 20 prototype components and 46 metabolites were detected in rat plasma at different time points. It was found that one prototype component and thirteen metabolites could be detected during the entire 24 h, indicating that these compounds were slowly eliminated and thus accumulated in vivo over a prolonged duration. Interestingly, the phenomenon that three prototype components and fourteen metabolites reappeared after a period of disappearance from the plasma was found. It was also observed that different prototype components may generate the same metabolite. The metabolic processes of SQTSF in rats mainly included oxidation, reduction, hydration, demethylation, deglycosylation, methylation, acetylation, glucuronidation, glutathionylation, and associated combination reactions. Overall, the present study identified the chemical components of SQTSF and their dynamic metabolic profile in rat plasma, which provided a systematic and applicable strategy for screening and characterization of the prototype components and metabolites of TCM compound preparations.

Chemical Profiling of Shen-Wu-Yi-Shen Tablets Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and Its Quality Evaluation Based on UPLC-DAD Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Shen-Wu-Yi-Shen tablets (SWYST) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used for treating chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to characterize the constituents in SWYST and evaluate the quality based on the quantification of multiple bioactive components. SWYST samples were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and a data-processing strategy. As a result, 215 compounds in SWYST were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized, including 14 potential new compounds. Meanwhile, strategies based on characteristic fragments for rapid identification were summarized, indicating that the qualitative method is accurate and feasible. Notably, the glucose esters of laccaic acid D-type anthraquinone were first found and their fragmentation patterns were described by comparing that of O-glycoside isomers. Besides, based on comparisons of the cleavage ways of mono-acyl glucose with different acyl groups or acylation sites, differences in fragmentation pathways between 1,2-di-O-acyl glucose and 1,6-di-O-acyl glucose were proposed for the first time and verified by reference substances. In addition, a validated UPLC-DAD was established for the determination of 11 major bioactive components related to treatment of CKD (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG), 1-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-β-d-glucose, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, chrysophanol-O-β-d-glucoside, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion). Moreover, TSG and 1-O-galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-β-d-glucose were found as the quality markers related to the origins of SWYST based on multivariate statistical analysis. Conclusively, the findings in this work provide a feasible reference for further studies on quality research and mechanisms of action in treating CKD.

Advances in the anti-tumor potential of hederagenin and its analogs

Hederagenin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is widely distributed as the main pharmaceutical ingredient in various medicinal plants. Similarly as other pentacyclic triterpenoids, hederagenin has various pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and anti-viral activities. In particular, the anti-tumor activity of hederagenin indicates its potential for development into highly effective chemotherapeutic agents. Studies revealed that hederagenin effectively suppresses the growth of various tumor cell lines in vitro and interacts with several molecular targets that play essential roles in various cellular signaling pathways. The compound suppresses transformation, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis in tumor cells. In this review, we highlight research progress on the source, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activity, and mechanism of action of hederagenin and the anti-tumor activity of its analogs by integrating and analyzing relevant domestic and international studies and providing a basis for their further development and application.

Saponin extract from Achyranthes bidentata Blume alleviates disuse-induced muscle atrophy through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The roots of Achyranthes bidentata Blume are one of the regularly used herbal drugs in Chinese medicine, and has been applied for strengthening the muscle and bone for a long time. However, its effect on muscle remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This paper aims to explore the anti-muscle atrophy effect of A. bidentata, and to clarify the possible signaling pathways involved.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The saponin extract of the roots of A. bidentata (ABSE) was prepared and analyzed, and its activity on myoblast differentiation was assayed with C2C12 cell culture. ABSE was then orally administered at dosage of 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg/day to disuse-induced muscle atrophy mice. The studies on mice body weight and muscle quality were conducted, and Western blot was used for exploring the possible signaling pathways involved in the muscle protective action aided with transcriptome analysis.

RESULTS

The total saponin content of ABSE was 59.1%. ABSE promoted the C2C12 cells differentiation to myotube in C2C12 differentiation assay. Further study with disuse-induced muscle atrophy mice model demonstrated that ABSE significantly increased muscle fiber diameter as well as the proportion of slow muscle fibers. Possible mechanism study aided with transcriptome analysis revealed that ABSE alleviated muscle atrophy at least through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in vivo & vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

The saponin extract of the root of A. bidentata (ABSE) has a protective effect on muscle atrophy, and showed a considerable potential in prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy.

Identification and quantitative analysis of the chemical constituents of Gandouling tablets using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Gandouling tablets are used in a clinical agent for the treatment of hepatocellular degeneration; however, their chemical constituents have not been elucidated. Here, we screened and identified the chemical constituents of Gandouling tablets using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry. A method for the quality evaluation of Gandouling tablets was developed by combining the UHPLC fingerprints and the simultaneous quantitative analysis of multiple active ingredients. For fingerprint analysis, 20 shared peaks were identified to assess the similarities among the 10 batches of Gandouling tablets and the similarity was >0.9. The levels of nine representative active ingredients were simultaneously determined to ensure consistency in quality. A total of 99 chemical components were identified, including 18 alkaloids, 20 anthraquinones, 13 flavonoids, 11 phenolic acids, 9 polyphenols, 7 phenanthrenes, 5 sesquiterpenes, 3 curcuminoids, 2 lignans, 2 isoflavones, 2 dianthranones, and 7 other components. The retention times, molecular formulae, and secondary fragmentation information of these compounds were analyzed, and the cleavage pathways and characteristic fragments of some of the representative compounds were elucidated. This systematic analysis used to identify the chemical components of Gandouling tablets lays the foundation for its further quality control and research on their pharmacodynamic substances.

An integrated analytical strategy to decipher the metabolic profile of alkaloids in Compound Kushen injection based on UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MSE

1. Compound Kushen injection (CKI) is a kind of sterilized water-soluble traditional Chinese medicine preparation that has been used for the clinical treatment of a variety of cancers (hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, etc.) for nineteen years. However, to date, the metabolism-related study on CKI in vivo has not been conducted.2. An integrated analytical strategy was established to investigate the metabolic profile of alkaloids of CKI in rat plasma, urine and feces based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in MS^E mode (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS^E).3. Nineteen prototype alkaloids (including 12 matrine-type alkaloids, 2 cytisine-type alkaloids, 3 lupinine-type alkaloids, and 2 aloperine-type alkaloids) of CKI were identified in vivo. Furthermore, seventy-one metabolites of alkaloids (including 11 of lupanine-related metabolites, 14 of sophoridine-related metabolites, 14 of lamprolobine-related metabolites and 32 of baptifoline-related metabolites) were tentatively characterized. Metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of phase I (include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and desaturation), phase II (mainly include glucuronidation, acetylcysteine or cysteine conjugation, methylation, acetylation and sulfation) and associated combination reactions.4. The integrated analytical strategy was successfully used to characterize the prototype alkaloids and their metabolites in CKI, and the results laying a foundation for further study its pharmacodynamic substances in vivo.

Comprehensive metabolic profiles of Achyranthes bidentate in rat serum via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their correlation with osteoinductive activity

The osteoinductive effect of crude and salt-processed Achyranthes bidentata is associated with the serum metabolites. Grey relationship analysis between the serum metabolites and osteoinductive effect will help to clarify the bioactive serum metabolites. First, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was used to develop serum metabolic fingerprint of rats after oral administration of crude and salt-processed Achyranthes bidentata. The MS¹ and MS² data of serum metabolites were scanned in the range of m/z 100-1500 and 50-1200, respectively. The chemical structures of the metabolites were thoroughly elucidated. Two prototypes and twelve metabolites have been identified. Second, osteoblasts were cultured with the drug-containing serum at different time points. The osteoinductive effect of crude and salt-processed Achyranthes bidentata was evaluated by detecting the proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts. Third, grey correlation analysis was utilized to elucidate the spectral-effect relationship between serum metabolic fingerprints and osteoinductive effect. Finally, the correlation coefficients of ten metabolites, i.e., oleanolic acid, poststerone-M1, chikusetsusaponin V-M1, oleanolic acid-M2, oleanolic acid-M4, spinacoside D-M1, chikusetsusaponin I-M1, betavulgaroside IV-M2, chikusetsusaponin IVa and achyranthoside IV-M1 were above 0.7. Collectively, our work will provide helpful knowledge for the future research on Achyranthes bidentata.

Screening and characterization of xenobiotics in rat bio-samples after oral administration of Shen-Wu-Yi-Shen tablet using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with a targeted and non-targeted strategy

Shen-Wu-Yi-Shen tablet (SWYST), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP), has been effectively used for treating chronic kidney disease (CKD) in clinically. However, an in-depth study of in vivo metabolism of SWYST is lacking. In this study, a targeted and non-targeted strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was developed to screen and characterize SWYST-related xenobiotics in rats. Based on the in-house library, a chemical database of SWYST including 215 constituents was constructed through "find by formula" and further verified by characteristic fragmentations or the literatures. Then the constructed chemical database was applied for the targeted screening of prototypes. As for metabolites, the non-targeted screening was achieved combined the peak picking using the function "find by auto-MS/MS" and peak filtration of the prototypes and endogenous components, while the targeted screening was performed using Metabolite ID according to the possible metabolic reactions. Furthermore, the potential metabolites were preliminarily identified by comparison of the parent compounds or references to the literatures. As a result, 201 exogenous components (87 prototypes and 121 metabolites) were characterized in rats after administration of SWYST, including 55 (17 prototypes and 38 metabolites) in plasma, 151 (52 prototypes and 99 metabolites) in urine, and 121 (74 prototypes and 47 metabolites) in feces. Finally, their possible metabolic pathways were summarized, and the metabolic reactions mainly involved phase I reactions (hydroxylation, deoxygenation, hydrogenation, methylation, oxidation, hydrolysis and esterification) and phase II reactions (glucuronidation and sulfation). The findings of this research reveal the potential active ingredients of SWYST, providing an important material basis for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SWYST.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry method based on a four-step analysis strategy to investigate metabolites of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction in rat plasma

Metabolism is undoubtedly significantly correlated with the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine. In clinic, Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction (QYSLD) has achieved good results in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, a detailed understanding of the compounds (prototypes and metabolites) of QYSLD and its dynamic metabolic profile in plasma has not been revealed.

METHODS

In this study, a rapid and sensitive method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS^E ), combined with a four-step analysis strategy, was established to investigate QYSLD metabolic profile in rat plasma.

RESULTS

In all, 101 xenobiotics (41 prototypes and 60 QYSLD-related metabolites) were identified in rat plasma. The research uncovered metabolic profiles of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, iridoids, anthraquinones, and phenylpropanoids of QYSLD in rat plasma. The dynamic changes in these xenobiotics were also observed at different time intervals. At 0.5 h after oral administration, only 15 prototypes and 11 metabolites were detected. Within 24 h, 4 prototypes and 20 metabolites can still be detected. Four prototypes and 10 metabolites had the phenomenon of emergence-disappearance-reappearance in vivo.

CONCLUSION

In rat plasma, 101 xenobiotics of QYSLD were identified and their dynamic metabolic profiles were systematically delineated, which laid a material basis for further research of the pharmacodynamic substances of QYSLD inhibiting NSCLC.

Rapid Profiling of Metabolites Combined with Network Pharmacology to Explore the Potential Mechanism of Sanguisorba officinalis L. against Thrombocytopenia

Sanguisorba officinalis L. (SO), a well-known herbal medicine, has been proven to show effect against thrombocytopenia. However, metabolites of SO in vivo are still unclear, and the underlying mechanism of SO against thrombocytopenia from the aspect of metabolites have not been well elucidated. In this study, an improved analytical method combined with UHPLC-QTOF MS and a molecular network was developed for the rapid characterization of metabolites in vivo based on fragmentation patterns. Then, network pharmacology (NP) was used to elucidate the potential mechanism of SO against thrombocytopenia. As a result, a total of 1678 exogenous metabolites were detected in urine, feces, plasma, and bone marrow, in which 104 metabolites were tentatively characterized. These characterized metabolites that originated from plasma, urine, and feces were then imported to the NP analysis. The results showed that the metabolites from plasma, urine, and feces could be responsible for the pharmacological activity against thrombocytopenia by regulating the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, JAK-STAT, VEGF, chemokine, actin cytoskeleton, HIF-1, and pluripotency of stem cells. This study provides a rapid method for metabolite characterization and a new perspective of underlying mechanism study from the aspect of active metabolites in vivo.

Achyranthoside D (AD) improve intervertebral disc degeneration through affect the autophagy and the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

PURPOSE

This study aims to explore the potential mechanism of Achyranthoside D (AD) in improving intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD).

METHODS

The IDD model of SD rats and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) was established by lumbar cone annulus puncture and tert-butyl peroxide, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. IVD tissue injury was observed by HE staining. Alcian blue staining observed the glycoprotein secretion in IVD. Monodansylcadaverin (MDC) staining was used to detect the formation of autophagosomes. The LC3 expression was tested by immunofluorescence. The type II collagen, aggrecan and MMP3 expression were detected by ELISA. RT-qPCR was used to detect the Casp 3, Bax, Bcl2, Acan, Col2a1 and Mmp3 expression. The LC3, P62, type II collagen, aggrecan, Beclin1, Akt, MMP3, p-mTOR, PI3K, mTOR, p-PI3K and p-Akt expression were analyzed by western blot.

RESULTS

The IVD tissue damage and apoptosis occurred in the Model group, and the glycoprotein secretion decreased. Compared with Model group, AD-H group alleviated the injury of IVD tissue, inhibited the apoptosis of cells, and increased the secretion of glycoprotein. 40 μg/mL AD restored the proliferation activity of NPCs. Compared to the Normal group, the NPCs apoptosis increased, the Collagen II, aggrecan and Bcl2 expressions were significantly decreased, the MMP3, Bax and Casp 3 expression were significantly increased, and the LC-3 II/I expression in IVD tissues were increased significantly in Model group, all of which was reversed in AD group. AD promoted the p-Akt, p-PI3K, p-mTOR, LC-3 II/I and Beclin1 expression, inhibited the P62 expression to alleviate the damage of nucleus pulporeus cells and the degeneration of IVD.

CONCLUSION

AD improved IDD by affecting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and autophagy.

Discovering the potential active ingredients of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction for anti-oxidation, inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer based on the spectrum-effect relationship combined with chemometric methods

Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction (QYSLD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, consisting of ten types of herbal medicine which has significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the bioactive ingredients of QYSLD remain unclear, due to their “multi-ingredients” and “multi-targets” features. This study aimed to construct a spectrum-effect correlation analysis model and screen the potential active components of QYSLD. A fingerprint method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was developed and validated to obtain seventy common peaks of ten batches of QYSLD. The results of methodological evaluation, including precision, repeatability and stability, were less than 8.19%. In terms of linearity, eleven common components did not reach the linear standard (R² < 0.99), they were removed before spectrum-effect relationship analysis. After treated with ten batches of QYSLD, the results of DPPH and FRAP assays ranged from 1.59 to 5.50 mg mL⁻¹ and 143.83–873.83 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. Meanwhile, the cell viabilities of A549 cells treated with QYSLD samples ranged from 21.73% to 85.71%. The relative healing rates ranged from 21.50% to 44.46%. The number of migrated and invaded cells ranged from 12.00 to 68.67 and 7.67 to 27.00, respectively. Then, the potential active components of QYSLD were screened through spectrum-effect relationship constructed by grey correlation analysis (GRA), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and backpropagation neural network (BP-ANN). The results were as follow: 1) eight ingredients of QYSLD were relevant to DPPH free radical scavenging ability; 2) nine ingredients were relevant to FRAP; 3) six ingredients were relevant to inhibit the proliferation ability of A549 cells; 4) twenty-two ingredients were relevant to inhibit the horizontal migration ability; 5) five ingredients were relevant to inhibit the vertical migration ability; 6) twelve ingredients were relevant to inhibit the invasion ability. Confirmatory experiments showed that compared with the unscreened ingredients, the potential active ingredients screened by the spectrum-effect relationship had better antioxidant and anti-NSCLC effects. In general, this study found the potential active ingredients in QYSLD. Meanwhile, the established method provided a valuable reference model for the potential active ingredients of TCM.

Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetics Study of Three Triterpenes from Sanguisorba officinalis L. in Rats by UHPLC–MS/MS

A selective and rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was established and validated for the determination of ziyuglycoside I, 3β,19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, and pomolic acid in rats after the oral administration of ziyuglycoside I, 3β,19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, pomolic acid, and Sanguisorba officinalis L. extract. The separation was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC^®HSS T₃ column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm), using methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate water as the mobile phase. The three compounds were quantified using the multiple reaction monitoring mode with the electrospray ion source in both the positive and negative mode. Liquid-liquid extraction was applied to the plasma sample preparation. Bifendate was selected as the internal standard. The intra-day and inter-day precision and the accuracy of the method were all within receivable ranges. The lower limit of quantification of ziyuglycoside I, 3β,19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, and pomolic acid were 6.50, 5.75, and 2.63 ng/mL, respectively. The extraction recoveries of analytes in rat plasma ranged from 83 to 94%. The three components could be rapidly absorbed into the blood (T_max, 1.4–1.6 h) both in the single-administration group or S. officinalis extract group, but the first peak of PA occurred at 0.5 h and the second peak at 4–5 h in the S. officinalis extract. Three compounds were eliminated relatively slowly (t_1/2, 7.3–11 h). The research was to establish a rapid, sensible, and sensitive UHPLC–MS/MS method using the multi-ion mode for multi-channel simultaneous mensuration pharmacokinetics parameters of three compounds in rats after oral administration of S. officinalis extract. This study found, for the first time, differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the three compounds in the monomer compounds and S. officinalis extract administration, which preliminarily revealed the transformation and metabolism of the three compounds in vivo.

Rapid identification of chemical components in Zhizi Baipi decoction by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with a novel informatics UNIFI platform

Zhizi Baipi Decoction is a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of jaundice and various liver diseases. The chemical components of Zhizi baipi decoction were not clear resulting from the paucity of relevant studies, which hindered the elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism, the comprehensive development and utilization of Zhizi baipi decoction in clinical. In this study, ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry combined with UNIFI natural product information analysis platform was used to rapidly analyze and identify the chemical components in Zhizi baipi decoction. A total of 122 chemical components, including 53 flavonoids, 16 alkaloids, 25 terpenoids, 5 phenylpropanoids, 14 organic acids, and 7 others, were identified from Zhizi baipi decoction. These compounds may be the active components of Zhizi baipi decoction. The method established in this study can systematically, rapidly, and accurately resolve the chemical components in Zhizi baipi decoction, which lays the foundation for further establishment of the pharmacodynamic substance basis and quality control of Zhizi baipi decoction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A multidimensional strategy to rapidly identify the chemical constituents in Shengxian Decoction by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

As a well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula, the chemical constituents of Shengxian Decoction still remain unclear due to its complexity. In this study, a multidimensional strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and informatics UNIFI™ platform was applied to achieve rapid and comprehensive identification of the complex composition of Shengxian Decoction. Data-independent acquisition, fast data-directed analysis, and high-definition MS^E were used to obtain more and cleaner mass spectrum information. As a result, a total of 120 compounds including 74 saponins, 17 flavonoids,7 cinnamic acid derivatives, 8 triterpenoids and 14 others were identified or tentatively characterized by high-resolution molecular mass, fragment ions, and collision cross-section values. Furthermore, high-definition MS^E was used to identify six pairs of co-eluting isomers that could not be detected from conventional data-independent acquisition and data-independent acquisition. This research strategy has a certain potential for the analysis of other Compound formulae and lays the foundation for the study of traditional Chinese medicine efficacy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Delineating the dynamic metabolic profile of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction in rat urine using UPLC-QTOF-MSE coupled with a post-targeted screening strategy

Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction (QYSLD) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been clinically used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for more than 20 years. However, to date, metabolic-related studies on QYSLD have not been performed. In this study, a post-targeted screening strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight full information tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS^E) was developed to identify QYSLD-related xenobiotics in rat urine. The chemical compound database of QYSLD constituents was established from previous research, and metabolites related to these compounds were predicted in combination with their possible metabolic pathways. The metabolites were identified by extracted ion chromatograms using predicted m/z values as well as retention time, excimer ions, and fragmentation behavior. Overall, 85 QYSLD-related xenobiotics (20 prototype compounds and 65 metabolites) were characterized from rat urine. The main metabolic reactions and elimination features of QYSLD included oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, hydrolysis, demethylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, deglycosylation, acetylation, and associated combination reactions. Of the identified molecules, 14 prototype compounds and 58 metabolites were slowly eliminated, thus accumulating in vivo over an extended period, while five prototypes and two metabolites were present in vivo for a short duration. Furthermore, one prototype and five metabolites underwent the process of “appearing-disappearing-reappearing” in vivo. Overall, the metabolic profile and characteristics of QYSLD in rat urine were determined, which is useful in elucidating the active components of the decoction in vivo, thus providing the basis for studying its mechanism of action.

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A post-targeted screening strategy based on UPLC-QTOF-MS^E was developed.

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Twenty prototype compounds and 65 metabolites of QYSLD were identified in rat urine.

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The main metabolic reactions and elimination features of QYSLD were determined in vivo.

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Dynamic metabolic profiles of QYSLD-related xenobiotics at multiple time intervals were delineated.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Astragalus Saponins and Identification of Metabolites After Oral Administration in Rats by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fabaceae) is an ancient Chinese herbal medicine, and Astragalus saponins are the main active components, which have a wide range of biological activities, such as immunomodulation, antioxidation, and neuroprotection. In this study, silver nanoparticles obtained by sodium borohydride reduction were used as the enhanced substrate to detect astragaloside I (1), astragaloside II (2), astragaloside III (3), astragaloside IV (4), isoastragaloside I (5), and isoastragaloside II (6) in the phloem, xylem, and cork by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In the SERS spectrum of Astragalus slices, the characteristic peaks were observed at 562, 671, 732, 801, 836, 950, 1,026, 1,391, and 1,584 cm⁻¹, among which 950 cm⁻¹ and 1,391 cm⁻¹ were strong SERS signals. Subsequently, the metabolites of the six kinds of Astragalus saponins were identified by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS. Totally, 80, 89, and 90 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine, and feces, respectively. The metabolism of saponins mainly involves dehydration, deacetylation, dihydroxylation, dexylose reaction, deglycosylation, methylation, deacetylation, and glycol dehydration. Ten metabolites (1-M2, 1-M11, 2-M3, 2-M12, 3-M14, 4-M9, 5-M2, 5-M17, 6-M3, and 6-M12) were identified by comparison with reference standards. Interestingly, Astragalus saponins 1, 2, 5, and 6 were deacetylated to form astragaloside IV (4), which has been reported to have good pharmacological neuroprotective, liver protective, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Six kinds of active Astragalus saponins from different parts of Astragalus mongholicus were identified by SERS spectroscopy. Six kinds of active Astragalus saponins from different parts of Astragalus mongholicus were identified by SERS spectrum, and the metabolites were characterized by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS, which not only provided a new method for the identification of traditional Chinese medicine but also provided a theoretical basis for the study of the pharmacodynamic substance basis of Astragalus mongholicus saponins.

The Integrated Study on the Chemical Profiling to Explore the Constituents and Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparation Huatuo Jiuxin Pills Based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE and Network Pharmacology

Huatuo Jiuxin Pills (HJP), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation, has been widely used to treat Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) for more than 20 years. However, there were still gaps in the study of chemical components and potential pharmacological effects in the HJP. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE) combined with network pharmacology was used to comprehensively explore the chemical components in HJP and explore its potential active compounds and the mechanism for the treatment of CVDs. A total of 117 compounds, mainly including saponins, cholic acids, and bufadienolides, were rapidly identified and characterized. Simultaneously, the fragmentation mode and characteristic ion analysis of different types of representative compounds were carried out. Network pharmacology results showed that the more important active ingredients mainly include 5β‐hydroxybufotalin, 19 oxo‐cinobufagin, bufarenogin, etc. While, the main targets were PIK3CA, MAPK1, VEGFA and so on. Importantly, HJP has therapeutic effects on CVDs by acting on endocrine resistance, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, etc. In addition, molecular docking results showed that the core active ingredients with higher degrees in HJP have a strong affinity with the core targets of CVDs. The current work fills the gap in the chemical substance basis of HJP, and also facilitates a better understanding of the effective components, therapeutic targets, and signaling pathways of HJP in the treatment of CVDs.

Research Progress on the Antiosteoarthritic Mechanism of Action of Natural Products

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a clinical joint degenerative disease, the pathogenic factors of which include age, obesity, and mechanical injury. Its main pathological features include cartilage loss, narrowing of joint space, and osteophyte formation. At present, there are a variety of treatment methods for OA. Natural products, which are gradually being applied in the treatment of OA, are advantageous as they present with low toxicity and low costs and act on multiple targets.

Methods

The terms “natural products,” “osteoarthritis,” and “chondrocytes” were searched in PubMed to screen the related literature in the recent 10 years.

Results

We comprehensively introduced 62 published papers on 48 natural products involving 6, 3, 5, 12, 4, and 5 kinds of terpenoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, respectively (and others).

Conclusion

The mechanisms of their anti-OA action mainly involve reducing the production of inflammatory factors, reducing oxidative stress, regulating the metabolism of chondrocytes, promoting the proliferation of chondrocytes, or inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis. This article summarizes the anti-OA activity of natural products in the last 10 years and provides candidate monomers for further study for use in OA treatment.

[Rapid identification of chemical components in Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry]

Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction (QYSLD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription consisting of ten types of herbal medicines, including Astragali Radix, Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma, Scolopendra, Pheretima, Solanum nigrum L., Hedyotis diffusa Willd., Coicis Semen, Euphorbia helioscopia L., Curcumae Rhizoma, and Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, combined in a ratio of 15∶5∶3∶3∶10∶10∶10∶3∶5∶3 by weight. QYSLD has been used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for over 20 years in clinical practice, and its curative effect is considered credible. However, the chemical constituents of QYSLD have not been revealed because of their complexity, which has significantly hindered the systematic clarification of the efficacy of the materials and quality evaluation. In this study, a reliable strategy based on the data-independent acquisition (DIA) technology of ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) combined with a targeted screening method was established to investigate the chemical components of QYSLD. A 2-μL aliquot from each vial was injected into a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) to separate complex components. The temperature of the column was 35 ℃, and the flow rate was set at 0.2 mL/min. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. Detection was conducted using an Xevo G2-XS QTOF-MS with a LockSpray capable-electrospray interface. The data for complex components in QYSLD were collected by full-information tandem mass spectrometry (MS E) in the positive and negative ion modes. In the MSE mode, data acquisition was performed using a mass spectrometer by rapidly switching from a low-collision-energy (CE) scan to a high-CE scan during a single LC run. Thus, accurate precursor and fragment ions were collected in a single run, which was helpful for the structural elucidation of multiple components in QYSLD. In addition, systematic information on isolated chemical compounds was collected and distinguished from the ten individual herbs in QYSLD using databases such as China Academic Journals Full-text database (CNKI), PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and ChemSpider. Accordingly, a self-building library of QYSLD, including the component name, molecular formula, and structure of the components from the herbs, was established. Subsequently, the raw MSE data of the collected samples and the self-building chemical composition library were imported into a natural product post-processing screening (UNIFI) platform for targeted screening of the chemical components in QYSLD. The parameters for UNIFI platform were as follows: the retention time deviation was ±0.1 min; an error margin of no more than 5×10 -6 for the identified compounds was allowed; positive adducts, including [M+H]+and [M+Na]+, were selected; and negative adducts, including [M-H]- and [M+HCOO]-, were selected. The results showed that a total of 166 compounds were initially identified, including 22 saponins, 13 alkaloids, 27 flavonoids, 32 terpenes, 20 amino acids, 16 phenylpropanoids, 9 organic acids, 6 sterols, 6 anthraquinones, and 15 other components. Among them, sixteen components were confirmed unambiguously with the reference substances. To better understand the chemical contribution of individual herbs to the entire decoction, the attributes of each component were summarized. This study provides a foundation for exploring the pharmacodynamic substances of QYSLD.

Deciphering the metabolic profile and pharmacological mechanisms of Achyranthes bidentata blume saponins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with network pharmacology-based investigation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Achyranthes bidentata Blume (AB) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely used as a dietary supplement and anti-arthritis drug. Pharmacological studies have shown that Achyranthes bidentata Blume saponins (ABS) are the main bioactive ingredient. However, the metabolic profile and mechanisms of action of ABS against rheumatic arthritis (RA) remain to be established.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our main objective was to investigate the metabolic profile and pharmacological activities of ABS against RA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, an analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) coupled with a metabolism platform was developed for metabolic profiling of ABS in rat liver microsomes and plasma. Then, the in vivo metabolites of ABS and their targets associated with RA were used to construct the network pharmacological analysis. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, KEGG signaling pathway analyses and pathway network analyses were performed. The therapeutic effect of ABS on RA was further evaluated using an adjuvant arthritis (AA) model and network pharmacology results validated via Western blot.

RESULTS

Overall, 26 and 21 metabolites of ABS were tentatively characterized in rat liver microsomes and plasma, respectively. The metabolic pathways of ABS mainly included M+O, M+O-H2, M+O2, and M+O2-H2. Data form network pharmacology analysis suggested that MAPK, apoptosis, PI3K-AKT and p53 signaling pathways contribute significantly to the therapeutic effects of ABS on RA. In pharmacodynamics experiments, ABS ameliorated the symptoms in AA rats in a dose-dependent manner and restored the homeostasis of pro/anti-inflammatory factors. Western blot results further demonstrated a significant ABS-induced decrease in phosphorylation of ERK in the MAPK pathway (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Application of an analytical method based on UPLC-QTOF/MS, network pharmacology and validation experiments offers novel insights into the components and mechanisms of ABS that contribute to its therapeutic effects against RA, providing useful directions for further research.

Effects of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule on the gut microbiota in ovariectomized rats: Metabolism and modulation

Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule (XLGB) has been proven to prevent and treat osteoporosis. However, as a long-term oral formula, XLGB's effects on the metabolic capacity, structure and function of gut microbiota have yet to be elucidated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Our objectives were to evaluate the capacity of gut microbiota for metabolizing XLGB ingredients and to assess the effect of this prescription on gut microbiota. Herein, an integrated analysis that combined ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQD-MS) was conducted to determine the metabolic capacity of gut microbiota. The effects of XLGB on gut microbiota were explored by metagenomic sequencing in OVX rats. Fecal samples from each group were collected after intragastric administration for three months. In total, 64 biotransformation products were fully characterized with rat gut microbiota from the OVX group and the XLGB group. The deglycosylation reaction was the main biotransformation pathway in core structures in the group that was incubated with XLGB. Compared with the OVX group, different biotransformation products and pathways of the XLGB group after incubation for 2 h and 8 h were described. After three months of feeding with XLGB, the domesticated gut microbiota was conducive to the production of active absorbed components via deglycosylation, such as icaritin, psoralen and isopsoralen. Comparisons of the gut microbiota of the OVX and XLGB groups showed differences in the relative abundances of the two dominant bacterial divisions, namely, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The proportion of Firmicutes was significantly lower and that of Bacteroidetes was significantly higher in the XLGB group. This result demonstrated that XLGB could provide a basis for the treatment of osteoporosis by regulating lipid and bile acid metabolism. In addition, the increase in Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Prevotella could be an important factor that led to easier production of active absorbed aglycones in the XLGB group. Our observation provided further evidence of the importance of gut microbiota in the metabolism and potential activity of XLGB.

Simulated Gastrointestinal Biotransformation of Chlorogenic Acid, Flavonoids, Flavonolignans and Triterpenoid Saponins in Cecropia obtusifolia Leaf Extract

It is well known that biotransformation processes in the human body are crucial to form potentially bioactive metabolites from particular classes of natural products. However, little research has been conducted concerning the bioavailability of polyphenols, especially in the colon. The gastrointestinal stability and colonic biotransformation of the crude extract of the leaves of Cecropia obtusifolia, rich in flavone C-glycosides, was investigated under in vitro conditions, and the processing and interpretation of results were facilitated by using an automated machine learning model. This investigation revealed that flavone C-glycosides and flavonolignans from C. obtusifolia were stable throughout their passage in the simulated gastrointestinal tract including the colon phase. On the other hand, the colon bacteria extensively metabolized chlorogenic acid, flavonol, and triterpenoid O-glycosides. This investigation revealed that the colonic microbiota has an important role in the biotransformation of some chemical constituents of this extract.

Nutritional Aspects of Ecologically Relevant Phytochemicals in Ruminant Production

This review provides an update of ecologically relevant phytochemicals for ruminant production, focusing on their contribution to advancing nutrition. Phytochemicals embody a broad spectrum of chemical components that influence resource competence and biological advantage in determining plant species' distribution and density in different ecosystems. These natural compounds also often act as plant defensive chemicals against predatorial microbes, insects, and herbivores. They may modulate or exacerbate microbial transactions in the gastrointestinal tract and physiological responses in ruminant microbiomes. To harness their production-enhancing characteristics, phytochemicals have been actively researched as feed additives to manipulate ruminal fermentation and establish other phytochemoprophylactic (prevent animal diseases) and phytochemotherapeutic (treat animal diseases) roles. However, phytochemical-host interactions, the exact mechanism of action, and their effects require more profound elucidation to provide definitive recommendations for ruminant production. The majority of phytochemicals of nutritional and pharmacological interest are typically classified as flavonoids (9%), terpenoids (55%), and alkaloids (36%). Within flavonoids, polyphenolics (e.g., hydrolyzable and condensed tannins) have many benefits to ruminants, including reducing methane (CH4) emission, gastrointestinal nematode parasitism, and ruminal proteolysis. Within terpenoids, saponins and essential oils also mitigate CH4 emission, but triterpenoid saponins have rich biochemical structures with many clinical benefits in humans. The anti-methanogenic property in ruminants is variable because of the simultaneous targeting of several physiological pathways. This may explain saponin-containing forages' relative safety for long-term use and describe associated molecular interactions on all ruminant metabolism phases. Alkaloids are N-containing compounds with vast pharmacological properties currently used to treat humans, but their phytochemical usage as feed additives in ruminants has yet to be exploited as they may act as ghost compounds alongside other phytochemicals of known importance. We discussed strategic recommendations for phytochemicals to support sustainable ruminant production, such as replacements for antibiotics and anthelmintics. Topics that merit further examination are discussed and include the role of fresh forages vis-à-vis processed feeds in confined ruminant operations. Applications and benefits of phytochemicals to humankind are yet to be fully understood or utilized. Scientific explorations have provided promising results, pending thorough vetting before primetime use, such that academic and commercial interests in the technology are fully adopted.

Screening of tea saponin-degrading strain to degrade the residual tea saponin in tea seed cake

Although tea seed cake (TSC) possesses high nutritional value, its high content of tea saponin (TS) limits its potential as feed. This study aimed to degrade TS in TSC by saponin-degrading strain and used a multistrains fermentation method to improve its nutritional value and palatability. Three saponin-degrading strains were isolated from Oleum Camelliae mill soil and identified as Citrobacter sp. FCTS301, Pantoea sp. FCTS302, and Enterobacter sp. FCTS303. Single-factor experiment showed that Citrobacter sp. FCTS301 had the highest degradation rate of TS. Response surface analysis for Citrobacter sp. FCTS301 indicated that the optimum culture conditions were as follows: initial pH of 7.2, culture temperature of 34.2 °C, inoculation amount of 7.3%, the agitation rate of 150 rpm, and the TS concentration of 10.0 g/L. Under these conditions, the maximum degradation rate was 82.6%. The fermentation process of TSC was obtained by a multistrains fermentation experiment. Considering the protein content, crude fiber degradation rate, and TS degradation rate of each group, the optimum inoculum amount of strains included Citrobacter sp. FCTS301, Aspergillus oryzae NCUF414, Saccharomyces cersvisiae NCUF306.5, and Lactobacillus plantarum NCUF201.1(5%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%). After TS was degraded efficiently, fermented TSC can be presumed a potential feed raw material.

Comparative analysis of constitutes and metabolites for traditional Chinese medicine using IDA and SWATH data acquisition modes on LC-Q-TOF MS

Identification of components and metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) employing liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF MS) techniques with information-dependent acquisition (IDA) approaches is increasingly frequent. A current drawback of IDA-MS is that the complexity of a sample might prevent important compounds from being triggered in IDA settings. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH) is a data-independent acquisition (DIA) method where the instrument deterministically fragments all precursor ions within the predefined m/z range in a systematic and unbiased fashion. Herein, the superiority of SWATH on the detection of TCMs’ components was firstly investigated by comparing the detection efficiency of SWATH-MS and IDA-MS data acquisition modes, and sanguisorbin extract was used as a mode TCM. After optimizing the setting parameters of SWATH, rolling collision energy (CE) and variable Q1 isolation windows were found to be more efficient for sanguisorbin identification than the fixed CE and fixed Q1 isolation window. More importantly, the qualitative efficiency of SWATH-MS on sanguisorbins was found significantly higher than that of IDA-MS data acquisition. In IDA mode, 18 kinds of sanguisorbins were detected in sanguisorbin extract. A total of 47 sanguisorbins were detected when SWATH-MS was used under rolling CE and flexible Q1 isolation window modes. Besides, 26 metabolites of sanguisorbins were identified in rat plasma, and their metabolic pathways could be deduced as decarbonylation, oxidization, reduction, methylation, and glucuronidation according to their fragmental ions acquired in SWATH-MS mode. Thus, SWATH-MS data acquisition could provide more comprehensive information for the component and metabolite identification for TCMs than IDA-MS.

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SWATH was first used to identify components and metabolites of TCMs.

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Superiority of SWATH on the detection of TCM was firstly investigated.

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The number of components detected by SWATH was greatly higher than IDA.