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Schmidt AH, Stanic M, Parr MK. ICH Q14-inspired novel approach to establish an SFC-based purity method for carbamazepine. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:680-691. [PMID: 38225737 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The proposed ICH Q14 guideline "Analytical procedure development" describes science and risk-based approaches for development and maintenance of analytical procedures suitable for the assessment of the quality of drug substances and drug products. As a case study, the systematic development and validation of a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-based purity method for carbamazepine is presented. Systematic analytical quality by design (AQbD) principles were applied using the software package Fusion QbD to the method development approach. The relationship between chromatographic parameters and the responses of interest were examined to improve the reliability of the method by understanding, reducing, and controlling sources of variability. Method performance qualification in terms of method robustness was finally carried out with the parameters that were classified as critical after method development and a validation study met previously set acceptance criteria. The developed SFC purity method for carbamazepine demonstrated readiness as a viable alternative to the official HPLC method published in the Ph.Eur. with improved peak resolution, improved peak symmetry, and faster analysis times (3 min vs. 80 min for the official method). Its inherent reliability illustrates the superiority of AQbD in method development and application for drug quality assurance.
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2
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de Souza GFP, Araujo Vieira Matos MF, de Castro Aglio T, Salles AG, Rath S. A comprehensive LC-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the monitoring of N-nitrosamines in lipophilic drugs: A case study with rifampicin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115685. [PMID: 37683370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last five years, the presence of N-nitrosamines in commonly used medicines has become a significant concern for patients, physicians, and the pharmaceutical industry, due to their carcinogenic properties, even at low concentrations. Analytical methods that enable the unequivocal monitoring of these compounds, with low detection limits and covering a range of drugs, are indispensable. The present work proposes a bidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method capable of quantifying eleven N-nitrosamines in lipophilic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The API is retained in the first chromatographic dimension, while the fraction containing the N-nitrosamines is transferred to the second chromatographic dimension and, after separation, to the mass spectrometer. The logP values for the APIs and N-nitrosamines enabled prediction of the APIs that could be separated from the target analytes. The method was validated and successfully applied for the quantification of 1-methyl-4-nitroso piperazine (MNP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in rifampicin, a drug used to treat tuberculosis. Although NDMA was not detected in two pharmaceutical analyzed, MNP was found at concentrations of 0.44 ± 0.05 and 2.1 ± 0.3 µg g-1. Given the ability to apply the method to various APIs, together with its reliance solely on logP values for determining suitability, the proposed technique could be extended to the determination of N-nitrosamines in other drugs besides rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tharcilla de Castro Aglio
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Airton Gonçalves Salles
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Susanne Rath
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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3
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Ishizaki A, Ozawa K, Kataoka H. Simultaneous analysis of carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities in metformin tablets using on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464416. [PMID: 37804578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and pharmaceutical preparations with carcinogenic N-nitrosamines has led to recalls of these products and supply shortages to patients. The present study describes the development of a highly sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of seven N-nitrosamines using on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine their actual contamination in metformin tablets. Using a Carboxen 1006 PLOT capillary as the extraction device for IT-SPME, these compounds were efficiently extracted and concentrated 6‒24-fold by subjecting 40 µL of sample to 25 repeated draw/eject cycles at a rate of 0.2 mL/min. The seven N-nitrosamines were separated within 11 min by gradient elution with 0.1 % formic acid solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase using a CAPCELL PAK C18 MGII column and detected by multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. The calibration curve showed linearity in the range 0.2‒50 ng/mL and detection limits (S/N = 3) in the range 3‒112 pg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 5.5 % and 7.0 % (n = 6), respectively, with accuracies ranging from 93‒117 %. Following ultrasonic extraction with water, centrifugation and filtration of the supernatant liquid through a membrane filter, the N-nitrosamine impurities in metformin tablets could be analyzed by IT-SPME/LC‒MS/MS. Their limits of quantification (S/N = 10) were 0.1‒5.1 pg/mg API and recoveries ranged from 87‒102 %. Analysis of eight metformin tablets from eight manufacturers showed that 5.8‒7.5 pg/mg N-nitrosodimethylamine were present in three tablets, with no other N-nitrosamines detected in any of the eight tablets. This method may be useful in testing for N-nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishizaki
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ozawa
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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4
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Chiarentin L, Gonçalves C, Augusto C, Miranda M, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-42. [PMID: 37665603 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2253321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chiarentin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Cátia Augusto
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Margarida Miranda
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Egas Moniz Center of Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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5
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Pereira Dos Santos NG, Medina DAV, Lanças FM. Microextraction by packed sorbent of N-nitrosamines from Losartan tablets using a high-throughput robot platform followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300214. [PMID: 37400419 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a fast, cost-effective, and efficient microextraction by packed sorbent setup was achieved by combining affordable laboratory-repackable devices of microextraction with a high-throughput cartesian robot. This setup was evaluated for the development of an analytical method to determine N-nitrosamines in losartan tablets. N-nitrosamines pose a significant concern in the pharmaceutical market due to their carcinogenic risk, necessitating their control and quantification in pharmaceutical products. The parameters influencing the performance of this sample preparation for N-nitrosamines were investigated through both univariate and multivariate experiments. Microextractions were performed using just 5.0 mg of carboxylic acid-modified polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer as the extraction phase. Under the optimized conditions, the automated setup enabled the simultaneous treatment of six samples in less than 20 min, providing reliable analytical confidence for the proposed application. The analytical performance of the automated high-throughput microextraction by the packed sorbent method was evaluated using a matrix-matching calibration. Quantification was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. The method exhibited limits of detection as low as 50 ng/g, good linearity, and satisfactory intra-day (1.38-18.76) and inter-day (2.66-20.08) precision. Additionally, the method showed accuracy ranging from 80% to 136% for these impurities in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Sao Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Patel R, Purohit S, Solanki R, Khunt D, Patel C, Patel R, Parikh S. Development and validation of an analytical method for trace-level quantification of genotoxic nitrosamine impurities in losartan and hydrochlorothiazide fixed-dose combination tablets using ultra performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9488. [PMID: 36740827 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since June 2018, globally large numbers of pharmaceuticals have been recalled due to the unexpected presence of nitrosamines. Beginning with the class of pharmaceuticals known as sartans, subsequent lines of inquiry included antidiabetic medicines, antihistamines, and antibiotics. A critical review of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration database reveals that the highest number of products recall due to the presence of unacceptable levels of nitrosamines were losartan potassium drug products and their coformulations with other drug substances. The problem can be mainly attributed to naively adopted approval revisions and the lack of sufficient current analytical technologies to detect those contaminants in time. In this work, we developed a specific, selective, accurate, precise, and robust ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS/MS) method for the estimation of eight genotoxic nitrosamine impurities in losartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) tablets, which is the only fixed-dosage combination approved by the USFDA to treat hypertension. METHODS All the nitrosamine impurities along with the drug substances were separated using an Agilent Pursuit XRs Ultra diphenyl column (150 × 2.0 mm, 2.8 μm) with mobile phase A (0.1% formic acid in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% formic acid in methanol) at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min using the gradient elution program. The proposed method was validated per ICH (International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) Q2 (R1) guidelines to ensure the method is suitable for its intended purpose. RESULTS Limit of detection and limit of quantification were obtained in the range of 0.25-0.5 ng/mL, which was very low compared to levels specified by the USFDA, European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other regulatory authorities that ensure the sensitivity of the method in its entire life cycle. CONCLUSIONS The developed method can be incorporated into an official monograph and applied for routine quality control analysis of losartan and HCTZ fixed-dose combination tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sanjay Purohit
- Department of Quality Assurance, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Ravisinh Solanki
- Department of Quality Assurance, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Chhaganbhai Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana, India
| | - Rucha Patel
- Regulatory Affairs Division, JAMP INDIA Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shalin Parikh
- Analytical Development Division, Senores Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad, India
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7
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Yin M, Hu Y, Fan H, Wang Q, Wang M, Wang W, Shi C. Method for trace determination of N-nitrosamines impurities in metronidazole benzoate using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200225. [PMID: 36562102 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic impurity control has been a great concern in the pharmaceutical industry since the recall of the large round of sartans worldwide in 2018. In these sartans, N-nitrosamines were the main contaminants in active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulations. Numerous analytical methods have been developed to detect N-nitrosamines in food, drugs, and environmental samples. In this study, a sensitive method is developed for the trace determination of N-nitrosamine impurities in metronidazole benzoate pharmaceuticals using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated regarding system suitability, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, solution stability, and robustness. The method showed good linearity with R2 ≥ 0.999 and FMandel < Ftab(95%) ranging from 0.33 to 8.00 ng/ml. The low limits of detection of N-nitrosamines were in the range of 0.22-0.80 ng/ml (0.0014-0.0050 ppm). The low limits of quantification were in the range of 0.33-1.20 ng/ml (0.0021-0.0075 ppm), which were lower than the acceptable limits in metronidazole benzoate pharmaceuticals and indicated the high sensitivity of the method. The recoveries of N-nitrosamines ranged from 84% to 97%. Thus, this method exhibits good selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Moreover, it is a simple, convenient, and scientific strategy for detecting N-nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals to support the development of the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Hu
- Hubei Hongyuan Pharmaceutical Technology Ltd., Huanggang, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Fan
- ICAS Testing Technology Service (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiulan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
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8
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A comprehensive review of sources of nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical substances and products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 139:105355. [PMID: 36792049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are carcinogenic impurities most commonly found in groundwater, treated water, foods, beverages and consumer products. The recent discovery of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products and subsequent recalls pose a significant health risk to patients. Initial investigation by the regulatory agency identified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) as a source of contamination. However, N-nitrosamine formation during API synthesis is a consequence of numerous factors like chemistry selection for synthesis, contaminated solvents and water. Furthermore, apart from API, N-nitrosamines have also been found to embed in the final product due to degradation during formulation processing or storage through contaminated excipients and printing inks. The landscape of N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products is very complex and needs a comprehensive compilation of sources responsible for N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, this review aims to extensively compile all the reported and plausible sources of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical products. The topics like risk assessment and quantitative strategies to estimate nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products are out of the scope of this review.
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Wichitnithad W, Nantaphol S, Noppakhunsomboon K, Thitikornpong W, Rojsitthisak P. Current status and prospects of development of analytical methods for determining nitrosamine and N-nitroso impurities in pharmaceuticals. Talanta 2023; 254:124102. [PMID: 36470020 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals have recently been concerned for several national regulatory agencies to avoid carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in patients. The demand for highly sensitive and specific analytical methods with LOQs in the ppb and sub-ppb ranges is among the most significant challenges facing analytical scientists. In addition, artifactual nitrosamine formation during sample preparation and injection leading to overestimation of nitrosamines has received considerable attention. Numerous analytical methodologies have been reported for quantifying nitrosamine impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicinal products at the interim limit criteria as preventive measures. In this review, we meticulously discuss those reported gas and liquid chromatographic methods for nitrosamine determination in pharmaceuticals in aspects of chromatographic conditions and sensitivity of detection. We also introduce the potential of novel fluorescence-based methods recently developed to rapidly screen nitrosamine impurities. In addition, the review assesses the nitrosation assay procedure (NAP test), which is expected to be a future preventive measure for screening potential nitrosation and identifying suspected contamination with N-nitroso or other potential mutagenic impurities during the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisut Wichitnithad
- Department of Analytical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Nantaphol
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Worathat Thitikornpong
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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10
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Singamsetti JM, Gandham H, Geereddy MKR, Kaliyaperumal M, Doddipalla R, Rumalla CS, Jayanti NM. Isolation and structural characterization of two novel oxidative degradation products of losartan potassium active pharmaceutical ingredient using advanced analytical techniques. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9432. [PMID: 36400748 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Losartan potassium (losartan) is the most frequently utilized antihypertensive medication in the world. However, partial oxidation of losartan produces toxic by-products that could be harmful to living organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to degrade the losartan and identify the potential toxic oxidative degradation products to minimize their formation during manufacturing, formulation, storage, and packing conditions. METHODS Oxidative degradation experiments of losartan were performed according to ICH guidelines. The degradation products were detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, isolated by using preparative HPLC, and identified by using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. RESULTS The degradation products (DP-1, DP-2, and DP-3) were identified as (((2'-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)amino)-2-oxoethylpentanoate, 5-(4'-((2 butyl-4-chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H tetrazol-1-ol, and 5-(4'-((2-butyl-4-chloro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-1 yl)methyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-2H-tetrazol-2-ol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Forced degradation of losartan potassium API under oxidative condition indicates the formation of two major novel oxidative degradation products (DP-2 and DP-3) and one minor known degradation product (DP-1).Preparative HPLC used for the isolation of the resultant DPs and their structures were successfully established using UHPLC-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and HRMS spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jcmknn Murty Singamsetti
- Department of Discovery Analytical R&D, Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Himabindhu Gandham
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | | | | | - Raju Doddipalla
- Department of Discovery Analytical R&D, Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chidananda Swamy Rumalla
- Department of Discovery Analytical R&D, Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nsrc Murty Jayanti
- Department of Discovery Analytical R&D, Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
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11
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Development of a sensitive LC-APCI-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of eleven nitrosamines in valsartan and irbesartan with a simple extraction approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1216:123593. [PMID: 36669257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines (NAs) are potent genotoxic agents (GAs) in several animal species, and some are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In July 2018, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) which are used to treat high blood pressure have been recalled owing to contamination with NAs. In this study, a simple and sensitive method for the determination of eleven NAs in a single analysis was developed, using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation source coupled liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (LC-APCI-MS/MS). By performing the 17 min-run in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) mode, eleven NAs were separated on a Poroshell HPH C18 (4.6 × 150 mm, 2.7 µm) column with gradient elution implementing mobile phase A consisting of 0.2 % formic acid in water and mobile phase B consisting of methanol. The developed analytical method was successfully applied in both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished products (FPs) of valsartan and irbesartan with straightforward and effective extraction procedures. Good linearity with a correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.996 was achieved over the concentration in a range of 0.5-50 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged in 0.001-0.008 ppm and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged in 0.008-0.05 ppm of the method fulfilled thresholds of US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for testing of GAs in valsartan and irbesartan. The accuracy of the proposed method ranged from 73.1 % to 115.2 % for APIs and the relative standard deviation (RSD %) was ≤11.3 while these validation parameters were in the range of 80.2-128.5 % and ≤ 10.6 for FPs, respectively.
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12
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Schmidtsdorff S, Neumann J, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Prevalence of nitrosamine contaminants in drug samples: Has the crisis been overcome? Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200484. [PMID: 36461687 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Various drug samples (N = 249; drug substances, tablets, capsules, solutions, crèmes, and more) from the European pharmaceutical market were collected since 2019 and analyzed for 16 nitrosamines (NAs). In 2.0% of the cases, NAs were detected. These findings included four active pharmaceutical ingredients already known for potential NA contamination: losartan (N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA] and N-nitrosodiethylamine, simultaneously), valsartan (NDMA), metformin (NDMA) and ranitidine (NDMA). The fifth new finding, which has not been reported yet, discovered contamination of a molsidomine tablet sample with N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor). The tablet contained 144% of the toxicological allowable intake for NMor. NMor was included in our screening from the beginning and is currently the focus of regulatory authorities, but was added to the guidelines only last year. Thus, it may not have been the focus of regulatory investigations for too long. Our results indicate that the majority of drug products in the market are nonhazardous in terms of patient safety and drug purity. Unfortunately, the list of individual affected products keeps growing constantly and new NA cases, such as molsidomine or nitrosated drug substances (nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities [NDSRI]), continue to emerge. We therefore expect nitrosamine screenings to remain a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Neumann
- Chromicent GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria K Parr
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Monteiro MA, de Lima PC, Novotny TS, Santana DS, Lima MED, Dantas ASCL, Ferreira LODS, de Souza MN, Maranho RLDN, Ochs SDM. Investigation of Carcinogenic Impurities of N-Nitrosamines in Sartan Pharmaceutical Products Marketed in Brazil: Development and Validation of Method Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1305-1314. [PMID: 36657719 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines (NA) impurities have unexpectedly been found in sartan products, angiotensin II receptor antagonists that are used to control hypertension, representing an urgent concern for industry, global regulators and for the patients. In this study, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of six NA (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-Nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid, N-Nitrosodiethylamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine, N-nitroso-diisopropylamine and N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine) in losartan, valsartan, olmesartan, irbesartan, candesartan and telmisartan products. The method was validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and stability. The limits of quantification were 100, 31.25, 250, 33, 312.5 and 125 µg kg-1 in losartan, valsartan, olmesartan, irbesartan, candesartan and telmisartan samples, respectively, which met the sensitivity requirements for the limits set by Food and Drug Administration of the United States. The standard curves showed good linearity. The recoveries ranged from 93.06 to 102.23% in losartan matrix, 83 to 85.9% in valsartan, 96.1 to 101.2% in olmesartan, 89.2 to 97.5% in irbesartan, 93.4 to 132.0% in candesartan and 62.3 to 106.2% in telmisartan matrix. The other parameters met the validation criteria, the good sensitivity and precision, high accuracy and simple and fast analysis provides a reliable method for quality control of NA in sartan pharmaceutical products. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of N-nitrosamines in 71 sartan products marketed in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychelle Alves Monteiro
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Condé de Lima
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santana Novotny
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva Santana
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Emanuelle Damazio Lima
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Matheus Nicolau de Souza
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Soraya de Mendonça Ochs
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INCQS/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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14
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Novotny TS, Monteiro MA, de Lima PC, Ochs SDM, Maranho RLDN, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC. Thymol-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Approach for Screening Polar Nitrosamines in Sartans Pharmaceutical Products by Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1231-1245. [PMID: 36481416 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are carcinogens substances firstly detected in sartans drugs in 2018, leading to new regulations and monitoring programmes that raised the costs and challenges to the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, reliable and cost-effective methods for screening nitrosamines in medicines are highly desirable. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES), a novel "eco-friendly" alternative to solvents commonly used in microextraction techniques, can meet these requirements. In this study, a simple and rapid method of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using thymol-based HDES followed by HPLC-DAD detection was developed for the determination of n-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and n-nitroso-n-methylamino butyric acid (NMBA) from candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan and valsartan drug substances, and from losartan tablets. Various influencing factors (such as HDES type, HDES:sample ratio, salt addition and sample pH) were investigated. Best extraction efficiencies were achieved with thymol:benzyl alcohol HDES. Under optimal conditions, the linearities ranged from 15 to 1000 ng mL-1 for both NDMA and NMBA (R² > 0.99), with recoveries between 81.8-104.2% and precision from 0.2 to 14.6%. The limits of detection were 17.3 - 220.0 ng g-1 and 16.3 - 290.0 ng g-1 for NDMA and NMBA, consecutively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied in spiked sartans drug substances and in losartan potassium tablets collected in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Santana Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mychelle Alves Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Condé de Lima
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Soraya de Mendonça Ochs
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz do Nascimento Maranho
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio Simas Vaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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15
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TARAWNEH IN, SHMEIS RA, ALFUQAHA SM, AL OMARI MM. Determination of N-nitrosodimethyl amine impurity in valsartan by HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Development of a Sensitive Screening Method for Simultaneous Determination of Nine Genotoxic Nitrosamines in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by GC-MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012125. [PMID: 36292981 PMCID: PMC9603764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A worldwide crisis with nitrosamine contamination in medical products began in 2018. Therefore, trace-level analysis of nitrosamines is becoming an emerging topic of interest in the field of quality control. A novel GC-MS method with electron ionization and microextraction was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of nine carcinogenic nitrosamines (NDMA, NMEA, NDEA, NDBA, NMOR, NPYR, NPIP, NDPA, and N-methyl-npz) in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): cilostazol, sunitinib malate, and olmesartan medoxomil. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines, demonstrating good linearity in the range of LOQ up to 21.6 ng/mL (120% of specification limit). The limits of detection for the nine nitrosamines were determined to be in the range 0.15–1.00 ng/mL. The developed trace level GC-MS method turned out to be specific, accurate, and precise. The accuracy of all the tested APIs ranged from 94.09% to 111.22% and the precision evaluated by repeatability, intermediate precision, and system precision was RSD ≤ 7.65%. Nitrosamines were not detected in cilostazol and sunitinib, whereas in olmesartan medoxomil NDEA was detected at the level of LOQ. The novel protocol was successfully applied for nitrosamines determination in selected APIs and can be used for the routine quality control of APIs under Good Manufacturing Practices rules, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products.
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Dispas A, Sacré PY, Ziemons E, Hubert P. Emerging analytical techniques for pharmaceutical quality control: Where are we in 2022? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115071. [PMID: 36179505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quality control is a fundamental and critical activity in the pharmaceutical industry that guarantees the quality of medicines. QC analyses are currently performed using several well-known techniques, mainly liquid and gas chromatography. However, current trends are focused on the development of new techniques to reduce analysis time and cost, to improve the performances and decrease ecological footprint. In this context, analytical scientists developed and studied emerging technologies based on spectroscopy and chromatography. The present review aims to give an overview of the recent development of vibrational spectroscopy, supercritical fluid chromatography and multi-dimensional chromatography. Selected emerging techniques are discussed using SWOT analysis and published pharmaceutical QC applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Dispas
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
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18
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Shah PA, Shrivastav PS, Sharma VS. Supercritical fluid chromatography for the analysis of antihypertensive Drugs: A short review. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Abd El-Hay SS, Elhenawee M, Maged K, Ibrahim AE. Cost-effective, green HPLC determination of losartan, valsartan and their nitrosodiethylamine impurity: application to pharmaceutical dosage forms. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35706671 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6011541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are one of the most widely used anti-hypertensive drugs which are used to reduce hypertension. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration together with the European Medicine Agency declared the presence of carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities such as nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in some of the products, including valsartan (VLS) and losartan (LOS), and drugs' recall procedures were started. Thus, they should be controlled to be below the acceptable cancer risk level to ensure safety of the pharmaceutical products. Therefore, sensitive and reliable analytical methods were required for detection and quantitation of NDEA in bulk and finished drug products. Green analytical chemistry has received great interest to minimize the amount of organic solvents consumed without loss in chromatographic performance. A green and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the determination of NDEA in LOS and VLS using mobile phase of 0.02 M ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 7.2 and ethanol in gradient manner. Limits of detection and limits of quantification for NDEA were estimated to be 0.2 and 0.5 µg ml-1, respectively. The standardized limits of NDEA impurity in drug substances were set as 0.56 ppm, which indicates the feasibility of its determination by the proposed conventional method without need for expensive instrumentations (e.g. MS/MS detectors) that are not found in most pharmaceutical quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad S Abd El-Hay
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Magda Elhenawee
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled Maged
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Areesh, Egypt
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman
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20
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Abd El-Hay SS, Elhenawee M, Maged K, Ibrahim AE. Cost-effective, green HPLC determination of losartan, valsartan and their nitrosodiethylamine impurity: application to pharmaceutical dosage forms. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220250. [PMID: 35706671 PMCID: PMC9156911 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are one of the most widely used anti-hypertensive drugs which are used to reduce hypertension. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration together with the European Medicine Agency declared the presence of carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities such as nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in some of the products, including valsartan (VLS) and losartan (LOS), and drugs' recall procedures were started. Thus, they should be controlled to be below the acceptable cancer risk level to ensure safety of the pharmaceutical products. Therefore, sensitive and reliable analytical methods were required for detection and quantitation of NDEA in bulk and finished drug products. Green analytical chemistry has received great interest to minimize the amount of organic solvents consumed without loss in chromatographic performance. A green and sensitive HPLC method was developed for the determination of NDEA in LOS and VLS using mobile phase of 0.02 M ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 7.2 and ethanol in gradient manner. Limits of detection and limits of quantification for NDEA were estimated to be 0.2 and 0.5 µg ml-1, respectively. The standardized limits of NDEA impurity in drug substances were set as 0.56 ppm, which indicates the feasibility of its determination by the proposed conventional method without need for expensive instrumentations (e.g. MS/MS detectors) that are not found in most pharmaceutical quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad S. Abd El-Hay
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Magda Elhenawee
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled Maged
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Areesh, Egypt
| | - Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman
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21
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ALSaeedy M, Al-Adhreai A, Öncü-Kaya EM, Şener E. An Overview of Advances in the Chromatography of Drugs Impurity Profiling. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1455-1471. [PMID: 35180027 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2032587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature survey published in several journals of pharmaceutical chemistry and of chromatography used to analyze impurities for most of the drugs that have been reviewed. This article covers the period from 2016 to 2020, in which almost of chromatographic techniques have been used for drug impurity analysis. These chromatography techniques are important in the analysis and description of drug impurities. Moreover, some recent developments in forced impurity profiling have been discussed, such as buffer solutions, mobile phase, columns, elution modes, and detectors are highlighted in drugs used for the study. This primarily focuses on thorough updating of different analytical methods which include hyphenated techniques for detecting and quantifying impurity and degradation levels in various pharmaceutical matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed ALSaeedy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Arwa Al-Adhreai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Dhamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad of Arts, Science and Commerce, Aurangabad, India
| | - Elif Mine Öncü-Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Erol Şener
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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22
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Jahani M, Fazly Bazzaz BS, Akaberi M, Rajabi O, Hadizadeh F. Recent Progresses in Analytical Perspectives of Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Developments: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1094-1115. [PMID: 35108132 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have been used to simplify analytical methodology development and achieve a deeper knowledge about the inherent stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and drug products. This provides insight into degradation species and pathways. Identification of impurities in pharmaceutical products is closely related to the selection of the most appropriate analytical methods like HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, GC-MS, and capillary electrophoresis. Herein, recent trends in analytical perspectives during 2018-April 14, 2021, are discussed based on forced and impurity degradation profiling of pharmaceuticals. Literature review showed that several methods have been used for experimental design and analysis conditions such as matrix type, column type, mobile phase, elution modes, detection wavelengths, and therapeutic category. Thus, since these factors influence the separation and identification of the impurities and degradation products, we attempted to perform a statistical analysis for the developed methods according to the abovementioned factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Akaberi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Rajabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Qiu X, Liu Y, Zhao T, Zuo L, Ma X, Shan G. Separation of chiral and achiral impurities in paroxetine hydrochloride in a single run using supercritical fluid chromatography with a polysaccharide stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 208:114458. [PMID: 34768158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Separating paroxetine hydrochloride and its impurities using conventional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is challenging due to their highly similar structures. In the present study, a rapid, simple, sensitive and environmentally friendly method was developed for the determination of chiral and achiral impurities in raw materials of paroxetine hydrochloride using chiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The impacts of chiral stationary phases (CSPs), mobile phases, column temperature and back pressure on the retention and separation of analytes were comprehensively evaluated. After method optimization, a satisfying result was obtained on a cellulose tris-(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) stationary phase in 4.0 min using 70% CO2 and 20 mM ammonium acetate in 30% methanol as the mobile phase. Molecular docking was further performed to understand the interactions between the analytes and CSP. The results suggested that hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions were the dominant interactions. The affinity given by the software was in good agreement with the elution order and free energy (△G) values obtained from van't Hoff equations. The results of molecular docking also provide insights into the different retentions of N-methylparoxetine at different temperatures. The results of method validation revealed that the method was sensitive with a limit of detection of approximately 0.05 μg·mL-1 (corresponding to approximately 0.005% paroxetine hydrochloride in the sample solution). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of precision and intra-assay precision were all less than 2.0%, and the recoveries of the method were 93.8~105.3% with RSDs less than 3.0%. The chiral and achiral RPLC methods included in the Chinese pharmacopoeia and the SFC method proposed in this study were simultaneously used to determine the impurity content in the raw materials of paroxetine hydrochloride. The results showed that impurities that cannot be detected by the reference method can be accurately quantified using the SFC method. In addition, the SFC method has advantages in terms of throughput, analysis cost and simplicity. This study can provide a reference for further research of impurities in paroxetine hydrochloride and promote the application of chiral SFC in the rapid separation of structurally similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050 Beijing, PR China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050 Beijing, PR China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050 Beijing, PR China
| | - Limin Zuo
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050 Beijing, PR China
| | - Xun Ma
- China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Guangzhi Shan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1, Tian Tan Xi Li, 100050 Beijing, PR China.
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Application space for SFC in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Khater S, Ferguson P, Grand-Guillaume-Perrenoud A. Method development approaches for small-molecule analytes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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26
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Jambo H, Hubert P, Dispas A. Supercritical fluid chromatography for pharmaceutical quality control: Current challenges and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Bodiwala KB, Panchal BG, Savale SS, Dave JB, Sureja DK, Dhameliya TM, Chhabria MT. Simultaneous Estimation of Six Nitrosamine Impurities in Valsartan Using Liquid Chromatographic Method. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:1-10. [PMID: 34338773 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrosamine impurities are potent carcinogens in animals and probable carcinogens in humans. In current scenario, there is a need for effective analytical methods to detect and identify various nitrosamine impurities, and to develop rapid solutions to ensure the safety and quality of the drugs. OBJECTIVE In present work, liquid chromatographic method was developed for estimation of six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan. METHODS The developed method employed C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) column as a stationary phase, combination of acetonitrile, water (pH 3.2 adjusted with formic acid) and methanol with gradient elution as mobile phase and 228 nm as detection wavelength. Developed method was validated as per ICH Q2(R1) guideline. Method was successfully applied to estimate six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan API and formulation (tablets). RESULTS Method was able to separate each impurity and Valsartan with resolved and sharp peaks. Results indicated that developed method is linear in selected ranges (coefficient of regressions > 0.9996), precise (RSD < 2%), accurate (recovery in a range of 99.02-100.16%), sensitive (low detection and quantitation limits) and specific for estimation of each impurity in Valsartan. Assay results were found in agreement with the amount of each impurity spiked. CONCLUSION Developed method can be applied for simultaneous estimation of six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan raw material, tablets and fixed dose combination at very low level. HIGHLIGHTS Development, validation and application of HPLC method for estimation of six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan API and formulation samples.
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Ferreira PA, de Oliveira FM, de Melo EI, de Carvalho AE, Lucca BG, Ferreira VS, da Silva RAB. Multi sensor compatible 3D-printed electrochemical cell for voltammetric drug screening. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1169:338568. [PMID: 34088376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a hot topic in electroanalytical chemistry, allowing the construction of custom cells and sensors at affordable prices. In this work, we describe a novel small and practical 3D-printed electrochemical cell. The cell's body, manufactured in ABS on a 3D printer, is composed by three parts easily screwed: solution vessel, stick and cover with two embedded 3D-pen-printed carbon black-polylactic acid (CB-PLA) electrodes (counter and pseudo-reference). The cell is compatible with any planar working electrode, in which boron-doped diamond, graphite sheet (GS) and 3D-printed CB-PLA were shown as examples. A new alternative protocol to quickly produce 3D-printed sensors using a 3D pen and other low-cost apparatus is also proposed. The voltammetric performance of each evaluated sensor was carried out in the presence of redox probe ferricyanide and paracetamol as model analyte, and the surfaces were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. To present an analytical application of the 3D-printed cell, low-cost flexible sensors (GS and CB-PLA) were used as integrated platforms for sampling and detection of solid drugs. As a proof-of-concept, traces of drugs with a historic of counterfeit or adulteration (sildenafil citrate, tadalafil, losartan and 17α-ethinylestradiol) were abrasively sampled over the sensor and assembled on 3D-printed cell to perform a fast voltammetric scan in the presence of only 500 μL of electrolyte. This protocol is attractive for pharmaceutical and forensic sciences as a simple preliminary screening method which could identify the presence or absence of the suspicious drug as well as impurities or adulterants. The 3D-printed cell was also used for the determination of 17α-ethinylestradiol in a contraceptive pill to demonstrate a quantitative analysis. The cell is quickly printed (90 min), cheap (US$ 0.30) and requires low electrolyte volumes (0.5-3.0 mL), being suitable to be used in several other electroanalyses, especially for on-site applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Alves Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Edmar Isaias de Melo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38500-000, Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Evaristo de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 79804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Schmidtsdorff S, Neumann J, Schmidt AH, Parr MK. Analytical lifecycle management for comprehensive and universal nitrosamine analysis in various pharmaceutical formulations by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113960. [PMID: 33626447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the detection of nitrosamines (NA) in valsartan pharmaceuticals, over two years have passed. At present, the occurrence of NAs can be limited to a few drug substances and drug products, but it is already becoming apparent that the issue appears to be much bigger than initially thought. The impact on the global pharmaceutical market has been tremendous and the problem can be attributed mainly to uncritically adopted approval changes and the lack of suitable, modern analytical methods to detect those impurities in time. We hereby demonstrate how lifecycle management (LCM) can be used to develop and improve suitable and universal analytical methods within short time. The resulting SFC-MS/MS method is intended for a universal nitrosamine investigation in drug substances and drug products. Successful NA analysis was demonstrated for seven sartans, metformin, pioglitazone and ranitidine. Additionally, combination drug products, containing also amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide, vildagliptin and sitagliptin, were analyzed successfully. The method achieved separation of 16 NAs in 4 min with a total run time of 11.5 min, utilizing a Supel Carbon porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column. Carbon dioxide together with 0.1% TFA in methanol as modifier were used as eluents and 0.35% formic acid in methanol as make-up solvent for mass spectrometric NA detection. By implementing LCM in this case study, development time was reduced and knowledge was implemented fast. At the same time, a high adaptability of this "vital" method was achieved, which makes it possible to implement the constantly changing regulatory requirements within the shortest possible time. Supplemental development data, according to the ICH guidelines Q8, Q12 and the proposed Q14 are disclosed, demonstrating the scientific Quality-by-Design (QbD) development approach, the "fitness for use" and the robustness of the analytical procedure. This method contributes to the still ongoing risk assessment process of the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory agencies, in order to understand root causes of NA formation, maintain the drug supply and prevent drug shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidtsdorff
- Chromicent GmbH, Johann-Hittorf-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jonas Neumann
- Chromicent GmbH, Johann-Hittorf-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria K Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Giménez-Campillo C, Pastor-Belda M, Campillo N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Viñas P. Development of a new methodology for the determination of N-nitrosamines impurities in ranitidine pharmaceuticals using microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 223:121659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Řemínek R, Foret F, Chung DS. Application of capillary electrophoresis-nano-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for the determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pharmaceuticals. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:334-341. [PMID: 33368407 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After a presence of highly hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine was detected in certain lots of sartan, ranitidine, metformin, and other pharmaceuticals, local regulatory authorities issued recalls of suspected products, and concerns of the pharmacotherapy safety were widely discussed. Since then, testing of a representative sample of each produced lot of these pharmaceuticals is required as a part of quality control processes. Hence, an interface-free CE-nanoESI system coupled with MS detection was employed for the development of a simple and economical method for quantitative detection of this contaminant in the valsartan drug substances and finished formulations used as model matrices. In this arrangement, a fused-silica capillary was used as both a separation column and a nanoESI emitter providing high ionization efficiency and sensitivity. The optimized procedure was found to have sufficient selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The established LOD and LOQ values were 0.3 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The practical applicability of the method was tested by analyses of commercially available Valsacor® tablets. The results obtained prove that the developed procedure represents a promising alternative to currently available GC- and LC-based methods. Furthermore, after an adjustment of the separation conditions, the CE-nanoESI/MS system can be conceptually used for the determination of NDMA in other suspected pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Řemínek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Liu J, Xie B, Mai B, Cai Q, He R, Guo D, Zhang Z, Fan J, Zhang W. Development of a sensitive and stable GC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of four N-nitrosamine genotoxic impurities in sartan substances. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-020-00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecently, N-nitrosamines have been unexpectedly found in generic sartan products. Herein, we developed a sensitive and stable GC-MS/MS method with multiple reactions monitoring mode for the simultaneous determination of four N-nitrosamines in sartan substances, namely, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine, and N-nitrosodiisopropylamine. The conditions of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were optimized. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines in terms of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and stability. The limits of detection of N-nitrosamines in sartan substances ranged from 0.002 to 0.150 ppm, and the corresponding limits of quantification were in the range of 0.008-0.500 ppm, which met the sensitivity requirements for the limits set by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States. The internal standard curve of four N-nitrosamines showed good linearity of regression coefficients over 0.99. The recoveries of N-nitrosamines in selected sartan drugs ranged from 87.68 to 123.76%. The intraday and interday relative standard deviation values were less than 9.15%. Therefore, this proposed method exhibited good sensitivity and precision, high accuracy, and fast analysis speed, which provide a reliable method for quality control of N-nitrosamines in sartan products.
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33
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Facile separation of four co-formulated ternary antihypertensive drug combinations with a customized elution protocol using supercritical fluid chromatography. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Losacco GL, Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Investigating the use of unconventional temperatures in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:84-95. [PMID: 33059869 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of unorthodox temperatures, ranging from -5 °C up to 80 °C, have been thoroughly investigated in supercritical fluid chromatography. To this purpose, an initial evaluation of the kinetic and thermodynamic performance has been made with a set of 4 analytes eluting at different percentages of organic co-solvent in the mobile phase (3%-10% - 45%-80%). The van Deemter plots have demonstrated how, at low organic modifier presence, the use of low temperatures did not necessarily translate into worse performance, while high temperatures could pose more issues due to the poor handling of the super/subcritical mobile phase by the chromatographic system. With important percentages of co-solvent, however, high temperatures were fundamental in ensuring better profiles of the van Deemter plots, compared to low temperatures. Pressure plots have demonstrated that gradients reaching elevated percentages of organic modifiers can also be used on stationary phases packed with sub 2 μm silica particles if high temperatures are employed. The thermodynamic evaluation, made via the analysis of van't Hoff plots, indicates the presence of three retention behaviors happening in UHPSFC when switching from high to low temperatures, depending on the co-solvent percentage needed to elute one analyte. Finally, an assessment of the stationary phase stability at high temperatures was performed: the retention times variabilities recorded were minimal (RSD < 2.5%), as well as the peak widths and inlet column pressures were somewhat constant throughout the analyses. In the second part of this study, a focus on potential applications benefiting from such unconventional temperatures has been made. A series of challenging analytes have experienced better chromatographic resolution at either high or low temperatures, providing therefore a potentially interesting tool to analysts during the chromatographic method development process. In conclusion, the UV sensitivity at different temperatures was also taken into consideration, with no significant impact on the quality of the UV signal under any condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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35
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Lim H, Oh Y, Shin H. Determination of
N
‐Nitrosodimethylamine and
N
‐Nitrosodiethylamine in Sartans and Metformin Raw Materials and Finished Products by Headspace Gas Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Hee Lim
- Drug Abuse Research Center Kongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun‐Suk Oh
- Research Center International Advanced Analytical Institute Goyang Republic of Korea
| | - Ho‐Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education Kongju National University Kongju 314‐701 Republic of Korea
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36
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Lim HH, Oh YS, Shin HS. Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosomethylethylamine in drug substances and products of sartans, metformin and ranitidine by precipitation and solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Bian Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Progress in the pretreatment and analysis of N-nitrosamines: an update since 2010. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3626-3660. [PMID: 32776791 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1803790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As highly toxic substances, N-nitrosamines (NAs) have been proved to cause carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in humans. Therefore, to carefully monitor safety and preserve human health, the development of rapid, accurate, and high-sensitivity determination methods of NAs is of substantial importance. This review provides a current-status comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and determination methods of NAs in various samples since 2010. Common pretreatment methods that have been used to extract and purify targets include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and various microextraction methods, such as solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography and electrochemical methods, among others. In addition, we discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical methods and examine the prospects in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Shaik KM, Sarmah B, Wadekar GS, Kumar P. Regulatory Updates and Analytical Methodologies for Nitrosamine Impurities Detection in Sartans, Ranitidine, Nizatidine, and Metformin along with Sample Preparation Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:53-71. [PMID: 32691615 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1788375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Moinuddin Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Bhaskar Sarmah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Gaurav Suresh Wadekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
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