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Nadarajan D, O'Brien J, Cresswell S, Kele B, Mueller J, Bade R. Application of design of experiment for quantification of 71 new psychoactive substances in influent wastewater. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1321:343036. [PMID: 39155095 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New psychoactive substances (NPS) are of public health concern due to their sporadic proliferation and the dearth of information on toxicity when consumed. In addition to seized data from forensic and toxicology reporting, wastewater analysis serves as a complimentary tool for NPS surveillance. A method to detect 71 NPS by simple filtration followed by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was developed to detect multiclass NPS consisting of arylcyclohexylamines, designer benzodiazepines, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic opioids, phenethylamines, synthetic cathinones, tryptamines, and indole alkaloids. RESULTS In this work, the influential factors for electrospray ionisation were identified and optimised using the fractional factorial design and face-centred central composite design, respectively. The filtration loss during sample clean-up was assessed for all compounds. The final method was validated and applied to wastewater collected from a music festival held in Queensland in 2022. The validated method had linearity between 0.5 ng L-1 and 5000 ng L-1, the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranges from 0.6 ng L-1 to 70 ng L-1, precision within ±20 %, accuracy ranges from 70 % to 120 %, and matrix effect ranges from soft (0 %-20 %) to medium (20 %-50 %) for the majority of the compounds. NPS detected in the festival were 2-fluorodeschloroketamine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, mitragynine, N,N-dimethylpentylone, pentylone, phenibut, and O-desmethyltramadol. SIGNIFICANCE Systematic electrospray ionisation optimisation using the design of experiment for a large method is practical and provides in-depth chemical information on studied compounds. The optimised method demonstrated the applicability of analysing samples collected from a festival in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhayaalini Nadarajan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woollsiana, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woollsiana, Queensland, Australia; Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Cresswell
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben Kele
- Arris Pty Ltd, 44 Wenworth Terrace, Rockhampton, QLD, 4700, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woollsiana, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Bade
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woollsiana, Queensland, Australia.
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Tan D, Wang Y, Fan H, Jin J, Sun X, Dhanjai, Wang D. Magnetic surface-imprinted polymer microspheres coupled with HPLC-MS/MS for sensitive detection of amphetamine-type drugs in water. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465097. [PMID: 38889583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic surface imprinted polymer microspheres (Fe3O4@MIPs) were successfully synthesized via Pickering emulsion polymerization, utilizing N-Methylphenethylamine as a surrogate template for amphetamine-type drugs. Fe3O4@MIPs not only possessed excellent dispersibility and enough magnetic properties in aqueous solutions, but also displayed good selectivity towards six amphetamines, with an imprinting factor ranging from 1.8 to 2.6. The adsorption kinetics closely aligned with the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption efficiency exceeds 80 % for each amphetamine at equilibrium. Fe3O4@MIPs were then employed as the efficient adsorbents for the extraction of amphetamine drugs. Extraction parameters, including sample pH, the mass of adsorbent, and the type and volume of eluting solvent, were carefully optimized. In combination with the high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), a selective magnetic solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method utilizing Fe3O4@MIPs was developed for the detection of six amphetamines in water samples. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation were determined to be 5.2∼23 ng L-1 and 17∼77 ng L-1, respectively. Recoveries for the six target drugs from lake water and sewage samples fell within the range of 87.2∼110 %. Additionally, the MISPE-HPLC-MS/MS method exhibited excellent repeatability, with a precision below 8.5 % at two spiking levels. The prepared Fe3O4@MIPs possessed the advantages of high selectivity, straightforward preparation, facile separation and good reusability, and was highly suitable for the efficient extraction of amphetamine-type substances in complex environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Haocheng Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Lishui University, Lishui, 32300, China
| | - Dhanjai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, India
| | - Degao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
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Zhu R, Cao S, Su H, Ming D, Tang Y, Chen Z. Efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction, UPLC-MS/MS detection, and consumption assessment of five trace psychoactive substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33284-z. [PMID: 38635094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become an objective and updated surveillance strategy for monitoring and estimating consumption trends of psychoactive substances (PSs) in the population. Firstly, magnetic shrimp shell biochar-based adsorbent (DZMBC) was synthesized and employed for extraction trace PSs from municipal wastewater. Proper pyrolysis temperature and increased KOH activator content favored the pore structure and surface area, thus facilitating extraction. DZMBC delivered exceptional extraction performance such as pH stability, anti-interference property, fast magnetic separation ability, reusability, and reproducibility. Then, a method based on magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed, validated, and utilized for the quantitative determination of five PSs in real wastewater samples. Methodological validation results indicated a favorable linearity, low method limits of detection (1.00-4.75 ng/L), and good precisions (intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations < 4.8%). Finally, an objective snapshot of Chongqing drug use and consumption pattern was obtained. Methamphetamine (MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were the prevalent illegal drugs in local. Both concentrations and per capita consumption of MDMA displayed a change (P < 0.05) between July and September, while no statistical differences were observed for each week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shurui Cao
- Forensic Identification Center, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China.
- Criminal Investigation Law School, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China.
| | - Hongtao Su
- Forensic Identification Center, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Dewang Ming
- The Inspection Technical Center of Chongqing Customs, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Forensic Identification Center, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Zhiqiong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Dong M, Jiang D, Wang W, Shiigi H, Chen X, Chen Z. A dual-mode biosensor based on silica inverse opal photonic crystals modulated electrochemiluminescence and dye displacement colorimetry for the sensitive detection of synthetic cathinone in water environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141671. [PMID: 38479682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
To address the challenges posed by signal capacity limitations and the reliance of sensing methods on single analytical information, this study developed an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and colorimetric dual-mode sensing platform for the precise detection of 4-chloroethcathinone (4-CEC) in water environments. Firstly, the accurate alignment of the reflection wavelength of appropriately sized silica inverse opal photonic crystals (SIOPCs) with the ECL emission wavelength of luminescent metal-organic frameworks (PCN-224) has been achieved via diameter modulation. This innovative design, which cleverly utilized the band-edge effect, improved the luminous intensity of the ECL sensor, leading to a significant boost in analytical performance. Secondly, the establishment of a colorimetric detection method for confirming the presence of 4-CEC in samples through visual observation of color changes was achieved by employing an aptamer-based dye displacement reaction, utilizing differential binding affinities between the aptamer and both the sulforhodamine B (SRB) and 4-CEC. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the dual-mode sensor demonstrated ECL detection of limits (LOD) of 2.6 × 10-13 g/L and colorimetric LOD of 6.5 ng/L for 4-CEC. These findings highlighted the tremendous potential of developing streamlined and efficient dual-signal readout platforms using ECL aptamer sensors for the precise determination of other Synthetic cathinones (SCs) in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ding Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center; Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenchang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center; Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Analysis and Testing Center, NERC Biomass of Changzhou University, China
| | - Hiroshi Shiigi
- Osaka Metropolitan University, Department of Applied Chemistry, 1-1 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center; Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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Yuan S, Xiang Y, Chen L, Xiang P, Li Y. Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles for rapid and sensitive analysis of eleven illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater with the aid of UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464703. [PMID: 38340459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The quantification of illicit drugs in wastewater has become a valuable tool for monitoring illicit drug abuse. The commonly utilized methods for detecting drugs in wastewater require a substantial sample volume, extended pretreatment durations, and intricate procedures. This study first employed polydopamine-coated magnetic nanocomposites as adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction, combined with UPLC-MS/MS, to simultaneously determine the concentrations of eleven common illicit drugs in wastewater. The synthesis process for Fe3O4@PDA is straightforward and high-yield. Benefiting from the strong magnetic response, good dispersibility, and abundant binding sites of the prepared nanocomposites, the extraction of illicit drugs from wastewater could be achieved in just 15 min. The method exhibited satisfactory limits of quantitation (ranging from 5 to 10 ng/L), commendable accuracy (ranging from 90.59 % to 106.80 %), good precision (with RSDs below 10 %), and less sample consumption (only 1 mL). The efficacy of this method was successfully validated through its application to actual wastewater samples collected from ten wastewater treatment plants. The results indicated that morphine, codeine, methamphetamine, and ketamine were the predominant illicit drugs present in the samples. The method developed is able to meet the needs of common illicit drug monitoring and high-throughput analysis requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yangjiayi Xiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Cao S, Zhu R, Wu D, Su H, Liu Z, Chen Z. How hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions synergistically facilitate mephedrone adsorption by bio-sorbent: An in-depth microscopic scale interpretation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123044. [PMID: 38042474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, MEPH) exhibited severe ecologic hazards and health detriments. A novel deep eutectic solvent functionalized magnetic ZIF-8/hierarchical porous carbon (DMZH) with excellent selectivity, interference resistance and recyclability, was developed for the rapid adsorption of MEPH. Initially, potential adsorption sites of MEPH were predicted. Then, π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions were proposed and verified from characterizations, comparative experiments and theoretical calculations. The synergistic effects of the hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions increased the adsorption energies from -15.26 kcal⋅mol-1 to -21.83 kcal⋅mol-1, enhanced the degree of π-dissociation, enlarged the π-π isosurface area, extended the van der Waals surface mutual penetration distance, achieving stronger affinity and remarkable adsorption. Furthermore, offset (parallel-displaced) π-π stacking form existed between DMZH and MEPH. DMZH acted as the hydrogen bond donor and MEPH served as the hydrogen bond acceptor to form O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding interaction. Profiting from the synergistic effects, DMZH showed satisfactory adsorption for MEPH within 20 min with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3270.11 μg∙g-1, displayed excellent performance in wide pH range of 5∼11 and in the coexistence of multi-chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Cao
- Forensic Identification Center, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China; Criminal Investigation Law School, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China.
| | - Rong Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Duanhao Wu
- Forensic Identification Center, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Hongtao Su
- Forensic Identification Center, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Zhenghong Liu
- Forensic Identification Center, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Zhiqiong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Ling J, Zhang W, Xiang P, Liao Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Ding Y. Trace detection of methcathinone in sewage using targeted extraction based on magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4777-4784. [PMID: 37698227 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01224g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Methcathinone, a new psychoactive substance (NPS), poses a serious threat to public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a reliable, selective, sensitive and simple analytical technique for monitoring trace amounts of this target NPS in complex matrices. For this purpose, magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) based on MIPs combined with nano-sized magnetic Fe3O4 were developed for the specific enrichment of methcathinone in wastewater. The binding properties and selectivity of MMIPs toward methcathinone were evaluated and compared with non-imprinted polymer (MNIPs). For sensitive and selective extraction and determination of the target methcathinone, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) based on MMIPs was combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Under optimized conditions, the proposed method was successfully used for the detection of methcathinone in wastewater, which provided a low limit of detection of 0.3 ng L-1 and a limit of quantification of 1.0 ng L-1 with relative standard deviations of less than 6.89% for intra- and inter-day analyses. Good linearity in the range of 1-2000 ng L-1 with a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.98 was observed. Moreover, a certified reference material of water sample was successfully analyzed with satisfactory results and the recoveries of spike experiments ranged from 96.35-116.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ling
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Hebei Province Public Security Department Criminal Police Corps, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyuan Liao
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | | | - Yanjun Ding
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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