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Kiarashi J, VanderPluym J, Szperka CL, Turner S, Minen MT, Broner S, Ross AC, Wagstaff AE, Anto M, Marzouk M, Monteith TS, Rosen N, Manrriquez SL, Seng E, Finkel A, Charleston L. Factors Associated With, and Mitigation Strategies for, Health Care Disparities Faced by Patients With Headache Disorders. Neurology 2021; 97:280-289. [PMID: 34108270 PMCID: PMC8424498 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review contemporary issues of health care disparities in headache medicine with regard to race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and geography and propose solutions for addressing these disparities. METHODS An Internet and PubMed search was performed and literature was reviewed for key concepts underpinning disparities in headache medicine. Content was refined to areas most salient to our goal of informing the provision of equitable care in headache treatment through discussions with a group of 16 experts from a range of headache subspecialties. RESULTS Taken together, a multitude of factors, including racism, SES, insurance status, and geographical disparities, contribute to the inequities that exist within the health care system when treating headache disorders. Interventions such as improving public education, advocacy, optimizing telemedicine, engaging in community outreach to educate primary care providers, training providers in cultural sensitivity and competence and implicit bias, addressing health literacy, and developing recruitment strategies to increase representation of underserved groups within headache research are proposed as solutions to ameliorate disparities. CONCLUSION Neurologists have a responsibility to provide and deliver equitable care to all. It is important that disparities in the management of headache disorders are identified and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kiarashi
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing.
| | - Juliana VanderPluym
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Christina L Szperka
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Scott Turner
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Mia T Minen
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Susan Broner
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Alexandra C Ross
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Amanda E Wagstaff
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Marissa Anto
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Maya Marzouk
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Teshamae S Monteith
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Noah Rosen
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Salvador L Manrriquez
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Elizabeth Seng
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Alan Finkel
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
| | - Larry Charleston
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (J.K.), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ; Division of Neurology (C.L.S., M.A.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Neurology & Pediatrics (C.L.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (S.T.), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Departments of Neurology and Population Health (M.T.M.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (A.C.R., A.E.W.), University of California, San Francisco; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (M.M.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (T.S.M.), University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, FL; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.R.), Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY; Orofacial Pain (S.L.M.), Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (E.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Carolina Headache Institute (A.F.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Durham; and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (L.C.), Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing
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