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Fan Z, Cui X, Wei D, Liu W, Li B, He H, Ye H, Zhu N, Wei X. eEF1A1 binds and enriches protoporphyrin IX in cancer cells in 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25353. [PMID: 27150264 PMCID: PMC4858656 DOI: 10.1038/srep25353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is endogenously derived from 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or its derivatives, is a promising modality for the treatment of both pre-malignant and malignant lesions. However, the mechanisms of how ALA-induced PpIX selectively accumulated in the tumors are not fully elucidated. Here we discovered that eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (eEF1A1) interacted with PpIX (with an affinity constant of 2.96 × 10(6) M(-1)). Microscopy imaging showed that ALA-induced PpIX was co-localized with eEF1A1 in cancer cells. eEF1A1 was found to enrich ALA-induced PpIX in cells by competitively blocking the downstream bioavailability of PpIX. Taken together, our study discovered eEF1A1 as a novel photosensitizer binding protein, which may play an essential role in the enrichment of ALA-induced PpIX in cancer cells during PDT. These suggested eEF1A1 as a molecular marker to predict the selectivity and efficiency of 5-ALA based PDT in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaojun Cui
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Buhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huamao Ye
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Hacker SM, Buntz A, Zumbusch A, Marx A. Direct Monitoring of Nucleotide Turnover in Human Cell Extracts and Cells by Fluorogenic ATP Analogs. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2544-52. [PMID: 26274552 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides containing adenosine play pivotal roles in every living cell. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), for example, is the universal energy currency, and ATP-consuming processes also contribute to posttranslational protein modifications. Nevertheless, detecting the turnover of adenosine nucleotides in the complex setting of a cell remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the use of fluorogenic analogs of ATP and adenosine tetraphosphate to study nucleotide hydrolysis in lysates of human cell lines and in intact human cells. We found that the adenosine triphosphate analog is completely stable in lysates of human cell lines, whereas the adenosine tetraphosphate analog is rapidly turned over. The observed activity in human cell lysates can be assigned to a single enzyme, namely, the human diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase NudT2. Since NudT2 has been shown to be a prognostic factor for breast cancer, the adenosine tetraphosphate analog might contribute to a better understanding of its involvement in cancerogenesis and allow the straightforward screening for inhibitors. Studying hydrolysis of the analogs in intact cells, we found that electroporation is a suitable method to deliver nucleotide analogs into the cytoplasm and show that high FRET efficiencies can be detected directly after internalization. Time-dependent experiments reveal that adenosine triphosphate and tetraphosphate analogs are both processed in the cellular environment. This study demonstrates that these nucleotide analogs indeed bear the potential to be powerful tools for the exploration of nucleotide turnover in the context of whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan M. Hacker
- Department of Chemistry,
Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Annette Buntz
- Department of Chemistry,
Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Zumbusch
- Department of Chemistry,
Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry,
Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Homayoni H, Jiang K, Zou X, Hossu M, Rashidi LH, Chen W. Enhancement of protoporphyrin IX performance in aqueous solutions for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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In vitro DNA-damaging effects of intestinal and related tetrapyrroles in human cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:536-45. [PMID: 23246570 PMCID: PMC3569715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report a negative association between circulating bilirubin concentrations and the risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease. Structurally related tetrapyrroles also possess in vitro anti-genotoxic activity and may prevent mutation prior to malignancy. Furthermore, few data suggest that tetrapyrroles exert anti-carcinogenic effects via induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To further investigate whether tetrapyrroles provoke DNA-damage in human cancer cells, they were tested in the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE). Eight tetrapyrroles (unconjugated bilirubin, bilirubin ditaurate, biliverdin, biliverdin-/bilirubin dimethyl ester, urobilin, stercobilin and protoporphyrin) were added to cultured Caco2 and HepG2 cells and their effects on comet formation (% tail DNA) were assessed. Flow cytometric assessment (apoptosis/necrosis, cell cycle, intracellular radical species generation) assisted in revealing underlying mechanisms of intracellular action. Cells were incubated with tetrapyrroles at concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 17μM for 24h. Addition of 300μM tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide to cells served as a positive control. Tetrapyrrole incubation mostly resulted in increased DNA-damage (comet formation) in Caco2 and HepG2 cells. Tetrapyrroles that are concentrated within the intestine, including protoporphyrin, urobilin and stercobilin, led to significant comet formation in both cell lines, implicating the compounds in inducing DNA-damage and apoptosis in cancer cells found within organs of the digestive system.
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Krakowiak A, Pęcherzewska R, Kaczmarek R, Tomaszewska A, Nawrot B, Stec WJ. Evaluation of influence of Ap4A analogues on Fhit-positive HEK293T cells; cytotoxicity and ability to induce apoptosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5053-60. [PMID: 21757356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fragile histidine triad (Fhit) protein encoded by tumour suppressor FHIT gene is a proapoptotic protein with diadenosine polyphosphate (Ap(n)A, n=2-6) hydrolase activity. It has been hypothesised that formation of Fhit-substrate complex results in an apoptosis initiation signal while subsequent hydrolysis of Ap(n)A terminates this action. A series of Ap(n)A analogues have been identified in vitro as strong Fhit ligands [Varnum, J. M.; Baraniak, J.; Kaczmarek, R.; Stec, W. J.; Brenner, C. BMC Chem. Biol.2001, 1, 3]. We assumed that in Fhit-positive cells these compounds might preferentially bind to Fhit and inhibit its hydrolytic activity what would prolong the lifetime of apoptosis initiation signalling complex. Therefore, several Fhit inhibitors were tested for their cytotoxicity and ability to induce apoptosis in Fhit-positive HEK293T cells. These experiments have shown that Ap(4)A analogue, containing a glycerol residue instead of the central pyrophosphate and two terminal phosphorothioates [A(PS)-CH(2)CH(OH)CH(2)-(PS)A (1)], is the most cytotoxic among test compounds (IC(50)=17.5±4.2 μM) and triggers caspase-dependent cell apoptosis. The Fhit-negative HEK293T cells (in which Fhit was silenced by RNAi) were not sensitive to compound 1. These results indicate that the Ap(4)A analogue 1 induces Fhit-dependent apoptosis and therefore, it can be considered as a drug candidate for anticancer therapy in Fhit-positive cancer cells and in Fhit-negative cancer cells, in which re-expression of Fhit was accomplished by gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krakowiak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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Grinholc M, Zawacka-Pankau J, Gwizdek-Wiśniewska A, Bielawski KP. Evaluation of the role of the pharmacological inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistance pumps and the variable levels of the uptake of the sensitizer in the strain-dependent response of Staphylococcus aureus to PPArg(2)-based photodynamic inactivation. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 86:1118-26. [PMID: 20630028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has caused an urgent need for the development of alternative therapeutics. One possibility is a combination of nontoxic photosensitizers (PS) and visible light, recognized as photodynamic therapy. Although it is known that Staphylococcus aureus is susceptible to photodynamic inactivation (PDI), the factors that determine the emerging variation among strains in the response to the treatment remain unclear. Some data indicate that cationic photosensitizing dyes such as phenothiaziniums which vary a lot in the chemical structure might target multidrug resistance pumps. In this study, we analyzed whether the uptake and activity of the multidrug resistance pumps might influence the previously observed variations among the clinical strains to protoporphyrin-derived, amphipilic protoporphyrin diarginate-mediated photodynamic treatment (12 J cm(-2) ). Using a new set of four additionally selected methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clinical as well as ATCC S. aureus strains we confirmed that the bactericidal effect of the PDI is strain-dependent as it ranged from 0 to 5 log(10) -unit reduction in viable counts. However, neither the variable levels of the uptaken PS nor the pharmacological inhibition of NorA efflux pump explained such a phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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Targeting of p53 and its homolog p73 by protoporphyrin IX. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Enlightened protein: Fhit tumor suppressor protein structure and function and its role in the toxicity of protoporphyrin IX-mediated photodynamic reaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 241:246-52. [PMID: 19716840 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Fhit tumor suppressor protein possesses Ap(3)A (diadenosine triphosphate - ApppA) hydrolytic activity in vitro and its gene is found inactive in many pre-malignant states due to gene inactivation. For several years Fhit has been a widely investigated protein as its cellular function still remains largely unsolved. Fhit was shown to act as a molecular 'switch' of cell death via cascade operating on the influence of ATR-Chk1 pathway but also through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Notably, Fhit was reported by our group to enhance the overall eradication effect of porphyrin-mediated photodynamic treatment (PDT). In this review the up-to-date findings on Fhit protein as a tumor suppressor and its role in PDT are presented.
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Ferens B, Kawiak A, Banecki B, Bielawski KP, Zawacka-Pankau J. Aberration of the enzymatic activity of Fhit tumor suppressor protein enhances cancer cell death upon photodynamic therapy similarly to that driven by wild-type Fhit. Cancer Lett 2009; 280:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kwitniewski M, Juzeniene A, Ma LW, Glosnicka R, Graczyk A, Moan J. Diamino acid derivatives of PpIX as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of squamous cell carcinoma and prostate cancer: In vitro studies. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 94:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zawacka-Pankau J, Podhajska AJ. Expression and simple, one-step purification of fragile histidine triad (Fhit) tumor suppressor mutant forms in Escherichia coli and their interaction with protoporphyrin IX. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:877-83. [PMID: 17310323 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The product of human fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene is a tumor suppressor protein of still largely unknown cellular background. We have shown previously that it binds protoporphyrin IX (a photosensitizer) which alters its enzymatic activity in vitro. Fhit, diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) hydrolase, possesses the active site with histidine triad His-phi-His-phi-His-phiphi. So-called histidine Fhit mutants (His94Asn, His96Asn and His98Asn) exhibit highly reduced activity in vitro, however, their antitumor function has not been fully described yet. In this work we have cloned the cDNAs of histidine mutants into pPROEX-1 vector allowing the production of His6-fusion proteins. The mutated proteins: Fhit-H94N, Fhit-H96N and Fhit-H98N, were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified (up to 95%) by an improved, one-step affinity chromatography on Ni-nitrilotriacetate resin. The final yield was 2 mg homogenous proteins from 1 g bacteria (wet wt). The activity of purified proteins was assessed by previously described assay. The same purification procedure yielded 0.8 mg/ml and highly active wild-type Fhit protein (Km value for Ap3A of 5.7 microM). Importantly, purified mutant forms of Fhit also interact with a photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zawacka-Pankau
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
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Zawacka-Pankau J, Issaeva N, Hossain S, Pramanik A, Selivanova G, Podhajska AJ. Protoporphyrin IX Interacts with Wild-type p53 Protein in Vitro and Induces Cell Death of Human Colon Cancer Cells in a p53-dependent and -independent Manner. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:2466-72. [PMID: 17135250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is an alternative treatment for tumors resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. It induces cancer cell death mainly through generation of reactive oxygen species by a laser light-activated photosensitizer. It has been suggested that the p53 tumor suppressor protein sensitizes some human cancer cells to PDT. However, there is still no direct evidence for this. We have demonstrated here for the first time that the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) binds to p53 and disrupts the interaction between p53 tumor suppressor protein and its negative regulator HDM2 in vitro and in cells. Moreover, HCT116 colon cancer cells exhibited a p53-dependent sensitivity to PpIX in a dose-dependent manner, as was demonstrated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of cell cycle profiles. We have also observed induction of p53 target pro-apoptotic genes, e.g. puma (p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis), and bak in PpIX-treated cells. In addition, p53-independent growth suppression by PpIX was detected in p53-negative cells. PDT treatment (2 J/cm2) of HCT116 cells induced p53-dependent activation of pro-apoptotic gene expression followed by growth suppression and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Poland.
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