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Karimi N. Approaches in line with human physiology to prevent skin aging. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279371. [PMID: 37954446 PMCID: PMC10634238 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process that is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that impact the skin's protective functions and overall health. As the body's outermost layer, the skin plays a critical role in defending it against external threats, regulating body temperature, providing tactile sensation, and synthesizing vitamin D for bone health, immune function, and body homeostasis. However, as individuals age, the skin undergoes structural and functional changes, leading to impairments in these essential functions. In contemporary society, there is an increasing recognition of skin health as a significant indicator of overall wellbeing, resulting in a growing demand for anti-aging products and treatments. However, these products often have limitations in terms of safety, effective skin penetration, and potential systemic complications. To address these concerns, researchers are now focusing on approaches that are safer and better aligned with physiology of the skin. These approaches include adopting a proper diet and maintaining healthy lifestyle habits, the development of topical treatments that synchronize with the skin's circadian rhythm, utilizing endogenous antioxidant molecules, such as melatonin and natural products like polyphenols. Moreover, exploring alternative compounds for sun protection, such as natural ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds, can offer safer options for shielding the skin from harmful radiation. Researchers are currently exploring the potential of adipose-derived stem cells, cell-free blood cell secretome (BCS) and other endogenous compounds for maintaining skin health. These approaches are more secure and more effective alternatives which are in line with human physiology to tackle skin aging. By emphasizing these innovative strategies, it is possible to develop effective treatments that not only slow down the skin aging process but also align better with the natural physiology of the skin. This review will focus on recent research in this field, highlighting the potential of these treatments as being safer and more in line with the skin's physiology in order to combat the signs of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Karimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Eichkorn RA, Schmidt MF, Walter E, Hertl M, Baron JM, Waschke J, Yazdi AS. Innate immune activation as cofactor in pemphigus disease manifestation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898819. [PMID: 35928825 PMCID: PMC9343989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying auto-antibody-induced acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris are subject of current research to date. To decipher the discrepancy between ubiquitous antibody binding to the epidermal desmosomes, but discontinuous disease manifestation, we were able to identify Ultraviolet A (UVA) as a cofactor for acantholysis. UVA induces interleukin (IL)-1 secretion in keratinocytes, mirroring innate immune system activation. In an in vitro keratinocyte dissociation assay increased fragmentation was observed when UVA was added to anti-Desmoglein 3 Immunoglobulins (anti-Dsg3 IgG). These results were confirmed in skin explants where UVA enhanced anti-Dsg3-mediated loss of epidermal adhesion. The UVA-mediated effect was blocked in vitro by the pan-caspase-inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Thus, we introduce UVA as a caspase-dependent exogenous cofactor for acantholysis which suggests that local innate immune responses largely contribute to overt clinical blister formation upon autoantibody binding to epidermal cells in pemphigus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona A. Eichkorn
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karl University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Morna F. Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elias Walter
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Malte Baron
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Amir S. Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karl University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Amir S. Yazdi,
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Li JN, Henning SM, Thames G, Bari O, Tran PT, Tseng CH, Heber D, Kim J, Li Z. Almond consumption increased UVB resistance in healthy Asian women. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2975-2980. [PMID: 33491323 PMCID: PMC8451851 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almonds are a rich source of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that topical application of almond oil and almond skin extract reduces UVB-induced photoaging. Ultraviolet-B (UVB) protection by oral almond consumption has not been previously studied in humans. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether oral almond consumption can increase resistance to UVB radiation and reduce skin aging in healthy Asian women. METHODS Thirty-nine female participants (18-45 years) with Fitzpatrick skin type II-IV were randomly assigned to consume either 1.5 oz of almonds or 1.8 oz of pretzels daily for 12 weeks. Minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined using a standardized protocol, which determined the minimal radiation needed to induce erythema on the inner arm following UVB exposure. Facial skin texture was evaluated by two dermatologists using the Clinician's Erythema Assessment scale and Allergan Roughness scale. Facial melanin index, hydration, sebum, and erythema were determined using a cutometer. RESULTS The MED was increased in the subjects consuming almonds compared to the control group consuming pretzels. There were no differences noted between the groups consuming almonds versus pretzels in Allergan roughness, melanin, hydration, or sebum on facial skin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that daily oral almond consumption may lead to enhanced protection from UV photodamage by increasing the MED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Li
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne M Henning
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gail Thames
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Omar Bari
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Tran
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Department of Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Heber
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kim J, Kang Y, Choi D, Cho Y, Cho S, Choi H, Kim H. The natural phytochemical trans‐communic acid inhibits cellular senescence and pigmentation through FoxO3a activation. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1270-1278. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong‐hwa Choi
- Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator Suwon Korea
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Marionnet C, Bernerd F. In Vitro Skin Models for the Evaluation of Sunscreen-Based Skin Photoprotection: Molecular Methodologies and Opportunities. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1874-1890. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170303124247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and understanding the biological events that occur following ultraviolet
(UV) exposure are mandatory to elucidate the biological and clinical consequences of sun exposure,
and to provide efficient and adequate photoprotection strategies. The main UVinduced
biological features (markers related to sunburn, cancer, photoaging immunosuppression,
pigmentation), characterized in human skin in vivo, could be reproduced in adapted
models of reconstructed skin in vitro, attesting their high relevance in the field of photobiology.
In turn, 3D skin models were useful to discover precise biological pathways involved in
UV response and were predictive of in vivo situation. Although they did not follow a strict
validation process for the determination of protection factors, they enabled to evidence important
concepts in photoprotection. Indeed, the use of reconstructed skin model highlighted the
importance of broad spectrum sunscreen use to protect essential cellular functions, and biologically
proved that SPF value was not predictive of the level of protection in the UVA
wavelength domain. New biological approaches, such as transcriptomic or proteomic studies
as well as quantitative and qualitative determination of DNA damage, will indisputably increase
the added value of such systems for sunscreen efficiency evaluation.
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Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Rescigno F, Scamardella S, Escolino M, Netti PA. Engineering a human skin equivalent to study dermis remodelling and epidermis senescence in vitro after UVA exposure. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1658-1669. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II P.le Tecchio 80; Naples Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Rescigno
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Sara Scamardella
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Maria Escolino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Surgery Unit; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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Bolling BW. Almond Polyphenols: Methods of Analysis, Contribution to Food Quality, and Health Promotion. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:346-368. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W. Bolling
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison; 1605 Linden Dr. Madison WI 53706 U.S.A
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Chen CYO, Smith A, Liu Y, Du P, Blumberg JB, Garlick J. Photoprotection by pistachio bioactives in a 3-dimensional human skin equivalent tissue model. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 68:712-718. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1282437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C-Y. Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avi Smith
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuntao Liu
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peng Du
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- The Institute of Aviation Medicine, Airforce, Beijing, China
| | - Jeffrey B. Blumberg
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Garlick
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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José MTDAF, Pedrita AS, Emanuella CVP, Raimundo GDOJ, Fabrício SS, Jackson RGDSA, Larissa AR, Xirley PN, Edigênia CDCA. Flavonoids as photoprotective agents: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2016.6273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Lonni AASG, Munhoz VM, Lopes GC, Longhini R, Borghi-Pangoni FB, dos Santos RS, Junqueira MV, Natali MRM, Leite-Mello E, Guimaraes FB, Baesso ML, Scarminio IS, Bruschi ML, Mello JCPD. Development and characterization of multiple emulsions for controlled release ofTrichilia catigua(Catuaba) extract. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:933-942. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1081611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata Longhini
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ieda Spacino Scarminio
- Laboratory of Chemometrics in Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Huh WB, Kim JE, Kang YG, Park G, Lim TG, Kwon JY, Song DS, Jeong EH, Lee CC, Son JE, Seo SG, Lee E, Kim JR, Lee CY, Park JS, Lee KW. Brown Pine Leaf Extract and Its Active Component Trans-Communic Acid Inhibit UVB-Induced MMP-1 Expression by Targeting PI3K. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128365. [PMID: 26066652 PMCID: PMC4465834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely present in China, Japan, and Korea. Its green pine leaves have traditionally been used as a food as well as a coloring agent. After being shed, pine leaves change their color from green to brown within two years, and although the brown pine leaves are abundantly available, their value has not been closely assessed. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-photoaging properties of brown pine leaves for skin. Brown pine leaf extract (BPLE) inhibited UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression to a greater extent than pine leaf extract (PLE) in human keratinocytes and a human skin equivalent model. HPLC analysis revealed that the quantity of trans-communic acid (TCA) and dehydroabietic acid (DAA) significantly increases when the pine leaf color changes from green to brown. BPLE and TCA elicited reductions in UVB-induced MMP-1 mRNA expression and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transactivation by reducing DNA binding activity of phospho-c-Jun, c-fos and Fra-1. BPLE and TCA also inhibited UVB-induced Akt phosphorylation, but not mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), known regulators of AP-1 transactivation. We additionally found that BPLE and TCA inhibited phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the upstream kinase of Akt, in vitro. In summary, both BPLE and its active component TCA exhibit protective effects against UVB-induced skin aging. Taken together, these findings underline the potential for BPLE and TCA to be utilized as anti-wrinkling agents and cosmetic ingredients, as they suppress UVB-induced MMP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Bum Huh
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Park
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-gyu Lim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Kwon
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Song
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jeong
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14456, United States of America
| | - Joe Eun Son
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gwon Seo
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rhan Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14456, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudia Arabia
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KWL); (JSP)
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KWL); (JSP)
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Choi MJ, Choi BT, Shin HK, Shin BC, Han YK, Baek JU. Establishment of a comprehensive list of candidate antiaging medicinal herb used in korean medicine by text mining of the classical korean medical literature, "dongeuibogam," and preliminary evaluation of the antiaging effects of these herbs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:873185. [PMID: 25861371 PMCID: PMC4377522 DOI: 10.1155/2015/873185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The major objectives of this study were to provide a list of candidate antiaging medicinal herbs that have been widely utilized in Korean medicine and to organize preliminary data for the benefit of experimental and clinical researchers to develop new drug therapies by analyzing previous studies. "Dongeuibogam," a representative source of the Korean medicine literature, was selected to investigate candidate antiaging medicinal herbs and to identify appropriate terms that describe the specific antiaging effects that these herbs are predicted to elicit. In addition, we aimed to review previous studies that referenced the selected candidate antiaging medicinal herbs. From our chosen source, "Dongeuibogam," we were able to screen 102 terms describing antiaging effects, which were further classified into 11 subtypes. Ninety-seven candidate antiaging medicinal herbs were selected using the criterion that their antiaging effects were described using the same terms as those employed in "Dongeuibogam." These candidates were classified into 11 subtypes. Of the 97 candidate antiaging medicinal herbs selected, 47 are widely used by Korean medical doctors in Korea and were selected for further analysis of their antiaging effects. Overall, we found an average of 7.7 previous studies per candidate herb that described their antiaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Jin Choi
- Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Cheul Shin
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Yangsan 626-789, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Kyoung Han
- Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ung Baek
- Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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